HISTORY

ART & CULTURE

MANDALUYONG is a city that lies at the heart of Metropolitan Manila in the Republic of the Philippines.

Mandaluyong City skylineMandaluyong’s remarkable rate of development since the early 80’s established the city as one of the most progressive economic centers in
the country.

In the past, Mandaluyong would hardly be thought of as the alternative place in which to be. Business tended to concentrate in neighboring areas and for some time,
this quiet residential suburb just seemed to passively drift that way.

But events that unfolded in the aftermath of the EDSA Revolution in 1986 saw the dawn of a new beginning for Mandaluyong.

Benjamin S. Abalos Sr.With the sense of stability brought about by a dynamic leadership then under Mayor Benjamin S. Abalos, Sr., the expansion and relocation of
major capital investments gradually shifted towards the city, and soon after, this once sleepy town’s landscape dramatically transformed into one of the most
promising business and financial centers in Metro Manila.

Introduction
Location
Mandaluyong enjoys an economically strategic location as manifested in the prime business districts just around her borders.

The city is bound on the north by the Municipality of San Juan; on the northeast by Quezon City; on the east by Pasig City; on the south and southwest by the Pasig
River and Makati City; and on the west and northwest by the Pasig River and the City of Manila. (Map 1 - Mandaluyong Base Map)

A quick survey of its perimeter will show its varied urban characteristics, from low to medium density residential subdivision on the north, medium-scale commercial
districts on the west, heavy industries lining its river coast on the south, and emerging commercial activities of regional scale on the east.

The Urban Landscape

The physical layout of contemporary Mandaluyong is the product of historical events and growth forces.

EDSA-Ortigas Interchange ~ Mandaluyong CityNoticeable upon entrance to the city are transportation landmarks such as the Sevilla, Lambingan, and Mandaluyong-
Makati Bridges, the Guadalupe Bridge and Cloverleaf, the Pioneer Underpass, and the Ortigas Interchange.

The EDSA-Pioneer and Namayan-Vergara industrial districts traditionally served as the city’s main sources of revenue, but subsequent development in the early 80’s
shifted towards the EDSA-Wack Wack and Highway Hills areas in northeast Mandaluyong.

Introduction
Land Area
Mandaluyong has a total land area of 1,124.97 hectares.

This constitutes 1.77 % of the 636 sq. km. total land area of Metro Manila which is composed of 15 cities and 2 municipalities.

The city is composed of 27 barangays, divided into two (2) political districts.

The largest is Brgy. Wack-Wack, which comprises a little over one-fourth (294.48 has.) of the city’s total land area. Next is Brgy. Addition Hills, which comprises almost
fifteen percent (162 has.), followed by Brgys. Plainview and Highway Hills at about ten percent each, or 115.92 and 105.12 has. respectively (Table 1.01).

Land Characteristic
The city’s terrain is partially flat on its southwest portion and mostly rolling with gentle slopes in the rest of the area.
Its higher slopes on the northeast provide an ideal setting for a world-class golf course. Ironically, the lowest point lies a little bit inland and is most often affected by
flash floods (Map 2 - Slope Map).
Its river coast spreads at an elevation of three (3) meters and is supported by concrete embankments.

While its surface area is mostly covered with loose to granular clay loam and granular clay, Mandaluyong is actually lying on a solid foundation of compact and
massive adobe. These soil characteristics define soil types nos. 17 and 18, commonly called Novaliches Clay Loam Adobe, and Guadalupe Clay (Map 3 - Soil Map).

Water Characteristics
Mandaluyong is underlain with water tables which are still good sources of underground water for domestic uses. Water pumps and deep wells are still being used in
many parts of the city to augment water supply from the Manila Water Company.
Surface waters such as the famous Pasig River and its tributary - the San Juan River - as well as six creeks traversing inland, serve as natural drainage flowing along the
city’s southern and western perimeters.
And in the case of the Pasig, the river also serves as part of Metro Manila’s water transportation network.
Climatological Characteristics
Mandaluyong City experiences the same climatic conditions prevailing over the whole of Metro Manila, which are being monitored by Station 430 of the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) located at Science Garden in Quezon City.
There are two pronounced seasons:
 one dry from November to April,
 the other wet during the rest of the year.
PAGASA observations covering the period 1971-2000 reveal that the months of June to October normally had the most number of rainy days, with the month of
August having the highest amount of rainfall at 526.8mm. Temperature is highest in April and lowest in January at 34.9°C and 20.4°C, respectively.
Generally speaking, the main Philippine air currents are divided into three groups:
a. the northern (loosely called Northeast Monsoon);
b. the equatorial air (loosely called the Southwest Monsoon); and
c. the trade winds, reaching the island from a generally easterly direction and coming from the tropical high pressure areas of the Pacific.
Because of topography and decided mountain ranges in the east, shielding Metro Manila and all the regions on the western part of the islands of Luzon, Mindoro,
Negros and Palawan from the northern and in good part the trade winds, these regions are open only to the southwest monsoon and cyclonic storms.
A summary of climatological observations recorded by PAGASA from 1961 to year 2000 are shown in Table 1.02.

Vulnerability to Geohazards

Earthquakes
An earthquake can be an imperceptible ground shaking to a violent movement caused by the sudden displacement of rock materials below the surface of the earth.
Two types of earthquakes may occur (tectonic or volcanic), but only tectonic earthquakes caused by sudden displacement along faults in the earth’s construction may
affect Mandaluyong which is near the West Valley Fault.
Fortunately, Mandaluyong sits on an adobe bedrock covered by a thin layer of soil and is classified as within a Very Low Risk area least likely to be affected by high
intensity earthquakes.
Consequently, the risk of liquefaction, which is closely associated with earthquakes and loosely packed soils and saturated sediments, is very minimal in
Mandaluyong. (Map 4 Foundation Engineering and Map 5 Landslide Prone Areas)
Typhoons
Typhoons during the wet season greatly affect the city and the rest of Metro Manila. Damage to property and risk of lives are among the major effects of typhoon.
Secondary to these are the flash floods that severely affect the lowland areas.
Flooding
Heavy rains, even of short duration, results to flooding in some areas of Mandaluyong. Most prone to flooding are barangays Planview along Maysilo Circle, New
Zaniga along P. Cruz and Boni Ave., Hagdang Bato Ibaba along Shaw Boulevard and Acacia Lane. However, for 2-10 years flood cycle, these areas expand to cover
barangays lining the coasts of Pasig and San Juan Rivers. These correspond to areas shown yellow in Map 6 (Flood Prone Areas).

Biological Environments

Flora
Once abundant with trees that provided wood for furniture-making, the natural vegetation in the city has been reduced to rows of full-grown acacia trees lining the
shoulders of Acacia Lane and spare stands of trees in private lots, subdivisions and school compounds.

Urban forestry has been introduced along sidewalks and center-island of roads, in spare yards around public buildings and pocket and linear parks along Pasig River.
These cultivated vegetation are mostly ornamental plants, a few fruit-bearing trees and flowery shrubs.

Wack-Wack, home to an 18-hole golf course, is covered in green ornamental grass and cultivated trees.

Fauna
There are no record of fauna species in Mandaluyong except for domesticated animals such as dogs and cats and other household pets like rabbits, white mice and
love birds. Common birds and insects could also be found in the periphery such as maya, a variety of butterflies and other garden insects.

Common species of fish can be found in the Pasig River such as the janitor fish, kanduli, gurami, etc. However it is not ascertained whether these are edible
considering probability of lead content and other toxic chemicals on these fishes.

Brief History

Legends and Folklore

Mandaluyong City has lots of stories to tell — heroic undertakings, cultural and supernatural beliefs, romance and more.
The following stories tell of unusual names of places and features that inspire curiosity among inhabitants (old and new), researchers, and passers-by.
The Origin of “Mandaluyong”
There are different stories on the origin of the ancient name “Mandaluyong”.
Legend says that the city was named after the romance of a tribal couple, Manda and Luyong. Manda was a lovely daughter of a Barangay chieftain, while Luyong
was a Maharlika despised by Manda’s father.
As was the custom at that time, the maiden’s hand was given to whoever wins a series of tribal competitions in the barangay. Luyong emerged as the victor and the
couple was eventually married, amidst the objection of Manda’s father. Thereafter, the couple settled in a place that was later called Mandaluyong, a literal
concoction derived from their names.
Another story says that the place was named from Luyong, a kind of tree that was abundant in the place and from which beautiful canes and home furniture were
made of. Still, another story says that during the Spanish regime, the place was called Madaluyong to describe its rolling terrain which resembles giant waves of the
sea. The consonant ‘n’ was later affixed by some Spanish writers, hence, the name Mandaluyong.
The Evolution of Local Barrios
According to Pedro Patricio in his book (Mandaluyong: 1837-1975), Mandaluyong had five (5) original barrios as per the first recorded census in 1903 (Table 1.03).
From these five (5) evolved 22 sub-barrios which, like the original barrios, then became independent barangays.
Poblacion
This place used to be called “Buhangin” (sand) before it was named Poblacion because the whole stretch of the area, from F. Blumentritt corner of New Panaderos
Extension up until the Catholic Church and the cemetery, was topped with sandy soil of about 2-3 inches thick.
Namayan
The first settlers of this place were Muslim Filipinos. They were later driven away by the Spanish colonizers who came to the place. Still unnamed till then, the
inhabitants called it “Namayan” in memory of the original settlers of the place.
Hulo (San Pedrillo)
Hulo means “outer part” or “external” location of a barrio or town. When Barangka was still a sloping forest, Hulo was already a sitio with a few inhabitants. Early
inhabitants of Mandaluyong used to call the place as such because of its remoteness of location. This place continued to be called as such until the name was officially
adopted when it eventually became a barrio.
Buayang Bato
Located at the southeast shoreline of Mandaluyong is a small barangay called Buayang Bato. Its legend tells of an old Chinese man long time ago who, despite
conversion to Christianity of his fellow Chinese nationals residing in this place, ridicules the religion.
One day, while the old man was on a boat crossing the Pasig River, the Devil decided to take him to hell. Transforming into a crocodile, the Devil swam towards the
boat. The old man, who had never seen such a huge crocodile, was terribly shaken. Realizing that the god he worships is too far away in China, he began to call on
Saint Nicholas, whose statue he saw in Guadalupe Church across the Pasig River, to save him.
Miraculously, the creature turned into a stone. Shortly after, the old man embraced Christianity. And the stone crocodile, it is said, could be found during low tide at
the bank of the river near the Tawiran (ferry station). The place came to be known because of this stone crocodile, “buayang bato” in Filipino.
Barangka
Alongside Brgy. Buayang Bato is Barangka, then a single barangay but later divided into four (4) during the time of Municipal Mayor Bonifacio Javier: Barangka Ilaya
(Uptown), Barangka Itaas (Upper) Barangka Ibaba (Lower), and Barangka Drive.
It was said that at the time when the Philippines was under the Spanish Regime, there lived an old woman named  Barang who had a young daughter. The daughter
was in the rice fields when she was attacked by a man. As she was calling her mother for help “Ka Barang, Ka Barang!” the surrounding hills echoed her cry which was
heard by the Spaniards. And as the story goes, the place came to be called Barangka.
Hagdang Bato
This place is located on the uplands where steps are carved in its rocky hills and used as stairways. However, this place is more popular for its historical significance
because of the role it played during the Spanish occupation.
It was in this place, where, on August 28, 1896, Andres Bonifacio issued a proclamation setting Saturday, August 29, as the date of the attack on Manila. At 7:00
o’clock on Saturday evening, Supremo Andres Bonifacio held a meeting which was attended by more or less 1000 “Katipuneros”. Weapons were distributed during
this meeting and the revolution began as church bells tolled.
Zaniga
Lying on the lowlands adjoining Hagdang Bato is Saniga which used to be a marshland teeming with various fruit-bearing and hardwood trees. The place was home to
many local heroes who gallantly fought during the Spanish, American and Japanese occupations. Thus, some of its streets are named after them like Capt. Magtoto
St., Capt. Gabriel St., and Pvt. E. Reyes St.
During the 1960’s and 70’s, progress gave way to concrete roads and houses sprouted in neighboring areas. This neighborhood was called New Zaniga Subdivision,
while the original Saniga was renamed Old Zaniga.
Plainview
As the name implies, this place is a vast plain used to be planted with rice and corn. The place abounded with trees and was popular to bird hunters. Once it was a
private property developed by its owner, Ortigas, Madrigal and Company, into a subdivision providing a site for the municipal center. Afterwards, it was made a
separate barangay through a Presidential Decree. Its original name, Plainview, was retained and at present, it hosts the Mandaluyong City Hall and other public
institutions.
Wack-Wack
At the northern part of the city is Barangay Wack-Wack, known internationally for the Golf and Country Club it hosts. Stories tell that many years ago, the place was a
vast grassland which was home to numerous large glossy black birds called “uwak” (crow). It was from this “uwak” that the name “Wack-Wack” was derived.

Political History
Formerly called San Felipe Neri, Mandaluyong was once a barrio of Sta. Ana de Sapa, Province of Tondo, during the Spanish colonial rule. It was separated from Sta.
Ana de Sapa in 1841 and established its own parish in 1863.
During the American regime, it became a first class municipality but was later consolidated with the municipality of San Juan del Monte under Presidential Act No.
942. For several months in 1904, it became the capital of the province of Rizal. It became an independent municipality by virtue of House Bill No. 3836 in 1907, and
was officially named the Municipality of Mandaluyong.
At the onset of World War II, the municipality was occupied by the Japanese and later liberated by American forces on February 9, 1945. In the 1960's, following a
period of reconstruction and development, it became a component municipality of the Greater Manila Area, which today is known as Metropolitan Manila.
On February 9, 1994, forty-nine years after its liberation from the Japanese, Mandaluyong has been converted into a highly urbanized city by virtue of Republic Act
7675 signed by then President Fidel V. Ramos.
1300s
Residents of Mandaluyong have always been known for their industry. Men did the laundry to the amusement of non-residents until shortly after the war, while the
women ironed the clothes.
These industrious people trace their roots to Emperor Soledan (also known as “Anka Widyaya” of the Great Madjapahit Empire) and Empress Sasaban of the Kingdom
of Sapa whose son Prince Balagtas ruled as sovereign of the kingdom in about the year 1300.
More than a century later, in about the year 1470, it expanded and was called the “Kingdom of Namayan” with “Lakan Takhan” as sovereign. The vast Kingdom
comprised what are now Quiapo, San Miguel, Sta. Mesa, Paco, Pandacan, Malate and Sta. Ana in Manila, and Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig,
Parañaque, and portions of Pasig and Quezon City up to Diliman that were then part of Mandaluyong.
1800s
Mandaluyong was first known as a barrio of Sta. Ana de Sapa which was part of the District of Paco, Province of Tondo. Named San Felipe Neri by the Spaniards in
honor of the Patron Saint of Rome, it was separated civilly from Sta. Ana de Sapa in 1841.
On September 15, 1863 San Felipe Neri established its own parish and under the administration of the Congregation “Dulcisimo Nombre de Jesus”, it constructed its
own church, convent and school.
The Parish of San Felipe Neri played a significant role as a relay station for propagating the Katipunan during the 1896-1898 Revolution. It was in Barangay Hagdang
Bato on August 28, 1896 where Andres Bonifacion issued a proclamation setting Saturday, August 29, 1896 as the date of the attack on Manila. It was also in this
town that the revolutionary paper, “La Republika”, was established on September 15, 1896.
1900s
During the American regime, San Felipe Neri was raised to a first class municipality with five (5) barrios, namely: Poblacion, Barangka, Hagdang Bato, Namayan and
Hulo. Under Presidential Act No. 942, it was consolidated with the municipality of San Juan del Monte and became the seat of government. For several months in
1904, San Felipe Neri became the capital of the province of Rizal.
San Felipe Neri was separated from San Juan and became an independent municipality on March 27, 1907. It was renamed the Municipality of Mandaluyong by virtue
of House Bill No. 3836 which was authored and sponsored by Assemblyman Pedro Magsalin, then the Representative of the District of Rizal.
During World War II, Mandaluyong lost many of her people, among them were Catholic priests and civilians. Destruction was felt all over, but with the timely arrival
of the American Liberation Forces on February 9, 1945, the municipality was saved from further damages. That day became a red calendar day for Mandaluyong
marking its liberation from the Japanese Imperial forces by the Americans.
In the 60’s, Mandaluyong became a component municipality of Metropolitan Manila. Together with other component cities and municipalities, it has undergone
significant physical and economic transformation. From a forestal town to a progressive municipality, Mandaluyong is now a highly urbanized city known to host most
of the country’s best companies and corporations, shopping malls and hotels which are certainly world class in status.
Listed in Table 1.04 are persons who have served as mayors of Mandaluyong from the 20th century to the new millennium.
Mandaluyong and the municipality of San Juan used to be represented in congress by a single Congressman. As it entered cityhood in 1994, Mandaluyong became a
lone district with its own Representative in Congress.
2000s
Mandaluyong at the turn of the century was proclaimed by the city’s grand dads as the Millennium City, having come a long way from being a forested rolling hill to a
bustling city of vibrant economic activities. It was recently named the new tiger city of Metro Manila, among other accomplishments.
Mandaluyong today is composed of 27 barangays divided into two political districts mainly by Boni Avenue and G. Aglipay Street (Map 1). As of January 9, 2002, it has
1,238 voting precincts and a total of 166,037 registered voters (Table 1.05).
Brief History

Milestones and Breakthroughs

The transformation of Mandaluyong from a forestal and agricultural town to a highly urbanized city is highlighted by the following key events:
Adoption of RA 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991
This revolutionary legislation has given Local Government Units greater authority and flexibility in chartering the development of their communities. Local
government units are empowered to be self-reliant, generate their own incomes and allocate their resources according to their own priorities. In addition, LGU’s are
given the responsibility of fostering wider participation of people’s, NGO’s, and other private organizations in the pursuit of local development.
Citihood
On April 10, 1994, following a series of legislative procedures including the signing of Republic Act 7675 by President Fidel V. Ramos on February 9, 1994, a plebiscite
confirmed the conversion of Mandaluyong from municipality to a highly urbanized city. This brought additional income to Mandaluyong through an increase in share
from the national internal revenue allotments and other development benefits of being a city.
Development of Pioneer-EDSA-Shaw (PES) Quadrangle
The passing of City Ordinance 164 Series of 1997 paved the way for the development of a formerly industrial area into a full-scale Central Business District also
dubbed as the newest emerging golden quadrangle in the metropolis. This area is bounded by EDSA, Shaw Blvd., the Mandaluyong-Pasig boundary, and the Pasig
River.
Approval of the City Comprehensive Development Plan and Zoning Ordinance
Mandaluyong City is known for being the first among the LGUs in Metro Manila to have a newly approved Comprehensive Development Plan and Zoning Ordinance
approved per Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board Resolution No. 693 S-2001. The plan provides more room for commercial expansion, housing development and
other environmental projects while the Zoning Ordinance ensures that the carrying capacity of the city within the planning period is not exceeded.
Named as the “New Tiger City of Metro Manila, and the Second Most Vibrant City Economy in the Country” by the Department Of Trade and Industry and the Asian
Institute of Management Policy Center (May 2002)
According to the Philippine Cities Competitiveness Ranking Project 2002 conducted jointly by the DTI and the AIM Policy Center, Mandaluyong ranked second among
11 metro cities and third among 33 major urban centers nationwide on the local economy factor. The competitiveness ranking gave the city a new moniker - the New
Tiger City of Metro Manila, Second Most Vibrant City Economy in the Country, for its unprecedented leap to progress, having become the haven of industrial giants
and business conglomerates in a short span of 15 years.
The survey asked the cities” respective business sectors to determine their economic competitiveness and measure their effectiveness in providing an environment
conducive for business and industry, and to quantify their ability to promote a better standard of living for its constituents. The award was attributed to the strength
of the city administration’s equally active and able leadership, pioneering efforts and outstanding achievements in addressing squarely the city government’s top
agenda – employment, health, education, infrastructure, urban planning and renewal, tourism, social welfare and development.
Awarded as the Most Outstanding LGU (City Level) in the 2003 Metro Manila Literacy Awards of the Department of Education (May 2003)
In recognition of the city’s efforts in improving its literacy programs, the city recently bagged the top honors of DepEd’s Literacy Awards. Mandaluyong won the
Metro Manila Literacy Awards on the strength of Mayor Abalos” initiatives in support of various educational programs, including enhanced computer literacy skills for
high school students and the development of a unique literacy program for children with disabilities.
Site of the Cleanest Barangay (January 2004)
Barangay Vergara was voted the cleanest barangay in Metro Manila by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), besting 16 other barangays in the
MMDA’s search for the Cleanest and Dirtiest Barangay in the area. The evaluation for the cleanest barangay was done for at least two months by the board of judges
composed of representatives from the DILG, DOH, DPWH and DENR.
Ranked 2nd in Quality of Life Competitiveness Driver in the 2003 Philippine Cities Competitiveness Ranking project (PCCRP) of DTI and AIM Policy Center (January
2004)
According to the PCCRP 2003, Mandaluyong come in second to Marikina in the Quality of Life category. Fifty (50) metro cities were judged according to their peace
and order situation, their status of residents” well-being and their environmental preservation initiatives. This recognition is a timely affirmation of the city’s
unprecedented leap to progress.

Economy

Commercial Activities
Typical of cities in metropolitan areas, Mandaluyong has its own share of commercial strips and a central business district (Map 40).
The former, comprising mostly of banks (Map ~ Financial Institutions), offices and service establishments, stretch along public transport routes thereby serving both
local consumers and passers-by from the neighboring localities.
Major commercial strips of the city include the stretch of Boni Avenue, Shaw Boulevard, Libertad-Sierra Madre area, Kalentong, San Francisco, part of Martinez, Sgt.
Bumatay towards Barangka Drive and Pinatubo towards EDSA.
The city’s Central Business District on the eastern portion of the city is concentrated in the EDSA-Shaw-Pioneer Quadrangle.

Adjacent to the central business district is the High Density Commercial area comprising of establishments such as the Megamall, Shangri-La, Podium and the San
Miguel Corporation headquarters.

The traditional neighborhood center, on the other hand, is replaced by groceries and convenience stores ( Map 42), wet and dry markets (Map 43), sari-sari stores,
medical and dental clinics, amusement places and other personal services dominating almost all internal roads in the city.

Industrial Activities
These activities are mostly concentrated within the EDSA-Shaw-Pioneer area and along Pasig River.
Although prominent in the manufacture of foods, medicines and laboratory equipment, these industries are gradually declining in number, opting to relocate in
newly-developed industrial zones outside Metropolitan Manila.
In the Pasig River area, particularly in Barangays Namayan and Mabini J. Rizal, areas formerly industrial are now the sites for residential subdivisions and townhouses.
In the EDSA-Shaw-Pioneer area, the transformation is toward a more economically profitable and globally competitive commercial activity.

Rate of Increase of Establishments

Given the above situation, it is reasonable that a comparison of the establishments in year 2000 and in 1990, counted at 11,177 and 10,658, respectively, yields a very
low rate of increase of 4.9 percent. During the past five years, there is a slow but steady increase in business permits issued, averaging 2.72 percent as shown in Table
4.01.
Table 4.01
Number of Business Permits Issued (1998-2002)
YEAR TOTAL % INCREASE

1998 10,886

1999 10,922 0.33

2000 11,197 2.50

2001 11,788 5.30

2002 12,113 2.75

TOTAL 56,907 (Ave: 2.75)

As further manifested in Table 4.02, this is merely due to the shift in the nature of activities and not from any negative factors that may affect business development
in the city.
A great number of establishments consist of retailers and wholesalers which implies that the city’s economy is mostly pedalled by small-scale enterprises with
capitalization below P 150,000.00, as manifested in Table 4.03.
Table 4.03
Summary of Business Capitalization
Capitalization No. of Business

Above P 60 m 110

Above P 15 m – P 60 m 187

Above P 1.5 m - P 15 m 1,104

Above P 150,000 - P 15 m 3,754

P 150,000 and below 7,883

TOTAL 13,038
However, it is expected that the city development plan which provides business incentives and higher commercial density will attract more investors in the years to
come.
The city’s Business Permits and License Office (BPLO) has projected income from these business establishments to reach P638 million by year 2007 ( Table 4.04). This
is slowly being realized with the upsurge of investments especially in the development of the Edsa-Pioneer area into a major economic zone that could generate
income and propel further growth and development in the entire city.
Table 4.04
Projected Income from Business Establishments 2000-2007
Year Projected Income (In Pesos)

2003 P 479,512,005.12

2004 P 580,209,526.10

2005 P 702,053,526.50

2006 P 527,463,205.60

2007 P 638,230,478.70

Investment Potentials
If the main criterion for a successful business is location supplemented by sound business support policies and excellent peace and order situation, Mandaluyong City
is rated competitively with other prime areas in Metro Manila.
For instance, there is a good potential in local market as indicated by the rising urban productivity despite increasing population projection. A comparative analysis of
the number of households and household incomes at the city and national levels and the GNP yielded a city product per capita increasing by over 30% in 1997 from
1994 figures as shown in Table 4.05.
One consequence is the rising demand for commercial space resulting to rising unit cost of prime commercial land in the city. Similarly, the trend is increasing for unit
cost of prime rental per month, while operating costs and statutory charges are dependent on capitalization and floor area occupied by each activity. By 1999, for a
36 sq. meter of rented space, the average cost of doing business in the city is as low as P 39,000.00 per month.
Moreover, as can be seen in Table 4.06, investment performances of the five major sectors per capita continuously increase based on five-year intervals while
housing sector decreases due to limitation of vacant lands for housing development. Investments in the manufacturing industry show a modest but steady increase
despite the shift in the economy to more service-oriented activities. Consequently, there are significant increases in the service industry and other activities ranging
from 65% to 144%.
Table 4.06
Comparative Annual Investment by Sector: 1989, 1994, 1999
 SECTOR PER CAPITA INVESTMENT (in Pesos)

  1989 1994 1999

Physical Infrastructure 495.38 35,736.93 38,900.09

Housing 252.94 212.07 181.95

Manufacturing 21,604.57 27,128.75 34,469.68

Services 53,006.22 95,090.31 157,144.67

Others* 46,875.41 44,971.42 109,798.16

* Others: amusement places, amusement device, advertising, ambulant stores, producer/importer, pawnshops/moneyshops and
subdivision
To further illustrate the growing confidence of investors in the city’s economy, Mandaluyong is now host to two (2) major corporate headquarters with annual
turnovers of over $100 M (P 5.15 B) and another eight (8) top establishments with annual turnovers ranging from $26 M (P 1.34 B) to close to $100M.
It is worth noting, that in conjunction to the influx of investments is the overwhelming increase in assessed values of real property in the city. Despite having constant
land area coverage and minimal land tax rate increases, real property assessment values skyrocketed to as high as 451.29% in a span of ten years from 1988 to 1998
and another 55.02% five years hence in year 2003 (see Table 4.07). These can be attributed to the magnitude of structural improvements not only on prime lots but
also at random parts of the city where mixed developments of residential and office/commercial condominium up to seven (7) storeys in height are allowable.
New investments that will soon redefine the city skyline are listed in Table 4.08.

Business Regulatory Measures

To regulate business establishments and facilitate transactions for business permits, taxes and clearances, the city government passed the following legislations:
 Revenue Code Ordinance
 Ordinances in License Plates/Stickers, CGL Insurance
 Regulations & Restrictions in Amusement and Fun Establishments
 Zoning Ordinance

Informal Sector

Objectives
In response to the strengthening of global advocacy towards full protection and recognition of the rights of workers in the informal sector, the city government
created the City Informal Sector Office through Executive Order 02 Series 2002 to carry out the following objectives:
 To spearhead organization of IS workers’ associations
 To facilitate regulation of IS activities
 To develop and maintain a comprehensive IS database
 To coordinate forums, dialogues between IS groups and LGU officials
 To promote importance of social protection for workers
 To ensure access to skills development and enhancement training programs
 To facilitate access to market and employment
 To facilitate development and improvement of IS support infrastructures and facilities e.g. tricycle terminals, market stalls
 To provide access to social protection, investments and credit
 Zoning Ordinance w/c serves as basis for the issuance of Locational Clearance.

Expected Impacts/Benefits:
 Augmented coverage of BPLO targets for a more efficient registration of business and industrial establishments
 Estimation of IS contributions to the economy
 Increased participation to formal social security schemes
 Accreditation of IS organizations with the IS Office
 Increased productivity/ entrepre-neurial spirit
 Availability of alternative credit options, discouraging IS workers from accessing/resorting to traditional/ illegal loan schemes
 Availability of alternative social security schemes.

Social Services

Education
Mandaluyong is host to a number of various public and private educational facilities that provide for the schooling needs of the city’s populace.
Private School Facilities
There are 27 private schools in the city which accommodate both local students and those coming from neighboring cities and municipalities as well as the nearby
provinces. Prominent among the private schools are the La Salle Greenhills and two (2) universities, the Jose Rizal University and the Rizal Technological University,
the latter being a semi-government institution (Map 47).
There are also a variety of computer schools which offer short-term as well as complete computer courses and college degrees. A number of vocational and
technological schools offer curricular programs in trade and industry, home-making and business and commerce.
Public School Facilities
Public education facilities comprise 16 elementary schools, and with the addition of the Andres Bonifacio Integrated School which started operation in SY 2002-2003,
there are now five (5) secondary schools which cater to Mandaluyong residents.
The spatial distribution of public schools (Map 48) reveals that the city is indeed sufficiently provided with public educational facilities.
School compounds are efficiently situated within walking distance of 0.5 km. to 1.0 km. from its respective service areas, free from hazardous crossroads and heavy
traffic. Accessibility is made easier by the presence of motorized tricycles for hire.
There are, however, other factors (e.g. enrollment, school going-age population, and the actual number of classrooms and teachers, and others) that must be
considered in order to assess efficiency of public education services in the city, such as:
Teacher-Student-Classroom Ratio
Public elementary schools vary in sizes from a small 5-classroom school facility to as large as 86-classroom school facility (Table 5.01), giving an aggregate of 532
classrooms as of SY 2003-2004. The three largest schools are Mandaluyong Elementary School (86 classrooms), Eulogio Rodriguez Elementary School (68 classrooms),
and Highway Hills Elementary School (59 classrooms), each one housing a district office of the Division of City Schools-Mandaluyong City.
In the secondary level, Mandaluyong High School (Main) has the largest facility with 55 classrooms, while the city’s Science High School is the smallest with only 28
classrooms. This gives an aggregate of 196 secondary classrooms for SY 2003-2004.
All in all, at the latest, student-classroom ratios reach an average of 1:50 and 1:67, respectively, for elementary and secondary levels ( Table 5.02). Such high ratios
indicate the need for more classrooms especially in the secondary level, which, at present, is being addressed by having morning and afternoon class-shifts with the
latter even extending up to 8:00 o”clock to 9:00 o”clock in the evening.
However, there are a sufficient number of public school teachers, with teacher-student ratios averaging to 1:36 and 1:32 in the elementary and secondary levels,
respectively, which are still above the standard ratio of 1 teacher for every 40 students.
Performance Indicators
Table 5.04 shows declining performances particularly the cohort-survival rates and completion rates. A considerable percentage of drop-outs for the elementary level
is recorded raging from a low of 4.9 percent in SY 2000-2001 and leveling at 5.23 percent for the succeeding years. The secondary level registered a higher turn-out of
drop-outs recorded at 7.76 percent, 9.26 percent and 8.78 percent respectively for the last three (3) school years. This may be attributed to the following reasons:
1. Lack of financial capability to cover transportation expenses and cost of school supplies and other requirements
2. Poor study habits due to lack of home supervision
3. Lack of motivation
4. Media influence
5. Peer pressure
6. Transfer of residence due to unavoidable circumstances
Enrollment in all levels continuously increased during the last three schools years with the year 2002-2003 (Table 5.05) having the highest registered number of
students pegged at 41,679. There was considerable decrease of enrollment for the following school year (2003-2004) which registered 39,815 students only.
However, the recent NSO results (Table 5.06) yielded high level of overall literacy among residents. Overall literacy rate is pegged at 99 percent with exactly one
percent belonging to the illiterate group.

Health
Mandaluyong is host to a number of public and private health facilities that provide for the health care needs of the city’s populace.
The City Medical Center and other Private Tertiary Hospital
Curative health services are provided by one (1) public and three (3) private hospital facilities ( Table 5.07). This is excluding the specialized facility for mental health
being provided by the National Center for Mental Health in Welfareville Compound.
The Mandaluyong City Medical Center (MCMC) is the only government hospital of the city that provides for tertiary level health services to local constituents. It is
currently in its final phase of completing its physical expansion that will generate additional bed capacity and much improved facilities.

MCMC has a total manpower of 375 consisting of 116 medical professionals, 38 ancillary personnel, 120 nurses and nursing aides, and 101 civilian employees. The
five-floor hospital structure has an existing bed capacity of only 105. However, the completion of the annex building will expand its bed capacity to 300 and will house
the following sections:
 Surgical ward, medicine office, Office of the Head Nurse
 Medicine Wards, Reception, Social Welfare, Surgical Office
 OB ward/ OB Gyne Office
 Storage Room
 Emergency Areas, OR Support Rooms
 Central Storage and Sterilization Room
To ensure exclusivity of medical services, local residents are being encouraged to avail of the “Manda Card” currently being issued by the MCMC. However, it still
remains hospital policy to serve all in dire need of medical attention especially in times of emergency. Table 5.08 outlines the MCMC Services and facilities as available
per floor level.
The Local Health Centers

Resources, Facilities and Services

Twenty-six (26) health centers scattered in various barangays provide local health services to the city residents. Ten (10) of these health centers are certified by the
Department of Health (DOH) as “Sentrong Sigla” centers, which means that these centers have passed stringent evaluation criteria on quality health servicing.
Generally, all health centers provide preventive health services such as general medical services, dental and optical service, laboratory services, nutrition supplements
and immunization programs.
These health centers, listed in Table 5.09, are under the administrative and technical supervision of the City Health Office whose responsibilities extend to continuous
monitoring of water supply and ensuring public access to safe water and promoting the use of sanitary toilet facilities particularly in depressed areas.
Specifically, the city health centers focus on three major health programs/services: Family Health, Infectious Disease Control, and Prevention and Control of Non-
Communicable Diseases. Summary of activities under these services is listed in the proceeding table (Table 5.10).
Two (2) Lying-in clinics provide supplementary health service to mothers. Their services include: attendance to normal deliveries, referrals of all cases with
complications to hospitals, newborn screening and care, and breastfeeding.
The average number of patients served daily ranges from 20 to 70 persons per health center depending on the location and area coverage. (Table 5.11).
Each of these centers has a complete compliment of at least one (1) physician, one (1) or two (2) nurses, two (2) or more midwives, a dentist, a dental aide, a
laboratory aide, a nutritionist, Barangay Nutrition Scholars and Barangay Health Workers.
Total government expenditure on health services (City Health Budget) amounts to seven percent (7 %) of the overall city budget for the year 2002.
Spatial distribution of health facilities is shown in Map ~ Health Facilities.
Causes of Mortality and Morbidity
Consolidated reports from the City Health Office and hospitals reveal a total of 7,106 live births delivered in year 2002 giving a crude birth rate of 23.99% for every
1000 population, slightly higher than a CBR of 22.74 in 2001.
Crude death rate has been increasing at 3.35, 3.5 to 4.0 for the years 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively (see Table 5.13a; Table 5.13b; Table 5.13c; Table 5.13d) for
causes of death by specific age group.
Infant mortality increased by more than 2% from 14.87% in 2001 to 17.03% in 2002 with prematurity as the top most cause of death followed by pneumonia. There
is, however, no recorded incidence of death among women in pregnancy, labor and post partum in 2002 as compared to the previous years wherein Abrupto
Placenta was often the cause of death.
For all ages, on the other hand, Cerebro Vas Acc. and Pneumonia have been consistently the two (2) leading causes of deaths as reported by the MCMC for the years
2000, 2001, and 2002. The CHO likewise reported Pneumonia as the leading cause of death, along with Myocardial Infarction and Cancer.
Deaths due to epidemic occurrences such as dengue, leptospirosis and typhoid fever had been controlled in 2002 although there were several cases of individual
affected by such diseases. Cases of measles reduced considerably in 2002. Unfortunately, there are still cases of deaths even in the current year despite intense
efforts of the city health officials to cover every local household in the government’s measles prevention program.
Evidently, lack of cooperation on the part of the residents mostly in depressed areas is the main culprit in this failure to eradicate measles in the city. This February,
the City Health Office once again actively participated in the nationwide campaign against measles by deploying teams of health personnel to provide immunization
shots to children below eight (8) years old, covering all households, day care centers and schools as well.
Incidence of common disease for children 0-4 years old and patients of all ages are shown in Tables 5.14a; Table 5.14b; Table 5.14c.
For other health concerns, the 2002 record shows a General Medical Consultation Rate of 34 and 278 for city health centers and the Mandaluyong City Medical
Center, respectively. In addition, MCMC recorded an annual hospitalization rate of 33 with a total hospital admission of 9,650 in 2002. Compared with the health
centers (Table 5.11), MCMC serves an average of over 250 patients daily, decreasing at 313, 274 and 252 in 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively.
Degree Of Malnutrition
With the objective of monitoring the nutritional status of children under seven (7) years old and at the same time provide adequate intervention in the problem on
malnutrition, the City Health Office conducts annual weighing of children in this age group through the Operation Timbang Project. A summary report of this project is
presented in Table 5.15.
As expected, Brgy. Addition Hills has considerably the largest number of children suffering from 2nd and 3rd degree malnutrition. This, however, is primarily due to
the fact that this barangay is the most populated and at the same time site of the largest informal settlement in the city. Moreover, intensive efforts to address this
situation resulted to about 50 percent reduction in the number of cases from 2000 to 2002.
While a regional evaluation on nutrition services puts the city of Mandaluyong among those with very low performances, it is recognized that this may be due to poor
documentation of the city’s accomplishments. In fact, such accomplishments were highly commended during the latest advocacy meeting between the city
government and the National Nutrition Council.
As a consequence, the City Nutrition Committee is reactivated involving more local government offices to facilitate, coordinate and properly document delivery of
nutrition services to the community. In addition, Barangay Nutrition Committees are formed to ensure proper adoption and implementation of the National Nutrition
Program at the barangay level.
Family Planning
Focusing on gender sensitively and reproductive health, the City Health Office has continuously put intensive efforts to promote the use of various family planning
methods to local couples.
Inspite of this, there are no significant changes in Contraceptive Prevalence rates for the years 2000 to 2002 (Table 5.12). However, recruitment of new acceptors and
maintenance of continuing users (Table 5.16 & Table 5.17) show relatively good results in most barangays.

Housing

Characteristics
Mandaluyong City remains predominantly residential, characterized by all types of housing structures such as single-detached, semi-detached, row houses or
medium-density dwelling, multi-storey low cost housing and open-market housing, with makeshift structures (barong-barong) and spreading mansions at the
extremes. Such conditions are made possible by the presence of blighted (Map 50) areas and first class subdivisions (Map 51).
Evidently, housing tenures are a mixture of ownerships, temporary (as in caretaker), rentals and informal or illegal occupancy which at present affects 22,641 families
scattered in 14 barangays in the city (Table 5.18a & Table 5.18b). A considerable number of households totaling 3,806 are categorized as doubled-up, with two (2) or
more households occupying a single dwelling unit. In fact, in year 2000 there are at least 1,468 cases of two (2) to six (6) households doubled-up in single housing
structures alone, not to mention other types of residential structures in the city (Table 5.19).
Local Government Initiatives
Although NSO Census 2000 shows a decrease in local population as compared to Census 1995, there remains the need for more housing units to address housing
backlogs and replace structures in conditions no longer acceptable as dwelling units.
As surveyed in 2000, over 1500 structures are built with unsafe and improvised materials for both outerwalls and roofing.  Table 5.20 (Occupied Housing Unit by Type
of Construction Material of Roof and Outerwalls). This is aggravated by a large number of structures built though with strong materials like concrete walls and
galvanized iron roofings but are situated within blighted areas.
As a response, the city government took the initiative of developing the following housing programs: (see also Map 52).
Home for the Homeless Program
To address the situation as described, the local government ventured into the construction industry in the production of low-cost medium rise housing units. This
approach of vertical development was deemed more practical in areas densely populated but with insufficient space for single-detached or even semi-detached
structures. During the last decade, a total of 1359 socialized housing units had been awarded to qualified beneficiaries with monthly amortization averaging at P
2,658.00 payable in 10 and 25 years term.
Within a span of five years from 1998 to 2002, 14 medium-rise buildings were erected over a land area of 8,733.0-0 sq. m., benefiting 576 families. Total cost of
investments inclusive of costs of construction and lot acquisition reached P 269,647,253.03 with an ROI of 11.80% by December 2002 or a total of P 31,811,510.20
paid amortization.
Land for the Landless Program
Where available spaces allow for on-site development, eligible occupants were given opportunity to acquire their respective spots through different modes of
acquisition depending on location and existing ownership of the property in consideration. For instance, a total of 62,087 sq.m. of privately owned properties spread
across 13 barangays was acquired through local government funding and distributed to 1414 beneficiaries payable through monthly amortization with terms of
payment ranging from 5 to 20 years. By December 2012, a total of P 17,656,751.21 monthly amortization was collected, representing 20.94% of the total investment
of P 84,316,004.00.
Another mode of acquisition is through the so-called Community Mortgage Program (CMP) wherein the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC) pays
the landowner on behalf of the tenants association with the local government acting as intermediary. The land is subdivided and distributed to the tenants who pay
the monthly amortization directly to the NHMFC. A total of 67,340 sq.m. of land was acquired through the CMP benefiting 1,601 families in 5 barangays.
In the case of the PNR property covering a land area of 95,383.30 sq.m. and stretching from Gen. Kalentong St. in Brgy. Harapin Ang Bukas to Brgy. Barangka Ilaya
along the Pasig River shoreline, what used to be a railroad track had been transformed into a densely populated residential area. Again, with the LGU acting as
intermediary, settlements were made wherein each tenant household pays amortization directly to the PNR Management, with the LGU as collection agent. A total of
1,863 families benefited from this arrangement. However, this arrangement had been modified at a time when the total balance of payments for the land become
manageable enough for the LGU to pay in full. This new arrangement has been a lot favorable to the paying public as their payments are now made to the LGU.
Innovations
With the sincere intention of providing housing adaptable to a variety of clients/beneficiaries with consideration to their social and economic conditions, the city
government is adopting concepts of housing development other than the traditional methods of building standardized housing units with long term amortizations
and ready for occupancy upon distribution. Noteworthy are the following accomplished and proposed projects:
A. Rowhouses built through the “Adopt-a-Home Program”.
KGB. This project is located at the Kapalaran-Guinhawa-Busilak area in Barangka Drive, particularly implemented for victims of the fire that razed the area sometime
in 1999. It was made possible through a combination of the following: (a) “Sweat Equity” or the free-labor concept patterned after the Habitat Shelter Program of
former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, (b) private sector participation through donations of construction materials, and (c) government subsidy on other development
incurred expenditures.
Block 37. The Block 37 experience in Welfareville Compound is another manifestation that the “Adopt-a-Home Program” works in Mandaluyong. A total of 230
families were affected when fire razed down their houses in April 2000. Today, the Block 37 community is a picture of a well-planned socialized housing development
complete with infrastructure support and utilities like electricity and water supply.
B. Development of 10-12 storey socialized housing
Cognizant of the scarcity in land supply vis-à-vis the need to generate a large number of housing units, the city government is looking into the possibility of
constructing 10-12 storeys of socialized housing particularly in the Welfareville area. This, however, would entail a more comprehensive cost-benefit analysis and
further researches for applicable development and construction strategies to considerably lessen the project cost common to high rise structures considering that the
target beneficiaries who will eventually pay for the cost of the project are the under privileged and the marginalized sector of the city.
Program Coverage
Some of the difficulties encountered in starting the program are the identification of beneficiaries and their lack of initiative to abide by the procedures and rulings of
the program.
It is important to note that the local housing program also extends to government employees, victims of calamities, and those affected by other government projects
(Table 5.21). Those who cannot avail of this program have the option to avail of the national government’s housing program which costs much less but located
elsewhere outside Metro Manila. Others who are not eligible for in-city housing program were provided reasonable resettlement package in other local government
units with special ties to Mandaluyong City.
There are a total of 298 households who were transferred to Kasiglahan Village in Trece Martirez, Cavite in the light of the Pasig River rehabilitation program which
included clearing of embankments and reinforcement of easements. This move affected said number of informal settlers who were relocated to Cavite and provided
with adequate housing facilities and livelihood programs. This project was facilitated by the National Housing Authority and the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
(Table 5.22).
Considering the 1997 data on household income where 19.4%3 is spent monthly on shelter, a large majority of the households cannot afford such monthly rentals,
much less purchase a house at this time. As a consequence, families with close relations opted to double-up or share units, while the number of informal settlers
continuously increase from 14,611 families in 1993 to 22,641 families at present.
Table 5.22
Eviction and Demolition Projects For the Past Three Years (2000-2002)
 Affected Area No. of Families affected

Buayang Bato 41

Barangka Ilaya 106

Hulo 15

Vergara 89

Namayan 4

Mabini J. Rizal 43

TOTAL 298

Source: MHDB

Private Sector Contribution

The private sector has also been actively taking part in the housing industry as manifested by the boom in the development and production of subdivisions and open
market housing (Map 52) within the last five years. For instance, the private sector has produced around 396 new units in the form of town houses and multi-storey
condominiums. Very noticeable among the latest investments in the residential condominiums are multi-billion peso projects like the California Garden Square and
the Gateway Residences in Brgy. Highway Hills and Brgy. Barangka Ilaya, respectively. (see Major Development Projects, Part 4 Economy).
Current prices for condominium units vary from P 15,000.00 monthly rental for a 60.00 sq.m. condominium unit to a selling price of P 3m and above for an 80-120
sq.m. unit.
For single-detached and semi-detached structures, the average price of houses in Mandaluyong City based on the publications in housing market was P6,400,000
three years ago. The median price of dwelling units, often computed as 70% of the average price, was P4,480,0004. Median annual rent, on the other hand, is
P173,880 or P14,490 per month. This recent year, however, no data is available.

Social Services

Social Welfare
Social Welfare services in Mandaluyong are provided by 14 different agencies; 6 from the government sector, and 8 are non-government organizations. (see  Table
5.23).
Among the government agencies, two have citywide areas of coverage:
 The Local Division of Social Welfare and Development which provides comprehensive social services, and is staffed with 50 Social Workers and with office
located at the City Hall Compound.
 The Integrated Day Center which serves special children and normal children in the 0-3 years age bracket.
The other four (4) agencies have nationwide coverage serving women detainees/prisoners and the mentally ill and recovered psychotics. These agencies are located
within the Welfareville Compound, a 116 hectare property of the Department of Social Welfare and Development strategically located at the center of the city.
The non-government organizations are mostly associated with the religious sector, serving the needs of street children and the needy youth, as well as outreach
activities and ministries to the needy parishioners.
Locations of these service organizations are shown in Map 53.
Disabled Persons Affairs
Formerly a program of the CSWD, the Disabled Persons Affairs has evolved into a new division under the office of the City Administration through City Ordinance No.
193.S-1998. Since then, DPAD has developed sustaining programs which had reached hundreds of special children and differently-abled persons over the past couple
of years. Among these programs are on research, education, advocacy, accessibility, community-based programs and organization, sports and socio-cultural
programs, employment and livelihood, as well as income generation programs
Research
Included in the program is the development/upgrading of the data base of persons with disabilities, linkage with research centers for possible research-based
programs, and publication of wall news, journals, newsletters and other information materials for the service of the sector.
Education
This provides the literacy program of the sector through evaluation of the present educational system for children and youth with disabilities, and establishment of
institutions for programs that will help uplift the educational capability of beneficiaries.
Advocacy
This includes lobbying for support through the City Council for the passage of support local legislations for the sector; development of barangay, school-based and
church-based awareness program; and, development of family, community and workplace sensitivity workshops.
Accessibility
This works for the establishment of a task force to monitor the implementation of the Accessibility Law and the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons.
Community-based Program and Organization
Support the establishment of different organizations of persons with disabilities and caregivers.
Sports and Socio-cultural Program
Development of sports training, linkage with both local, national and international sports association and participation in such sports events; institutionalization of
different sporting events in the city’s programs; development of theater group composed of the sector.
Employment and Livelihood
Development of employment programs for the sector and linkage with other agencies for the promotion of the sector’s employment and livelihood concerns, as well
as establishment of cooperatives.
Income Generation
Full implementation of the programs means support from other sources, not just the local government. DPAD tries to see to it that programs could be sustained at
minimal costs of the local administration. This, DPAD tries to manage through networking with other concerned private organizations.
To date, thousands of disabled persons in the city has been benefited by the DPAD programs since it started six years ago.  Table 5.24 shows the summary of projects
and its impact to the sector.
Livelihood and Skills Development
From a small government institution, the Mandaluyong Manpower and Development Center (MMDC) has evolved into nationally competitive training center
operationally guided by the philosophy of helping man realize his optimum potential to be a profitable member of his community. To develop and enhance capability
and competencies of the unemployed, underemployed and those tending to be entrepreneurial, the MMDC as a training institution offers free training in various
vocational and technical courses as well as livelihood programs. (See Table 5.25)
The center has two (2) training centers, one in Barangay Hulo and another at Welfareville Compound in Addition Hills. It has a total of 23 training facilitators and 26
support staff, supported by budget allocations from the General Fund.
A new addition to the center’s roster of courses is Carpentry. Its initial project, the Casket Making, catered to handicapped trainees whose training expenses were
shouldered by the city government. These caskets were in turn sold for a minimum fee to the needing poor families in the city. This project has significant benefits
both to the consumers of the affordable caskets as well as to the handicapped makers who eke out their living from the new craft.
As a placement and counseling office
The MMDC also give guidance counseling and placement assistance. Aside from PESO, MMDC through its Placement Officer conducts Training Induction Programs
(TIP) and Job Induction Programs (JIP) for the on-going and out-going trainees. These orientations are conducted to promote study habits, moral, attitudinal and work
values and ethics of training beneficiaries. The center also provides a listing of employment opportunities and makes job referrals to both public and private sectors.
Target participants of the livelihood programs of the MMDC are city residents from the poor barangays. Advocacy on the importance of education is its focus through
career guidance in all public elementary and secondary schools in the city.
As a service-oriented entity
The MMDC conducts trade tests in various trade areas to out-going trainees in order to determine their effectiveness in skills by theories and practical applications
and to upgrade their qualification for employment. The trade test is administered by testing officers from the TESDA-NCR-PaMaMariSan District.
Entrepreneurial initiatives are also a regular program of the center especially for the out-of-school youths and the unemployed adults. Seminars are conducted
regularly by TESDA and other private agencies. These seminars aim to assist beneficiaries to get into employment through industry or self-employment.
Awards and Recognitions
For the past three years, the center has earned awards and recognition for both the center and its exemplary trainors and students which include the following:
 Certificate of Recognition for the Center for achieving 130% of its target on Basic Skills and Livelihood Training Program
 Outstanding Training Center Achievement Award from TESDA
 Most Outstanding Training Administrator in Metro Manila
 First Place, Pres. Ramon Magsaysay Working Man Award for the NCR Level
 Silver Medalist, Metro Manila 1997 Youth Skills Olympics
 First Place, 1999 Regional Skills Olympic Welding competition
 Silver Medalist, Welding Competition, Philippine National Skills Competition
 2000 National Awardee of “TESDA KABALIKAT AWARD” for the City Government
 2002 Outstanding Training Achievement Award for outstanding performance in the conduct of community-based technical and skills training by graduating
over 1,000 trainees for the year
 Special Citation Award for its promotion of TESDA Occupational Qualification and Certification System (TOQCS)
 Certificate of Recognition for its valuable contribution in the promotion and conduct of community-based technical skills training
 Outstanding Industrial Skills Trainor Award to Arc Welding trainor Mr, Bernardo A. Benito for his outstanding performance and selfless contribution and
dedication to the technical, moral and spiritual development of the trainees
 Certificate of Recognition Award to Ms. Rebecca O. Villaflores (Cosmetology/Reflexology Trainee) for having shown exemplary performance in relation to
her technical and skills training
To promote specific trade areas and occupations relevant to present economic trends and gain active participation of the industry in advocating skills excellence, the
Center launched its First Mandaluyong Open Skills Competition on July 15, 1999, and has continued to do so every year since then.

Protective Services

Police Services

Building Resources
The Philippine National Police Headquarters, Station 3 is located within the City Hall Compound,
housed in a four-level building complex together with the local Fire Department and the City Jail.
Its area of jurisdiction covers the entire City of Mandaluyong.
For a more efficient delivery of protective services, five (5) community precincts ( Table 5.26) are
established in strategic locations in the city, each covering a different group of barangays, as can
be seen in Map 54. Each precinct is provided with well-maintained service vehicles and equipment
as listed in Table 5.27.
Manpower
Total size of the police force is 301, composed of 265 non-commissioned officers, 20 officers and
16 civilian employees. This gives a police-population ratio of 1:925 which is below the standard for
highly-urbanized areas.

The force is augmented by 489 civilian employees under the Public Order and Safety Division and the Mayor’s Action Command of the city government.
In addition, the Force has accredited a total of 34 private agencies that provide private security and detective services. These are listed in the proceeding Table 5.28.
Crime Statistics
Report from the Philippine National Police reveals that the city enjoys a relatively peaceful community. Crime Solution Efficiency for the past four years registered a
high of 96.39% in year 2000 and a low of 94.31% for the current year. The figure for the current year however, is only inclusive of January to May 2003.
Theft and physical injury are among the top index crimes committed in the city.
Fire Protection

A. Building Resources
The city is protected from fire incidences by the Mandaluyong Fire Station, with its Head Office
and Central Sub-Fire Station housed at the PNP/Fire/Jail Complex, City Hall Compound.
The Central Sub-Fire Station has citywide area coverage, and is augmented by the EDSA Central
Substation which covers barangays in the vicinity of EDSA, and the Kalentong Substation which
serves barangays to the left of the PNR Railroad Track, as can be seen in Map 55.
B. Manpower Resources
There are four (4) major divisions that comprise the overall operation of the fire
department. Table 5.30 shows the distribution of personnel, 83 in all, of which about 55
percent man the central station at the city hall.
Table 5.30
Distribution of Fire Personnel
Division No. of Personnel

Administrative 8

Inspection 7

Operation

 – Central Fire Station 46

 – EDSA Central Substation 9

 – Gen. Kalentong Substation 7

 – Fire Rescue 6
 TOTAL 83
This gives a Fireman-population ratio of 1:3,355
Size and area coverage of fire substations are shown in Table 5.31.
C. Fire Trucks and Rescue Equipment
There are only three (3) fire trucks available for operation in the city. This is augmented by three (3) more water tankers and another three (3) water pumpers during
fire emergencies. Two (2) ambulances for rescue operations are in stand-by. Other fire facilities include mobile radios for communication purposes.
Compared to the previous years, the current quantity of fire trucks has decreased from the recorded four (4) in 2000 to a three (3) this year. This leaves one fire truck
for each sub-station. (see Table 5.32)
TABLE 5.32
Inventory of Equipment and Facilities
Facilities Quantity Status Function

Fire trucks 4 3 operational Fire Operation

1 non-operational Water Supply
Other Emergencies

Water tankers 3 All operational Fire Operation

Water Supply

Ambulance 2 All operational Rescue

Transport of Patient

Water Pumpers 3 All operational Water supply

Mobile/Base/ 8 All operational Communications

Handheld Radio 2

Source: City Fire Department Report

D. Fire Hydrants
A total of 78 fire hydrants distributed all over the city supplement the firefighting facilities. Of these, 60 are operational and 16 as non-operational.
Fire Incidence Statistics
With figures of fire incidences for years 2000-2002, fire occurrence averages at 254.33 annually. This seems to be a high frequency considering the size of the city.
However, it can be attributed to the proliferation of informal settlements in various barangays.
These fire incidences are mostly rubbish and structural in nature, with origins varying from electrical, cigarette butts, LPG (Tank/Stove) to unknown sources as can be
seen in Table 5.33.
Table 5.33
Fire Incidence Report 2000-2003
Incidence Year 2000 Year 2001 Year 2002

Structural 65 54 64

Electrical 87 108 92

Vehicular 6 17 15

Rubbish 32 21 32

Others 46 65 59

TOTAL 236 265 262

Source: City Fire Department Report

Fire Safety Prevention Measures

A. Fire Safety Inspections

One measure to prevent fire occurrences is the continuous conduct of fire safety inspections in different establishments in the city. As shown in  Table 5.31,
inspections conducted in year 2000 increased by 1.78% from 1999 inspections. Fewer establishments in year 2000 were found to have deficiencies in fire safety
requirements and subsequently recommended for correction and improvement. Consequently, a total of 301 Fire Safety Inspection Certificates were issued, a 24.38%
increase compared to the 242 certificates issued in 1999.
B. Community Relations
Another preventive measure is maintaining Community Relations. As a result, more fire drills were conducted and more volunteers trained in this year as can be seen
in Table 5.32. At the same time, 300 empty drums were distributed to serve as stand-by water containers in cases of emergencies.
Problems and Needs
Mandaluyong City is adequately provided with fire station facilities considering that the three (3) existing fire substations located as shown in  Map 55 have
overlapping radii of services.
Based on standards, one fire substation should be within a radius of 2.5 km., 5 km. and 10 km. from commercial-industrial areas, medium to high density residential
areas, and low density residential areas, respectively. The city is mostly medium to high density residential with commercial strips and has a total land area of 11.25
sq. km., well within the coverage of one fire substation.
In addition, the city is adequately served with roads such that the ideal travel time of two (2) minutes from the station to the fire can be achieved. There are,
however, certain problems that have to be addressed for a more efficient fire fighting service.
A. Delayed Response
Despite adequacy of roads and relatively short distances between fire substations and the sites on fire, there are instances when fire trucks are delayed due to traffic
congestion in some areas and the negative attitude of drivers particularly of public utility vehicles to pull over the side of the road and give way to fire trucks and
other vehicles responding to the emergency calls. An additional of one (1) to two (2) minutes of travel time would certainly result to greater damages which road
users must be made aware of.
B. Preventable Causes of Fire
Based on the Fire Incidence Report, causes of most fires such as discarded glowing cigarette butts, leaking gas tanks, and faulty electrical wiring, are preventable in
nature and resulting from carelessness, negligence, or ignorance of the individual who caused the fire.
C. Very Low Fireman-Population Ratio
By standards, the fireman-population ratio should be at least 1 : 500 for urban/metropolitan areas. In actual, the City of Mandaluyong has a ratio of 1 : 3,355 which
means that one fireman has 3,355 people under his protection, almost seven (7) times that of the standard.
D. Insufficient Fire Fighting Facilities
By standard area coverage, the existing three substations are more than sufficient to serve the entire city. However there are factors that suggest the need for
additional fire substations, to wit;
a. Existing substations are not sufficient to accommodate increase in fire-fighting personnel and apparatus/fire trucks
b. Influx of people and increase in building density as a consequence of intensification of land uses/activities pursuant to the approved Comprehensive Land
Use Plan of the City.
Demography

Social Composition and Characteristics

Population Size
As of Census Year 2000, Mandaluyong City has a total population of 278,474, accounting for about 2.8% of the total population of the National Capital Region which is
9,932,560. With an average household size of 4.6, it has a household population of 275,110 which may also be considered as the nighttime population of the city.
(see Figure 2.01)
In the absence of published information and studies concerning daytime population in the city, there is a suggestion that having acquired a full level of urbanization,
Mandaluyong City follows the trend in Makati City by which daytime population is three (3) to four (4) times its nighttime population. Thus, on the conservative side,
daytime population for Mandaluyong City is estimated as (3) (275,110) or 825,318.
Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation
Almost everyone in Mandaluyong is Filipino of various ethnic origins (Table 2.02). Even so, the languages generally spoken in the households are Tagalog (96.47%),
Bicol (0.40%), Bisaya (0.30%), Ilonggo (0.40%), and Ilocano (0.60%). See Table 2.03
About ninety-one percent (91%) of the residents belong to the Roman Catholic Church, and the remaining nine percent (9%) are distributed among religious
denominations like the Iglesia ni Kristo (2%), Evangelicals (1.6%), other Protestants (0.42%), Jehovah’s Witness (0.42%), Aglipayan (0.66%) and others (1.7%).
The spatial distribution of churches of the various religious congregations in the city is shown in Map ~ Places of Worship.
Family Structure
The typical family of Mandaluyong has an average of 4.61 numbers. Of the 59,682 households, 18.82% are headed by women and 81.18% are headed by men.
Majority of these households totaling 86.78% are headed by men and women in their prime productive ages between 20 years and 60 years old, while 12-67% have
household heads in the elderly age group of 60 years and above. A little over 0.54% of the number of households are headed by the young population 20 years old
and below.
A combination of married and widowed individuals accounts for 48.02% of the household population while family members who remain single total 43.46% with
female members slightly more than male members at 51.02% and 48.98%, respectively. Others who opted for other forms of family union account for 8.52%. These
include individuals that are either divorced, separated, common-law spouses, and those whose marital status are unascertained. (Table 2.05)

Land Use Implications to Population Concentration

Population Densities
An analysis of barangay population densities in the light of existing conditions in each respective area shows a pattern by which population is concentrated (Refer
to Table 2.08 and Map 7). In Barangay Addition Hills, for example, the gross population density measures extra high despite being the second largest barangay in the
city and the presence of large institutional areas and open spaces. Being a Planned Unit Development Area (PUD), it promises housing opportunities with government
subsidies and the necessary amenities for a respectable living condition, and further, accessibility to employment and livelihood opportunities. The existence of
informal settlements and sites intended for socialized housing projects appear to be common in other barangays with high to extra high densities.
Another major contributing factor is the presence of the railroad traversing most of these barangays that have consistently high densities. In the early days when the
rail system is the popular mode of travel, distance-wise and travel time considered, migrants tend to arrive by train, seeking accommodations as much as possible in
the vicinity of railway stations. In Mandaluyong City, until the 1970’s when the railway system is still operational, four (4) stations are located in Barangays Daang
Bakal, San Jose, Hulo and Barangka Ilaya, giving credence to the above observation. But in this case, it can be assumed that the migrants established permanent
residences in these barangays, later expanding to adjoining barangays.
Furthermore, the historic Pasig River in its glorious days of steamers and ferry boats provided another means of entry to migrants as manifested by a number of
‘Tawiran’ stations along the river banks. In addition, various industries lining the coast of Mandaluyong City served as a strong magnet to people seeking better
economic opportunities. These could be associated with concentrated residences in barangays along Pasig River.
Index of Concentration
A graphical representation of the total population by barangay (Figure 2.03) shows the obvious difference in the distribution of population in the city. Taking into
account the proportions of area and population of each barangay in relation to the total area and population of Mandaluyong City ( Table 2.04), the Index of
Concentration is computed as 0.1074. This means that about 10.75% of the total population will have to be redistributed in order to attain a completely uniform
distribution of population in the city.

Economic Characteristics

Labor Force
As of January 2003, population in the economically productive age constitutes about 66.6% of the total city population. This is about 0.40% and 2.72% of the total
population in the economically productive age group in the entire country and the National Capital Region, respectively.
Labor force in the city is 58.40%, with the employed accounting for 86.4% and the unemployed, 13.60%. Majority of the employed are male at 56.70% while the
female totals 43.10%. It can be said that quality of labor force is good considering the latest data on education which shows that 91.40% of population 15 years old
and over have educational attainment ranging from high school to post-Baccalaureate (Table 2.10).
Individuals not economically active but within the economically productive age group are about 41.09% of the latter. These are students, disabled, and the like. In this
case, the female population is higher than the male population at 65.06% and 36.14%, respectively (Table 2.11).
In the case of the disabled, the 2000 Census results (Table 2.12a) revealed that about 1.57% (4,385) of the city’s population has disability. Majority of these disabled
persons belong to the age bracket of 20-44 years old, which means that most of these persons with disabilities are in their prime productive ages. Table 2.12b also
reveals the type of disability that is prevalent, and blindness and low vision are top among other types.
There is staggering figure of mentally ill residents pegged at 2,466. However, NSO data does not specify whether this figure includes both household and institutional
residents considering the presence of the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) which serves patients from all over the country.
Still, special programs (see Part 7) for this segment of the population is being carried out by the city government to encourage productivity not just in the economic
aspect but also in sports and community development.
Labor Force Distribution
Compared with the first four cities and its immediate neighbor cities in the NCR, Mandaluyong has the least share of urban employment in the region, majority of
which are in the service industry. But unlike the neighboring cities of Makati and Pasig, each with less than 500 individuals still engaged in agricultural activities,
employed individuals in the city are all engaged in urban activities, constituting 0.72% and 2.59% of the urban employment in the whole country and the NCR,
respectively.
Agricultural activities in the city, of ever there maybe, are done more as a hobby than as a primary source of income and are limited to backyard gardening and
recreation.
Figure 2.03 Population by Barangay: Year 2000

Land Use / Zoning

Land Use Trends

Mandaluyong used to be a forestral agricultural town with rolling terrain, vast grasslands, and marshlands. Its inaccessibility to Manila and adjacent municipalities due
to absence of connecting roads rendered Mandaluyong then the most backward amongst municipalities now comprising Metropolitan Manila.
Urbanization gradually began halfway through the 20th Century with the construction of the Sevilla Bridge connecting to Manila, and the improvement of Epifanio
delos Santos Avenue or EDSA, then called Highway 54, as well as Shaw Boulevard. Very few open spaces remained by the late 1980’s as industrial sites, commercial
strips and residential subdivisions developed.
By 1990, Mandaluyong was about 39.35% Residential, 7.88% Commercial, 12.92% Industrial, 9.50% Institutional, and 30.29% open space (a combination of parks,
road networks, cemeteries, and vacant idle land).
Now centrally located in the major transport network in Metropolitan Manila, Mandaluyong suddenly became an ideal location for large business and commercial
establishments of global standards. This led to commercialization of land strips along prominent roads such as Ortigas Avenue, Martinez, San Francisco, Sgt. Bumatay,
Barangka Drive and Pioneer Streets.
Classification of Mandaluyong into a highly urbanized city in 1994 led to further intensification of land uses. By 1995, commercial activities, mostly in the form of
medium to high rise structures, covered about 13.30% of the city land area.
Planned development of the area bounded by Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong-Pasig boundary, the Pasig River, and EDSA from a Medium Intensity Industrial Zone into
a Central Business District came about in 1997 as the city’s response to major redevelopment projects in prime areas in the Metropolis. Expansion of Ortigas Center
and development of Fort Bonifacio CBD have the most considerable influence as these areas are in the immediate vicinity of the Mandaluyong CBD. Gradual dispersal
of industries from this area to areas outside Metro Manila was manifested by the rise of towering structures such as the Pioneer Highlands, City Square Pioneer, the
Legend Villas, restaurants, furniture shops and other commercial and residential establishments.
Elsewhere in the city proliferated multi-level residential and office condominiums as well as middle-class residential subdivisions, further reducing industrial areas by
1.97% in 1998.
At the turn of the century, commercial activities originally confined to strips along prominent roads appeared in random with institutions and industrial activities,
within large expanse of residential areas.
While residential use remained the dominant use in the city, parks and open spaces for public use were in short supply, despite the presence of two large open
spaces, one in Brgy. Wack-Wack in the northern part of the city which is actually the Wack-Wack Golf and Country Club and exclusively private, and the other in Brgy.
Addition Hills, a Planned Unit Development area.
As reflected in the 2001 Land Use Map (Map 08), one can reasonably conclude that development of the city is directed towards full commercialization, not only due
to attracting more investors, but also with the tendency of the residents to engage in more economically productive activities as manifested by the proliferation of
commercial activities within residential zones.
By the year 2004, Mandaluyong is 36.84 percent Residential, 17.55 percent Commercial, 7.18 percent Institutional, 5.33 percent Industrial and 33.09 percent open
space and others (Map 9 / Table 3.01).
Each of the 27 barangays in the city has its own share of commercial areas as these generate additional income to the barangay.

Land Use Related Problems

It is evident that development of the city has been solely influenced by externalities such as market forces and development trends in other prime areas, not just in
Metro Manila but in the entire country as well. With the newly implemented Land Use Plan, the city has started to put into order mechanisms that promote the
general welfare of the people and the environment.
However, there are still problems such as:
 A large portion of the city has a very high population density.
 Presence of squatter settlements/urban blight.
 There are consistent traffic choke areas. This condition worsens during heavy rains and flood.
 Incompatible land uses co-existing in the same area wherein the lower intensity uses are exposed to additional environmental hazards caused by the
neighboring higher intensity uses. This condition also results in unequal access to services most specifically road usage and water supply.
Map 10 illustrates the city’s Land Use Related Problems.

Land Use Regulatory Measures

To effectively implement the Land Use Plan, the City of Mandaluyong has formulated its own set of regulations embodied in Zoning Ordinance 238, Series of 2000.
This came about with the realization that MMC Ordinance 81-01 which is currently in effect in Metro Manila is no longer attuned to the prevailing development
practices in highly urbanized areas, what with the worsening problems as a result of intensive land activities putting immense pressure on infrastructure, utilities and
the environment.
In effect, City Zoning Ordinance 238, S-2000 integrates, together with new provisions, certain provision of MMC Ordinance 81-01, City Ordinances 128, S-1993 and
164, S-1997. Major changes introduced by this Ordinance are as follows:
Inclusion of a new residential classification, R-4 exclusively for Socialized Housing Projects;
Specification of the ten-meter easement along Pasig and San Juan Rivers and three-meter easement along creeks as areas reserved for linear parks and beautification
projects.
Rezoning of the following areas:
a. The area bounded by EDSA, Shaw Blvd., the Mandaluyong-Pasig boundary, and the Pasig River from I-2 Medium Intensity Industrial Zone to Central
Business District;
b. The area at the corner West of EDSA and north of Shaw Boulevard from C-3 (Metropolitan in scale) to C2 (Quasi-trade activities) Commercial Zone
c. The C2 Block deep along EDSA from Shaw Boulevard to Ortigas Avenue is subdivided into two lot deep zones: the lot deep along EDSA is maintained as C2
Zone while the lot deep along Harvard St. is reclassified as R1 Zone;
d. The area behind the Palladium Summit Building was reclassified from C3 High Intensity
Commercial Zone to R1 Low Density Residential Zone;
e. Areas in Brgys. Vergara, Old Zaniga and Namayan previously classified as I1 (Industrial) Zone and presently occupied by residential subdivisions are
reclassified into R2 Medium Density Residential Zone.
Height Restriction
a. R2 Zone is sub-classified into R2 Four Storeys only and R2 Four to Seven Storeys;
A special classification of R2 Four Storeys only shall cover the portion of Brgy. Addition Hills north of Shaw Boulevard limiting heights of residential
buildings up to four storeys only while the rest of the city under R2 Classification has the option to expand up to seven storeys;
b. R4 Zones are for medium-rise (walk-up) socialized housing.
Parking Regulations
Parking requirements are higher than the minimum prescribed under PD1097 (National Building Code)
Road Setback Requirements
Specific road setback or easements are required for each type of road and zone classifications.
Emphasis on the submission of Environmental Compliance Certificates prior to issuance of Locational Clearances for Environmentally Critical Projects and Projects
located in Environmentally Critical Areas.
Mandatory requirement of Locational Clearance prior to issuance of all building permits and business licenses applied for in the City of Mandaluyong.
Creation of the Office of the Zoning Administrator
The ordinance also provides for the creation of the Office of the Zoning Administrator with appropriate duties and responsibilities and staff holding plantilla items
subject to the 1997 Revised Qualification Standards of the Civil Service Commission.
This is confirmed by Ordinance No. 273, S-2003 which officially adopted the OZA as a division of the City Planning and Development Office with functions specifically
“to implement ZO 238, s-2000 and act on all zoning applications and correspondingly issue Locational Clearance, Zoning Certificate and Certificate of Non-
conformance.”

Infrastructure

Transportation

Accessibility
As emphasized in the previous sections, accessibility is among the city’s prime advantages. The
city is provided with good access roads to and from adjacent cities and municipalities.
Considered as the heart of Metropolitan Manila, main roads such as Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue (EDSA), Ortigas Avenue and Shaw Boulevard provide inter-city linkages, while Boni
Avenue and Martinez Street (C-3 Road) serve as alternate routes.
A total of nine (9) concrete bridges (Table 6.01) connect gaps in the road network while several
minor roads provide additional access from the San Juan Municipality.
Table 6.01
Inventory of Bridges
Name of Bridge Width Concrete

Guadalupe 33.00 119.53

Mandaluyong-Makati No data 119.00

Sevilla 14.00 55.00

Welfareville 6.00 12.50

Pioneer 12.00 8.00

Correctional 6.00 8.00

Zaniga 7.32 7.50

Vargas 6.32 7.00

Maligaya 17.00 6.30

TOTAL - 342.83

Source: City Engineer’s Office

All in all, the city has 31 entry and exit points, as can be seen in Map 56. Also shown are network interchanges designed to facilitate crossing and access to EDSA, as
well as existing and proposed rail transport lines traversing the city.
Road Pattern and Density
At present, the city is served with a total of 119.813 km of roads (see Table 6.02) classified into four (4) types of administration: national, city, barangay and private
roads. This gives a road density of 10.60 km for every 100 hectares of land, way above the standard ratio of 1 km/100 ha., making Mandaluyong actually over-served
with roads. This, however, does not ensure efficiency of the road network, which is also affected by socio-economic factors, land use characteristics, and the
environmental condition of the area it serves.
Table 6.02
Inventory of Existing Roads
General Classification Length in km % of Total

National 17.972 15.00

City 79.831 66.63

Barangay 3.705 3.09

Private 18.305 15.28

TOTAL 119.813 100

Type of Surface Pavement

Concrete 94.605 78.96

Asphalt 24.948 20.82

Macadam 0.260 0.22

TOTAL 119.813 100

Traffic Management
The city has two offices that ensure the management of the city’s traffic flow:
 the Traffic and Parking Management Office (TPMO); and
 the PNP Traffic Enforcement Division of the City Police.
The TPMO employs traffic aides who direct traffic on congested streets and intersections. Towing and impounding of stalled vehicles are also carried out by the
division to ensure that streets and thoroughfares are free from any obstruction that may result to congestion and bottlenecks.
The PNP Traffic on the other hand takes care of major thoroughfares, responds to traffic emergencies and issues violation tickets to traffic violators.
Modes of Transport

Land Transportation
Being an inland city and generally flat but for a few gentle slopes, internal circulation is land-based utilizing different modes of transportation such as public utility
jeepneys, tricycles and pedicabs, private cars and the rail transit system.
Of these, the most popular is the jeepney, considering the income class of majority of the commuters and its economic advantage over the car in relatively short
distances within and outside the city’s periphery.
While jeepneys ply the main city roads, tricycles and pedicabs serve the interior roads both through zone routes and upon demand of passengers.
Commuters traveling the length of EDSA commonly use the Metro Rail Transit (MRT) as it considerably reduces travel time about ten-fold compared to the regular
commuter bus. The MRT has three stations in the city: at Boni Avenue, Shaw Boulevard and Ortigas Center.

However, the bus is still preferred by some due to its more direct access to both origin and destination in the vicinity of EDSA, as well as the fact that buses are
available on a 24-hour basis. The rail transit operates only within a scheduled routine, which is from 5:30 a.m. until 10:30 p.m. daily.
When traversing the city, North-South bound and East-West bound buses are confined along EDSA and Ortigas Avenue, respectively. Visual representations of the
different routes are shown in Map 57.
Water Transportation
The presence of the Pasig River stretching along the south border of the city provides an alternative route and mode of transport mainly for cargo freight of industries
along the river, and for commuters opting for a faster and more direct route to and from the cities of Pasig and Manila.

Brgy. Hulo hosts one of 14 stations operated by the Pasig River Ferry Service. In addition, traditional wooden bancas still carry passengers across the river to and from
Makati City.

Map 58 shows the locations of water transport terminals and Tawirans in the city.
Issues and Problems
Despite oversupply of roads, the city is not spared from traffic problems prevailing in Metro Manila. Some of the factors contributing to the worsening of traffic
situation are identified as follows:
Intensification of Land Uses
The policy to encourage a more efficient use of land by allowing higher density activities has also attracted more clients and consumers who, in turn, require
transportation, thus resulting in increased volume of vehicles and busier road network.
Lack of Parking Spaces for Residential Buildings
Highly populated areas in some barangays of the city have also generated problem on insufficient parking. A lot of houses have no provision for parking, thereby
utilizing the streets as parking during night time or even longer. Although the city has designated areas of tow-away zones, there is still the issue of not having enough
home/private parking for residents.
Illegal Operation of Public Utility Vehicles
As of February 2001, 946 units of Public Utility Jeepneys have franchised operations listed by the LTFRB with more than 50% having expired franchises confirming
unofficial reports of PUJ’s illegally operating in the city. These “colorum” jeepneys compete with those legally operating in picking up passengers, ignoring the
designated loading/unloading zones resulting to obstruction of traffic flow and exposing passengers/commuters to the hazards of traffic accidents/ reckless driving.
Lack of Transport Support Facilities
Based on the reports of the local Barangay Operation Center – Traffic Division, the most common causes of congestion in the 10 busiest road intersections in the city
are the presence of multiple intersection roads and the lack of transport support facilities, as follows:
1. Pedestrian lane
2. Pavement markings
3. Yellow Box
4. Signboards
5. Center Islands in Multi-lane roads
6. Traffic Signal Lights

Lack of Discipline Among Public Utility Drivers

A frequent complaint is the lack of discipline among tricycle drivers plying the Bone Avenue – Producer’s Market and Boni Avenue – Crossing routes as manifested by
over-speeding, swerving and sometimes racing with fellow tricycle drivers. In addition, road courtesy is almost absent among these drivers as can be observed in
frequently-used road intersections. Furthermore, tricycles occasionally take major transport routes despite clear traffic prohibitions, endangering passengers while at
the same time being a nuisance to other motorists.
Jeepney drivers on the other hand, oftentimes behave like their colorum counterparts as earlier described.

Water Supply

Water Distribution System

Water supply for the city comes from two sources: Angat Dam, a surface water with a discharge capacity of 18,000 lps  and ground water, deep wells having discharge
capacity of 460 lps. At present, two PTF deep wells, named after the Presidential Task Force who undertook the installation project, augment the water supply in the
vicinities of Brgy. Plainview and Brgy. Barangka Drive.
In addition, around 60 public deep wells supply households lacking connections from the water distribution system, while 18 units of deep wells serve the industrial
sector.
Generally, the city is supplied by the Manila Water Company Inc. (MWCI), a private waterworks system whose network (see Table 6.03) covers eight local government
units in the eastern part of Metro Manila, and derives water from major water shed areas in the provinces of Bulacan, Rizal and Quezon (Table 6.04). The network
operates six pumping stations with drawing capacity ranging from 141 to 268 million liters per day. Water is then distributed through pipelines of different materials
(RC, Steel, Cast Iron, Asbestos and PVC) with diameters ranging from 50mm to 2,200 mm. Main distribution pipes in the city measure about 300 to 500 mm diameters
(Map 59).
Table 6.03
Description of Water System
Source of Water Pumping Station Pipelines

Type Capacity Locations Capacity Type Sizes

Surface Water 18,000 lps Balara 268 mld Reinforced Concrete 50 mm to

(Angat Dam) 2,200 Mm Ø
Cubao 255 mld Steel

Pasig 141 mld Cast Iron

Ground Water (Deepwells) 460 lps San Juan 219 mld Asbestos

Makati 150 mld PVC

 Fort Bonifacio 240 mld

Source: SEPP 2001

Table 6.04
Major Sources of Water
Watershed Areas Untapped Potential Water Source

Surface Water Location Surface Water Location

Angat River Bulacan Kaliwa River Rizal

Umiray River Quezon Kanan River Rizal

Ipo River Bulacan Agos River Laguna/Quezon

Alat River Rizal/Bulacan Laguna Lake Laguna/Rizal

Source: SEPP 2001

Status of Water Service

Census 2000 reveals that only 32,645 households or 54.70% of the total number of households in the city have individual water connection from distribution system,
while 32.38% still rely on dug wells for water supply. (Table 6.05a & Table 6.05b).
Although the water from the main distribution system is maintained safe for drinking, more and more households are getting cautious so as to use this water mostly
for laundry and bathing purposes only. Drinking water is more often bought from water filter and refilling stations and this is evidenced by proliferation of such
stations along both major and interior roads in the city.
MWCI, on the other hand, reports that status of water service connection in Mandaluyong is now 98%.
Water Sampling and Monitoring
The Sanitation Division of the City Health Office conducts regular monitoring of water sources on various places such as schools and restaurants, as well as all water
refilling stations operating within the city.

Power Supply

Existing Facilities and Equipment

Power services in the city are provided by the Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO) through six (6) 115 KV sub-transmission systems: the Mandaluyong substation and SM-
Shangrila Substation, both located within the city; and the Pandacan, Rockwell, Sta. Ana and Meralco Substations. Electricity is distributed to the users through 34.5
KV Distribution System and 6.24 KV Distribution System (Map 60), the latter serving portions of Brgy. Addition Hills north of Shaw Boulevard and certain areas on the
western part of the city.
Status of Electrification
Existing distribution system covers the entire city. As of year 2000 there are a total of 55,442 connections consisting of residential, commercial, industrial and
streetlighting facilities, with an average energy consumption of 58,879,700 KWH per month or a total of 529,917,303 KWH for the year (Table 6.06). About 16.22% of
the households remain unserved most probably due to their economic status and location in depressed areas, though majority of households in these areas have
already benefited from the Depressed Areas Electrification Program (DAEP) of MERALCO.
There is, however, a discrepancy between this data and the NSO Census 2000 report as the latter reveals 93.05% of the households use electricity as source of lighting
(Table 6.07). Although illegal connection cannot be disregarded, such discrepancy can be partially justified by the 2000 NSO Census on Population which shows that
some households actually dwell within commercial establishments and industrial compound.
Still illegal connections remain a major concern not only in its economic aspect but also in the environmental aspect as probable fire hazards and causes of accidental
electrocution.
Ongoing Projects (2001-2005)
In anticipation of increased power requirements (Table 6.08) as a result of the intensification of land uses/activities, MERALCO has two Electric Capital Projects in the
pipeline for implementation within the years 2001-2005 period as listed in Table 6.09.
The fourth power transformer at Rockwell substation, although designed to serve mostly the Makati area, will include construction of approximately 1.05 km long
34.5 KV three-phase overhead line along J.P. Rizal and Sheridan Streets. Also included is the reconductoring of approximately 0.30 km of existing 34.5 KV three-phase
line along Sheridan Street.
The Pioneer substation, on the other hand, is intended to serve the anticipated bulk power requirement of the Mandaluyong Central Business District having an
estimated ultimate load of 486 MVA. Service areas of these projects are also shown in Map 60.
Beyond the 5-year period as mentioned, another 115KV-34.5 KV substation is being proposed. This is to be located within the Welfareville Property, intended to serve
the bulk power requirement of the planned development of said property into a high intensity mixed use commercial-residential area.
In addition, modernization of street lighting facilities is proposed to improve visibility of roads at night and at the same time replace existing dilapidated facilities.

Drainage and Sewerage

Natural Drainage
Surface runoffs drain from the rolling slopes and high plains to six creeks: Maytunas, Buhangin, Maysilo, Mayon, Buayang Bato and Ermitanio, and eventually flow to
San Juan and Pasig Rivers. (Refer to Map 2 & Map 3 Chapter 1).
Man-made Drainage

Existing Drainage System

To collect surface runoffs and carry it off to receiving water bodies, the city developed a network of Reinforced Concrete Pipes with sizes varying from 24ӯ, 30ӯ and
60ӯ and covered line canals lining all city and barangay roads. This network connects to main drainage facilities lining national roads. Details of the whole drainage
network serving the city are reflected in Map 61.
It is important to note that while all circulation roads are served with drainage facilities, the map reflects only those with records updated since 1986. Records of sizes
and types of drainage facilities installed prior to 1986 are not available at the moment, and so are those along private subdivision roads which are maintained and
operated by the subdivision management.
Installation and Maintenance
All national projects including roads and drainage facilities are implemented and maintained by the Department and Public Works and Highways. Its counterpart at
the local level is the City Engineer’s Office which is responsible for all local roads and drainage facilities in Mandaluyong. Both manual labor and mechanical
equipment (vactor) are applied to maintain these facilities functioning and free of objectionable matters.
Flood Prone Areas
Flood prone areas in the city are generally those with lower elevation serving as catchment areas to the uplands. These areas are at random parts of the city given its
natural topography where some points are even lower than the Pasig River shoreline. Flash floods in Maysilo Circle for instance, where the city hall is located, have
become a common sight during rainy seasons. Based on the Slope Map (See Map 2), a spot height at Maysilo Circle fronting San Francisco Street is 2.0 meters while
spot heights along Pasig River are at 3.0 meters. There are, however, certain areas in higher elevations identified as flood prone which point to the fact that other
factors may have caused flooding. (Refer to Vulnerability to Geohazards).
Causes of flooding

Clogged Drainage Facilities

While the city may be adequately served with drainage facilities considering the lengths and sizes involved, flooded areas and heavy traffic in rainy days point to its
inefficiency. For one, rubbish unconscionably discarded on streets and other public places eventually find its way to manholes and drainage pipes and canals, thereby
clogging the system. Worse, there are instances wherein worn-out household appliances and dead animals are found in the system during de-clogging operations.
Overflowing of Creeks and Rivers
Pasig River serves as the main outlet of Laguna Lake, Marikina and San Juan Rivers, and other small tributaries. Siltation, sunken derelicts, and other matters thrown
into the river considerably lessen its carrying capacity causing it to overflow especially on heavy rains and stormy weather. The same goes with creeks which serve as
sewer and garbage dumps to those illegally occupying its shoreline.
Waste Disposal and Management

Solid Waste Generation

Mandaluyong City generates about 1,200 cu. meters to 240 metric ton of solid waste a day, a combination of domestic, commercial/industrial, and institutional/
hospital waste (Table 6.10). As of year 2000, the total volume of waste generated amounted to approximately 396,780 cu. meters with an average of 33,065 cu.
meters a month. The volume generated for the month of January is usually the highest (Table 6.11) as more wastes are produced during Christmas holidays and New
Year Festivities.
In addition, each individual generates approximately 0.71 kg of solid waste per day, which is beyond the standard range of 0.23 to 0.60 kg or an average of 0.40 kg per
capita per day as indicated in several studies in Metro Manila. One contributing factor to such increase is the intensive use of disposable materials in lieu of reusable
day to day items such as food containers, kitchen utensils, personal paraphernalia and the like, as can easily be observed from filled garbage bins and street litter.
Collection and Disposal System
Waste collection and disposal system is being undertaken by the City Environmental Cleaning and Beautification Department, formerly known as Environmental
Sanitation Center. The department is manned by 14 administrative staff, 199 street sweepers, and 45 individuals doing general maintenance works, which total to 258
individuals who unfortunately are not sufficiently trained on discharging solid waste management services.
At the time when San Mateo landfill is still operational, truck collection procedures (Map 62) are a combination of daily mopping of main roads and market areas,
night operation covering five barangays, and Blocking System — a twice-a-week operation for the rest of the City. The closure of the San Mateo Landfill in December
31, 2000 had tremendous impact on the collection system which was immediately felt by the city at the start of year 2001.
Actual collection and transport to the disposal site are undertaken by LGU-hired private contractors utilizing 40 dumptrucks, each with an average capacity of 18
cu.m. per truck load. For the year 2003, it is reported that garbage collection along major thoroughfares, as well as market places are done daily, and that other
residential areas are visited only twice a week for their trash.
Waste Management Practices

Segregation and Composting

Pursuant to Republic Act 9003 also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, the City Solid Waste Management Board was organized whose
immediate task is to formulate a Solid Waste Management Plan for the city.
Meanwhile, with the worsening problem in waste disposal, the city government has called upon its constituents to practice waste segregation and recycling. To serve
as role model, all city hall offices are required to strictly implement waste segregation, with segregation bins positioned in places visible to the public.
In support of this scheme, the Truck Collection System is being modified, with separate schedules for collecting biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
At present, about 15% of the total waste collected is segregated.
Composting
With the objective of further minimizing waste for transport to its final disposal site, a 290 sq.m. lot within the Welfareville Compound is being planned as the site for
the City Composting Center.
Barangay Initiatives
With the sincere intention to help save the environment through waste management, two barangays immediately took the initiatives of implementing their own
waste management schemes that later on earned them various recognitions at both local and national levels.
Barangka Itaas
Barangay Barangka Itaas has utilized a portion of its public land for its composting operations. Just one year in operation, this barangay has achieved a 50% to 80%
reduction in wastes resulting to reduction in number of garbage truck loads from the usual 2-3 truck loads to ½ to 1 truck load per day. Produce from the soil
composting project is being used in the Barangay Green House in growing vegetables and ornamental plants for community consumption and beautification
purposes.
Barangay Vergara
Taking advantage of garbage trucks pooling in one vacant lot in the barangay, disposal of community waste have been efficiently managed which earned the barangay
the Cleanest Barangay Award given by the Metro Manila Development Authority.
Community waste are collected by local manpower roaming around with push carts each morning, later dumping the wastes into a designated area within the
motorpool. By arrangement with the contractor, wastes are then carried off by the garbage trucks to the sanitary landfill.

Communications

Print
Being at the heart of the Greater Metro Manila, Mandaluyong enjoys access to a complete array of national newspapers, tabloids and magazines of metro-wide,
national and international circulations everyday.
Publication
The city produces its own yearly publication which chronicles the events, achievements, programs, and projects of the city mayor and the city council.
To maintain good governance, the city issues occasional newsletter to encourage people’s participation and involvement in resolving public issues, problems and
other development needs.
Cable TV/TV
Mandaluyong is serviced by various cable television networks which include Destiny, Sky Cable, Home Cable and Sun Cable.
Radio
Two AM radio stations are actually based in the city, but city radio lovers enjoy a variety of choices for FM and AM stations based in the neighboring cities and
municipalities. The two broadcast media networks are 94.7 DWLL on FM and 1098 KHZ DWAD on AM frequencies.
Postal Service
Computerized postal services are discharged by the Mandaluyong Central Post Office housed on a modern structure located within the City Hall compound. The
service counters utilize the Postage Automatic Counter Services (PACS) Computers designed to expedite accurate mailing procedures. At present, seventy three (73)
postal employees are serving the entire city. To facilitate delivery of incoming mails, service areas are clustered into around forty five (45) delivery beats, each
manned by a letter carrier.
Mobile and Land-based Telephone Service
As we are in this technological age of fast-pace communication and ditigal images, there are also a variety of mobile and land-based telephone networks servicing the
Mandaluyong area. For mobile telephone service, two major players are Smart Communications and Globe Telecoms. However, there are also a number of new
players in the cellular industry like the Touch Mobile and Sun Cellular who enjoy citywide patronage.
For land-based communications, the following are the service providers:
 Globelines
 Digitel
 Digitel
 Islacom
 Bayantel

Telegraph and Courier Services

With the presence of the electronic communication, telegram services have declined over the years. However, there are still a few who provide telegram services like
the RCPI. Courier service companies provide an easy alternative to fast communication with their one-day delivery services, be it money transfers, plain written
communications, and packages.
Electronic Communication
E-mails, Chat Rooms and Internet downloading have become so much a part of way of life for the modern city life. It is now the best way of connecting to anyone
anywhere around the globe which guarantees almost instant response and interaction. The city for the year 2003 has recorded about 17 of these internet shops and
stores randomly distributed in the city which provide e-mail, chat rooms and internet access to its customers.

Mandaluyong Travel Guide

Mandaluyong has several places of interest that tourists and visitors can see while in the city. These include memorials, parks and recreation facilities, government
institutions, and religious structures.
But what Mandaluyong really has to offer its guests are world-class accommodations, shopping and entertainment, including an internationally renowned golf course,
as well as a vibrant nightlife.

Because the city is home to several trade halls and convention facilities, coupled with moderate to deluxe accommodations, Mandaluyong is also becoming the venue
of choice for holding events such as seminars and conferences, trade fairs and exhibitions, as well as festivals and other socials.

And because of its prime location right in the heart of Metro Manila, within easy access to and from its neighbouring cities (San Juan on the north, Quezon City on the
northeast, Pasig City on the east, Makati City on the south and southwest, and the City of Manila on the west and northwest), local and foreign visitors alike will
surely find Mandaluyong a truly pleasurable and memorable place to stay.