Chapter 1: The Nature and

Relationships of Science, Technology and

Society
From the ancient past to the modern present, the significant contribution and
effects of science and technology to the society is traceable. As Russel (2016 ) said, we
are in the middle of race where we struggle between the advantages and
disadvantages brought about science. Look at the clothes that you are wearing. Think
of the ways by which you get your food. Look at your home. These things prove how
science and technology affects our lives. Science and technology are very important to
humans. It affects the way we live. Our lives are more comfortable because of
electricity and appliances that help us do our work.

Learning Outcomes:

 Identify the importance of studying science, technology, and society;

 Explain how science and technology relates to a problem of societal concern; and
 Develop a deeper interest in the field of science, technology and society.
 Define and Analyze the process of Scientific Method, Scientific Processes, and
Scientific Traits and Values.
What is Science?

Science came from the Latin word “scientia” which means “knowledge”. Science has
traditionally been defined as an organized and systematized body of knowledge based
on facts. These facts are determined by an exact set of procedures popularly known as
scientific method.

Scientists’ definition of science:

G. Gore (1878) - science is the interpretation of nature and man is the interpreter.
A. Einstein (1940) - science is the attempts to make the chaotic diversity of our sense
experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought.
Calleja (1987) – science is a scholarly activity whose province is the material world
including man, but excluding his non-biological activities.
Huxley (1974) – science is common sense…the necessary mode of working of the human
mind
Zimman (1976) – deplored that science is viewed as the product of the mind that tends
to ignore the body
Simpson (1974) – science is not a body of facts, not a method or a technique…science
is, or perhaps has, certainly a point of view, as systematic orientation, application to
all material aspects of our world, in everyone’s daily activities as well as in a
laboratory. Posadas (1982) – science is the dynamic cumulative system of verifiable
concepts, principles, methods, laws, theories and processes which seek to describe,
understand and predict natural phenomena.
Caoili (1968) – science is an activity concerned with the systematic understanding and
explanation of the laws of nature, centering on research toward discovery or
production of new knowledge as the end result.
Campbell (1974) – science is the study of those judgments concerning which universal
agreement can be obtained.

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Chapter 1: The Nature and

Relationships of Science, Technology and Society

Chapter 1.1.a. Characteristics of Science Technology and Society

DEFINITIONS OF SCIENCE

1. SCIENCE IS A PROCESS

a. Concerned with discovering relationships between observable phenomena in terms of

theories.
b. Systematized theoretical inquiries
c. It seeks for truth about nature.
d. It is determined by observation, hypothesis, measurement, analysis
and experimentation
e. It is the description and explanation of the development of knowledge
f. It is the study of the beginning and end of everything that exist.
g. Conceptualization of new ideas, from the abstract to the particular.
h. Kind of human cultural activity.

2. SCIENCE IS A PRODUCT

a. Systematized, organized body of knowledge based on facts or truths observations.

b. A set of logical and empirical methods which provide for the systematic observation of
empirical phenomena.
c. Source of cognitive authority.
d. Concerned with verifiable concepts
e. A product of the mind
f. It is the variety of knowledge, people, skills, organizations, facilities, techniques, physical
resources, methods and technologies that taken together and in relation with one
another.

Science is our most effective way of understanding the natural world. All science
involves some form of observation or experiment, and some sort of theorizing about
how to explain the evidence collected. Clearly, science is a product of human
curiosity.

Why are we curious?

It is almost an instinct for us humans to try to understand what our
senses perceived because of our highly developed mental skills. These are the mental
skills to observe, infer, measure, classify, experiment, and to communicate. Through the
ages, our ancestors learned to use these skills in a methodical manner to investigate the
‘how,’ the ‘why,’ and the ‘when’ of natural events. This methodical manner to our mental
skills to satisfy human curiosity is the scientific method.

What sets the limitation of science?

Science is a product of the human senses and the human mind and that is
why there could be no science in the absence of an
intelligent being like a human or any other
intelligent creature like him. And therein lies the

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limitation of science; the limitation of the human senses and the limitation of the human
mind. We cannot investigate what our senses cannot perceive, and we cannot explain
beyond what our human mind can understand. As a matter of fact, the optical and the
electron microscope, the optical and radio telescopes, and all the other new scientific
instruments are but the result of our attempts to extend our sense of perception.

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Chapter 1: The Nature and

Relationships of Science, Technology and Society

What is Technology?

The world technology is believed to be Greek in origin. It is derived

from “techne” which means art, and “technologia” which literally means systematic
treatment. Many people regard technology as simply applied science. In their view,
scientists produce knowledge and then technologists turn it into important products
and devices, such as computers and spacecraft.

1. Scribner-Bantan English Dictionary (1979) – technology is defined as (1) science

of industrial arts and manufacture; (2) applied science; (3) all the means employed by
a social group for material comforts.

2. Posadas (1982) – defined technology as the system of know-how, skills, techniques

and processes which enable societies to produce, distribute, install, maintain or
improve goods and services need to satisfy human needs.
3. Bridgstock (1998) - technology as a body of skills and knowledge by which we
control and modify the world

DEFINITIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

On the same view, technology is defined as both a PROCESS and a PRODUCT

1. TECHNOLOGY AS A PROCESS
a. It is the application of science.
b. The practice, description, and terminology of applied sciences.
c. The intelligent organization and manipulation of materials for useful purposes.
d. The means employed to provide for human needs and wants.
e. Focused on inventing new or better tools and materials or new and better ways of
doing things.
f. A way of using findings of science to produce new things for a better way of living.
g. Search for concrete solutions that work and give wanted results.
h. It is characteristically calculative and imitative, tends
to be dangerously manipulative.
i. Form of human cultural activity.

2. TECHNOLOGY AS A PRODUCT
a. A system of know-how, skills, techniques
and processes.

3
b. It is like a language, rituals, values, commerce and arts, it is an intrinsic part of a
cultural system and it both shapes and reflects the system values. c. It is the
product of the scientific concept.
d. The complex combination of knowledge, materials and methods.
e. Material products of human making or fabrication.
f. Total societal enterprise.

Technology is any activity and/or product thereof that tends to increase man’s
chances of survival.

Is technology a part of science? The little we understood about nature we were able to
use to develop technologies that enabled us to survive and progress; and to be the
most dominant animal species on earth. But technology is not science. Science only
seeks to understand nature, no more no less; technology is but the application of what
science has discovered, for better for worst. That is why usefulness is not a
prerequisite to the generation of knowledge; on the contrary, usefulness is the primary
prerequisite to the generation of technology.

Chapter 1: The Nature and

Relationships of Science, Technology and Society

What is Society?

According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, a society is an aggregate of

people living together in a more or less ordered community. It is a community of people
living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and
organizations.

Relationships of Science, Technology and Society

What is STS?

Science-Technology-Society (STS) education addresses the need for a more

scientifically and technologically literate citizenry in such a way that will enable our
future citizens to make informed and responsible decision which will not only affect
their own lives but the sustainability of the planet Earth as we know it.

Importance of STS

Most people would agree that science and technology are of great
importance in the world today. It is equally clear that science can alter our entire
conception of ourselves and our place in the universe. The most famous instance of
this was the series of events known as the Scientific Revolution. During this turbulent
time in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Galileo and other scientists began to
argue that the Earth was not at the center of the universe, but whirled on its own axis,
and orbited around the Sun.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. A field of endeavor upon which a two-way interaction operates between science and
technology.
2. Interdependent and overlapping methods which employ both existing knowledge and
existing know-how.
3. A system of know-how, skills, techniques and processes which enable society to
produce, distribute, install, maintain or improve goods and services needed to satisfy
human needs.
4. Is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand the many
ways that modern science and technology shape modern culture, values and
institutions, and how modern values shape science and technology.

PURPOSES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. To improve quality of human condition.

2. To provide solution to our practical problems.
3. To establish relevant institutional linkages and essential mechanisms
4. To develop individual knowledge.
5. To find order in the chaos of nature and deliver personal and social liberation
6. To give an information and explanation of the natural world
7. To develop new areas of knowledge
8. To combat irrationality.
9. To maintain the availability of natural resources

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Chapter 1: The Nature and

Relationships of Science, Technology and Society

LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Epistemological concerns. It cannot help us with questions about the God, the
ultimate Good, and Truth. It cannot deny nor confirm the existence of God, soul,
heaven and other uncertainties.
2. Metaphysical concerns. Immaterial and transcendental nature is beyond the grasp
of scientific inquiry. It cannot speak to issues of ultimate origin, meaning, or
morality.
3. Axiological concerns. It cannot answer questions about value.
4.Dependent on the values and personal beliefs of those who use it.
5. Use of natural resources that are being used in science and technology are limited
6. Data is limited to the physically observable.
7. Ultimately rest on past observations
8. Not all of its principles are applicable to different world phenomena.
9. Needs human intervention to carry out its functions properly
10. It can predict forces of nature but it cannot prevent the prevent
the
prevalence/occurrence

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 11. Can not guarantee an ultimate solution to any specific problem.
12. Can not fully explain what is in the mind of a person.

There is a responsibility for all people to have some awareness of how science
and technology work. Science and technology are changing every aspect of our lives,
all the time. No one in the contemporary world is untouched, and the greater our
understanding of what is happening, the greater our ability to ensure that science and
technology are used in ways which benefit the human race, rather than leading to our
destruction.

SCIENCE VS. TECHNOLOGY

Science Technology

Definition Dynamic, cumulative system of Dynamic, cumulative system of

verifiable concepts gained from reproducible methods and
understanding natural processes for modifying the world
phenomena
Aim/Purpose Discover and describe natural Concerned with improving human
phenomena; obtain new life; application of scientific
knowledge and know-why knowledge and know-how
Core Activity Scientific Research – Development – transforming
acquisition of knowledge research findings and scientific
through pure, applied or knowledge into practical utility
oriented research and inventions

STS
RELATIONSHIPS OF STS

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Chapter 1.1.b Characteristics of Science & Technology
Scientific Method

Scientific method

a process or sequence of activities undertaken to gather information and to come to

conclusions about the natural world.
Why one deliberately engages in the scientific method?
2. desire to produce material for economic gains.

1. Making Observations and Gathering Knowledge About A Phenomenon (Initial

Observation, Recognition of a Problem and Defining It, Further Observation and Expanding
Knowledge)

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- The prefix "super" means "above." So supernatural means "above (or beyond) the natural."
The toolbox of a scientist contains only the natural laws of the universe; supernatural
questions are outside their reach.
- Man has the inherent capacity to observe the things around him. Careful observation could
make one recognize that there is a problem or a phenomenon that is worthy of further
attention and study. After initial observations, details not previously observed can be
determined using instrumentation. Search and review of related literature (books, scientific
journals, online sources, etc.) should also be undertaken to learn more about the problem.

2. Formulation of Hypothesis (Use of inductive reasoning to provide a tentative solution to the

problem)

- Scientists use generalizations to come up with a hypothesis, which is an intelligent guess

that is a possible explanation for a natural event. The hypothesis is presented as an actual
statement and must be testable.
- In the development and proving of hypotheses, scientists use inductive and deductive logic

- Inductive logic involves arriving at a probable conclusion based on several samplings.

- Example:
a person tasted a green mango and found it sour and slightly tangy to the taste buds.
Then he subsequently tasted 24 other mangoes and found the same result. Based on
the these 25 samplings, he may then conclude that all green mangoes are sour and
tangy to the taste.
- Inductive logic thus proceeds from several specific observations to a generalization - Cell
Theory, the Theory of Biological Evolution by Natural Selection, and the theory of plate
tectonics, all these are generalizations arrived at by inductive reasoning.

- Deductive logic proceeds from a generalization to specifics.

- Example:
- After testing 25 green mangoes and finding them sour and tangy, one may hypothesize that
the next mango he will taste will be sour and tangy. This kind of reasoning is used to
formulate a new hypothesis after a generalization.
- The scientists may further formulate a new hypothesis using deductive logic. If 25 green
mangoes are sour and tangy, then the next green mango I will taste should be sour and
tangy. If indeed the mango tasted sour and tangy, then the validity of the original
generalization has gained greater probability (or credibility). Thus, the scientific procedure;
or science progress by the interplay of inductive and deductive reasoning.

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3. Testing of Hypothesis (Experimentation and Conduct of Further Observations)
- In this phase, the scientist uses deductive reasoning involving the “if, then” logic.
Foresight or the capability to predict what will happen next is necessary to guide the
scientist on how to go about his experiment. The scientist must come up with an
experimental design that will make him generate meaningful results. Usually a
“control” or “control group” is set up side by side with the experimental group. This
contains all components and undergoes all parts of the experiment except for the factor
being tested.
- In any experiment, we can really only test one thing at a time. So we try to control all
the variables except one that we will change.
- Independent variable = the variable that you
change during the experiment
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 - Dependent variable = the variable that you observe changes in (depends
on the independent variable)

4. Experimentation
- Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false.
- It is important that the test is fair:
- You change ONLY ONE variable at a time, keeping all others the same (constant).
- You should repeat your experiment several times to make sure your results weren’t
just an accident.
- Good precision = at least 3 trials

5. Drawing of Conclusion (Analysis of Data to Determine whether the Hypothesis is

Supported or Not, Publication of Results)
- Data are results of the experiment which may lead one to accept or reject the hypothesis
initially formulated. These should be observable and objective. Mathematical data are
usually presented in tabulated and graphical forms and may require statistical analysis
to confirm validity or significance.
- A conclusion is the answer to the problem and based on a supported hypothesis.
Science is a progressive process such that the conclusion of one experiment can lead to
the hypothesis for another experiment. The results that do not support the hypothesis
may be used by scientists to formulate another hypothesis to be tested.
- Conclusions from many different but related experiments may lead to the development of
a Scientific Theory, a general concept about the natural world.
- A theory, therefore, is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly and extensively tested and
always found to be true. However, no theory in science is ever absolutely and finally
proven. Scientists should be ready to alter or even abandon their most cherished
generalizations when new facts contradict them (Keeton and McFadden, 1983).

From Scientific Knowledge to Technology

1. J. Watt’s invention of the condensation steam engine that was a prime mover of
transport and industry, was made possible by the concept of latent heat discovery of J.
Black.
2. London’s synthetic dye industry came from the accidental of aniline dye magenta by
W. Perkins attempt to synthesize quinine.
3.Hermann von Helmholtz’s study on sound waves inspired A. Graham Bell to create the
telephone.
4. The electrical industry owes much to the works of H.C. Oersted on magnetic fields
produced by electric currents which was used by A. Volta who invented electrical
batteries.
5. The dynamo, alternator and transformer were made based from the works of M.
Faraday on interrelated concepts of motion, magnetism and electricity.

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Chapter 1.1.c Characteristics of Science & Technology
Scientific Processes

Scientific Processes

Basic Science Process Skills:

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1. Observing - using your senses to gather information about an object or event. It
is description of what was actually perceived. This information is considered
qualitative data.
2. Measuring - using standard measures or estimations to describe specific
dimensions of an object or event. This information is considered quantitative
data.
3. Inferring - formulating assumptions or possible explanations based upon
observations.
4. Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based upon
characteristics or defined criteria.
5. Predicting - guessing the most likely outcome of a future event based upon a
pattern of evidence.
6. Communicating - using words, symbols, or graphics to describe an object,
action or event.
Integrated Science Process Skills:
1. Formulating Hypotheses - stating the proposed solutions or expected outcomes
for experiments. These proposed solutions to a problem must be testable.
2. Identifying of Variables - stating the changeable factors that can affect an
experiment. It is important to change only the variable being tested and keep the
rest constant. The one being manipulated is the independent variable; the one
being measured to determine its response is the dependent variable; and all
being kept constant are constants or controlled variables.
3. Defining Variables Operationally - explaining how to measure a variable in an
experiment.
4. Describing Relationships Between Variables - explain relationships between
variables in an experiment such as between the independent and dependent
variables.
5. Designing Investigations - designing an experiment by identifying materials and
describing appropriate steps in a procedure to test a hypothesis.
6. Experimenting - carrying out an experiment by carefully following directions of
the procedure so the results can be verified by repeating the procedure several
times.
7. Acquiring Data - collecting qualitative and quantitative data as observations and
measurements.
8. Organizing Data in Tables and Graphs - making data tables and graphs for
data collected.
9. Analyzing Investigations and Their Data - interpreting data, identifying errors,
evaluating the hypothesis, formulating conclusions, and recommending further
testing where necessary.
10.Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships - what caused what to happen
and why.
11. Formulating Models - recognizing patterns in data and making comparisons to
familiar objects or ideas.

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Chapter 1.1.c Characteristics of Science & Technology
Scientific Traits and Values

Scientific Traits and Values

Intellectual Honesty
- This attitude allows a scientist to recognize the work done by other scientists before him.
This attitude is also shown by reporting data truthfully.

Open Mindedness
- A scientist is open minded. Open-mindedness is an attitude that allows a scientist to
look at other possibilities.
- Evaluate, validate and accept other people’s idea towards a question.

Creative and Critical Thinker

- A scientist can do critical assessment of results and limitations.
- This enables a scientist to come up with new concepts which lead to discoveries that
traditional scientists have overlooked.

Curiosity
- This attitude/quality-curiosity-enables a scientist to try to discover more about the
things around him.

Risk taker, confident and persistent

- These attitudes are very important because it enables a scientist to continue a project
despite obstacles and failures.

Objectivity
- A scientist must be objective in declaring results of his/her experiments and Judgment
is based on observable phenomena and not influenced by emotions or personal
prejudices

Precision
- A scientist must always consider the precision of his work if it forms a pattern or
repeatedly occurring in nature. Lack of precision to a work would mean inconsistency.

Objectivity
- The moral, social and personal responsibility and accountability of a scientist to all of
his works must be observed.

Collaboration and Readiness to reach consenus

- “No Man is an Island”
- All people need others criticism for us to know if this can be widely accepted or not.
- Two minds are better than one.

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Activity 1
A. True or False. Write true if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
incorrect.

_______1. Inductive logic involves arriving at a probable conclusion based on several

samplings. It proceeds from generalization to specifics.
_______ 2. Scientific witnesses can help us solve the dispute over abortion.
_______ 3. Science is the limitation of the human senses and the limitation of the
human mind.
_______ 4. Science can answer the question "Which of these flowers is prettier?"
_______ 5. Usefulness is a prerequisite to the generation of knowledge.
_______ 6. Technology is more concerned of analyzing the natural world.
_______ 7. There is Science without Technology.
_______ 8. Science an technology cannot exist without the society
_______ 9. For science to be more reliable, another group from the scientific community
should be allowed to test the study.
_______ 10. The rise of science and technology could be a potential contributor to the
dehumanization of man and to the degradation of his environment.

B. Identification. Read each statement or question below carefully and fill in the
blank(s) with the correct answer. Answers may be more than one word.

1. It is the methodical manner to satisfy human curiosity and to be able to prove your
hypothesis. ______________
2. The variable that you change during the experiment. ______________
3. What is the aim/goal of science? ______________
4. What is the subject matter of science 10? ______________
5. The ______________ should be a statement that relates your dependent and
independent variables in a way that can be tested or measured. ______________
6. "If a plant receives fertilizer, then it will grow to be bigger than a plant that does not
receive fertilizer.” Identify which is independent variable and dependent variable.
__________________
7. You should repeat your experiment several times to make sure your results weren’t
just an accident. What is considered a good precision?
8. Science is a product of __________?
9. It is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly and extensively tested and always found
to be true. ______________
10.Contains all components and undergoes all parts of the experiment except for the
factor being tested. ______________

C. Short-response/Essay writing. Explain each questions in 3-5 sentences.

1. Differentiate deductive and inductive reasoning 2.

Define Science as a product and as a process.
3. Define technology as a product and as a process 4.
How can technology change the values of a person?
5. Explain the diagram:

STS
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Activity 2
Scientific Method

The Strange Case of Beri Beri

In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The
disease was beriberi. Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss of appetite,
victims often died of heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by
bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with beriberi.
The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were not
injected with bacteria. One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something. Before the
experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole-grain rice, but during the experiment, the
chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this interesting case and found
that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health.

1. State the Problem

2. What was the hypothesis?

3. How was the hypothesis tested?

4.Should the hypothesis be accepted or rejected based on the experiment?

5. What should be the new hypothesis and how would you test it?

How Penicillin Was Discovered

In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming was studying Staphylococcus bacteria growing in culture
dishes. He noticed that a mold called Penicillium was also growing in some of the dishes.
A clear area existed around the mold because all the bacteria that had grown in this area
had died. In the culture dishes without the mold, no clear areas were present. Fleming
hypothesized that the mold must be producing a chemical that killed the bacteria. He
decided to isolate this substance and test it to see if it would kill bacteria. Fleming
transferred the mold to a nutrient broth solution. This solution contained all the materials
the mold needed to grow. After the mold grew, he removed it from the nutrient broth.
Fleming then added the nutrient broth in which the mold had grown to a culture of
bacteria. He observed that the bacteria died which was later used to develop antibiotics
used to treat a variety of diseases.

1. Identify the problem

2. What was Fleming's hypothesis?

3. How was the hypothesis tested?

4. Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on the experiment?

5. This experiment lead to the development of

what major medical advancement?
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 12
Activity 3
Scientific Processes

Fill in the Blanks. Fill each Blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on the
blank provided.

We will often have questions after observing something. ___________ qualities is the first
step in science process. What details do I see? Can I smell it, touch it, hear it, or taste it?
Can I break it into parts? What is happening? “I noticed Ms. Vitti has a large, rough
object in her hand. It looks like it has sharp edges and I believe it’s a rock. I wonder, what
will happen if she throws it?”

Math is another way to communicate in science. By ____________ quantities, when I say it

rained 2 inches last night, we get the same picture in our minds. “The object in Ms.Vitti’s
hand probably weighs more than an apple, but weighs less than a bowling ball” (How
much do you estimate it weighs in pounds?)

Finding patterns is one way we organize our thinking. When we ____________ &
____________, we separate and put things together to understand how they relate to each
other. “That looks like a rock. I know that shape and size are hard and have sharp edges.
I could classify it with other rocks, other heavy objects, sharp objects…” (Knowing that it
is a fake sponge-rock, would you re-classify it?)

When we are surprised, it is because we had an idea that things were going to happen
differently. This is called _____________. You may have been surprised to find out the
object in Ms.Vitti’s hand was actually a sponge that looked like a rock. Why were you
surprised? Would you be surprised if we did it again? The way we think in science is
shaped by our everyday experiences.

What do we think is going to happen? ______________, we can say or write a prediction

to see if we’re right. Before Ms. Vitti threw her object, what did you think was going
to happen? Why?

How can we know if our prediction is right? ______________ is how we find out. What do we
need to do to find out the answer to our question? How will we know if we were right? How
do we know if we were wrong? Can you explain things in a different way? Make a plan and
do it! Did the object in Ms.Vitti’s hand behave like a rock when she threw it? Was your
prediction right?

When we are _______________, we find ways to share the steps we took in our process. We
learn from listening and answering questions. We find creative ways to explain our
thinking. At this science fair, you will have a chance to look at drawings, read writing,
and communicate to learn more about science process skills.

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Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading

Kleinman, D, & Moore, K. (2014). Routledge handbook of science, technology,

and society. New York: Routledge.
Restivo, S. (2005). Science, technology, and society: An encyclopedia. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Department of science and technology studies, University of Vienna. (2015).
Science, technology & society: Knowledge in practice-short version (Video
File]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
y=DUT4]aZFGwv0

Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Online (synchronous)
//Google classroom and Facebook group
Remote (asynchronous)
//module, case study, exercises, problems sets and ppt lectures

Assessment Task
Instructions: Create a 1-3 minute video showing a specific example of application in
scientific method (complete process). Post your video in your facebook account/youtube
account/google drive and submit your link in our google classroom.

You will be graded using this criteria:

Relevance to the topic

50 %
Creativity and style
20 %
O riginality
20 %
Overall Presentation
10 %

________

100 %

Refferences

Kleinman, D, & Moore, K. (2014). Routledge handbook of science, technology, and society.
New York: Routledge.
Restivo, S. (2005). Science, technology, and society: An encyclopedia. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Department of science and technology studies, University of Vienna. (2015). Science,
technology & society: Knowledge in practice-short version (Video File].

14
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?y=DUT4]aZFGwv0

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