UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

IMPACTS OF ON-THE JOB TRAINING IN THE PREPARATION OF ACCOUNTING

A Research Study Submitted to the

In partial Fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelor of

by

Venus Jane D. Bandigas

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pride and appreciation that we acknowledge those who contributed to

the completion of this paper. This research paper will not succeed without the guidance,

support and help of several individuals.

First and foremost, our deepest gratitude to our families for believing, motivating

and supporting us. Also, to our Accounting Research professor, Mr. Sanctuico for the

support and guidance. And to our friends, for the outflowing support, motivation and for

sharing the knowledge to make our research better. Lastly, we thank our God Almighty

for giving us all the strength to continue what we have started despite all the challenges

and piles of work to do. Also, for blessing us the people who continue to inspire and

help us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Title 1
Acknowledgement 2
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction 5
Background of the Study 7
Statement of the Problem 8
Hypothesis 9
Scope and Delimitation 9
Significance of the Study 9
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature 11
Review of Related Studies 27
Synthesis of the Study 47
Conceptual Framework 49
Theoretical Framework 50
Definition of Terms 52
Chapter 3
Research Design 54
Population and Sampling 54
Research Instrument 55
Validation of the Research Instrument 55
Data Gathering Procedures 56
Statistical Treatment of Data 57
REFERENCES 58
CURRICULUM VITAE 67

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Students are studying not only to learn but also to prepare themselves for the

outside world wherein having a job is a part of their adulting stage. Bombarded with

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school works, activities, paperwork, exams, and many more, students also do need to

practice themselves by using their learnings in the profession they are taking to in their

college stage. On-the-job training is one of the best ways for universities to train the

students on how they can manage and use their learnings with a feeling of being in a

workplace already.

On-the-job training helps the students to adjust themselves to how they can

easily adapt to the new environment they are working in. Feeling in a workplace while

doing your profession is the way to let yourself be prepared so that when you graduate

and get the degree you are aiming for, you can adjust easier in the workplace you are

going to.

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) issued a CHED Memorandum

Order (CMO) No. 104 Series of 2017 about the “Revised Guidelines for the students

internship program in the Philippines (SIPP) for all programs.” As stated in Article 1

Section 1 of the CMO No. 104 Series of 2017, the internship program’s purpose is for

the students to have an opportunity to enrich their learnings in formal education with the

actual knowledge, expertise, and desirable attitudes and also to acquire hands-on

experience. CHED issues this Memorandum Order for the students to promote their well

being, to ensure their safety while undergoing internship, and also the quality of their

training in a way that in each learning area, they’re going to acquire sufficient and

relevant competencies. Additionally, for the student intern to have opportunities to use

their knowledge and expertise they gained from formal education to an actual

workplace. 

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 Accountancy students do also have their on-the-job training. The training has its

impacts on the students and how it affects their preparedness for the corporate world.

Questions were coming to the mind of students under the program, how it can help

them to prepare and also, is it really helpful enough or is it just a requirement that a

student must accomplish to finish their courses.

Xun Kuang also known as Xunzi once said "Not having heard something is not

as good as having heard it; having heard it is not as good as having seen it; having

seen it is not as good as knowing it; knowing it is not as good as putting it into practice.”

The learning acquired in a classroom setting is not enough when it comes to the

preparedness of the students for the corporate world. It is important not only to provide

students with concepts, but also to involve them and show them the actual working

conditions. On-the-job training provides a hands-on experience for the students and

also, they will be able to acquire and develop skills that they will only effectively obtain

in the training. It will definitely help the students in the future when they are applying for

a job and also when they are working in their chosen career. 

The researchers have decided to conduct this study for the students to know the

impacts of on-the-job training and also for them to be prepared for the corporate world.

This study will be useful for students who will be going to undergo on-the-job training.

The findings of the study will serve as a reference for the students and future

researchers as well. 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“Accounting is the heart and soul of the business”. Most of the world’s successful

businessmen and businesswomen are engaged in some form of accounting, whatever

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business they are into. That is why having training and knowledge in this area is

inevitably part of the prerequisites and qualifications in the corporate world. 

On the Job Training, also known as OJT, is a practice that has been a part of the

curriculum on the college level that utilizes the knowledge the students have learned in

their early college years. Exposure to the actual working environment plays an

important role in the development of the students in their various fields of

specializations. On the Job Training gives them the opportunity to acquire further

understanding of the actual work process in an actual work situation. Thus, having OJT

helped the students to become equipped individuals in preparation for their future work

environment. The impact of this leads to the enhancement of their skills and expansion

of their knowledge.

According to Amoguis et al, the OJT program of Accountancy and Business

Administration program has not yet been evaluated on its effectiveness. The University

of Makati conducts OJT program in 4th year accounting students to give them an

opportunity to experience the real work. However, as observed, many of the students

are very excited about it. However, some of the students in University of Makati felt

disappointed and dissatisfied with their given task because it is not aligned in their field

of study.

This study conceptualizes to assess and evaluate the performance of BS in

Accountancy students of University of Makati who have undergone On the Job Training

in their respective companies. The researchers’ goal is to determine whether on-the-job

training really helps the student to evaluate and prepare them for the world of work.

Furthermore, this study will produce significant information that may supply a good input

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to the continuous improvement and effective delivery of OJT programs to the BSA

students.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents according to the following

variables: 

 1.1 Name 

 1.2 Age 

 1.3 Year and Course Major

2. How well does the Accounting Students aware on what they will do on their On-the

Job Training?

3. What are the preparations of Accounting Students on their On-the Job Training? 

 3.1 Does these preparations help them to perform well in their On-the Job Training

4. What are the effects of On-the Job Training to the Accounting Students? 

 4.1 Negative effects of On-the Job Training

 4.2 Positive Effects of On-the Job Training

5. What are the hindrances in the On-the Job Training of Accounting Students?

6. What are the factors that affect the result of On-the-Job training of Accounting

Students?

HYPOTHESIS

The research study tested an alternative hypothesis that the On-the-Job Trainings have

an impact on the professional development, and personal growth and capabilities of the

Accounting students for their preparation for the corporate world. 

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

      This research study will focus on the impact of On-The-Job training in the

preparation of Accounting students of the University of Makati for the corporate world. It

aims to know the factors that affect the result of On-the-Job training to the students, the

hindrances which the students who will undergo On-the-Job training will face, and

identify the advantages and disadvantages of taking On-the-Job training in terms of

preparedness of the students. The data will be collected with the use of interviews and

surveys.  The respondents are limited only to the fourth-year and fifth-year accounting

students enrolled in the University of Makati who have already undergone On-the-Job

Training. 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers considered this study to the following:

The result of this study might be used to decide if On the Job training really helps

the undergrad students of University of Makati to know the important role of OJT in

providing work experience that helps students put their education into practice, develop

their skills and knowledge and give them a competitive advantage as they pursue the

path they wanted in their career in the future. With the result of this research, it is hope

that the information can be presented to the University of Makati’s management in order

for the university administrators to formulate and give a list of companies that surely

give a task aligned in accounting courses. 

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 This study will help the professors in assessing the performance of their students

especially when they start to take the OJT. Also, the results can help them to know the

hindrances that the students may face and might give them an idea to solve and settle

the situation.

Hopefully, this research will serve as a guide for the future researchers to know

the importance, advantages, disadvantages of on the job training and hindrances that

may encounter for the preparation of the students in the corporate world.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN

Moghaddam, J.M (2011) believes that the integral part of most higher education

programs is the students’ internship. Through students’ performance, the study

investigates the effectiveness of business internships, academic preparation and

assigned internship placement. Likewise, the study examines the impact of the

perception and personality traits of the students. The results of the study conclude that

most of the students are academically prepared for business internships because of

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continuous support on internship programs by providing the students better business

education and preparation for their future career.

Stretch and Harp (1991) define the internship as “controlled experiential learning

where a student receives academic credit while employed by an organization in a

chosen area of interest.” The popularity of internships is arising and that’s because of its

opportunities for the students, employers, and schools which resulted in all of them

benefiting from the internship. With the help of internship, students benefit from it in a

way that they experience professional work that helps them to improve and obtain

sufficient skills that they would find difficulty acquiring in a traditional classroom

teaching, and also that will make them in demand. Meanwhile, it benefited also the

employers because they produce a potential well-equipped employee; and the school

that results in strengthening and widening their connections and networks to the

business world (Divine, R., Miller, R., and Wilson J.H., 2006).

Internships are a perfect way of learning the skills, so as the students hope

they've learned about the industry, even though they see themselves filing or making

coffee, seize the opportunity and also don't consider the experience easily. Asking

questions also is a gateway to internship learning and it can open several doors to keep

the students flexible in the internship. It's important to retain integrity and take on the

individual accountability that is needed, no matter what opportunities they participate in.

In the work market, internships and voluntary work make applicants more competitive.

They also offer a chance to see whether the specific career area is the right one based

on having individual experience in the industry, in addition to acquiring visibility and

expertise in the field. It's important to retain integrity and take on the individual

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accountability that is needed, no matter what experiences you participate in (Loreto,

2019).

Accounts-NextGen believes that internship is a path where higher education

meets reality. It is where the students explore the world of work and gain knowledge

from it. Through internship, the students will have the opportunity to apply the theories

they studied into practical work. The article points out the benefits of having internship

which are the enhancement of resume, having job knowledge, building confidence,

clarifying the concept, narrowing the goals, skill evaluation, knowing the possibilities of

future employment, and having assistance or tuition aids. This kind of training not just

only improves your abilities and skills but also enhances the confidence of the students.

Likewise, Accounts-nextgen believes that gaining a little work experience before starting

their career helps the students to make some important decision making.

Based on the findings of Batool et al. (2012), the internship that is planned can

be helpful both to the students and to the employers. For the students, it is an

opportunity for them to be able to obtain and enhance their knowledge and skills in their

chosen field because of the hands-on experiences in the internship. An internship

permits the test of the understanding, potential, and proficiency as an instructional

organizer of the students. These experiences will lead to producing a highly equipped

professional who can handle and solve problems over time. On the other hand, it can

benefit the employers because of the talents and qualities that the students possess.

Students are looking for opportunities where they can showcase their enthusiasm and

dedication when it comes to learning and work. A partnership between the students and

the employers is what an internship is. Employer’s feedback to the interns on their

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accomplishments and weaknesses should also take place during the course of the

internship. Suggestions for their development and constructive feedback should be

provided. That is what makes an internship a true learning experience.

According to Saga (2019), An accounting internship is useful in explaining your

career objectives, giving you work insight, giving position drives, compacting accounting

standards, getting scholarly credit, narrowing your field of study objectives, lessening

educational cost, and securing involvement with clients. Internships carry a feeling of

reality to the theoretical ideas that you learn in class. Having involvement in controls or

reviews will upgrade your capacity to examine them in class, get familiar with them, and

give you support credit. Internships let you see the inward activities of a firm and the

different diverse job positions accessible, giving you a feeling of expert situations in

offices like auditing, tax, monetary arranging, business valuation, consolidations and

acquisitions, control frameworks, or case uphold. Such information permits you to

choose classes that meet your career objectives.

According to an article by Martin, D.R. & Wilkerson J.E. (2006), accounting

students having a business and professional background can help them become more

confident and motivated in their education. Also, students with these backgrounds tend

to bring professionalism and business context in studying accounting. In line with these,

through internship experience, it can strengthen the students and help them become

more active and gain more knowledge which they can use in problem solving not only in

their class but also in their future workplace.

Knouse and Fontenot (2008) examined the effectiveness of business internships

on different factors such as enhancing employment opportunities, realistic expectations,

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experience satisfaction, internship requirements and mentoring. The authors believed

that the overall internship experiences were beneficial because it prepares the students

for the corporate world. The results concluded that those students who took internships

were offered jobs more quickly than those who had neglected internships. Furthermore,

internship programs improve the employability of the students and help them to improve

their critical skills, communication skills and provide them with practical work

experiences that could make them more marketable with higher salary offers.

An internship can be the most outstanding to be seen on a student’s resume. It

shows the experiences the students have and the ability that they accomplish more than

the classroom theories that they digest in college. Students participating in an internship

will put them ahead of the competition, and it can also be a way wherein they can

secure employment later. (Heflin, et .al 1999)

In an article by Boutselis (2018), according to Heather Bartlett, a fieldwork

administrator, “Internships are a great way to explore potential career options and

provide students with perspective and understanding of the field.” An Internship can

help out students to perceive if the career that they might pursue is the right career

choice for them with the help of their gathered and learned experiences and

approaches. In another interview that is for Danielle Dalton, an internship administrator,

she said that an internship can impart insight to the students on what career they might

want to pursue or not. It can also contribute to building relationships and networks with

like-minded professionals for the people who just started in the field.

Based on Hergert M. (2009), experience in internship programs can make the

students to have a connection between their academic studies and in the corporate

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world. Students who undergo an internship program can help them to have valuable

connection opportunities to improve their employment and career prospects in the

students. In line with this, students can improve their skills that can suit the needs of the

companies which will help them to lessen the innocence of themselves when they are

already in the corporate world.

As per To and Lung (2020), An internship is a fundamental piece of professional

situated degree programs since it reinforces the employability of graduates and creates

them for vocation improvement. Hence, it is pertinent to understand how understudies

see temporary positions and whether they are happy with their entry level position

insight. He distinguishes that supervisor support and perceived social value had

immediate and significant effects on temporary position fulfillment while task clearness

and saw useful worth had immediate and significant effects on assistants' self-activity

conduct.

Based on the article by Hora (2017), internship designs were also one of the

factors that affect the impact of internships to the students. According to the article,

internship designs should pay attention to the factors such as the duration, type and

quality of the internship, payment or allowances if applicable and the coordination of the

student and the academic instructor. The factors stated above are important and if it’s

not given with proper attention, students can have a harmful effect to their internship

experience and also, can affect the image of the students who undergo the program to

the employers especially the place that they had their internship.

Based on an article written by Jamil, N. A. (2012), students from University

Technology MARA, Malaysia, had acquired a lot of meaningful knowledge, and showed

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good working skills applied with right attitudes in their workplace after having 20 weeks

of practice in their internship program. It shows that in the university mentioned above,

internship program helped their students to prepare for the future workplace they will be

having. The faculty also said that the practicum helped their students to achieve the

main goal of their internship.

According to the study of Cheong et al. (2014), the students reveal that they

benefited from their experience in the internship because of the learnings they acquired

in the internship. It exceeded the learnings they gained in the traditional classroom

setting which makes the students be able to broader their vision and to enhance also

their skills in terms of the people and presentation. The 10-week internship duration

helps the students to be independent because of the tasks and responsibilities that

were given to them.

Based on the article of Smith and Howard (2017), one of the ways they see to

develop the career and improve the groundwork of their talent is through having an

internship. They make internships a priority because it helps their talents to know the

advantage of it. These advantages are: first, providing clarity in their future coursework,

this helps to understand the concepts that are taught in a specific course. Second,

determination of their career path, this will help the interns to know where their passion

lies whether in auditing, tax or advisory services in a public accounting firm. The third is

resume building, this will help you gain more competitive advantage when searching for

a company you want to build your career with. Lastly, evaluating an employer, Smith

and Howard believe that internship gives an opportunity for the intern to evaluate the

company to make sure that it will be the right fit for you.

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 According to an article by Calu, D.A. (2016), internship programs have positive

effects in the development of the student’s skills and competencies in the students from

Romania. The effects were observed competencies which include applying the

theoretical knowledge, technical skills, and also the student’s personality such as the

cooperation and teamwork. The internship helped the students to obtain better

understanding of the profession they are working to.

According to Mariliza Karrera, internships can be an efficient way to obtain job

experience and improve employment opportunities. However, she suggests that the

internships are not all good that is why she listed different advantages and

disadvantages of having an internship. The advantages she mentioned are getting a

taste of the chosen field you choose, getting real work experience, starting to build

networks, identify your specialty in your chosen career, helps to build self-confidence,

increase your market value and boost your resume or curriculum vitae. On the other

hand, the disadvantages she suggests are you are treated like an assistant or slave

who runs for errands, having a low-earning potential, and keeping you from entering the

workforce because most of the employers think that internships are not a proper job and

it is a waste of time. Karrera believes that there are lots of disadvantages of having an

internship but the advantages of it outweigh them. Interning will not only improve the

preparation and allow the students to develop their skills, but also make them a better

employee by giving them the self-confidence they needed in their future career in the

corporate world.

According to Peter Prescott, Kathy Paulson Gjerde & Jennifer L. Rice (2020),

Increasingly, universities and students see internships as useful learning opportunities

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that complement and increase learning in academic classrooms. Students gain the

ability to apply information recently gained in the 'real world' to find gaps in knowledge

that they can fix in future academic work, and to obtain a post-graduation career. Yet,

advantages beget costs because even internships, nothing is free in this world. They

said that the student ’ academic performance was negatively influenced by the

internship while it was occurring after adjusting for a variety of student- and

curriculum-related variables. While after the students finished their internships,

academic performance rebounded, it did not recover completely.

Internships empower students to get abilities, which they can't acquire in the

classroom environment, while businesses acquire admittance to minimal effort work and

decreased enrollment costs. Interns create relational aptitudes, group working abilities,

polished methodology and client the executives experience. Students additionally

improve their correspondence, certainty and self-viability. Those with internship

experience are bound to secure positions and acquire more. There is little proof that

internships jobs can encourage proficient organizations that encourage information

movement, despite the fact that the potential for this is recognized (Ismail, 2018).

LOCAL

According to Enderun, one of the biggest issues that a young professional

experiences when transitioning into real work is that they need experience to get

experience. Working as an intern is the best plan that a student should take to gain

experience. Hence, the article indicates three benefits of having an internship: Gives

real-life experience, gives an opportunity to know more about yourself, and develops a

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professional network. Likewise, an internship is essential in the future career of the

students and can be a foundation that is needed for creating a successful career path.

According to Maghari (2014), nothing captivates a student more than an

on-the-job training (OJT) program in the actual nature of a job. The value of having a

place for the actual application of all the improved decision - making by students in their

prior years of research is recognized by colleges and universities. Even while still in

college, several OJT programmes may even allow learners to start to earn their own

profit.The curriculum has provided them with a good image of how one has to survive in

a business setting through the input of the interns. In the middle of a very competitive

environment, they have developed to have been strong and resilient. They have

acquired the principle of modesty, persistence, and work ethic, recognizing that in order

to succeed in any undertaking, one must soldier on through the natural occurrence of

refusals.

Based on the article of Wootton (2015), On the job training were implemented to

be fully equipped as to what work actually is like and ideally create good quality choices

as to which way they have to be educated to maximize their contribution to the

economy. He said that seeking opportunities for on-the-job training is indeed not easy

for college students. Companies will see this as a burden in the business to have

outsiders that need to be permitted to conduct those duties and to an extent, trained

about what is happening forward as well as what the corporation or organization is

absolutely about.

According to Inspire Leadership Consultancy in their article titled “Corporate

Training in the Philippines: The Secret to Successful Employees, most employees

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received their training only during the first week or month of their work. They believed

that learning should be a continuous process to enable the employees to remember the

lessons, but companies tend to neglect spending more on people who can train their

employees because they think that one session is enough already. They indicate the

benefits of corporate training to make the employees more successful in real work.

These benefits include improvement of the working attitude of an employee, learning to

be more organized and adapt better in their environment.

Karl Nicole Nucum believes that having the right experience of on-the-job training

can give the students a real-life experience that is aligned and relevant to the career

path that the students want to pursue. Likewise, Karl mentioned that an internship is like

a gateway to the real world of work. Nucum concludes that in today’s competitive labor

market, the applicant’s work history is what employers are significantly relying on.

Hence, he listed different internship programs in the Philippines that could help the

students to gain work experience. These are the Unilever Leadership Internship

Programme, Asia Society Philippines, Dream P&G Internship, Travel Designer Group

Tourism Internship, IBM, Cisco, Star Internship Program 2019: Information Technology

Track, and National Youth Commission.

As per to Lerios (2017), the performance of students in their respective

on-the-job training is indeed one of the great achievements which can make a major

contribution to the overall quality of the program developed and engaged by

stakeholders from different members of the industry. Students have been placed in

numerous industries to acquire expertise, skills, behaviors and real working experience

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so that they become fully successful upon completion of the training and act as insight

in their desired sector for their future career.

Based on an article by Reddy, C. (2020), on-the-job training can help the trainees

to cope up with latest trends in corporate world. It helps the students to obtain

knowledge in latest flow on the corporate world which they can use to perform their

tasks. It can help them to understand the assigned task to them and help them to

perform it more effectively.

Perez (2016) state in her article that even though on-the-job training were called

by people in different names like Internship and practicum, nevertheless, it’s an

opportunity to the students offered by the company or business establishments to

administer a practical training for them at their offices which the students are interested

in. The tasks in the On-the-job training are supposedly defined properly by the trainers

of an entity. Some of the student’s stories that they fear of are there are still some of

trainers who order the students to do a task that are not related to the career that

they’re pursuing like preparing a coffee for them, doing personal errands that will benefit

the employees, filing papers for the whole day or be a help in cleaning the office. But

change is constant. As time passed by, the mindset of the entity-trainers was shifted.

Nowadays, they’re offering a meaningful learning program to the students that later on,

in favorable circumstances, will join them. Thus, the students were now given a

meaningful task that is job-specific. For the accounting students, the task is to prepare a

journal entry or anything related to it.

In an article by Angel Cruz (2019), according to her, an internship is a great

opportunity a student will explore. It can get a glimpse of the student’s future career.

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The internship will help the students to get a chance to see and experience what life will

be if they enter the workplace. They will be more certain of what career they will take if

they spend more time in the internship. Gaining confidence in their skills is one of the

benefits of an internship. It is the actual experience of doing work tasks that were taught

in school. It’s a validation of what the student learns about the learning concepts and

theories in school. The internship isn’t just all about career-building. It’s also about

personal development.

According to an article from Maghari, S. (2014), on-the-job trainings can help the

students to practice adjusting from their university comfort zone to a work environment

they can have in the future. Students can also have a job after graduating because the

company that they had their training can also absorb them after graduating. It will also

give the trainees background on what their job will be after.

In an article by Alisbo (2015), In readiness towards the real world, it is a

requirement to take on the job training program. They were taught that professionalism,

along with integrity, is emphasized. Through the tasks given to her in the field, she

acquired a lot of information. She worked a lot of her writing skills and also understood

how to collect and scrutinize data. Her vocabulary was expanded as well. During her

internship, when she was made to socialize, she gained competence and also

strengthened her self-confidence. She has also mastered initiative and versatility.

According to an article written by Andal-Perez, E. (2016), student-trainee also

plays an important role in achieving the positive effect of an internship program. The

student’s attitude towards the tasks or work given by its workplace and the personality

that was showed in the work environment are the factors that affect the effectiveness of

22
an internship program for the student. Andal-Perez also stated that one of the student

shared what she have learned from the program. The students told her that she learned

to become patient, flexible and give importance to the quality of work and because of

what she said, she conclude that the student embrace the work and take it seriously.

Based on Mark Anthony Legaspi’s experience of having an OJT at DBP, he

develops his personality as well as his communication and relationship with others. He

believes that OJT gives him an opportunity to experience real work and apply the

knowledge taught in school into practical work. Furthermore, he pointed out that OJT

seems to be complicated yet fulfilling because it taught him to be independent and

become a better person despite the hardships and circumstances that he encountered.

However, he also encountered problems and hindrances when taking his OJT. One of

these is being hesitant to ask questions because at first, he thinks that he could be a

distraction or might disturb his mentors and co-workers. Another is the conflict in time

management between his academic classes and his OJT. Hence, he suggested that the

students who would undergo OJT should have the willingness and determination to

finish it.

John Christopher Romero had his internship at Marriot Manila. In his journal, he

mentioned all his working experience and how it affects his personality and his quality of

work. He believed that there should be a systematic way to integrate the job of different

departments. Aside from the things he learned about his job, he suggested that having

a good relationship with everyone you interact at work gives you an assurance of a

good quality job. In addition, getting a really nice working environment gives everyone a

drive to make their job better and a reason to go to work everyday with no bad feelings.

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 Based on the article from Cenas, Fernandez, & Patacsil (2017), students must

have soft skills such as teamwork, leadership and communication in order for them to

succeed in their internship program. It is also stated that an effective internship program

can help the students to improve their knowledge and skills in their profession,

formulation and solution of problems, and design a process to meet the demands of its

clients.

According to an article in Philstar (2018), trainees can obtain the skills needed in

employers while having the training. Student trainees are expected to have an

advantage in accessing advanced technologies which they can learn from the internship

that they can use later on the workplace. According to them, internship can also reduce

unemployment rate of fresh graduates because of its benefits especially the skills that

they can gain and will be used in their future workplace.

In a narrative report written by Capa (2013), she expressed that the On-the-Job

training executed properly will help the future professionals prepare for their future jobs.

All the things they’ve learned in the on-the-job training, including the minor things, can

be applied to their chosen field. It is not just academically they are trained for, but they

are trained socially as well. Because of the on-the-job training, the students will not

have a problem in terms of working and communicating. Additionally, the students are

given a chance to engage in their chosen field and obtain the experience and

knowledge necessary to the field that they’re interested in.

According to the study of Yumol (2016), the On-the-Job training program is

beneficial to both students and the agencies/offices. It is beneficial to the students in a

way that the knowledge they acquired is needed for their experiences and exposure to

24
the work environment. At the same time, the opportunity that the theories and concepts

they learned in the classroom have given to them to utilize it and perform it in a

workplace setting. It is beneficial as well to the agencies/offices in a way that they

benefit from the free services that were rendered by the student who possesses an

innovation and ideas that will be useful in their chosen field.

According to Anoyo, et al. (2015), having on-the-job training has advantages and

disadvantages. It’s an advantage to the trainees in a way that training can be rendered

at the optimum time, there’s immediate feedback for the trainees, and at the same, it is

provided by colleagues and in the future, the trainee can go joining the team. However,

its disadvantages are the trainee can lead to feeling fatigue when the training is

delivered too much in just one session, and when the trainers have no sufficient

expertise when it comes to instructional techniques. Learning new skills is what makes

students who undergo on-the-job training lucky. They obtain enough improvement to

their future employment value and a new capability for them in their future career. In

addition to this, by making learning possible, students and superiors build an enduring

relationship, and students earn their respect.

According to Capinpuyan & Miguel (2019), For medical interns, the Philippine

community internship program, initially designed to complement the straightening

healthcare systems of the country while supplying student doctors with instruction,

presents an ethical and legal challenge. The internship curriculum has the potential to

leave interns unattended, at legal risk repercussions, continuously debating the

correctness of their interventions, and constantly straddling contradictory position

virtues, as currently planned. The government not only threatens the wellbeing of

25
interns, but also undermines the safe and effective practice received by patients and

families, ultimately undermining their right to an adequate standard standard of health,

by failure to maintain that the community internship program has sufficient protections in

place.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

FOREIGN

Alipour, M & Salehi M (2009) suggested that training is an essential factor for the

growth of the economy, the nation as well as the individual’s well-being. The skills and

productivity of a company and individual were enhanced through the training process.

The results of their research show that training strongly affects creativity, productivity,

quality of work, and have a massive impact on achieving the organizational goals. In

addition, A training program is not complete until you have evaluated methods and

results. A structured approach of assessment and evaluation is vital to guarantee

consistent progress on training programs. Also, the recognition of training procedures

and measurement techniques is essential to the effectiveness of the organization’s

training.

A research conducted by Knouse, S.B., Tanner, J.R. and Harris, E.W. (2011)

explored the relationship between business college internships and the success of

college and subsequent work opportunities. Students with internships had a slightly

higher overall grade point average, were considerably younger upon graduation, and

26
were more likely than students without internships to be working upon graduation. Thus,

internships were linked to both better college results.

Beck, JE. & Halim, H conducted an exploratory research that deals with the

impacts of internship on accounting students which includes: Their experience, the

process, effects and the path of their future career that they would choose. The

respondents consist of 250 accounting students in Singapore who completed their eight

weeks of internship. The methodology used qualitative data with qualitative analysis and

testing of hypotheses. The results of the research show that the interns reported a

significant number of learning outcomes especially in their personal development and

interpersonal skills. Reflective learning is a key to support these outcomes. Likewise,

the students believed that internship helps them to be prepared for the world of work

and helps them to choose a right path for their future career. To explain the result of the

research, the framework in Goleman’s theory of Emotional Intelligence (New York:

Bantam) was used.

Anjum, S. (2020) investigates the impacts of internship programs on

professionals and students’ personal development and skills. The study aims to

determine how much internship programs are beneficial for the undergraduate business

students and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of internship programs

existing in Pakistan. The study consists of 800 undergraduate business students with a

4-year degree course from different 15 Universities. The research used descriptive

analysis to interpret the demographic information and central tendencies of the

responses. The overall findings of the research indicate that internship programs in

27
Pakistan have impacts on the professional growth and skills of the students and enable

them to develop their personality and capabilities.

A study entitled “Impact of Internship on Job Performance among University

Graduates in South Korea” was conducted by Jung J. and Lee S.J. (2016). The

researchers aim to investigate the influence of internships in terms of job between the

university graduates in Korea. The result of the research shows that the experience in

internship improves job performance, short amount of time in finding a job, and

enhanced wages and job satisfaction.

Jamil N.A, Shariff S., and Abu Z. (2012) from faculty of Business Management in

a university from Malaysia researched to analyze the feedback of the industries at the

end of the industrial practicum attachment on the practicum performance of the students

and their learning outcomes that focuses on cognitive development outcomes and skills

development outcomes. The total of the industrial evaluation reports that the

researchers will analyze is 623 that came from numerous industries. Based on the

result of the data gathering, it indicates that the students had acquired meaningful work

experience and knowledge, and displayed a good working skill that includes a right

attitude at the workplace. Thus, this study concludes that trainees have an outstanding

performance level when it comes to learning capabilities and human interrelation skills.

It is because the students applied their learnings from class to their internship program.

According to the study of Warinda, T. (2013), internship is the best method to

teach the students with real world of work in which they can’t gain inside the classroom.

The study shows that internship program gave a positive effect on the trainees with

regards to their career, functional, cooperation and different skills. It is also stated that

28
the effectivity of internship program was affected by the workplace in which the student

will be relocated.

According to the study of Jackel, D. (2011), internship program is bridging the

student’s connection from academic content to the real world application. The study

shows how the internship experience of a student can help her to enhance the ability to

achieve the goals of the program. It also shows that internship program was made for

academic credit, career development of a student and for their civic engagement.

Martin, D & Wilkerson J (2006) conducted a study to examine the impact of

accounting internships. They suggest that the greater the business and educational

experience of students, the more confident and driven they will be to their independent

role in education. However, they also believe that a typical accounting student aged

18-22 years old brings minimal technical or business experience to the study of

accounting. Taken together these two beliefs, a significant advantage of accounting

internship experience can promote more involved, independent learning and

problem-solving skills among students. Furthermore, the respondents claimed that their

internship experience strengthened their knowledge and skills, but did little to boost their

academic motivation. Based on the findings, it is not surprising that previous academic

performance studies have produced contradictory results—student academic

performance could well be positively affected by the effects of information of internship

experience and negatively affected by the behavioral effects resulting in an unclear

overall impact. In addition, the students thought that the experience of the internship

was more beneficial to their long-term career growth than to the enhancement of their

academic performance.

29
 Chinomona R. and Surujlal J. (2012) from the faculty of Management Sciences at

Vaal University of Technology, South Africa, investigate the student’s internship work

experience influence on student professionalism and self-improvement. The results of

the study show that the influence of student’s internship work experience only had a

stronger effect on student’s self-improvement than the student’s professionalism.

However, the student’s professionalism was strongly influenced by the students’

self-improvement.

Jawabri (2017) also conducted a research study entitled “Exploration of

Internship Experience and Satisfaction Leading to Better Career Prospects among

Business Students in UAE”. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that

influence the satisfaction level of the students to the internship training programmes.

The data were gathered from the 70 students who had undergone internship training

programmes with the use of a structured survey questionnaire as a research instrument.

The research concludes that the students will experience quite a satisfaction to the

internship training programmes if they are provided with sufficient supervision. Thus, in

terms of employment opportunities, there’s an impact on student’s satisfaction levels.

A research study of Warinda (2013) from the faculty of Commerce, Department

of Accountancy in University of Zimbabwe desired to evaluate the undergraduate

accounting student’s internship experiences with regards to careers, soft skills,

incentives, and functional or technical skills. In addition to this, the researcher also aims

to investigate whether these were significantly affected by gender and institution of the

internship, location, and duration. The number of respondents is smaller compared to

the other studies that are somehow similar to this. The result from the 93% of

30
respondents who participated in the study shows that in most items, gender wasn’t

significant, and soft skills were affected by location when it comes to problem-solving

and interpersonal skills. Thus, in this study, most of the items did not meet the

expectations of the students except for the information systems, which is the only one

that met student's expectations.

The research conducted by van der Klink, M.R. and Streumer, J.N. (2002)

analyze two study concepts—the first is in a large company's call centers, and the

second is in post offices to know the effectiveness of On the Job Training. The results of

the study show that the OJT programs were only partly successful in achieving the

training objectives. The most significant predictors for effective OJT indicate

self-efficacy, prior experience with given task, management support and workload. The

evidence of the research suggests that OJT is not entirely an effective way of training.

However, more research is required in this area.

Based on the study of Yaakob, H. (2018), internship programs had positive

effects to the graduate students’ job performance. It resulted on the students’ good

performance on the working environment, positive internship feedbacks, lot of

knowledge gained after the program and being cooperative in the tasks given. The

study shows that the internship in the Politeknik Ungku Omar, Malaysia had a good

effect on the internship program students.

According to the study of Velez, G.S. (2015), business internships have positive

effects not only the student’s behavior and personality but also to the higher education

universities and the employer itself. Students can keep their learnings until they become

31
professional in where they can apply the knowledge they gained. Business internships

mold the students and let them learned through experience.

According to the study of Anjum, S. (2020), internship programs do really have

an effect in students’ personality and professional growth. There are factors that may be

considered as a hindrance in achieving the goal of having internships for the graduating

students. The factors in which universities might consider are the coordination of the

government and academic instructors, limited tasks are given by the students which

lessen the students’ freedom in choosing what they want to do and can prove to do, and

lastly, there’s no proper feedback sent by the firms for their interns to their respective

academic instructors.

Ebied, H. (2004), conducted a study to investigate the impact of student

internships on subsequent educational performance at the college of Business and

Economics, United Arab Emirates University. The post‐internship course execution of

accounting student internships experience was contrasted with that of non‐internship

students coordinated based on grade point average (GPA) and credit hours finished.

The outcomes showed that the internship students performed altogether in a way that is

better than the non‐internship accounting students, and in generally speaking GPA

subsequent to the internship semester. These discoveries negate earlier exploration

and assist accounting internships as instruments to improve students' knowledge and

skills.

In the study of Cord, B., Bowrey, G., and Clements, M. (2010), organized

experiential learning programs give students the viable occasion to apply their insight in

an industry setting and furthermore to consider their own learning venture. The

32
researchers investigate the learning commitment of students' appearance based

evaluations in an inventive and adaptable temporary position program dependent on an

e-learning structure. Through a preliminary examination, it has been recognized that

subsequent to undertaking this internship program, bookkeeping students from an

Australian provincial college have progressed their picking up relating to working

environment readiness, comprehension and utilization of accounting standards,

conventional expertise improvement, and combination of bookkeeping as their picked

proficient profession. The paper recommends that an internship program, for example,

the one analyzed adds to the expert accounting bodies' and network's desires for

bookkeeping graduates having key intellectual and conduct aptitudes.

A mixed method approach used by Van Tonder & Fourie (2018), in conducting

this research. The objective behind this study is to investigate the possible use of

internships to help educators with the expansion in their authoritative, proficient

outstanding burden. The results showed that there is a negative impact on their

well-being because of the increasing workload given by the administrative, they were

overpowered by the amount of documentation they needed to compile, they

demonstrated that appraisal was troublesome, that they didn't have the opportunity to

continually adjust to changes, that they had restricted open doors for proficient turn of

events. Educators said they experienced nervousness, had high feelings of anxiety,

were testy, genuinely and sincerely depleted and considered to leave the profession.

The application of an internship model could have a positive effect on the administrative

workload given to educators; It could lessen the amount of workloads given to them.

Student educators will have the opportunity to have an experience in the real world.

33
 Rastegari & Radmehr of Master of International Agricultural degree Program

(MIAP) at Oklahoma State University conducted a study of understanding the effects of

the global internship is significant in planning an educational program that well-prepared

the students for their personal, social, educational, and future expert life. Consequently,

the goal of their examination is to assess the MIAP students' global encounters and to

decide the elements that affect international experience results. The change based

partial least squares primary condition displaying is utilized to create three separate

models with the objective of factually estimating academic, business, and civic impacts.

The result of their investigation shows that interns accept that international experience

has improved each of their skills and capacities. Moreover, the length of internship has

a measurably huge relationship with individual effect in each of the three models, while

it has a positive indirect effect on academic, business, and civic impact models, which

shows the full intervention impact. Also, the quantity of hours worked week after week

during the internship is found to have a critical positive relationship with business

impacts.

LOCAL

Serrano Jr., Cabalza, and Bitera (2017), conducted a descriptive-correlational

study entitled “Academic and On-the-job Training Performance among Business

Administration Students”. The researchers aimed to see the significant relationships

between academic performance and on-the-job training performance among forty-four

students from the faculty of Business and Accountancy in University of Perpetual Help

System Laguna. They conclude that the Business Administrations students’ on-the-job

performance is extremely satisfactory in terms of attendance, personality, interpersonal

34
relationship, and etc. Overall, there's a significant relationship among respondent’s

academic performance in Business Management, Human Behavior in Organization,

Human Resource Management and on-the-job training performance of Business

Administration.

De Chavez, KJ (2016) conducted a research study to determine the success of

on-the-job training in relation to their behavior, understanding of the job, job

performance, adherence to the policies of the company and working standards

assessed by supervisors. The study acts as a tool for assessing the behaviors and

characteristics that graduate students must have when they got employed after

graduating. The data from the assessment tool were interpreted and analyzed using the

weighted mean and rank to evaluate the level of performance of the students’ OJT and

academic performance of the mechanical engineering program. The performance of the

students within the school in terms of their final grade in both general and professional

education has contributed as a reference in their expertise, comprehension, and

performance during their college. The analysis of the study shows how well and useful

the knowledge, theories and skills have been taught, established and inculcated when

taking the course which are to be applied in the real corporate world of work.

According to Ylagan (2013), on the job training is one of the requirements of

Higher Education industries in improving the skills required by their graduates. Its goals

and objectives have contributed as a guideline to learn the skills required for a specific

job and for the preparation to put into a good work experience. This study aims to

evaluate the success of OJT in LPU trainees to further recognize gaps and issues and

to re-align the programs to meet the needs of business graduates. Descriptive method

35
is used by 50 company supervisors to assess the performance of the students who

undergo OJT. The results showed that OJT students performed well and adhered to the

company’s policies as students-OJT in their respective job exposures. Even though

problems have been experienced in the field of specialization where they are based, the

students still report that OJT is a meaningful work-related learning exposure.

A descriptive-correlation type of research study conducted by Bernardo, A., et.al

(2014) intends to discover the student’s academic and on-the-job training performance

with regards to their personal attributes, attitude when it comes to the job, their job

performance, compliance to company policy, and competence. There are 14

participants of the study who are the AB Paralegal Studies on-the-job trainees. This

study reaches the conclusion that students obtained an outstanding performance in

their personal characteristics, attitude towards work, competence, and job performance.

The pleasing personality and the happiness that the students are shared, as well as

their willingness and interest in their assigned task and responsibilities, is what the

superiors have noticed in them. On the other hand, communication skills of the students

of AB Paralegal Studies need to improve with the help of continuing giving verbal

exercise as teaching and learning activity for them because it will help them to express

themselves more to be able for the others to easily understood them, especially when

leading a team or a group (Laguador, Velasquez & Florendo, 2013).

Based on the study of Verecio (2014), internship programs were effective to the

students. According to the respondents, the university exerted their effort in helping the

students to become more competitive, competent and successful in their professional

36
careers. The efforts of the internship grounds are important in the training because it

helps the students achieve the goal they want to meet in their on-the-job trainings.

A research study conducted by Yu and Mercado (2016) from the faculty of

College of Education and Business Management in Cantilan Campus, Cantilan, Surigao

del Sur, Philippines, assessed the factors of the on-the-job training of the BSBA major in

Financial Management and Human Resource Development Management. It is a

descriptive study with a survey questionnaire as a tool in gathering data from a total of

232 respondents that will be useful for the study. The result of the study indicates that

the feedback of the respondents towards the factors of on-the-job training programs

such as Leadership, Attitude towards work, Competence, etc., was described as

adequate and sufficient for the trainees.

Amoguis, MJ et al (2019) from University of Immaculate Conception, Davao City

conducted a descriptive-evaluative study to assess the effectiveness of OJT program in

strengthening the students’ classroom learning and develop their core skills. By using

adapted and modified questionnaires the researchers gather their information from 207

respondents who underwent through OJT for the academic year 2014-2015. The

research concludes that the OJT program of the University for Accountancy and

Business Administration is effective. However, some of the students find their

experience fairly effective because they did not receive payment in exchange for their

service. Likewise, some of the students find their given tasks not extensively and

meaningfully in line with their specialization to give them a chance to develop and

enhance their knowledge and skills learned in school. The results were proven by using

percentage and frequency considering the demographic profile of the students.

37
 Fourth year HRDM students discover the effectiveness of the on the job training

in Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Calamba Laguna. Utilizing the descriptive research,

the researchers discovered that under the cooperation segment, socialization positioned

first while the management positioned last, suggesting that students had numerous

experiences in managing individuals and few encounters in management. In project

based learning, venture creation got the most noteworthy number of things, proposing

that OJT managers focused in just on giving business related activities to their students.

Finally, for valid center, a more elevated level of inspiration and fulfillment impacted

students the most among the three classes.

Javier, B (2018) conducted a research study that examines the 21 Century skills
st

and competencies of Information Technology On-the-Job Trainees. During the 486

hours of training of the respondents stationed in regional or provincial offices, they

generally performed excellently. The findings indicate that the competencies of the IT

students were improved further from the competencies in the classroom set up and

actual working experience in their designated placement. Likewise, it improves the

students’ skills and job competencies of their future chosen profession. The study

suggested that the University’s partner agencies should continuously provide the

trainees with a holistic and relevant learning experience that is highly valued for the

trainees to be marketable after their graduation.

According to the study of Sapinand &Lerios (2017), students who were deployed

for on-the-job training programs gain knowledge, skills, personality growth and working

experience in order for the students to become more competitive after completing the

training and will serve as a foundation in their future career in the outside world. For

38
trainings to become more effectively done, the researchers also state that universities

must have a strong partnership and linkages to the training places of the students so

that they will be able to monitor successfully their students.

A descriptive-survey research study of Lerios J., and Sapin S. (2017) from

Laguna State Polytechnic University-Los Baños Campus, aimed to assess the

on-the-job training performance of BSIT students in the companies that they have been

deployed on. The respondents are the 58 fourth-year BSIT students that successfully

undergone on-the-job training whose majority age is 20 years old. The result of the

study concludes that a “very satisfactory” level is the students' over-all on-the-job

training performance. The BSIT students that were assigned to IT-Related Departments

have shown a higher mean performance than those BSIT students who showed a

slightly higher mean performance because they were deployed in the Non-IT

Department.

Caraig, G (2018) conducted a descriptive method of research that aims to

determine the level of satisfaction of the student-trainees on their industry internship

program in one of the State Universities and Colleges in the Philippines. The internship

programs provide a training that may improve the skills, knowledge and personality of

the student-trainees. Moreover, the result of the study indicates that the student-trainees

are very satisfied on their immersion or internship programs in different universities.

Likewise, there is a relationship between the student-trainees’ performance and the

level of satisfaction on the internship programs based on the results of the study.

Valdez, E.J., et al. (2015) from Batangas State University, conducted a

descriptive research study to assess the contribution of the on-the-job training program

39
to the tourism graduates who successfully undergone on-the-job training during their

school year in regards to their attained skills, personal qualities, and competencies. It

was also intended to find out if the respondents' sex, year of graduation, and

employment status would have a significant difference on the perceived contribution of

on-the-job training to their personal qualities, attained skills, and competencies. There’s

a total of 74 tourism graduates who participated in the study that graduated in the year

2009 to 2013 with a survey questionnaire as a research instrument. The results show

that there’s a significant contribution to the university’s on-the-job training program to

the development of the students when it comes to their basic and thinking skills,

personal qualities, and competencies. Furthermore, in the training places, there’s no

gender bias in the students based on the similarities of male and female in the

on-the-job training contributions as well as the graduation year which indicates the

training given is consistent as to the development of student’s skills and qualities.

However, a test of differences in contributions of on-the-job training in competencies

shows that there’s a decline in the year 2013, which in all aspects, it has the lowest

mean. While the result of the tests of differences on on-the-job training contributions for

the self-employed, casual, permanent, and contractual employees expressed that the

people who are more inclined to entrepreneurial activities than to employment are those

people who had more skills and competencies.

A research about the influence of internship programmes on students' career

development in the Hospitality Industry was conducted from the University of the

Philippines. The purpose of this research is to analyze the variables influencing

students' satisfaction level with their internship program and how these factors affect

40
their desire to pursue a career in the tourism and hospitality industry. This research also

aims to assess the level of satisfaction of students towards their internship programme,

the stakeholder who has the greatest impact on the overall students' satisfaction and

the tourism and hospitality industry that students expect to enter after graduation. To

gather data from 4th year BS Tourism students at various universities and colleges

across Metro Manila, a standardized survey questionnaire was used. In order to test the

6 hypotheses formed in this research, this study applied the one-way ANOVA test,

paired t-test samples, factor analysis and regression analysis. None of the three factors

were found to influence the overall satisfaction of students and their ability to pursue a

career in the industry: internship program preparation, industry engagement and student

self-commitment. This illustrates that schools play an essential part in students'

internship experience. The results also showed that most of the respondents were

extremely satisfied with their internship programme, and several of them would continue

to pursue a career in the industry after college, specifically in the airline and hospitality

industry.

Delelis, MG (2016) conducted a research study to measure the level of

on-the-job performance of BSBA Management Accounting Trainees of Cagayan State

University for the academic year 2015-2016 and at the same time to determine if there

is a change in the perception of the respondents during the first and second semester.

The instrument used to gather data is an evaluation form to assess the performance.

Likewise, the results were analyzed and interpreted through descriptive statistics. The

findings indicate that the respondents thought that personal characteristics, abilities, job

efficiency and office management strategies played a major role in influencing the work

41
performance of the students during their OJT. The research suggest that it is therefore

recommended that adequate orientation should be provided through comprehensive

workshops, training courses and seminars to enable the students to prepare and learn

critical skills.

On the job training (OJT) is a sort of pragmatic experience for students in the

field. A powerful OJT program fortifies students' study hall learning and builds up their

center abilities. This evaluative investigation was directed to survey the Accountancy

and Business Administration (ABA) students' industry experience. Utilizing an adjusted

and changed exploration poll, the analysts acquired the information from 207 ABA

students who went through OJT. Results indicated that the OJT program was evaluated

compelling; nonetheless, it was vital to see that students discovered advantages and

impetuses genuinely powerful in light of the fact that they didn't get compensation for

their positions. Additionally, a few students discovered their work task can't widely and

seriously update or improve their hypothetical information or aptitudes learned in school

since they were chipping away at assignments inconsequential to their specializations.

Then again, ANOVA-Tukey results uncovered the Marketing Management students

found the OJT program least compelling contrasted with bookkeeping learners.

According to the study of Anoyo, Jimenez, Matunog, Mendoza, Mojares &

Sarmiento (2015), the factors such as student’s personality, support of the university,

and organizational environment affect the internship result of one student. The factors

also affect their performance which will lead to the good or bad result of their internship

program. It also stated in the study that coordinators of the university must visit their

42
students to their training place from time to time to observe and ensure if the students

are attending and doing their tasks.

As per its drawn out arrangement to make its students serious in the media

business, the Department of Communication of Far Eastern University (FEU) found the

need to assess its on-the-job training (OJT) program to decide whether its Mass

Communication students are furnished with abilities, for example, information, aptitudes,

and legitimate demeanor in the work environment from the point of view of their OJT

administrators. Removing information from the practicum assessment report and

applying the proportion of focal inclination, supplemented by interviews with OJT

managers, the study found out that FEU Mass Communication students appraised

amazing on every one of the three skills, however they need improvement as far as

specialized information, emphaticness and self-assurance. It is suggested, as one of the

initial steps, that the estimation instrument being utilized by the Department be

evaluated and updated to set it more receptive to the expectations of the business and

educational plan.

A group of students from Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas

conducted a research study to know about the discernment of the 38 alumni and 13

chief medical technologists on the achievement of the targets, just as the qualities and

shortcomings of the said program. Results show that destinations were accomplished

regardless of whether the length of the preparation time frame was abbreviated. The

alumni respondents supported the half year on the job training program while the CMT

favored the one year plan. This examination can be utilized as a pilot concentrate for

other higher education establishments executing a similar CMO and can be utilized as a

43
reason for a curricular change by evaluating the various boundaries that were

distinguished to improve further the half year on the job training program in delivering

internationally serious medical laboratory scientists.

SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The related studies and literature gathered relevant to the topic solidify the main

argument and purpose of this research study.  An internship is a fundamental piece of

professional situated degree programs since it reinforces the employability of graduates

and creates them for vocation improvement.  It is useful in explaining your career

objectives, giving you work insight, giving position drives, compacting accounting

standards, getting scholarly credit, narrowing your field of study objectives, lessening

educational cost, and securing involvement with clients. Most of the studies have a

44
common goal of knowing the effectiveness and impact of On-the-Job Training or

internship and how it affects the quality of work performance of the students. From a

local and foreign point of view, an internship can be very beneficial because it helps the

students to improve their skills, abilities and self-confidence. Likewise, training strongly

affects creativity, productivity, quality of work, and has a massive impact on achieving

the organizational goals. Moreover, having an OJT gives them a taste of real-life

experience which will give them an opportunity to fully understand the concepts that

they have learned in schools or universities through application into actual real work. 

However, some of the students did not meet the expected result and impact of

OJT because of some negative issues. There is a negative impact on their well-being

because of the increasing workload given by the administrative, they were overpowered

by the amount of documentation they needed to compile, they demonstrated that

appraisal was troublesome, that they didn't have the opportunity to continually adjust to

changes, that they had restricted open doors for proficient turn of events. Also, the 

trainee can lead to feeling fatigue when the training is delivered too much in just one

session, and when the trainers have no sufficient expertise when it comes to

instructional techniques. Hence, the students will experience quite a satisfaction to the

internship training programmes if they are provided with sufficient supervision and

proper training aligned in their course.

Overall, internships or On-the-Job Training have a significant impact on the

students’ decision making for their future career path. It develops the personality of the

students and prepares them in transitioning to work in a real life setting. Supervision

45
and proper implementation are highly recommended to ensure the improvement of the

students not just in their quality of work but also in their academic performance. 

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework: Input-Process-Output Model

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

46
 As presented in figure 1.1, it illustrates an input-process-output model (IPO). The

input consists of the respondent’s demographic profiles in terms of their name, sex,

year, and course. Included also in the research input are the aims of the researcher to

determine the awareness of the students on what they will do on the on-the-job training,

47
preparedness of the students and does it help in their performance on on-the-job

training, the positive and negative effects of the on-the-job training, the factors that

affect the result of the on-the-job training and the hindrances that the students will face.

The process being used are the survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews

for collecting data, and the data gathered are analyzed and interpreted to come out with

the output. Impacts of on-the-job training to students on their preparedness for the

corporate world are the output.

The researcher’s objective is to figure out the impact of on-the-job training to the

students on their preparedness for the corporate world. This figure shows how the

researcher’s conducted research, collected data, and solved the objective of the

research.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This research was structured across the theoretical framework for student

internships to be perceived as managed, pre professional interactions that integrated

professional and academic attributes to train students for professional careers.

Internships have been depended on for decades for technical training, including creative

study, community schooling, and apprenticeships, going back to the oldest history of the

Middle Ages (Sides & Mryica, 2007).

Internships are a standard prerequisite for health and education practitioners, but

only 6% of business programs require internships (Weible, 2010). If it could be

established that internships, as calculated by GPA, engagement, and commitment to

college completion, have an impact on performance for business students, it will lend

48
confidence and weight to make such opportunities a prerequisite in business degree

programs.

The academic and social integration model of Tinto (1975, 1987, 1993) and the

participation model of Astin (1975, 1977) All affirmed the theory of student participation,

commitment and integration in the university, which led to persistence and retention. 

Therefore, because of interaction with a faculty adviser and the alignment of student

education to job application, internships can improve retention, productivity, and degree

completion.

The cycle of experiential learning (Kolb’s 1984), based on the idea that each

individual has a particular form of propensity to learn and therefore dominant in certain

levels of experiential learning. For example, in concrete learning and reflective

observation, some learners will be more dominant, while others may be prominent in

active experimentation and abstract conceptualization. This framework has four forms of

learning: Diverging, composed of learners with a specific ideology who look at things.

Assimilating, implies precise knowledge being gained by learners. Converging, learners

are solving challenges. To practical challenges, they apply how much they've managed

to learn, and choose technical duties. Lastly, Accommodating, When learning, these

learners use practical learning and constructive exploration.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

49
Accounting – It is the process of identifying, recording, summarizing, and presenting

financial transactions of the business. It is also a field of study and profession

committed to execute those tasks.

Accounting students- those students who took accounting courses and pursue it for

their future career.

On-the-Job Training- is a technique wherein employees or staff are instructed and

directed to perform their jobs or given task. It involves a combination of observation and

practical knowledge of performing tasks under the guidance and supervision of a

training manager, co-worker or professional trainer. 

Internship- is a temporary work, and it can be paid or unpaid, with a focus on

on-the-job experience rather than just jobs. You will have to do an internship before you

are fit for an individual position if you intend to move into writing.

Decision-making- is the process of making decisions by establishing a resolution,

collecting evidence, and analyzing alternate outcomes. By arranging pertinent facts and

identifying options, using a step-by-step decision-making approach will help you make

more careful, reflective decisions.

Preparedness- it refers to the quality or state of being prepared or ready for something

Commission on Higher Education (CHED)- the Philippine Government's Commission

on Higher Education is responsible for promoting appropriate and quality higher

education, ensuring access to quality higher education and ensuring and maintaining

academic freedom for continued intellectual growth, the advancement of learning and

50
science, the creation of responsible and efficient leadership, the education of high-level

professionals, and the preservation of academic freedom for continuing intellectual

growth.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design for this study seeks to gain insight to find out the impact of

on-the-job training for the preparation of the students to the corporate world using

primary data and secondary data. The primary data that will be used are surveys and

interviews of the respondents while the secondary data are the related studies and

literature. 

51
The study then uses the qualitative research approach to effectively and efficiently

gather and analyze the data to obtain fruitful results. Moreover, to obtain information

needed about the experience of the respondents, the researchers will use a descriptive

survey method.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING

The population in identifying the impact of on-the-job training on the accounting

students on their preparedness for the corporate world are the fourth-year and fifth-year

accounting students of the University of Makati who have already successfully

undergone on-the-job training. Using the slovin’s formula, a total of 83 students are the

sample size for this study. Purpose sampling is the chosen sampling technique of the

researchers. It is a non-probability sampling that is selected based on the particular

characteristics of the population who can best answer the research questions.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

To gather appropriate and sufficient data in determining the impact of on-the-job

training on the accounting students on their preparedness for the corporate world, the

researchers chose interview and survey questionnaires to be the research instruments.

The interview is a semi-structured interview in which it contains a set of questions to be

answered by all interviewees. At the same time, additional questions might be asked

during the interview. While the survey questionnaires consist of dichotomous questions

52
which are answerable by yes or no, multiple-response questions, and matrix questions

that are related to this study.

VALIDATION OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this study, the researchers utilized interview and survey questionnaires as the

research instrument. Content validity type will be used to validate the research

instrument to the extent to which the test questions represents the skills in the specified

subject area. Content validity evidence includes the extent to which a content domain

associated with the construct matches the content of the test.

With the intention to guarantee that the research instruments used is valid and

reliable, all the attributes must obtain: 

a.) Impacts of On-the-Job Training Program

a.1) Positive

a.2) Negative

b.) Challenges of the students while undertaking On-the-Job Training Program

c.) Evaluation of the students who undergo OJT Program

Applying the content validation, the researchers of this study will manage to

precisely examine and assess the quality of this research paper.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

The researcher observed the following step-by-step procedure in conducting this

research study. To make this research entitled “Impacts of On-the-Job Training in the

53
Preparation of Accounting Students in University of Makati to the Corporate World”

possible, the researcher secures and ask permission from our research professor, Prof.

Carlo Santuico to make this research possible. Second step was to research and gather

all the information related to our topic by browsing the internet and other sources like

books, journals and online library. The next is to formulate self-made questionnaire and

combine the relevant question that could be helpful in obtaining the needed information.

The survey questionnaire was design to seek insight to assess the effectiveness

and impacts of OJT. Likewise, the researchers intended to interview those 4th year and

5th year students who took their OJT to answer several questions in the form of

comments, opinions, suggestions based on their observation and experiences.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data to be gathered in this study will be subjected to the following statistical

treatment.

Frequency and Percentage. This was used to quantify the description of the

On-Job-Training Program in University of Makati and the profile of the respondents in

the means of course, deployment area, nature of work and task, and factors that affect

the result of the on-the-job training experience of college students.

Weighted mean. This was used to describe the level of effectivity of the training

to Accounting students through their responses

54
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Venus Jane V. Bandigas

2153 Garrido St.

EDUCATION

TERTIARY
Undergraduate: Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting
University of Makati, 2018-Present
SECONDARY
Senior High School: University of Makati-Higher School ng UMAK, 2016-2018
Junior High School: General Pio Del Pilar National High School, 2012-2016
ELEMENTARY
Francisco Benitez Elementary School (Main), 2006-2012

WORK HISTORY
Academic Experience
● Government Internship Program-(2019)
● Special Program for the Employment of Students-Makati (2015)
● Multi-purpose Cooperative in Makati (2019)

HONORS AND AWARDS

64
Graduated elementary - with honors (2012)
Graduated Junior High School – 4th Honorable Mention (2016)
Graduated Senior High School – with Honors (2018)
COMMUNITY SERVICE
● Paeskwela ni San Andres Foundation (member)

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
● Red Cross Philippines
● Rotary Club Philippines

LANGUAGES
Filipino: Native Language
English Advanced Reading and Writing
Cebuano(dialect): Native Language

65
Christine B. Gonong
Blk 25 Lot 14 Noriel st.
Imus City, Cavite
09206626516
christinegonong12@gmail.com

EDUCATION

TERTIARY
Undergraduate: Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting
University of Makati, 2018-Present
SECONDARY
Senior High School: Accountancy Business and Management Strand
University of Perpertual Help Molino – Campus, 2016-2018
Junior High School: Divine Jesus Learning Center, 2012-2016
ELEMENTARY
Buhay na Tubig Elementary School, 2006-2012
HONORS AND AWARDS
With Honors, University of Perpetual Help – Molino Campus, 2017
With High Honors, University of Perpetual Help – Molino Campus, 2018
Dean’s Lister, University of Makati, 2018 – 2019
COMMUNITY SERVICE
Work Immersion Program
Creotec Philippines Inc.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Operations and Accounting Staff
October 9 – October 20, 2017
● Verify timekeeping records of trainees
● Process and prepare payroll accounting to schedule
● Reconcile employee deduction
Planters Product Inc.
Accounting Department, 2019

66
LANGUAGES
Filipino: Native Language
English: Native Language

67
Christine Jane D. Palma
154 E. Quiogue Street
Pateros, Metro Manila, 1620
09218255546
palma.cjane@gmail.com

EDUCATION

TERTIARY
Undergraduate: Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting
University of Makati, 2018-Present
SECONDARY
Senior High School: University of Makati – Higher School ng UMak,
2016-2018
Junior High School: Benigno Ninoy S. Aquino high School, 2012-2016
ELEMENTARY
Pateros Elementary School, 2006-2012
HONORS AND AWARDS
Graduate with Honors, 2018
University of Makati, Senior High School 2016-2018

COMMUNITY SERVICE
God Is With Us (GIWU) Cooperatives
Bookkeeper, 2019
LANGUAGES
English: Native Language
Filipino: Native Language

Charity Ann D. Prudente

68
Blk 66 L 26 Spring Beauty St.
Brgy. Rizal, Makati
09958605087
charity.prudent@gmail.com

EDUCATION

TERTIARY
Undergraduate: Bachelor of Science in Management Accounting
University of Makati, 2018-Present
SECONDARY
Senior High School: University of Makati-Higher School ng UMAK, 2014-2016
Junior High School: Benigno Aquino High School, 2010-2014
ELEMENTARY
Pembo Elementary School, 2004-2010

WORK HISTORY

Jollibee Foods Corp.

Rekado Atbp.
● Cashier/Service Staff

LANGUAGES
Filipino: Native Language
English Advanced Reading and Writing

69