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    L2-Atomic Structure

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    Arbeiboy Varquez

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    L2-Atomic Structure

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    25 views24 pages

    L2-Atomic Structure

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    Arbeiboy Varquez

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 24

    Atomic Structure

    -LESSON 2-

    CHEM 101 (INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)


    OBJECTIVES:
    • Identify and differentiate the subatomic particles and describe the structure
    of atoms

    • Describe periodic table according to its arrangement with respect to atomic


    numbers and similarities in chemical properties

    • Define isotopes and relate its uses to medicine


    • Identify different types of orbital
    • Write electronic configurations of elements and its relevance to the chemical
    activity of an atom

    • Identify some periodic properties of elements.


    TOPICS:
    a. Subatomic particles and the nuclear model of the atom

    b. Elements and the periodic table

    c. Organization of the periodic table

    d. Isotopes

    e. Atomic orbitals

    f. Electron Configurations

    g. Periodic Trends
    The modern version of atomic theory was laid by John Dalton in the nineteenth century, who
    postulated that elements are composed of extremely small particles, called atoms.

    © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


    A series of investigations that began in the 1850s and extended into the twentieth
    century that led to discovery of subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons).

    Thomson’s Cathode Rays Chadwick’s Alpha Particle and


    (Discovery of Electrons) Beryllium Experiment
    (Discovery of Neutrons)
    Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
    (Discovery of Protons)
    © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
    Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter and are
    composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

    © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Atomic number states the number of protons present in an atom whereas, the mass
    number indicates the total number of protons and the number of neutrons present in an atom.

    SAMPLE EXERCISE 1: Determining the Number SAMPLE EXERCISE 2: Writing Symbols for
    of Subatomic Particles in Atoms Atoms

    How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an Magnesium has three isotopes with mass numbers 24,
    atom of 197 Au? 25, and 26. Write the complete chemical symbol
    (superscript and subscript) for each.
    • The superscript 197 is the mass number (protons +
    • Magnesium has atomic number 12, so all atoms of
    neutrons).
    magnesium contain 12 protons and 12 electrons.
    • Gold has atomic number 79.
    ANSWER: An atom of 197 Au has 79 protons, 79 ANSWER: The three isotopes are therefore represented
    electrons, and 197 – 79 = 118 neutrons. by
    © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
    Most elements have two or more isotopes, atoms that have the same atomic
    number but different mass numbers.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    The development of the periodic table, a chart in which elements having similar
    chemical and physical properties are grouped together.

    © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


    The periodic table is a handy tool that correlates the properties of the elements
    in a systematic way and helps us to make predictions about chemical behavior.

    SAMPLE EXERCISE 4: Using Periodic Table ANSWER:

    Which two of these elements would you Elements in the same group of the periodic table are
    expect to show the greatest similarity in most likely to exhibit similar properties. We therefore
    chemical and physical properties: B, Ca, F, expect Ca and Mg to be most alike because they are
    He, Mg, P? in the same group (2A, the alkaline earth metals).

    © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Atomic orbitals are the quantum states of electrons in the electron cloud
    around a single atom. Orbitals are designated by citing the sub-levels.

    https://chem.libretexts.org/

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    The electron configuration of an atom is the representation of the arrangement
    of electrons distributed among the orbital shells and subshells.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    Aufbau principle states that an electron occupies orbitals in order
    from lowest energy to highest.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    Hund’s rule states that the most stable arrangement of electrons in
    subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

    https://mk0chemistrysco84nst.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/hundsrule2.png
    The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that, in an atom or molecule, no two
    electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    https://chem.libretexts.org/
    Isoelectronicity and Noble Gas Configuration

    Isoelectronicity is the phenomenon


    of two or more chemical species
    differing in the atoms of which they
    are formed but having the same
    number of valence electrons and the
    same structure. The species
    concerned are termed isoelectronic
    The arrangement of the periodic table reveals trends
    in the properties of the elements.

    https://saintschemistry10.weebly.com/trends.html
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h8q1GIQ-H4&t=6s
    Atomic radii - (a) decrease across a period from left to right in the
    periodic table; (b) increase down a group in the periodic table.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    Ionic radius - (a) increases moving down a group in the periodic table; (b) the radii
    of both cations (left) and anions (right) decrease from left to right across a period.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    Ionization energy - (a) increases across the periodic table from left to right;

    (b) decreases moving down the periodic table.

    © 2016 Cengage Learning


    Electronegativity – (a) increases moving from left to right in the periodic
    table; (b) decreases moving down the periodic table.

    https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/vzFfoHW_PtuXkQ4V0PPcqXxXwgCcnqaFf-qC71UInRlW9sOwWvxe95E530DfUtSR9Fr5jjPEOujFVzbsAg0SU_FHTdUnm9o38C-92wD92Q-ZLGdYeczw78tE_mzHmiUQHg
    Electron affinity – (a) increases moving from left to right in the periodic
    table; (b) decreases moving down the periodic table.

    https://slideplayer.com/slide/8211746/
    REFERENCES:

    1. Brown, T.L., LeMay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M. (2011)

    Chemistry – The Central Science, 12th ed., Prentice-Hall International Inc.

    2. Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. (2016) Chemistry, 12th International Edition, New

    York: McGraw-Hill

    3. Masterton, W.L. and Hurley, C.N. (2016) Chemistry Principle and Reactions,

    8th edition. Canada: Brooks/Cole-Cengage Learning

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