EM/JUNE14/MEC281

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 1: Structure
TUTORIAL 1: Atomic Structure

1. Define :

i. Atomic Mass

ii. Atomic Number

iii. Isotopes

2. Give the electron configurations for the following ions :

i. Oxygen

ii. P5+

iii. Ni2+

iv. Br-

v. Cu
 MEC 281

PERIODIC TABLE
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MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 1: Structure
TUTORIAL 2: INTERATOMIC BONDING, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

1. Specify the type of atomic bonding for each of the following materials:

a. Magnesium oxide (MgO)

b. Tungsten (W)

2. Describe the types of primary bonds and differentiate between these primary
bonds.

3. Sketch the bonding between Mg and O and identify the possible properties for the
elements. Given the atomic number for Mg and O are 12 and 8, respectively.

4. Briefly describe the principal types of bond which exist between Fe atoms and
discuss the influences of this bond on the electrical properties of Fe.

5. Explain why silicon carbide (SiC) has a higher melting point (Tm) than polyvinyl
chloride (PVC). The Tm was given in Figure 1.

Materials Melting point (Tm)(oC)

SiC 2730

PVC 100-260

Figure 1
 EM/JUNE2014/MEC281

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 1: Structure
TUTORIAL 3 : Density, Atomic Packing Factor (APF) and Miller Indices

1. If Nickel (FCC) has an atomic radius of 0.124nm, calculate the volume of unit
cell. Compute its density and compare theoretical answer with actual answer.
State at least TWO reasons why those answers are different.

Given that:
Atomic weight of Nickel : 58.69 g/mol
Avogadro’s Number : 6.023 x 1023 atom/mol
Theoritical density of Nickel : 8.90 g/cm3

2. Calculate the radius of Palladium atom, given that Pd has a FCC crystal
structure, a density of 12.00g/cm3 and atomic weight of 106.4g/mol.

3. Listed below are the atomic weight, density and atomic radius of metal A.
Determine whether the crystal structure of metal A is face centered cubic (FCC),
body centered cubic (BCC) or simple cubic (SC) and justify your answer.

Metal Atomic weight Density Melting point Lattice constant

(g/mol) (g/cm3) (°C) (nm)
A 91.6 9.60 1432 0.316

4. What are the indices of the directions shown in the unit cubes of figure Q8?
Z
2/3

1/2 b
1/2
a
1/2
c

(0,0,0) 1/2
Y
e
1/2

d
X Figure Q8
5. Determine the Miller indices of the cubic crystal planes in the following figures:

1/3

(a) (b)

6. Draw the following direction and plane indices in a cubic unit cell.
a. [ 121 ]
b. ( 210 )
 EM/JUNE2014/MEC281

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 2: METALLIC MATERIALS

TUTORIAL 4 : PHASE DIAGRAM

1. A 50wt% Ni-50wt% Cu alloy is slowly cooled from 1400ºC to 1200ºC (Figure 1).
a) At what temperature does the first solid phase form?
b) What is the composition of this solid phase?
c) At what temperature does the last liquid solidify?
d) What is the composition of this last remaining liquid phase?

2. Consider an alloy containing 50wt% Ni and 50wt% Cu (Figure 1). At 1300ºC and 1500ºC,
make a phase analysis assuming equilibrium conditions. In the phase analysis, include the
following:
a) What phases are present?
b) What is the composition of each phase?
c) What amount of each phase is present?
d) Sketch the microstructure of the alloy at each of these temperatures.

Figure 1
3. Hypothetical metal A and metal B are completely soluble in liquid and solid state. The
melting temperature for metal A and metal B are 660ºC and 1700ºC, respectively. For alloy
containing 30wt% B and at a temperature 1200ºC, the composition for a solid phase is
70wt% B.
a) Based on the above statements, construct a phase diagram in a graph paper. Label
completely the lines and areas in the phase diagram.
b) Determine the composition and the weight fraction of phases for alloy containing 60wt%
A at a temperature 1000ºC.
c) Sketch and label completely the microstructure of 30wt% B at a temperature when the
first liquid solidified and at a temperature 200ºC.

4. Consider the binary eutectic Pb-Sn phase diagram in Figure 2. Make phase analysis at
55wt% Pb in term of phase present, phase composition and relative amount of phases at
temperature 300oC, 184oC and slightly below 183oC, respectively.

5. Figure 2 shows the portion of the Pb-Sn phase diagram. Based on the diagram, consider a
25w% Pb- 75wt% Sn alloy, determine ;
a) If the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic.
b) The temperature and phase composition of the last liquid solidified
c) Draw the microstructure changes at T1= 300oC, T2= 185oC and T3 =180oC
d) Draw and label the cooling curve.

Figure 2
6. Figure 3 shows the phase diagram of Magnesium-Lead (Mg2Pb). Based on the diagram,
answer all the following question:
a) Name the phase regions A and B.
b) Name the lines C and D.
c) Name two (2) invariant points and write the chemical reaction for both points.
d) Determine the temperature of initial and final solidification for alloy containing 10wt% Mg.

Figure 3
 EM/JUNE2014/MEC281

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MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 2: METALLIC MATERIALS

TUTORIAL 5: IRON-IRON CARBIDE PHASE DIAGRAM

1. State differences between hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid. Name THREE (3) invariant
points and write the chemical reaction for those points.

2. Answer the following questions.

a) Determine the composition carbon for eutectoid steel.
b) Determine the temperature for eutectoid steel.
c) Determine the composition carbon for maximum solubility of ferrite and austenite solid
solution.
d) With a neat of sketch, explain why the solubility of Carbon into austenite is higher than
ferrite?

3. Explain austenite and cementite phases present in Fe-Fe3C system.

4. Compute the weight fractions of phase(s) that form in Fe – C alloy containing 1.5 wt% C at a
temperature just below the eutectoid temperature. Identify whether the alloy is hypoeutectic
or hypereutectic, state a reason.

5. Compute the amount of phases of pearlite and proeutectoid microstructure that form in Fe –
C alloy containing 0.50 wt% C. Identify the proeutectoid phase present.

6. Draw the microstructure changes for hyporeutectoid steel from 900oC to room
temperature.
 MEC281

IRON-IRON CARBIDE PHASE DIAGRAM

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 2: METALLIC MATERIALS

TUTORIAL 6: FERROUS AND NON FERROUS ALLOY

1. Cast iron can be divided to four types; gray cast iron, white cast iron, mallable cast iron
and nodullar cast iron. Compare the differences between them in term of microstructure,
and properties.

2. Give the properties and application of brass and bronze.

3. Describe applications and properties of aluminium and copper.

4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of aluminium as compared to copper as a

conductor of electricity.

5. Describe the imprortant properties of magnesium that make it usefull as engineering

materials.

6. Describe the properties of titanium. Explain why it is classified as expensive material and
suggest its common application.

7. Explain the important characteristics of nobel metals. Give one exxample and its
application.

8. Tantalum (Ta) and Tungsten (W) are two example of refractory metals. For each,
highlight the important characteristics and suggest its application.
 EM/JUNE2014/MEC281

   
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 3: THERMAL TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIALS

TUTORIAL7: TTT- DIAGRAM

1. Based on the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram of eutectoid steel, answer

the following questions:
a) Estimate the temperature at which the transformation of austenite has been occurred.
b) What are meant by line 0% and 100%?
c) Give two (2) possible effects on the TTT diagram, when we increase the amount of
carbon to the steel.

2. Using the isothermal transformation diagram for an iron-carbon alloy of eutectoid

composition, specify the nature of the final microstructure (in terms of microconstituents
present and approximate percentages) of a small specimen that has been subjected to
the following time-temperature treatments. In each case, assume that the specimen
begins at 760ºC and that it has been held at this temperature long enough to have
achieve a complete and homogeneous austenitic structure.
a) Rapidly cool to 350ºC, hold for 104 s, and quench to room temperature.
b) Rapidly cool to 250ºC, hold for 100 s, and quench to room temperature.
c) Rapidly cool to 650ºC, hold for 20 s, rapidly cool to 400ºC, hold for 103 s, and quench
to room temperature.
d) Rapidly cool to 600ºC, hold for 4 s, rapidly cool to 450ºC, hold for 10 s, and quench to
room temperature.
e) Reheat the specimen in part (iv) to 700ºC for 20 hours.
f) Rapidly cool to 300ºC, hold for 20 s, then quench to room temperature in water.
Reheat to 425ºC for 103 s, and slowly cool to room temperature.

3. Using the time-temperature-transformation diagram of eutectoid composition given,

sketch the time-temperature paths to produce the following microstructures at room
temperature.
a) 100% Bainite
b) 100% Martensite
c) 50% Pearlite and 50% Martensite
d) 25% Pearlite and 75% Bainite
e) 100% Coarse Pearlite
f) 50% Fine Pearlite, 25% Bainite and 25% Martensite
 MEC 281

TIME-TEMPERATURE- TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM

 EM/JUNE2014/MEC281

   
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 3: THERMAL TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIALS

TUTORIAL 8: HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS METAL

1. Give the temperature range to perform full annealing heat treatment for each of the
following iron-carbon alloys.
a. 0.25 wt%C
b. 0.45 wt% C
c. 1.10 wt% C

2. Based on the following table, identify the type of heat treatments.

Sample Carbon Heating Soaking Cooling Heating Soaking Cooling

steel content Temperature (hr) medium Temperature (hr) medium
(wt%) (oC) (oC)
A 0.4 810 1 Furnace - - -
B 0.4 810 1 Still air - - -
C 0.4 810 1 Oil - - -
D 0.4 810 1 Oil 300 2 Air

3. Differentiate between hardness and hardenability.

4. Describe a best heat treatment method to produce product that have maximum strength
and reasonable ductility such as milling cutter.

5. By using a sketch, describe the process to perform Jominy quench end test.

6. List the three factors that influence the degree to which martensite is formed throughout
the cross section of a steel specimen. For each factor, describe how the level of
martensite formation may be increased.

7. What is the purpose of a spherodizing heat treatment? On what classes of steel is it

normally used and why?

8. State the similarities and the differences between full annealing and spherodizing
process.
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 4: ENGINEERING MATERIALS

TUTORIAL 9: PLASTIC AND ELASTOMER

1. Give definition of polymerization.

2. Sketch mer structure for the following polymer :

a) Poly vinyl Chloride
b) Polypropylene (PP)
c) Polyethylene (PE)

3. What will happen when we begin heating each of the thermosets and thermoplastic
below after it cured?

4. Below is ethylene, the basic monomer for polyethylene. Draw polyethylene structure.

H H
C C
H H
Ethylene

5. "Cross-linkers" are atoms or groups of atoms that will bind chains of polymers together.
What will happen if the number of cross-linkers increased?

6. Differentiate between two classes of plastics in terms of their name, structure,

characteristic and example of material.

7. With the aid of sketches, differentiate between thermoplastic, thermoset and elastomer in
terms of theirs general structure.
 EM/JUNE2014/MEC281

   
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
MEC281 MATERIAL SCIENCE

Chapter 4: ENGINEERING MATERIALS

TUTORIAL 10: CERAMIC AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. What are the general features and properties which can be used to characterize ceramic
materials and how do these influence the manufacturing routes which can be used?

2. What are the main components of a whiteware ceramic such as porcelain? What role does
each component play in the forming and firing procedures?

3. List the three primary ingredients of a soda-lime glass. Cite the two desirable
characteristics of glasses.

4. Some of our modern kitchen cookware is made of ceramic materials. List four important
characteristic required of a material to be used for this application.

5. Briefly explain the role of cement in a concrete mix.

6. Define composite. State the major constituents in composite materials?

7. List the properties and application of composite.

8. Briefly explain the classification and characteristics of composites.

9. List down the reinforcement materials and resins used in composite materials.

10. List the properties and usage of matrices.

11. Explain the sandwich construction.