6/23/2018

1. What is considered as the epitome and

best example of the Greek Architecture?
SHORT QUIZ
JUNE 21, 2018: THURSDAY

2. What civilization in History invented 3. Capital= Greek;

the first columns as a component of a Pendentives= Byzantine
typical shelter and/ or house? Roman= _____________?
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4. Early Christian= Christ; 5. The first architect of the St. Peter’s

Islamic= Allah Basilica
Egyptian= _________?

6. Identify the Architect/s 7. Identify the picture

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8. Identify the corresponding periods of the following; 9. The pioneering structural designer of
Hatshepsut= ? the interior elements and supports of
Aspasia= ? Statue of Liberty
Amytis= ?

10. The first permanent settlement in Jericho? ANSWER:

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HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

T I M E L I N E pt. 1 T I M E L I N E pt. 2 T I M E L I N E pt. 3

HISTORY 1 HISTORY 2 HISTORY 3

 Prehistoric Period  Islamic  ASIAN Architecture
 West Asiatic/ Asian  Romanesque  Cambodia
Near East Architecture  Indian
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  Egyptian  Gothic Architecture  Japanese
Architecture  Renaissance  Chinese
 Greek Architecture Architecture
 Roman Architecture  18th – 19th Century T I M E L I N E pt. 4
 Early Christian Architecture HISTORY 4
Architecture  20th Century  Philippine Architecture
 Byzantine Architecture
Architecture  21st Century
Architecture

HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

The HISTORICAL TIMELINE of Architecture COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
and ARCHITECTURAL
EVALUATION
ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER FACTS/ EVENTS/
DATES
MEXICAN PERUVIAN

EGYPTIAN BYZANTINE
HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE

PREHISTORIC GREEK ROMAN E. CHRISTIAN ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18th –19th C. 20th C.

FAMOUS
ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTS/
NEAR EAST ISLAMIC
SIGNIFICANCE BUILDERS/
DESIGNERS
WORKS
INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE
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HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

PRE- HISTORIC PERIOD
ARCHITECTURE: Pre-historic structures
Among prehistoric remains of archaeological interest, but of
little architectural value are;
 MONOLITH or MENHIRS
 DOLMENS or CROMLECH
PRE- HISTORIC PERIOD  BURIAL Mounds/ TUMULI
 LAKE DWELLINGS
HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

PRE- HISTORIC PERIOD

ARCHITECTURE: Pre-historic structures
MONOLITH or MENHIRS
Are single/ large upright stones, known in Western France as menhirs,
• MENHIRS (from the words maen means a
stone and hir means high/ long), such as
those at Carnac in Brittany,

• also a standing stone, orthostat, lith or

masseba/matseva

• may be found singly as monoliths, or as

part of a group of similar stones. Size can
vary considerably, but their shape is
MENHIRS at Carnac Brittany
generally uneven and squared, often
an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of
tapering towards the top.
Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of alignments, dolmens, tumuli and single menhirs.
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Carnac Alignments
• There are “three major groups of stone rows or stone alignments”
in Carnac which may have once formed a single group, but have
been split up as stones were removed for other purposes.

 Ménec Alignment
 Kermario Alignment
 Kerlescan Alignment

MENHIRS at Carnac Brittany

An alignments of megalithic standing stones; the Largest Megalithic site in the
world.

Ménec Alignment Kermario Alignment

• Eleven converging rows of menhirs stretching for 1,165 by 100 meters • It consists of 1029 stones in ten columns, about 1,300 meters in length.
• Ménec alignments, the most well-known megalithic site among the Carnac stones • A stone circle to the east end, where the stones are shorter.
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HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

PRE- HISTORIC PERIOD
ARCHITECTURE: Pre-historic structures
DOLMENS & CROMLECH
• Dolmen (single chamber megalithic structure) is the name sometimes
applied to two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab.
• while the term Cromlech may be used for three or more upright stones,
capped by a flat stone (same as dolmen) now virtually obsolete in
archaeology. Also, prehistoric monument consisting of a group of
megaliths, sometimes arranged in a circle or in concentric circles

Kerlescan Alignment
• A smaller group of 555 stones, further to the east of the other two sites.
• Composed of 13 lines with a total length of about 800 meters.

Brownshill Dolmens, Ireland

e.g: Poulnabrone Dolmens, Ireland (Portal Tomb)
(Portal Tomb)
 Heaviest capstone in Europe
 Hole of the quern stones/  Also, the Largest Dolmen in
*Hole of the sorrows Europe
 Funerary/ burying place  Built by Farmers*
 Unofficial Public Observatory

• two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab aka PORTAL

TOMB ( see Poulnabrone Dolmen)
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Korean Dolmens (GOINDOL means supported stones)

• Largest concentration of dolmens in the world/ 35,000 dolmens
• UNESCO World Heritage Site (Gochang, Hwasun, Gangwa)
• No theory on the origin

Stonehenge, England Stonehenge, England

• The last and the most famous cromlech/ prehistoric monument in the world; • Burial Site/ Ceremonial Rites/ Religious Pilgrimage Destination
• Built in several stage/ 100 upright circular stones • Final resting place of Royalty
• UNESCO WORLD Heritage Site (1986) • Astrological Phenomenon (Astronomical Calendar/ Equinox/ Solstice/ eclipse)
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Open end
bluestones Facing East

Sarsen stones trilithons

Lintels

Avebury Neolithic Henge

• Consists of 3 stone circles
• Largest stone circles in the world
Stonehenge • UNESCO WORLD Heritage Site (1986)

HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

WEST ASIATIC/ Near East
MESOPOTAMIA: “Cradle of Civilization”
Earliest Civilization; the Fertile Crescent
• Categorized as the earliest of all civilizations as people formed
permanent settlements and as a region produced multiple empire

ANCIENT NEAR EAST

• A collection of varied cultures whose real bonds were script, gods,
MESOPOTAMIA and their attitude towards women

• Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means “between the rivers”

• Specifically, the area between the Tigris River and Euphrates River
(present day Iraq)
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HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

WEST ASIATIC/ Near East
MESOPOTAMIA: “Cradle of Civilization”
Earliest Civilization; the Fertile Crescent

• Long time considered as home of the greatest “FIRSTS” and

“INVENTIONS” in history (wheel, domestication of animals,
agriculture, common tools, sailboat and irrigation). Created the
first columns, arches, and roofed structure

• Seat of learning as the first philosopher studied there. Built schools

to value learning and intellect which taught reading, writing,
religion, law, medicine and astrology

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

WEST ASIATIC/ Near East ZIGGURAT

MESOPOTAMIA: “Cradle of Civilization”  Important for gods to be
honored by religious
Earliest Civilization; the Fertile Crescent ceremonies
STATES IN MESOPOTAMIA  Ceremonies performed by
priests in sacred temples
 URUK- 1st largest city in the world (80,000 people)
 AKKAD- center of world’s first empire (Akkadian empire: Sargon)  Temples created from mud
 ASSUR- First city of Assyrian Empire brick and placed on
 BABYLON- Capital of Babylonian Empire (King Hammurabi/ platforms due to constant
flooding
Nebuchadnezzar). Became the Largest City in the world
(200,000 people) after URUK  Temples evolved to
 NIMRUD- capital of Assyria (13th century) (King Ashurnasirphal ziggurats- a stack of 1-7
II- rebuilt the city) platforms decreasing in size
 NINEVEH- greatest city of Assyrian under King Senacherib and from bottom to top
king Ashurbanipal- last king of Assyria)  Famous ziggurat was Tower
 PERSEPOLIS- capital of Persian Empire built by Cyrus the of Babel (over 100m above
Great, Darius I and Xerxes) ground and 91m base)
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HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

Prominent Mesopotamian gods; SOCIAL STRUCTURE
 Enlil (supreme god & god of air)  NOBILITY (Kings/ Priest)
 Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)  FREE CLIENTS (Artist/
Philosophers)
 An (god of heaven)
 COMMONERS (merchants/
 Enki (god of water &
peasants/ poor farmers)
underworld)
 SLAVES (criminals, debt/
 Shamash (god of sun and giver of
servitude)
law)

“gods were worshipped at huge

temples called ziggurats” and gods
were thought to be present in the
gods were worshipped at huge temples
planning and execution of any building
called ziggurats

ISHTAR GATE: was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon HANGING GARDEN: built for Queen Amytis
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TOWER OF BABEL: Nimrod

(Babel means Gate of God) Code of Hammurabi
• Code of 282 laws inscribed on a stone pillar
placed in the public hall for all to see

• Hammurabi Stone depicts Hammurabi as

receiving his authority from god Shamash

• Set of divinely inspired laws; as well as

societal laws

• Punishments were designed to fit the crimes

as people must be responsible for own actions

• Hammurabi Code was an origin to the concept

of “eye for an eye…” ie. If a son struck his
father, the son’s hand would be cut off

• Consequences for crimes depended on rank

in society (ie. only fines for nobility)

Writing
 Greatest contribution of
Mesopotamia to western civilization
was the invention of writing
 allowed the transmission of
knowledge, the codification of laws,
records to facilitate trade
 First written communication was
PICTOGRAMS
 As society evolved, the first form of
writing was developed called
CUNEIFORM (meaning “wedge
shaped”), dating to 3500 BCE
 Cuneiform spread to Persia and Egypt
and became the vehicle for the
growth and spread of civilization and
the exchange of ideas among cultures
Cuneiform Writing
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Epic of Gilgamesh
• epic poem from
ancient Mesopotamia

• regarded as the
earliest surviving great
work of literature

Deciphering Cuneiform Gilgamesh

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

 The “NILE RIVER” serves as the

heart of Egypt 4000 miles long
and the longest river in the world.

EGYPTIAN Architecture
Axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, use of
trabeated construction with precise stonework and the
decoration of battered walls with pictograph carving in relief

NILE RIVER
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GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
 The Nile Delta is where the river
splits into several channels before
reaching the Mediterranean.

NILE DELTA Its flood plain was a magnet for life -- human, plant and animal. Humans were
drawn there because they could grow crops and settle into permanent villages.

 The Nile flooded every year, UPPER EGYPT LOWER EGYPT

leaving behind dark, rich soil that • was known as Ta Shemau which means • known as Ta-Mehu which means "land
was good for farming. "the land of reeds” of papyrus”, mostly undeveloped
• The main city of predynastic Upper scrubland, undeveloped for human life
o the area (in green on the Egypt was Nekhen whose patron deity and filled with all types of plant life
map) was called “Black land” was the vulture goddess Nekhbet such as grasses and herbs
o the area beyond the black
lands were harsh deserts
called the “Red Lands”

 Ancient Egypt was divided into

two regions, namely Upper Egypt
and Lower Egypt;
 Upper Egypt- To the south
was Upper Egypt
• Upper Egypt was represented by the • Its patron Goddess was the cobra
 Lower Egypt- To the north
tall White Crown Hedjet and its goddess Wadjet; was represented by
was Lower Egypt, where the symbols were the flowering lotus and the Low Red Crown Deshret, and its
Nile stretched out the sedge. symbols were the papyrus and the bee.
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DESHRET HEDJET PSCHENT

(RED Crown: Lower Egypt) (White Crown: Upper Egypt) (Double Crown)
MENES- The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but MENES- The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but
each maintained its own regalia: the “hedjet” or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the each maintained its own regalia: the “hedjet” or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the
“deshret” or Red Crown for Lower Egypt. “deshret” or Red Crown for Lower Egypt.
Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the “pschent”, Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the “pschent”,
a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms
HOA1: Beginning to Byzantine Architecture

EGYPTIAN Architecture THE AFTERLIFE

 The Egyptian built two types of Pyramids; “the Step Pyramid” and the true
“Pyramid”

STEP PYRAMID TRUE PYRAMID

 The Pyramids were built as tombs that serves as the final resting place of the
Kings and Pharaohs.
 They were built to protect the Pharaoh’s body and inside the pyramids were
mazes and dead ends.
 The Egyptian Pyramids are hand made. They are made of huge blocks made of
sand, clay and stone
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THE AFTERLIFE
MASTABA- means “bench of mud”
Rectangular mud- brick tomb with flat
roof and battered walls, from which shaft
leads to underground burial and offering
chambers.
Serdab is the chamber underneath the
mastaba containing the statue of the
deceased.

PYRAMID- massive masonry structure

having rectangular base and four smooth,
steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal
points meeting at an apex.

Tomb of a pharaoh • Afterlife was a main focus of Egyptian Civilization

• Mastaba- (house of eternity or eternal house). A type of Egyptian tomb in the

form of flat- roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides

• Afterlife was a main focus of Egyptian Civilization

• Mastaba- (house of eternity or eternal house). A type of Egyptian tomb in the

form of flat- roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides
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Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara- the first ever pyramid and was originally built made of limestone and is massive and contains only one tight corridor leading to
as a nearly quadratic mastaba designed by Imhotep; the close midst of the monument, ending in a rough chamber where the entrance
to the tomb shaft was hidden.

made of limestone and is massive and contains only one tight corridor leading to
the close midst of the monument, ending in a rough chamber where the entrance
to the tomb shaft was hidden. Step pyramid
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Parts of the
Pyramid Complex

 Valley Building/
Temple-
Mortuary temple
where the
process of
mummification is
being done

 Causeway- raised
passageway
ceremonially
connecting the
valley temple
with the pyramid
• The first successful steep pyramid
• Created by the great pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek)  Funerary Temple
 Sphinx
Step pyramid • Originally 482 ft. high on a plan of 760 ft.
 Pyramid

KHAFRE KHUFU
(Chefren) (Cheops)
MENKAURE
(Mykerinos)

 Pyramid Complex (The Great Pyramid at Giza); Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure

Great Pyramids at Giza Complex
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• Replace the original chamber

• Constructed within the pyramid itself

• The Original Burial Place

• Located underground
beneath the Pyramid
Khufu’s Pyramid at Giza; one of the 3 Great Pyramids
• The first successful steep pyramid
• Created by the great pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek)
• Originally 482 ft. high on a plan of 760 ft.

• is the
smallest of
the three
main
Pyramids of
Giza

• serve as the
tomb of the
Egyptian
Pharaoh
Menkaure

Chefren’s Pyramid;
• Followed the Great Pyramid in Construction
• Built by pharaoh Chefren (Khafre) Mykerinos Pyramid; (also Menkaure)
• Smaller than the Great Pyramid. (southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt)
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SNEFERU PYRAMIDS
(Meidum/ Bent/ Red Pyramids- True Pyramid)
SNEFERU- was the first king of the 4th Dynasty, the builder of the first
“real” pyramid

GREEK Architecture

Meidum Pyramids Bent Pyramids Red Pyramids

(1st attempt as (unique example of (3rd large pyramid)

perfect pyramid) early pyramid
development)

DORIC ORDER

E
A 1 2

F
3
G 4

B
H

5
C
6
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The PARTHENON, Athens (also known as The Temple of Athena)

• Erected in the time of Pericles, dedicated to goddess Athena (virgin Athena)

• Ictinus and Calicrates and master sculptor Phidias (chryselephantine)
• Peripteral Octastyle (8 columns; Front and Rear/ 17 Columns both side) on plan
stood on stylobate having three steps

• The Most Decorated Temple and also the Epitome of Greek Architecture

Temple Arrangements: Different kinds

of temples are classified by the
The PARTHENON, Athens (also known as The Temple of Athena)
disposition of their columns;
• Di style in Antis (the simplest form,
2 columns in front) (A)
• Di style Amphi- Antis (2 columns;
Front and Rear) (B)
• Prostyle Tetrastyle (4 columns;
Front) (D)
• Amphi- Prostyle Tetrastyle (4
columns; Front and Rear) (E)
• Peripteral Circular (ring of columns
surrounding a circular cells) (C)
• (chryselephantine)- Statue of • Peripteral Hexastyle (6 columns:
Athena: Ivory/ gold front and rear) (F)
• Peripteral Octastyle (8 • Peripteral Octastyle (6 Columns:
columns; Front and Rear/ 17 front and rear) (H)
Columns both side) on plan • Pseudo- Peripteral (columns
stood on stylobate having attached to cella walls)\
three steps
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Temple Arrangements: Different kinds The ERECTHEION TEMPLE, Athens

of temples are classified by the
disposition of their columns;
• Dipteral Octastyle (double rows of
columns surrounding temples, 8
Columns: front and Rear) (J)
• Dipteral Decastyle (double rows of
columns surrounding temples, 10
Columns: front and rear) (J)
Number of columns at entrance:
• 1 column – hemostyle
• 2 columns – distyle
• 3 columns – tristyle
• 4 columns – tetrastyle
• 5 columns – pentastyle
• 6 columns – hexastyle
• 7 columns – heptastyle • Situated on Acropolis, North of the Parthenon architect by Mnesicles
• 8 columns – octastyle • Erected on site of an older temple burnt by Persian
• 9 columns – enneastyle • Three (3) Porticos of Erechtheion (1. Eastern Portico; Ionic Hexastyle (entrance), 2.
• 10 columns – decastyle Northern Portico; Ionic Tetrastyle, 3. Southern Caryatid Porch (Porch of Maiden)
• 12 columns – dodecastyle

Theatre Epidaurus Theatre Epidaurus

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AGORA STOA

Bouleuterion Palaestra
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COMPARATIVE METHOD AND EVALUATION

GREEK ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN Architecture

Parthenon, Athens Pantheon, Rome

The Romans used arches when they

constructed (made) buildings/
temples/ Aqueducts.

• As with sculpture, the Romans

borrowed heavily from two cultures
that they conquered – the Etruscans
and the Greeks.
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Julius Caesar:
Caesar's Rhine bridges: the first two bridges to cross the Rhine River on record
Augustus Caesar: Pozzolan Cement

Started by VESPASIAN, ended by TITUS

Flavian Amphitheatre
(Coliseum): oval
amphitheatre in the
centre of the city of
Rome and the largest
amphitheatre ever
Domus Aurea (Golden House) : was a large landscaped portico villa built by the Emperor built/ Gladiatorial
Nero in the heart of ancient Rome, after the great fire in 64 AD had cleared away the Combats/ 50,000
aristocratic dwellings on the slopes of the Palatine Hill capacity
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Trajan's Forum
Apollodorus of Damascus
The Forum of Trajan was the last
and largest of the Imperial The magnificent
Forums that formed the political interior space of the
and governmental center of the Pantheon was achieved
Roman Empire by:

Employing a dome over

a drum.
Trajan's Column
Coffering the dome to
reduce weight.
Placing an occulus to
allow light to enter.

Pantheon Rome: Hadrian

Hagia Sophia (Divine Wisdom) St. Basil’s Cathedral

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GREEK & ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

COMPARATIVE METHOD AND EVALUATION