PROJECT

TOPIC: DIABETES

NAME : SHANJU SHREE JS

GRADE 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Mrs. Prema Nayagam as well as the
school for giving me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project.

Secondly i would like to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in gathering different
information, collecting data and guiding me from time
to time in making this project , despite of their busy
schedules ,they gave me different ideas in making this
project unique.

Thank god for helping me finish the project on time

and that I was able to gain knowledge on the topic
”Diabetes
Introduction
Index
Types of diabetes
• Diabetes insipidus24
• Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus:
• definition with overview
• causes
• Symptoms
• diet and treatment

Diabetes mellitus:
• Types
• Symptoms
• treatment

Recent research
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The term diabetes was probably coined by Apollonius of
Memphis around 250 BC. Diabetes is first recorded in English,
in the form diabete, in a medical text written around 1425. It
was in 1675 that Thomas Willis added the word “'mellitus'” to
the word diabetes.
The first known mention of diabetes symptoms was in 1552
B.C., when Hesy-Ra, an Egyptian physician, documented
frequent urination as a symptom of a mysterious disease that
also caused emaciation
Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly
process food for use as energy. Most of the food we eat is turned
into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for energy.
The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone
called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When
you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or
can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugars to
build up in your blood. This is why many people refer to diabetes as
“sugar.”
Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart
disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations.
Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death over the world
Types of diabetes
Diabetes is of two types :

• Diabetes insipidus
The types of diabetes insipidus include central,
nephrogenic, dipsogenic, and gestational.
Each type of diabetes insipidus has a different cause.
The main complication of diabetes insipidus is
dehydration if fluid loss is greater than liquid intake.

• Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus include two major types – type 1 and type 2

Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or

insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in
which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is
a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells
to produce energy.

Type 2 diabetes is an impairment in the way the body

regulates and uses sugar (glucose) as a fuel. This long-
term (chronic) condition results in too much sugar
circulating in the bloodstream. Eventually, high blood
sugar levels can lead to disorders of the circulatory,
nervous and immune system.
Diabetes insipidus: definition with
overview, causes, symptoms, diet
and treatment

Definition:
Diabetes insipidus is a disease in which the secretion of or
response to the pituitary hormone vasopressin is impaired,
resulting in the production of very large quantities of dilute
urine, often with dehydration and insatiable thirst.

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder that occurs when a

person's kidneys pass an abnormally large volume of urine that
is insipid—dilute and odorless. In most people, the kidneys pass
about 1 to 2 quarts of urine a day. In people with diabetes
insipidus, the kidneys can pass 3 to 20 quarts of urine a day. As
a result, a person with diabetes insipidus may feel the need to
drink large amounts of liquids.

Causes:
Diabetes insipidus occurs when your body can't properly
balance the body's fluid levels.Your kidneys filter the fluid
portion of your blood to remove waste products. The majority of
the fluid is returned to the bloodstream while the waste and a
smaller amount of fluid make up urine. Urine is excreted from
your body after being temporarily stored in your bladder.

A hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin,

is needed for the fluid that's filtered by the kidneys to go back
into the bloodstream. ADH is made in a part of the brain called
the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, a small
gland found in the base of the brain. Conditions that cause a
deficiency of ADH or block the effect of ADH result in
production of excess urine.

Types include:
• Central diabetes insipidus. Damage to the pituitary
gland or hypothalamus from surgery, a tumor, head
injury or illness can cause central diabetes insipidus
by affecting the usual production, storage and release
of ADH. An inherited genetic disease also can cause
this condition.
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus occurs when there's a defect in the
structures in your kidneys that makes your kidneys
unable to properly respond to ADH.
• Gestational diabetes insipidus. Gestational diabetes
insipidus is rare. It occurs only during pregnancy when
an enzyme made by the placenta destroys ADH in the
mother.

symptoms :
Signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus include:

• Being extremely thirsty

• Producing large amounts of pale urine
 • Frequently needing to get up to urinate during the
night
• Preferring cold drinks.
An infant or young child with diabetes insipidus may have the
following signs and symptoms:

• Heavy, wet diapers

• Bed-wetting
• Trouble sleeping
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Delayed growth
• Weight loss

Diet:
If the condition is mild, the GP or endocrinologist may suggest
reducing the amount of salt and protein in the diet, which will
help the kidneys produce less urine. This may
mean eating less salt and protein-rich food, such as
processed foods, meat, eggs and nuts.

Treatment:
Depending on the form of the disorder, treatments might
include hormone therapy, a low-salt diet and drinking more
water.
Desmopressin, a medication that works like ADH, is often used to
treat central diabetes insipidus. Desmopressin can be given as an
injection (shot), in a pill, or in a nasal spray. It is also sometimes
used to treat gestational diabetes insipidus.

Diabetes mellitus:
types ,symptoms ,
treatment
Type 1:
Type 1 diabetes is a disease in which the body does not make enough
insulin to control blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes was previously
called insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes.

During digestion, food is broken down into basic components.

Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, primarily
glucose. Glucose is a critically important source of energy for the
body's cells. To provide energy to the cells, glucose needs to leave
the blood and get inside the cells.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes:
• Increased thirst.
• Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during
the night.
• Extreme hunger.
• Unintended weight loss.
• Irritability and other mood changes.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Blurred vision.

Treatment:
• Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test
indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two
to three months. It measures the percentage of blood
sugar attached to the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood
cells .
• Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken
at a random time and may be confirmed by repeat testing.
• Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken
after an overnight fast. A fasting blood sugar level less
than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal.

Type 2:
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease. It is characterized by high levels
of sugar in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is also called type 2 diabetes
mellitus and adult-onset diabetes. That's because it used to start
almost always in middle- and late-adulthood. However, more and
more children and teens are developing this condition. Type 2
diabetes is much more common than type 1 diabetes, and is really a
different disease. But it shares with type 1 diabetes high blood sugar
levels, and the complications of high blood sugar.

Symptoms:
• Increased thirst

• Frequent urination

• Increased hunger

• Unintended weight loss

• Fatigue

• Blurred vision

• Slow-healing sores

• Frequent infections

• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet

• Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck

Treatment:
Managing type 2 diabetes includes a mix of lifestyle changes and
medication.

• Weight loss. Dropping extra pounds can help. While losing 5%

of your body weight is good, losing at least 7% and keeping it off
seems to be ideal. That means someone who weighs 180
pounds can change their blood sugar levels by losing around 13
pounds.
 • Healthy eating. A registered dietitian can teach you about
carbs and help you make a meal plan you can stick with. Focus
on:

o Eating fewer calories

o Cutting back on refined carbs, especially sweets
o Adding veggies and fruits to your diet

• Exercise. Try to get 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity every

day. You can walk, bike, swim, or do anything else that gets
your heart rate up. Pair that with strength training, like yoga or
weightlifting. If you take a medication that lowers your blood
sugar, you might need a snack before a workout.

Recent research:

• According to the Science News :

January 27th, 2021
Researchers have discovered a novel and druggable insulin
inhibitory receptor, named inceptor. The blocking of inceptor
function leads to an increased sensitisation of the insulin
signaling pathway in pancreatic beta cells. This might allow
protection and regeneration of beta cells for diabetes remission
 • DownToEarth :
January 13th,2021

Now, a recent study has shown by how much — 26.1 per cent urban
respondents aged 60 years or more were diagnosed with high blood sugar
levels. The disease was diagnosed in 9.3 per cent senior citizens living in
India's rural areas, according to a recent study by the Union Ministry of
Family and Health Welfare (MoFHW) published on January 6,
2021. Among Indians over 45 years of age, 11.5 per cent were diagnosed
with diabetes, or high blood sugar levels, the report said.

• NIH ( National Library of Medicine ):

June, 2021
Pooled estimates show a relatively high burden of diabetes and
pre-diabetes in rural and urban India, with narrowed urban-
rural gap. Hence, it is important to plan urgent primary and
secondary prevention strategies to minimize further increase in
areas with high prevalence.
Conclusion:
Diabetes cannot be cured but can be effectively controlled so
that a diabetic can enjoy life, feel hale and hearty. Life
expectancy in a well controlled diabetic is the same as that in a
non-diabetic .Learning to choose healthier carbohydrates must
be practised to know carbs which affect blood glucose level.

Trying to manage diabetes is hard because if you don't, there

are consequences you'll have to deal with later in life.
Diabetes is not curable. It's sustainable.
Bibliography:
I have taken help from various sources to get information on this
topic:
Websites-
• www.niddk.nih.gov
• www.who.inthttps
• www.health.harvard.edu

Youtube channel-
• Dr. John Campbell

News sites-
• National Library of Medicine
• DownToEarth
• Science News