Article 1225

Indivisible – Isahang bigay, gawa

Divisible- partial fulfillment ng delivery or performance

For the purposes of the preceding articles, obligations to give definite things and those which are not
susceptible of partial performance shall be deemed to be indivisible

- Kapag definite things, at performance pinaguusapan indivisible dapat or isahang gawin dapat
hindi sya pwedeng gawin partially.

When the obligation has for its object the execution of a certain number of days of work, the
accomplishment of work by metrical units, or analogous things which by their nature are susceptible
of partial performance, it shall be divisible

- Kapag may number of days of work, metrical units, or yung nature ng obligation nila ay partial
ginagawa, divisible. (Partial)

However, even though the object or service may be physically divisible, an obligation is indivisible if so
provided by law or intended by the parties.

- Kahit na physically divisible yung object or service meaning pwede naman ibigay partially, kapag
yung obligation indivisible kapag provided ng law or ng parties itself

In obligations not to do, divisibility or indivisibility shall be determined by the character of the prestation
in each particular case

Obligations deemed indivisible (isahang gawa)

1. Obligations to give definite things

- Kapag definite things kasi, hindi sya kayang ibigay ng partial fulfillment, so isahang bagay dapat
palagi kapag definite things
Ex. Cellphone

2. Obligations which are not susceptible of partial performance

- Kapag performance naman, hindi pwedeng partial lang din
Ex. Hosting in wedding event, hindi naman pwedeng mag host ka lang kapag kainan na sa venue.
WARNING: WHAT IF MORE THAN ONE PARTICIPANT?
- Divisible na sya kasi yung gagawa ng performance by part na sila

3. Obligations provided by law to be indivisible even if thing or service is physically divisible

- Kapag provided ng law, divisible yun kahit pwede naming ibigay na divisible by nature.
Ex. Sahod ng teachers, kahit pwedeng partial lang ibigay, sa law natin dapat pa swelduhin ng buo
yung mga teachers.

4. Obligations intended by the parties to be indivisible even if thing or service is physically

divisible
 - Kapag naman intended ng parties na maging indivisible yung obligation, kahit na pwede namang
divisible stick sa napagkasunduan
Ex. Karl obliged himself to pay Deremy 5,000 pesos in October 21 as a whole.
WHAT IF? YUNG 5K DALAWA PALA MAY UTANG KAY DEREMY, SI KARL AT CED?
- It becomes divisible kasi by parts yung utang, pero since si karl lang may utang kay deremy
babayaran yung 5k as a whole ng isahan

Ex. Tailoring of uniform- Inutos ni Julia kay Sabel

- Yung tailoring of uniform yung indivisibility. Walang Karapatan mag demand si Sabel ng pera kay
ju as long as dpa tapos ni sabel yung uniform

Obligations deemed divisible (pwedeng partially yung fulfillment)

1. Obligations which have for their object the execution of a certain number of days or work
Ex. Painting (portrait)
2. Obligations which have for their object the accomplishment of work by metrical units
Ex. Paggawa ng table na may meter (sinusukat)
3. Obligations which by their nature are susceptible of partial performance
Ex. The obligation to teach in one year, Installment

Divisibility or indivisibility in obligations not to do (wag gawin)

1. Indivisible obligations (tuloy tuloy)

- Ex. Wag ka magcutting for 3 months
- Dapat continuously sa 3 months hindi sya makapag cutting
2. Divisible obligations (partial)
- Tuwing sabado dapat hindi ka magcutting
Article1226

In obligations with a penal clause, the penalty shall be substitute the indemnity for damages and the
payment of interests in case of non- compliance, if there is no stipulation to the contrary.

- Sa obligations with a penal clause, yung penalty pwede syang ipalit sa damages and interest if
there is no stipulation bet. The parties.

Nevertheless, damages shall be paid if the obligor refuses to pay the penalty or is guilty or fraud in the
fulfillment of the obligation.

- If ayaw bayaran yung penalty, yung damages nalang babayaran nya or if guilty sya sa fraud or
pagtakas sa fulfillment ng obligation.

The penalty may be enforced only when it is demandable in accordance with the provisions of this code

1. Principal obligation
- Can stand itself
- Hindi naka depende sa iba pang obligation
2. Accessory Obligation
- Eto naman yung naka attached sa principal obligation
- Cannot stand alone

Penal clause – accessory na naka attached sa obligation. Para tumaas yung babayaran nung debtor if
ever may breach of contract, or hindi nya sya nakakapag complied regularly.

- May accessory
- Demandable kapag hindi nagawa obligation

Condition

- Walang accessory
- Never demandable

Legal obligations- by law

- By agreement of parties

Obligation with a penal clause

- If na breach yung principal obligation, yung accessory obligation yung babayaran

Unilateral Obligations- one party is bound to fulfill the obligation

Ex. Debt

Bilateral obligations- both parties are bound to perform an obligation

Ex. Contract of sale

Purposes of penal cause

 (1) to insure their performance by creating an effective deterrent against breach, making the
consequences of such breach as onerous as it may be possible. (Yulo vs. Chan Pe, 101 Phil. 134.)
This is the general purpose of a penal clause; and
- para maensure na magagawa talaga yung obligation. Para mas maging mabigat yung parusa sa
lalabag sa contract
- Reparation

(2) to substitute a penalty for the indemnity for damages and the payment of interests in case of non
compliance (Art. 1226.); or to punish the debtor for the non fulfillment or violation of his obligation.

- Substitue sa damages and interest. Or para parusahan yung debtor.

- punishment

Kinds of penal clause

1. As to origin
a. Legal penal clause- provided by law
b. Conventional penal clause- stipulation of parties
2. As its purpose
a. Compensatory penal clause- penalty takes place of damages
b. Punitive penal clause- penalty is just a punishment for breaching of contract
3. As to its demandability or effect
a. Subsidiary or alternative penal clause- when only penalty can be enforced
b. Joint or cumulative penal clause- both principal obligation and penal clause enforced

Penal Substitutes for damages and interests

- General rule in obligation with penal clause: yung penalty nalang yung pumapalit sa damages
and interest if ever hindi magawa yung obligation.
- Hindi porket may proof si creditor ng damages, hindi necessary na penalty kagad.

When creditor may recover damages

1. When so stipulated by the parties

- Base sa contract
2. When the obligor refuses to pay the penalty in which case the creditor may recover legal
interest thereon; or
- Kapag ayaw bayaran yung penalty, pwedeng interest nalang bayaran
3. When the obligor is guilty of fraud in the fulfillment of the obligation, in which case the creditor
may recover damages caused by such fraud
- Kapag fraud, pwedeng pabayaram yung damages nung fraud na yun.

Ex. Construction of house – X (debtor) to Y (creditor)

- May penal clause na 100k If hindi ma construct yung bahay

- If ever 40k lang yung damages kay Y obligado pa rin si X magbayad ng 100k as a whole
- Yung penalty na 100k pinalitan nya na yung 40k na damages unless stipulated sa usapan nila.
Pwede ring both damages and penalty
- If ayaw bayaran ni debtor yung penalty, may interest na mag aarise. Yung interest nay un,
bagong damages yun sa hindi pagbayad ng penalty
- If fraud naman ginawa ni X liable sya sa damages
- Dapat may proof na fraud yung ginawa ni debtor para liable na makuha ni creditor yung penalty
na ibibgay kay debtor

When penalty may be enforced

- Breach of obligation
- Not contrary to the law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy
ART. 1227. The debtor cannot exempt himself from the performance of the obligation by paying the
penalty, save in the case where this right has been expressly reserved for him.

- Hindi maeexempt ni debtor sarili nya sa obligation if penalty lang babayaran nya, pero if ever
granted naman sa kanya, pwede.

Neither can the creditor demand the fulfillment of the obligation and the satisfaction of the penalty at
the same time, unless this right has been clearly granted him.

- Hindi makakapag demand si creditor ng fulfillment ng obligation and penalty ng sabay, unless
malinaw na nakalagay na may Karapatan syang gawin yun.

However, if after the creditor has decided to require the fulfillment of the obligation, the
performance thereof should become impossible without his fault, the penalty may be enforced.
(1153a)

- Kapag nag demand na si creditor ng fulfillment ng obligation, tapos wala naman fault si creditor,
pwede na sya mag demand sa penalty.

Penalty not substitute for performance

- Hindi pwedeng piliin nalang ni debtor yung penalty over performance kasi yung penalty,
sinesecure nya lang na magagawa ni debtor yung obligation.
- Nagiging alternative kasi kapag may choice sya.

Penal clause presumed subsidiary

- Hindi pwede idemand ni creditor yung obligation and penalty at the same time.
- Purpose ng penalty para hikayatin si debtor na gawin yung main obligations
1. When there is performance
- Kapaag nagawa yung performance, walang penalty.
- EXCEPTION: unless clearly stated na granted

Ex. Nadelay ng deliver si sarah kay ana.

- Once na tinanggap ni ana kahit delay, hindi na sya makaka demand sa penalty. Unless stipulated
sa contract nila.
2. Where there is no performance
- Penalty or Performance
- Alternative
- Magkaka penalty lang kapag may breach of contract
- Kapag may fraud sa part ni debtor, pwedeng penalty at damages.

Ex. If hindi nakapag deliver si sarah pwedeng mamili si ana sa mga to

1. Fulfillment, hindi na sya makakapag demand sa penalty unless hindi pa rin magawa yung
fulfillment ng walang fault si ana.
2. Kapag naman penalty pinili nya, hindi na sya pwede mamili ng fulfillment. If hindi naman
mabayaran yung penalty, pwede nya piliin yung fulfillment
 3. If fraud both yung fulfillment at penalty.

With penal clause joint

- May Karapatan si debtor bayaran yung penalty kesa gawin yung performance only kapag binigay
sa kanya yung right na to.
- If granted kay debtor yan kay creditor naman, pwede sya mag demand ng penalty and
performance kapag clearly granted din sa kanya.
- Kapag walang proof na na breach yug contract, only damages lang, walang penalty.
- Kapag hindi binayaran yung penalty may Karapatan si creditor mag demand sa principal
obligation and penalty with legal interest.
ART. 1228. Proof of actual damages suffered by the creditor is not necessary in order that the penalty
may be demanded.

- Kahit may proof ng actual damages, hindi necessary na penalty agad yung idemand.

Penalty demandable without proof of actual damages

- Sa obligation with a penal clause, dapat ma prove ni creditor na na violate ni debtor yung
obligation para liable sa penalty
- Hindi porket may damages or losses, penalty na kaagad.
- Para maiwasan yung kagahaman
- Pwede I enforce yung penalty may damages man or wala, pero dapat yung amount sa penalty
lang na napagusapan bawal lumagpas.

Damages recoverable in addition to penalty must be proved

- Yung penalty pwede I substitute sa damages

- Dapat kung ano yung amount nung penalty, stick lang dun and pwede idagdag yung damages
basta hindi lalagpas sa penalty
ART. 1229. The judge shall equitably re duce the penalty when the principal obligation has been partly
or irregularly complied with by the debtor. Even if there has been no performance, the penalty may
also be reduced by the courts if it is iniquitous or unconscionable. (1154a)

- Babawasan ng court yung amount kapag partly or irregularly naming ginawa. Kahit walang
performance, if sobra sobra yung amount irereduced din ni court

When penalty may be reduced by the courts;

1. When there is partial (fulfillment) or irregular (manner) performance

- Ma babawasan penalty kapag may partial fulfillment naman na binibigay

Ex. Building of house within 4 months, may usapan sila na kapag may breach of contract, may
penalty na 100k.

Natapos nya after 4 months

- Babawasan ng court yung delay kasi nag benefit naman si creditor sa ibang tapos na na part ng
bahay.
2. When the penalty agreed upon is iniquitous or unconscionable
- Kahit walang performance si obligor irereduce ng court kasi sobra yung amount or hindi maka
tao
Ex. Same example pero 5k per day of delay
- Babawasan ng court kasi sobra sobra naman yung amount.
ART. 1230. The nullity of the penal clause does not carry with it that of the principal obligation.

- Kapag null yung penal clause, valid yung principal obligation kasi yung penal clause is just an
accessories

The nullity of the principal obligation carries with it that of the penal clause.

- Kapag null yung obligation null na din yung penal clause.

Effect of nullity of the penal cause

- Accessory follow the principal

- Penal clause is void, principal obligation is valid and demandable
- Penal clause is disregarded
- Only indemnity for damages yung applicable if null yung penal clause
Ex. Sol will deliver a laptop to Mon. provided in their contract that if sol delays, sol will deliver a
illegal drugs.
Valid- Delivering of laptop
Void (penal clause) – deliver of illegal drugs

Effect of nullity of the principal obligation

- Kapag null yung principal obligation null na din yung penal clause.
- Penal Clause cannot stand alone
- Pero kapag kasalanan ni debtor kung bakit null yung obligation, due to bad faith and nag suffer
si creditor, pwedeng ienforce yung penalty
Ex. S will deliver to b a illegal drugs. In case of non compliance, s will pay 10k
-parehas void