FRM Cia 1
FRM Cia 1
FRM Cia 1
MANAGEMENT
CIA 1
Submitted By:
Gaurav Mehta
0920013
Sec : A
History of Basel
Regulatory capital requirement is crucial in reducing the risk of insolvency, and the damage for banks
and financial institutions worldwide. In 1988, the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision defined
credit risk and the minimum amount of capital that should be held by the bank. In 1998, the Basel
Committee incorporated market risk into the framework. This classification was ratified by over 100
signatories within the G‐10 countries and is still used today to define the minimum amount of capital a
bank must hold to cover loss arising from obligor default. The accord required that banks must hold a
minimum of 8% capital.
The figure of 8% is not changed anywhere however the considerations to arrive at this figure have
radically changed. The reason was simple. Banking, risk management practices, supervisory approaches
and financial markets have seen a sea change over the years. Recent operational risk failures in financial
institutions around the globe have accentuated the dangers of poor risk management.
This was the fillip for Basel II, a new accord that has a more risk sensitive framework
BASELII vis a vis BASLEI
Basel II emphasizes risk management, which can be accomplished by aligning an organization’s capital
requirements with prevailing risk and ensuring that the emphasis on risk makes the way into supervisory
practices and market discipline through enhanced risk and capital‐related disclosures. For the first time,
the Basel committee addresses operational risk. It also urges higher transparency and disclosure among
banks that expect to benefit from Basel II’s capital incentives.
Three Pillar Approach
How capital requirements for credit risk are calculated makes it obvious that organizations will now
reconsider who they wish to deal with and what services they offer clients. Basel‐II follows the three
pillar approach.
Minimum Capital Requirements
As in the current accord, the new accord will have the same provisions relating to the regulatory capital
requirement: 8%. However, the difference is in the method of calculating bank risk, which would, in
turn, affect capital requirement.
• Regulatory Capital / Risk weighted assets > 8%
• Risk weighted assets = {Capital requirements for Market Risk + Capital requirements for
• Operational Risk} * 12.5 + (Risk weighted assets for credit risk )
The accord covers two risks
Credit Risk: The potential that a bank borrower or counter party fails to meet the Financial obligations
on the agreed terms.
Operational Risk: The risk loss arising from the various types of human or technical error, failed internal
process, fraud or the legal hurdles.
Market Risk:
The standardized approach which specifies the standards in five categories
1. Interest Rate risk
2. Equity Position Risk
3. Foreign Exchange risk
4. Commodities Risk
5. Options risk
The second approach to deal in the market risk is based on the internal assessments of the banks. The
bank needs to consider following five elements in calculating the internal model based risk structure.
1. General criteria, where the approval from the supervisory authority of the bank is mandatory.
2. Qualitative standards regarding the maintenance of the Risk management unit
3. Specification of Market Risk Factors
4. Quantitative standards
5. Stress testing to identify the events that could impact the banks.
6. External Validation by External auditors and Supervisory authorities
Supervisory Review Process
The supervisory review process of the framework is intended not only to ensure that banks have
adequate capital to support all the risks in their business but also to encourage the banks to develop
and use better risk management techniques.
The key principles of Supervisory review
1. Banks should have the process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk
profile and a strategy for maintaining their capital levels.
2. Intervention at the early stage to prevent capital from declining to below benchmark level.
3. Review of internal capital adequacy assessment and strategy
4. Assessment of overall capital in relation with risk profile.
Market Discipline
With the adoption of the IRB approach of the New Accord, according to which banks have greater
discretion in determining their capital needs, market discipline through public disclosure is called for.
This pillar is complementary to the first two pillars of the Model. It seeks to encourage the market
discipline and the public disclosure, so as to allow shareholders, stakeholders and market players to
know about key information about risk profile and available capital resources. The disclosure of capital
structure, risk measurement and management practices, disclosure of risk profile of the bank are
expected to improve the disclosures of the banks using the Internal Risk based approaches.
Implementation of the BASEL
The framework is applicable to wide range of the banking system of G‐10 countries. In respect of other
countries Basel committee provides that supervisors of the nation should strengthen the supervisory
system and then develop the road map for due implementation, through proper planning to switch
over to BASEL.
There are some benefits of proper compliance with the provisions of Basel II. If banks and financial
institutions develop sophisticated internal risk‐measurement processes and can show them to be
sufficiently accurate, they will be allowed to use these to calculate the capital they must hold against
their exposures
Improved credit rating systems and improved management of operational risk will also be of benefit.
Organizations’ that address compliance effectively will see the up‐side to Basel II to be significant
improvements in customer service, risk management, decision‐making, operational efficiency and cost
reduction. All such improvements build consumer confidence and enhance brand and reputation.
The liability cost of non‐compliance will be high, but there is equally a potential cost of attaining
compliance in the wrong way, and there are no prizes for over compliance. Instead over compliance can
create barriers to your customers and so the key will be to identify best business practice and
implement rigorously.
6 things Banks Should Note
1. Review existing frameworks. This may be the right time to review the entire structure of enterprise‐
wide risk management and consolidate disparate risk management systems.
2. Decide the approach for IRB risk measurement and management. Build models and systems around
this for credit risk and operational risk.
3. Build a flexible, scalable system. This system should accommodate future amendments to the new
Accord.
4. Develop reliable and efficient disclosure reporting. These systems are required by Pillar 3 of Basel II.
5. Communicate your organization’s approach Reiterate the advantages and power of Basel II, including
its initiatives and strategies, to employees, customers and shareholders.
6. Find the right IT partner for Basel II compliance. Given the huge complexities involved in Preparing
for Basel II on time, your need not just system or application vendors but expert
Basel II Creates Advantages and Disadvantages for Banks’ Business
With Basel II’s implementation, banks’ average capital requirements should not change
significantly on an industry level, but an individual bank may experience a significant change.
For example, capital requirements should drop substantially at a bank with a prime business
portfolio that is well collateralized. On the other hand, a bank with a high‐risk portfolio will
likely face higher capital requirements and, consequently, limits on its business potential. Those
deemed “high risk” could include banks that are pure risk takers with a buy‐and‐hold credit
management approach, no clear customer segmentation, a lack of collateral management as
well as inadequate processes, unstable IT systems, and a poor overall risk management
function. Indeed, such entities may not be able to make the necessary investment in
compliance; thus, consolidation in the banking industry can be expected to continue in certain
regions and markets.
As Basel II helps banks differentiate customers by risk, advantages and disadvantages will likely
emerge for bank customers.
Those with a possible advantage:
¾ Prime mortgage customers
¾ Well‐rated entities
¾ High‐quality liquidity portfolios
¾ Collateralized and hedged exposures
¾ Small and medium‐sized businesses
Those with a possible disadvantage:
¾ Higher credit risk individuals
¾ Uncollateralized credit
¾ Specialized lending (in some cases)
Environment of Basel