Bcom IIIrd Semester

Basic
Numerical
Methods
University of Calicut
 CHAPTER-II

MATRICES

Basic Numerical Methods

MATRICES
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. It is a rectangular
presentation of numbers arranged systematically in rows and columns one number or
functions are called the elements of the matrix. The horizontal lines of elements of the
matrix are called rows and vertical lines of elements of matrix are called columns.

Order Of Matrix
A matrix having ‘m’ rows ‘n’ columns are called a matrix of order ‘m x n’ or simply ‘m x
n’ matrix

Types of Matrices

 Rectangular matrix : Any matrix with ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ column is called a rectangular
matrix. It is a matrix of Order m x n.

 Square matrix : A matrix by which the number of rows are equal to the number
of columns, is said to be a square matrix. Thus an m x n matrix is said to be
square matrix if m= n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’.
 Row matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
 Column matrix : A matrix having only column is called column matrix.
 Diagonal matrix : A square matrix is said to be diagonal it all elements except
leading diagonal are zero. Elements a11, a22, a33 etc. termed as leading
diagonal of a matrix.
 Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar matrix, if its diagonal
elements are equal.
 Unit matrix of identity matrix : A diagonal matrix in which diagonal elements are 1
and rest are zero is called Unit Matrix or identity matrix. It is denoted by 1.

 Null Matrix or Zero matrix: A matrix is said to be zero or null matrix if all its
elements are zero
 Triangular matrix: If every element above or below the leading diagonal is zero,
the matrix is called Triangular matrix. It may be upper triangular or lower
triangular. In upper triangular all elements below the leading diagonal are zero
and in the lower triangular all elements above the leading diagonal are zero.
 Equal Matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they satisfy the
following conditions.
 The order of both the matrices is same
 Corresponding elements in both the matrices are equal.
 Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be idempotent if A=A2 .
 Symmetric matrix : Any square matrix is said to be symmetric if it is equal to
transpose. That is, A = At Transpose of a matrix as a matrix obtained by
interchanging its rows and columns. It is denoted by At or A1.
 Skew Symmetric Matrix : Any square matrix is said to be skew symmetric if it is
equal to its negative transpose. That is A = ‐At
Matrix operations
 Addition of Matrices
The sum of two matrices is defined only for the matrices of the same order.
To add two matrices we need to add their corresponding elements.
𝟖 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟔
Example: A= 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 B= 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝟓 𝟗 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟗 𝟎
 𝟖 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟔 𝟖+𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏 𝟓 + 𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏
Then A+B= 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 + 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟑+𝟑 𝟐+𝟐 𝟎+𝟐 = 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
𝟓 𝟗 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟗 𝟎 𝟓+𝟒 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟗 𝟕 + 𝟎 𝟗 𝟐𝟖 𝟕

 Subtraction of Matrices

𝟖 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟔
Example: A= 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 B= 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝟓 𝟗 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟗 𝟎

𝟖 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟔 𝟖−𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟏 𝟓−𝟔 𝟕 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟏

then A-B= 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 − 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟑−𝟑 𝟐−𝟐 𝟎−𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐
𝟓 𝟗 𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟗 𝟎 𝟓−𝟒 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟗 𝟕−𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏𝟎 𝟕
Multiplication by scalar

The elements of Matrix A is multiplied by any value (ie. K) and matrix obtained is
denoted by K
8 1 2 8 1 2 −3(8) −3(1) −3(2)
Example: A= then − 3A = −3 =
−5 6 7 −5 6 7 −3(−5) −3(6) −3(7)

−24 −3 −6
∴ −3B =
15 −18 −21

Multiplication of two matrices

For multiplication, take each row of the left hand side matrix with all colums of the right
hand side matrix.
Example:

𝟓 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟒 −2 6
𝐴= 1 2 −3 𝐵 = −𝟏 1 2
−4 0 3 𝟓 7 0
Then A × B = AB =

−2 × 5 + −3 × 8 + 1 × −4 −2 × 6 + −3 × 9 + 1 × 10 −2 × 7 + −3 × −3 + 1 × −1
−1 × 5 + 3 × 8 + 0 × −4 −1 × 6 + 3 × 9 + 0 × 10 −1 × 7 + 3 × −3 + 0 × −1
−4 × 5 + 2 × 8 + 4 × −4 −4 × 6 + 2 × 9 + 4 × 10 −4 × 7 + 2 × −3 + 4 × −1

−38 −29 −6
AB = 19 21 −16
−20 34 −38
Transpose
The matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a matrix is called
transpose. Transpose of a matrix A is denoted by AT or A′ .

2 5 2 1
Example: if A= 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴T =
1 3 5 3

Determinants
Determinant of a matrix is made by the same array of numbers of which the matrix
Is made. however unlike a matrix, a determinant is not just an arrangement of
numbers but also numerical value.

1 4 7
3 3 4 3 4 3
Example: 4 3 3 =1 −4 +7
5 8 2 8 2 5
2 5 8

=1(24-15)-4(32-6)+7(20-6)
= 1 9 − 4 26 + 7 14 = 9 − 104 + 98 = 3
Minors of Determinant
Minor of the 𝑖, 𝑗 𝑡ℎ element of a determinant is the determinant 𝑀𝑖𝑗 obtained by
deleting the 𝑖𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column in which the element is existing.

Co-factor of the Element

The co-factor of the 𝑖, 𝑗 𝑡ℎ element of the determinant is defined as −1 𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
Co-factor of an element is obtained by multiplying the minor of that element as
−1 𝑖+𝑗 where 𝑖 is the number of row and 𝑗 is the number of column of the
element
Properties of determinant
1. The value of a determinant remains unaltered if its row and columns are
interchanged
1 4 7
Example: A= 2 5 8 = 1 45 − 48 − 4 18 − 24 + 7 12 − 15
3 6 9
= −3 + 24 − 21 = 0

1 2 3
4 5 6 = 1 45 − 48 − 2 36 − 42 + 3 32 − 35
7 8 9
= 1 −3 − 2 −6 + 3 −3 = 0
2. The value of the determinant is zero if any two rows(or any two columns) are
identical.

1 2 2
Example: 1 5 6 = 1 10 − 12 − 2 2 − 6 + 2 2 − 5
1 2 2
= 1 −2 − 2 −4 + 2 −3 = 0

3. The value of a determinant is zero if any two of its rows(or any two of its
columns) are proportional.

2 4 6
Example: 1 5 6 = 2 60 − 48 − 4 12 − 24 + 6 8 − 20
4 8 12
= 2 12 − 4 −12 + 6 −12 = 0
4.The value of determinant changes sign if any two rows (or any two columns)
interchanges.

6 2 1
Example: 2 5 1 = 6 35 − 4 − 2 14 − 1 + 1 8 − 5 = 163
1 4 7

1 2 6
1 5 2 = 1 5 − 8 − 2 1 − 14 + 6 4 − 35 = −163
7 4 1

Singular and Non Singular matrices

Any square matrix A is singular if |A|=0. The matrix A is non-singular if |A|≠ 0
Trace of a matrix
If A is a square n × n matrix, then the trace of A denoted tr(A) is the sum of
all the entries in the main diagonal from the upper left to lower right, of the
matrix.

3 2 −2
Example; 4 1 −4 tr A = 3 + 1 + 4 = 8
3 0 4

Adjoint of a matrix
Adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of the matrix formed by the co factors the
corresponding elements of A.
Inverse of a Matrix
If two square matrices A and B are such that AB=BA=I, where I is an identity
matrix then matrix B is called the inverse of the A; i.e; B=𝐴−1

−1 1
If A is a square matrix and |A|≠0 then 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴|

4 −6 1
Example: A= 1 3 6 find the inverse of A
5 7 9

4 −6 1
Solution |A|= 1 3 6 = 4 27 − 42 + 6 9 − 30 + 1 7 − 15
5 7 9
= 4 −15 + 6 −21 + 1 −8 = −194 ≠ 0
 1+1 3 6 𝐶11 = −1 1+1 3 × 9 − 7 × 6 = −15
𝐶11 = −1
7 9

1+2 1 6 𝐶12 = −1 1+2 1 × 9 − 5 × 6 = 21

𝐶12 = −1
5 9
1+3 1 3 𝐶13 = −1 1+3 1 × 7 − 5 × 3 = −8
𝐶13 = −1
5 7
2+1 −6 1 𝐶21 = −1 2+1 −6 × 9 − 1 × 7 = 61
𝐶21 = −1
7 9
2+2 4 1 𝐶22 = −1 2+2 4 × 9 − 1 × 5 = 31
𝐶22 = −1
5 9

2+3 4 −6 𝐶23 = −1 2+3 4 × 7 − −6 × 5 = 58

𝐶23 = −1
5 7
 3+1 −6 1 𝐶31 = −1 3+1 −6 × 6 − 3 × 1 = −39
𝐶31 = −1
3 6

3+2 4 1 𝐶32 = −1 3+2 4 × 6 − 1 × 1 = −23

𝐶32 = −1
1 6

3+3 4 −6 𝐶33 = −1 3+3 4 × 3 − 1 × −6 = 18

𝐶33 = −1
1 3

−15 21 −8 −15 61 −39

C = 61 31 −58 AdjA = 21 31 −23
−39 −23 18 −8 −58 18

−1 −15 61 −39
A−1 = 21 31 −23
194
−8 −58 18
Rank of a matrix
The rank of matrix is defined as the maximum number of linearly independent
column vectors(or row vectors) in the matrix.
Solving Equation using matrix.
A system of linear equations in two variables is in the following form

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 these equations can be written as = 𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 2

There for 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

Crammer’s Rule
For the system of equations:

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑3 it can be expressed in the form of AX=B

A X B
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑦 = 𝑑2 then the value of x,y,z are obtained by the formula
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3

|A1 | |A2 | |A3 |

x= y= z= where 𝐴1 is obtained by replacing first column
|A| |A| |A|
of A by B matrix.
Similarlly 𝐴2 is obtained by replacing second column by B matrix and
𝐴3 is found by replacing third column of A by B

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
I. Solve the following system of equations using Cramer’s Rule
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5;
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 3;
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
II. Solve the following system of equations using Matrix Inverse method
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1;
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
III. Find the rank of the following matrix
2 1 −4
1. 𝐴 = 3 5 −7
4 −5 −6

5 2 3
2. B = 7 2 2
9 −1 1
IV. Find the Inverse of the matrix A
1 −1 2
1. 𝐴 = 4 0 6
0 1 −1
Complete the practice question with the help of video
and note down in your book