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Writing An Algorithm

This document discusses algorithms, their properties, and how to write them. An algorithm is a set of steps to solve a problem and can be expressed through pseudocode or flowcharts. It must be finite, unambiguous, and produce the correct output given specified inputs. The input-process-output model is used, where the input enters the process and produces the output. Pseudocode uses keywords and a programming-like structure but without strict syntax. Flowcharts use shapes and arrows to visually represent the algorithm's steps. Examples provide pseudocode and flowcharts for problems like calculating sums and determining grades.

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39 views

Writing An Algorithm

This document discusses algorithms, their properties, and how to write them. An algorithm is a set of steps to solve a problem and can be expressed through pseudocode or flowcharts. It must be finite, unambiguous, and produce the correct output given specified inputs. The input-process-output model is used, where the input enters the process and produces the output. Pseudocode uses keywords and a programming-like structure but without strict syntax. Flowcharts use shapes and arrows to visually represent the algorithm's steps. Examples provide pseudocode and flowcharts for problems like calculating sums and determining grades.

Uploaded by

Reviewer Note
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WRITING AN

ALGORITHM
ALGORITHM

• A formula or set of steps for solving a particular problem

• A logical sequence of steps that solve a problem

• It is used as a guide to solve problems

• Can be expressed in English like language called PSEUDOCODE

• Can be also expressed in graphical form called FLOWCHART


PROPERTIES OF AN ALGORITHM

FINITENESS There is an exact number of steps to be taken.


ABSENCE OF AMBIGUITY Every instruction is precisely described and
clearly specified
SEQUENCE OF EXECUTION Instructions are performed from start to
bottom.
INPUT AND OUTPUT The unknown of the problem is specified and
with the expected outcome.
EFFECTIVENESS The solution prescribed is guaranteed to give
a correct answer and specified process is
carried out.
SCOPE DEFINITION Applies to a specific problem or class of
problem.
IPO MODEL

The Input-Process-Output Model presents the flow how


data entered by the user should be processed by the
machine to produce result.
Input-Process-Output MODEL

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

A requirement A computation Provision of


from the user or action based the result
from the input
Input-Process-Output MODEL

PROBLEM: Create a Program that will display the sum of two numbers.

SOLUTION: If we add 2 numbers x, y, then we get the sum of z.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT


Addition (+)
x, y z
x+y
PSEUDOCODE

• An artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop


algorithms

• A shorthand notation for programming which uses a combination of


informal programming structures and verbal description of code

• Emphasis is placed on expressing the behavior or outcome of each


portion of code rather than on strict correct syntax
WRITING A PSEUDOCODE

Common Action Keywords in Writing Pseudocode


Several keywords are often used to indicate common input, output and
processing operations.
Input: READ, OBTAIN, GET
Output: PRINT, DISPLAY, SHOW
Compute: COMPUTE, CALCULATE, DETERMINE
Initialize: SET INIT
Add One: INCREMENT, BUMP
WRITING A PSEUDOCODE

PROBLEM 1: Create a Program that will display the sum of two numbers.

IPO CHART PSEUDOCODE


Input: x, y Start
Process: Addition (x+y=z) SET the values x and y
Output: z GET the values x and y
COMPUTE oft the value of z “x+y=z”
PRINT z
End
WRITING A PSEUDOCODE

PROBLEM 2: Write a program that would tell the grade of a student if


“PASSED” or “FAILED”.

IPO CHART PSEUDOCODE


Input: grade Start

Process: Decision Making INIT student grade

grade >=75 or <75 READ student grade


CALCULATE grade if greater than or equal
Output: PASSED or FAILED
to 75
PRINT “PASSED” else PRINT “FAILED”
End
WRITING A PSEUDOCODE

PROBLEM 3: Create an IPO chart, Pseudocode and Flowchart of a program showing


the steps on making a glass of orange juice.

IPO CHART PSEUDOCODE


Input: powdered juice, glass water,
spoon GET powdered juice, glass, water, spoon

Process: POUR powdered juice into glass


• pour powdered juice into glass
FILL UP glass to top with water
• fill up glass to top with water
• stir the mixture STIR the mixture
Output: orange juice DISPLAY orange juice
FLOWCHARTING

• One of the processes used in designing or planning the


solution to a problem
• A graphical representation to the solution of the problem
• Uses shapes to show instructions and arrow lines and heads
to display the flow
FLOWCHARTING GUIDELINES

1. The flowchart should flow from top to bottom.


2. If the chart becomes complex, utilize connecting blocks
3. Avoid intersecting flowlines.
4. Use meaningful description in the symbol.
FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS
INPUT
TERMINAL INITIALIZATION
OUTPUT

PROCESS DECISION

OFF-PAGE
ON-PAGE
CONNECTOR
FLOW LINES CONNECTOR
FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS

TERMINATOR Indicates the start and end of the algorithm.

INITIALIZATION Used to represent starting values of variables.

INPUT Used to represent any of the devices used to accept


OUTPUT or give our data.
FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS

PROCESS Used to represent an operation or a procedure

DECISION
Used to evaluate condition and decide for a course
of action

Connects the steps of the flowchart and indicates the


FLOW LINES
sequence of procedures,
FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS

ON-PAGE connects one step of the flowchart to another step


CONNECTOR
on the same page.

OFF-PAGE Connects one step of the flowchart to another step


CONNECTOR
on the other page.
NOTATIONS IN FLOWCHARTING

Notation Meaning Notation Meaning


+ Addition = equal
- Subtraction > greater than
* Multiplication < less than
/ Division <> , ≠ not equal to
^ Exponentiation >= greater than or
equal
mod modulus / remainder
<= less than or equal
div integer div
& logical AND
| logical OR
DESIGNING PROGRAMS
Creating a Flowchart

PROBLEM 1: FLOWCHART

Create a Program that will display the


sum of two numbers.
DESIGNING PROGRAMS
Creating a Flowchart

PROBLEM 2: FLOWCHART

Write a program that would tell the


grade of a student if “PASSED” or
“FAILED”.
DESIGNING PROGRAMS
Creating a Flowchart

PROBLEM 3: FLOWCHART

Create a flowchart of a program


showing the steps on making a glass
of orange juice.

END
ALGORITHM and PROGRAM

ALGORITHM PROGRAM

Method to solve a Implementation of


problem. algorithm.
ALGORITHM vs PSEUDOCODE

ALGORITHM PSEUDOCODE

Specific steps or Representation of


procedures. algorithm which uses
programming-like
natural language.
REFERENCES

Innovative Training Works, Inc. (2017). Computer Programming Volume II.


Rex Book Store, Inc.

Siapno, R., Pineda, J., and Barberan, B., (2019). Programming Using VB.Net
Technology. iBook Publishing, Inc.

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