Unit - 1

Internet of Things
Introduction of Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

IoT, also referred to as the Internet of Everything (IoE), is an ecosystem of interrelated computer devices,
digital machines and objects that has the ability to transfer data to each other in real-time, with minimum
human intervention. IoT makes virtually everything "smart," by improving aspects of our life with the
power of data collection, AI algorithm, and networks.

• Internet technology connecting devices, machines and tools to the internet by means of wireless
technologies.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology
to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.

• Over 9 billion ‘Things’ connected to the Internet, as of now.

• ‘Things’ connected to the Internet are projected to cross 20 billion in the near future.

• Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded systems, cloud computing, big-data,

machine learning, and networking.

Fig 1.1 Example of Internet of Things (IoT)

IBM defines the IOT “The concept of connecting any device (physical device) to the internet to the other
device.”

Gartener says that “IOT is the network of physical object that contain embedded technology to
communicate and sense or interact their internal state or the external environment.”

IDC defines the IOT “a network of network uniquely identifiable end point that communicate without
human interaction using IP connectivity (local or globally).

The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything
and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service.

Fig 1.2 Example of Internet of Things (IoT)

History of Internet of Things (IoT)

 1970- The actual idea of connected devices was proposed.
 1990- John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off over the Internet.
 1995- Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M.
 1999- The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton during his work at P&G which
became widely accepted.
 2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the Guardian, Boston Globe, and
Scientific American.
 2005-UN's International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its first report on this topic.
 2008- The Internet of Things was born.
 2011- Gartner, the market research company; include "The Internet of Things" technology in their
research.
Working of Internet of Things (IoT)

 The Internet of Things (IoT), consists of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act on
data they acquire from their surrounding environments using embedded sensors, processors and
communication hardware. These devices, often called "connected" or  "smart" devices, can
sometimes talk to other related devices, a process  called machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication, and act on the  information they get from one another.
 Humans can interact with the devices to set them up, give them instructions or access the data,
but the devices do most of the work on their own without human interfere.

 IoT evolved from M2M communication, i.e., machines connecting to each other via a network
without human interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud, managing it and
Collecting data.

 Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect
people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its foundation, M2M offers
the connectivity that enables IoT.

Fig 1.3 Working of Internet of Things (IoT)

Components of Internet of Things (IoT)

  There are some fundamental components of an IoT ecosystem, can be given below:

• Things or Devices: Things or Devices are the primary physical objects that are being monitored.
Smart sensors attached to these devices are continuously collecting data from the device and
transmitting it to next layer i.e. gateway.
• Cloud: Basically, IoT cloud is a sophisticated high-performance network of servers optimized to
perform high-speed data processing of different types of devices, traffic management and deliver
accurate data analysis. IoT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage and store huge amount
of data in real time.

• Analytics: Analytics is the process of converting analog data from interconnected smart devices
and sensors into usable insights that can be processed, interpreted, and used for detailed analysis.
Intelligent analytics is a must for IoT technology for management and improvement of the entire
system.

• Network Interconnection: The IoT’s major significant trend in recent years is the explosive
growth of devices connected and controlled by the internet. There are many technologies that
enable IoT. Crucial to the field is the network used to communicate between devices of an IoT
installation, a role that several wireless or wired technologies may fulfill.

• System Security: Security is a critical element of IoT deployment, yet it is too often neglected in
the development of systems. Everyday vulnerabilities in IoT are being exploited with malicious
intent – yet most of them can be prevented simply and cost-effectively. A secure system starts
with the practice of eradicating vulnerabilities in IoT devices and equipping them with the means
to resist, detect and recover from malicious attacks.

• User Interface: User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IoT system which can be
accessible by users. Designers will have to make sure a well-designed user interface for minimum
effort for users and encourage more interactions.

Fig 1.4 Components of Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT Characteristics-

The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows:

• Things or Devices- Things in IoT (also known as intelligent objects, smart objects, IoT devices,
or IoT endpoints) are connected objects that can sense, actuate, and interact with other objects,
systems, or people. In order to be a device on the Internet of Things, the device must have a
processing unit, power source, sensor/actuator, network connection, and a tag/address so that it
can be uniquely identified.
• Connectivity - Connectivity empowers the Internet of Things by enabling IoT things to be
connected to the Internet or other networks. This implies that there must be a connectivity
module in each IoT device as well as an appropriate communication protocol that the network
and the device can both understand.
• Data - There is no IoT without ("big") data collected from IoT things and indeed. Data is the first
step toward action and intelligence. Sent information from loT devices most often include
environmental data, diagnostic, location data, or report on their status. The data also flows back
to the device, for example, a command to tell it to sleep, or decrease power consumption.
• Intelligence - Intelligence is the key to unlock loT potentials because of its ability to extract
insights from IoT data.
• Heterogeneity - The Internet of Things is expected to be made up of heterogeneous devices,
working on different platforms on different networks. Therefore, all the components should be
interoperable, i.e., they must be able to connect, exchange, and present data in a coordinated
manner based on a common reference model.
• Dynamic Changes - The state of devices, the contexts in which they operate, the number of
connected devices, and the data they transmit and receive are all expected to change dynamically.
• Security and Privacy - Security and privacy are an intrinsic part of IoT. These issues are critical
as personal data will be available online (e.g., in a healthcare system, IoT devices could be
charting and sharing heart rate, blood glucose levels, sleep patterns, and personal well-being).
This demands data sovereignty, secure network; secure endpoints, and a scalable data security
plan to keep all of this information safe.

Importance of IoT-

1. The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control
over their lives.

2. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering
insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics
operations.

3. IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs.

4. It also cuts down on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to
manufacture and deliver goods, as well as offering transparency into customer transactions.
Advantages of IoT
• Time-saving: The probability of making the right decision lies with the data. The more the
information, the easier it is to make the right decision. Knowing what to bring from the
confectionery shop without checking at your own, not only saves times, also brings ease to life.

• Ease of life: The computers through the embedded sensors on different products can gather the
information on the expiration date of products before one consumes. Hence it improves the
quality of life.

• Cost-effective: Money is the new god. This technology could replace the manpower that is in
charge of monitoring and maintaining supplies.

• Improved Device Communication: IoT is a web of physical devices connected to each other
and interacting. Hence improves device-to-device communication.

• Gathering Useful Data: The more the information we are available with, the better and informed
choices one can make about the policymaking, governing issues, and challenges, etc.

• Automation: The digital control with wireless support made control and automation of large data
possible. The machines can lead a faster and timely output and reduced the machine-man
interaction disorganized gap.

Disadvantages of IoT:
 Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected devices. However, during this
process, the system may offer little authentication control despite sufficient security measures.

 Privacy: The use of IOT, exposes a substantial amount of personal data, in extreme detail,
without the user's active participation. This creates lots of privacy issues.

 Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT system. It is mainly

regarding integrating with another system as there are many diverse systems involved in the
process.

 Complexity: The design of the IOT system is also quite complicated. Moreover, it's deployment
and maintenance also not very easy.

 Compliance: IOT has its own set of rules and regulations. However, because of its complexity,
the task of compliance is quite challenging.
Challenges of IoT

At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:

 Insufficient testing and updating

 Concern regarding data security and privacy
 Software complexity
 Data volumes and interpretation
 Integration with AI and automation
 Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult
 Interaction and short-range communication

Baseline Technologies
A number of technologies that are very closely related to IoT include:

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications

• Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS)

• Web-of-Things (WoT)

IoT vs. M2M

• M2M refers to communications and interactions between machines and devices.

• Such interactions can occur via a cloud computing infrastructure (e.g., devices exchanging
information through a cloud infrastructure).

• M2M offers the means for managing devices and devices interaction, while also collecting
machine and/or sensor data.

• M2M is a term introduced by telecommunication services providers and, pays emphasis on

machines interactions via one or more telecom/communication networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G,
satellite, public networks).

• M2M is part of the IoT, while M2M standards have a prominent place in the IoT standards
landscape.

• However, IoT has a broader scope than M2M, since it comprises a broader range of interactions,
including interactions between devices/things, things and people, things with applications and
people with applications.

• It also enables the composition of workflows comprising all of the above interactions.
 • IoT includes the notion of internet connectivity (which is provided in most of the networks
outlined above), but is not necessarily focused on the use of telecom networks.

Gateway
• A gateway is a piece of networking hardware used in telecommunications for telecommunications
networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another.

• For example, you have a wireless network at home that gives your entire family access to the
Internet; your gateway is the modem (or modem-router combo) your ISP provides so you can
connect to their network. On the other end, the computer that controls all of the data traffic your
Internet Service Provider (ISP) takes and sends out is itself a node

Actuator

• An actuator is a part of a device or machine that helps it to achieve physical movements

by converting energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic, into mechanical force.

• A valve actuator is a mechanical device that uses a power source to operate a valve. This
power source can be electric, pneumatic (compressed air), or hydraulic (the flow of oil).
There are two main types of actuators, one for each of the two main types of valves that
require them. They are rotary and linear.

IoT vs. WoT

• From a developer's perspective, the WoT (web on thing) enables access and control over IoT
resources and applications using mainstream web technologies (such as HTML 5.0, JavaScript,
Ajax, PHP, Ruby n' Rails etc.).

• The approach to building WoT is therefore based on Restful principles and REST APIs, which
enable both developers and deployers to benefit from the popularity and maturity of web
technologies.

• Still, building the WoT has various scalability & security etc. challenges, especially as part of a
roadmap towards a global WoT.

• While IoT is about creating a network of objects, things, people, systems and applications, WoT
tries to integrate them to the Web.

• Technically speaking, WoT can be thought as a flavor/option of an application layer added over
the IoT's network layer. However, the scope of IoT applications is broader and includes systems
that are not accessible through the web (e.g., conventional WSN and RFID systems).
Scope of IoT

Fig 1.5 Scope of Internet of Things (IoT)

Fig 1.6 Application areas of Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT Architecture: Layers of Internet of Things (IoT)

• There is no single consensus on architecture for IoT which is agreed universally.  Different
architectures have been pro-posed by different researchers.
• Three and Five layer architectures shown in Fig. 1.7. The most basic architecture is three layer
architecture, the perception, and network and application layers.

• The perception layer is the physical which has sensors for sensing and gathering information
about the environment. It senses some physical parameters or identifies other smart objects in the
environment.

• The network layer is responsible for connecting to other smart things, network devices and
servers. Its features are also used for transmitting and processing sensor data.

• The application layer is responsible for delivering application specific services to the user. It
defines various applications in which the internet of thing can be deployed for example- smart
homes, smart cities and smart health.

Fig 1.7- 3-layer & 5-layer Internet of Things (IoT) Architecture

• Another one is the five layer architecture, which is additionally, includes the processing and
business layers .The five layers are perception, transport, processing, application and business
layers. The role of perception and application layers is the same as the architecture with three
layers. We outline the function of the remaining three layers.

a. The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the perception layer to the processing layer and
vice versa through networks such as wireless, 3G, LAN, Bluetooth, RFID etc.

b. The processing layer is also known as the middleware layer. It stores, analyzes and processes
huge amount of data that comes from the transport layer. It can manage and provide a diverse set
of services to the lower layers. It employs many technologies such as databases, cloud
computing, and big data processing modules. 

c. The business layer manages the whole IoT system including application, business and profit
module and users privacy.
Sensor
• A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a
great number of other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is
converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

• A device which detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise
responds to it”- Oxford Dictionary

• They perform some input functions by sensing or feeling the physical changes in characteristics
of a system in response to stimuli.

• For example heat is converted to electrical signals in a temperature sensor, or atmospheric

pressure is converted to electrical signals in a barometer.

Transducers
• Transducers convert or transducers’ energy of one kind into another.

• For example, in a sound system, a microphone (input device) converts sound waves into electrical
signals for an amplifier to amplify (a process), and a loudspeaker (output device) converts these
electrical signals back into sound waves.

• Actuators are devices that work opposite to sensors. A sensor converts a physical event into an
electrical signal, whereas an actuator converts electrical signal into a physical event. When
sensors are used at input of a system, actuators are used to perform output function in a system as
they control an external device.

• The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both Sensors which can be used to sense a
wide range of different energy forms such as movement, electrical signals, radiant energy,
thermal or magnetic energy etc., and Actuators which can be used to switch voltages or currents

Fig 1.8 the combination of sensor, actuator & Transducer

Sensor Features
 • It is only sensitive to the measured property (e.g., A temperature sensor senses the ambient
temperature of a room.)

• It is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application (e.g., A

temperature sensor does not bother about light or pressure while sensing the temperature.)

• It does not influence the measured property (e.g., measuring the temperature does not reduce or
increase the temperature).

Sensor Resolution
• The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring.

• The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the smallest resolution the digital output
it is capable of processing.

• The more is the resolution of a sensor, the more accurate is its precision.

• A sensor’s accuracy does not depend upon its resolution.

Sensor Classification

Fig 1.9 Classification of Sensor

• Analog Sensors:

a. Analog Sensors produce a continuous output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to
the quantity being measured.

b. Physical quantities such as Temperature, Speed, Pressure, Displacement, Strain etc. are all
analog quantities as they tend to be continuous in nature.
 c. For example, the temperature of a liquid can be measured using a thermometer or thermocouple
(e.g. in geysers) which continuously responds to temperature changes as the liquid is heated up or
cooled down. E.g. - speed, pressure, temp. sensor etc.

• Digital Sensors:

a. Digital Sensors produce discrete digital output signals or voltages that are a digital representation
of the quantity being measured.

b. Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the form of logic “1” or logic “0”, (“ON” or
“OFF”).

c. Digital signal only produces discrete (non‐continuous) values, which may be output as a single
“bit” (serial transmission), or by combining the bits to produce a single “byte” output (parallel
transmission).e.g.- Proximity sensor, Digital temp. Sensor etc.

• Scalar Sensors:

a. Scalar Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to the magnitude
of the quantity being measured.

b. Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure, strain, etc. are all scalar quantities as
only their magnitude is sufficient to convey information.

c. For example, the temperature of a room can be measured using a thermometer or thermocouple,
which responds to temperature changes irrespective of the orientation of the sensor or its
direction.

• Vector Sensors:

a. Vector Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to the
magnitude, direction, as well as the orientation of the quantity being measured.

b. Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity, acceleration, orientation, etc. are all vector
quantities, as only their magnitude is not sufficient to convey the complete information.

c. For example, the acceleration of a body can be measured using an accelerometer, which gives the
components of acceleration of the body with respect to the x,y,z coordinate axes.

Different Types of sensors

1. Temperature sensors
• A device, used to measure amount of heat energy that allows detecting a physical change in
temperature from a particular source and converts the data for a device or user, is known as a
Temperature Sensor.
• Only a couple of years ago, their uses mostly included A/C control, refrigerators and similar
devices used for environmental control. However, with the advent of the IoT world, they
have found their role in manufacturing processes, agriculture and health industry.
• These are voltage devices that indicate temperature measuring with a change in voltage. As
 temperature goes up, the output voltage of the thermocouple rises.
(i) Resistor temperature detectors (RTD): The resistance of the device is directly)
proportional to the temperature, increase in a positive direction when the temperature rises
resistance going up.
(ii) Thermistors: It is a temperature sensitive resistor that changes its physical resistance with
the change in temperature.
(iii)IC (Semiconductor): They are linear devices where the conductivity of the semiconductor
increases linearly and it takes advantage of the variable resistance properties of
semiconductor materials. It can provide a direct temperature reading in digital form,
especially at low temperatures.
(iv) Infrared sensors: It detects temperature by intercepting a portion of emitted infrared energy
of the object or substance, and sensing its intensity, can be used to measure temperature of
solids and liquids only, not possible to use it on gases because of their transparent nature.

2. Proximity sensor:

• A device that detects the presence or absence of a nearby object or properties of that object
and converts it into signal which can be easily read by user or a simple electronic instrument
without getting in contact with them.
• Proximity sensors are largely used in the retail industry, as they can detect motion and the
correlation between the customer and product they might be interested in. A user is
immediately notified of discounts and special offers of nearby products.

(i) Inductive Sensors: Inductive proximity sensors are used for non-contact detection to find out
the presence of metallic objects using electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic
radiation.
(ii) Capacitive Sensors: Capacitive proximity sensors can detect both metallic as well as non-
metallic targets. Nearly all other materials are dielectric different from air. It can be used to
sense very small objects through a large portion of target. So, generally used in difficult and
complicated applications.
(iii) Photoelectric Sensors: Photoelectric sensor is made up of light-sensitive parts and uses a
beam of light to detect the presence or absence of an object. It is an ideal alternative of
inductive sensors. And used for long distance sensing or to sense non-metal object.
(iv) Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect the presence or to measure the
distance of targets similar to radar or sonar. This makes a reliable solution for harsh and
demanding conditions.

3. Smoke Sensor:

• Smoke sensors have been using in various applications like homes, industries, etc. These sensors
are very convenient as well as easy to use by the arrival of the Internet of Things. Also, by adding
a wireless connection to smoke detectors, the additional features can be enabled to increase
security & ease.

4. Motion Sensor:

• The motion sensor is used for security reasons however these are also used in hand dryers, energy
 management systems, automatic parking systems, automatic door controls, automated toilet
flushers, automated sinks, etc. These sensors are also applicable for the Internet of Things to check
them with the help of computer otherwise smart phone.

5. Humidity sensors:

• Humidity sensor is used to monitor the level of humidity in the amount of vapor of water within
air. Otherwise it will influence the comfort of human & several industrialized processes.

6. Pressure Sensor:

• Pressure sensors are used in IOT for monitoring devices and system which are determined by force
signals. In motor vehicle TMPS (tire pressure monitoring system) is used for giving an alert to the
driver while tire pressure is extremely less & it could make unsafe driving situations.
7. Gas sensor:

• Gas sensor is mainly used for detecting toxic gases. The most frequently used technologies are
photo-ionization, semiconductor and electrochemical.
8. Infrared sensor:

•Infrared sensors are mainly used to measure the heat which is produced by objects. These sensors
are used in the various applications of IoT like healthcare for monitoring the flow of blood, BP
etc.
9. Accelerometer Sensor:

•
Accelerometer sensors are utilized in aircraft vehicles, smart phones and also used to identify the
direction of an object, tilt, tap, shake positioning and motion, vibration etc.
10. Image Sensor:

• image sensor are applicable in medical imaging systems, media house, thermal imaging devices,
digital cameras, night vision equipment, sonars, radars, etc.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
• IIoT stands for the Industrial Internet of Things or Industrial IoT

• It referred to an industrial framework whereby a large number of devices or machines are

connected and synchronized through the use of software tools and third platform technologies in
a machine-to-machine and Internet of Things context.

• The industrial internet of thing is an application of IOT in industries to modify the various
existing industrial system. IIoT links the automation system with enterprise, planning and product
life cycle.

• IIoT basically combines the second generation of internet, 4 th generation of industrial automation
and cloud computing.

Fig 1.10 Applications of Industrial internet of Things (IIoT)

IIoT includes

a. machine learning

b. big data technology

c. machine ‐ to ‐ machine interaction (M2M)

d. Automation

Machine learning- it is the study of computer algorithms that improves automatically through experience,
it is a subset of artificial intelligence.

Automation is the integration of machines in to a self governing system by replacement of human labour
with machines power of some form.

IIoT is supported by huge amount of data collected from sensors. It is based on “wrap & re‐use”
approach, rather than “rip & replace” approach.

Industrial Revolutions: There are four industrial revolution happened till now; can be listed below:

• 1st Industrial Revolution: It began in the 18th century through the use of steam power and
Mechanized production.

• 2nd Industrial Revolution: It began in the 19th century through the discovery of electricity and
assembly line production.

• 3rd Industrial Revolution: It began in the ’70s in the 20th century through partial automation
using memory-programmable controls and computers.

• 4th Industrial Revolution: We are currently implementing the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
This is characterized by the application of information and communication technologies to
industry and is also known as "Industry 4.0“or IIoT. It builds on the developments of the Third
Industrial Revolution. Production systems that already have computer technology are expanded
by a network connection.
 Fig 1.11 Industrial Revolution with major factor

IIoT is a network of

a. physical objects

b. systems

c. platforms

d. applications

• These networks can communicate with each other, external environment and other people.

• The acquisition of IIoT has led to availability and affordability of sensors, processors, and other
technologies which facilitates capture and access to real ‐time.

Difference between IoT and IIoT

IoT IIoT

Focused on convenience of individuals Focused on efficiency, safety and security of the operation.

M ‐ 2 ‐ M communication: Limited M ‐ 2 ‐ M communication: Extensively.

Applications areas are at consumer ‐level Application areas are at industries.

A service model is human-centric. A service model is machine-centric.

 The quality of data is medium to high. The quality of data is high to very high.

Applications of IIoT
The key application areas of IIoT are

a. Manufacturing industry
b. Healthcare Service industry
c. Transportation & logistics
d. Mining
e. Firefighting

Challenges in IIoT

a. Identification of objects or things

b. Manage huge amount of data

c. Integrate existing infrastructures into new IIoT infrastructure

d. Enabling data storage

e. Standardization

f. Privacy and security issues

g. inadequate infrastructure

Benefits of IIoT

a. Improved connectivity

b. among devices

c. Improved efficiency

d. Upgraded scalability

e. Reduces operation time

f. Remote diagnosis

g. Cost effective

Smart City-
Smart city is a framework, predominantly composed of information and communication technology (ICT)
to develop, deploy and promote sustainable development practices to address growing urbanization
challenges.

A Smart City component is-

• An urban system

• Uses Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

• Makes infrastructure more interactive, accessible and efficient.

Need for Smart Cities arose due to-

• Rapidly growing urban population

• Fast depleting natural resources

• Changes in environment and climate

Analogy

Humans Smart Cities

Skeleton Buildings, Industries, People

Skin Transportation, Logistics

Organs Hospital, Police, Banks, Schools

Brain Ubiquitously embedded intelligence

Nerves Digital telecommunication networks

Sensory Organs Sensors, Tags

Cognition Software

IoT Challenges in Smart Cities

• Security and Privacy
a. Exposure to attacks (e.g. cross-site scripting, side channel, etc.).

b. Exposure to vulnerabilities.

c. Multi-tenancy induces the risk of data leakage.

• Heterogeneity

a. Integration of varying hardware platforms and specifications.

b. Integration of different radio specifications.

c. Integration of various software platforms.

d. Accommodating varying user requirements.

• Reliability

a. Unreliable communication due to vehicle mobility.

b. Device failures still significant

• Large scale

a. Delay due to large scale deployments.

b. Delay due to mobility of deployed nodes.

c. Distribution of devices can affect monitoring tasks.

• Legal and Social aspects

a. Services based on user provided information may be subject to local or international laws.

b. Individual and informed consent required for using humans as data sources.

• Big data

a. Transfer, storage and maintenance of huge volumes of data is expensive.

b. Data cleaning and purification is time consuming.

c. Analytics on gigantic data volumes is processing intensive.

• Sensor Networks

a. Choice of appropriate sensors for individual sensing tasks is crucial.

b. Energy planning is crucial.

c. Device placement and network architecture is important for reliable end-to-end IoT
implementation.
 d. Communication medium and means play an important role in seamless function of IoT in smart
cities.

Key Parts of the Smart City-

• Smart Homes

a. Health monitoring.

b. Conservation of resources (e.g. electricity, water, fuel).

c. Security and safety.

• Smart Parking

a. Auto routing of vehicles to empty slots.

b. Auto charging for services provided.

c. Detection of vacant slots in the parking lot.

• Pollution and Calamity Monitoring

a. Monitoring for weather or man-made based calamities.

b. Alert generation in case of above-threshold pollutants in the air or water.

c. Resource reallocation and rerouting of services in the event of calamities.

• Smart Energy

a. Smart metering systems.

b. Smart energy allocation and distribution system.

c. Incorporation of traditional and renewable sources of energy in the same grid.

• Smart Agriculture

a. Automatic detection of plant water stress.

b. Monitoring of crop health status.

c. Auto detection of crop infection.

d. Auto application of fertilizers and pesticides.

e. Scheduling harvesting and arranging proper transfer of harvests to warehouses or markets.

 Smart Garbage system

 Smart Health system

 Smart Traffic system

 Smart Water supply system