Problems

1. Consider two hosts, Hosts A and B, connected by a single link of rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts are separated by
m meters, and suppose the propagation speed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host
B.

i. Express the propagation delay, dprop in terms of m and s.

Answer: dprop = m/s

ii. Determine the transmission time of the packet, dtrans in terms of L and R.

Answer: dtrans = L/R

iii. Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the end-to- end delay.

Answer: m/s + L/R

iv. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t=0. At time t=dtrans, where is the last bit of the packet?

Answer: The bit is just leaving node A

 v. Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans . At time t=dtrans, where is the first bit of the packet?

Answer: The first bit is in the link (it has not reached B yet)

vi. Suppose dprop is less than dtrans . At time t=dtrans, where is the first bit of the packet?

Answer: The first bit has reached B

vii. Suppose s=2.5*108, L=100 bits and R=28 kbps. Find the distance m so that dprop equals dtrans

Answer: m = L*s/R = 893 Km

2. Suppose a 128 kbps p2p link is set up between earth and a rover on mars. The distance from the earth to mars (when
they are the closest together) is approximately 55Gm, and data travels over the link at the speed of light 3X108 m/s

A. Calculate the minimum RTT for the link

B. Calculate the delay X bandwidth product of the link
C. A camera on the rover takes pictures of its surroundings and sends these to the earth. How quickly can it reach Mission
Control on Earth? Assume that each image is 5Mb in size.

Solution:

A. Propagation Delay of the link is 55X109 / (3X108 ) = 184 secs.

Thus, RTT = 2 Propagation Delay == 368 secs

B. The delay X bandwidth product for the link is the Delay X bandwidth = 23.5Mb

C. After a picture is taken, it must be transmitted on the link and completely propagated, before Mission
Control can interpret it. Transmit delay for 5Mb of data is 39 secs
 Hence, total delay = transmit delay + propagation delay = 223 secs

4. Consider sending voice from host A to host B over a packet-switched network (for example, Internet phone). Host A converts
analog voice to a digital 64 Kbps bit stream on the fly. Host A then groups the bits into 48-byte packets. There is one link
between host A and B; its transmission rate is 1 Mbps and its propagation delay is 2 ms. As soon as host A gathers a packet, it
sends it to host B. As soon as host B receives an entire packet, it converts the packet's bits to an analog signal. How much time
elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original analog signal at host A) until the bit is decoded (as part of the analog
signal at host B)

Solution:

Before the first bit of a packet can be transmitted, all the other bits belonging to the same packet need to be generated. This
requires: 48x8 / 64x10^3 = 7.6 ms

The time to transmit this packet is: 48x8 / 10^6 =0.384 ms

The propagation delay = 2 ms

Therefore, the delay until decoding is: 6ms + 0.384ms + 2ms = 8.384 ms

5. A path in a digital circuit-switched network has a data rate of I Mbps. The exchange of 1,000 bits is required for
the setup and teardown phases. The distance between two parties is 3,000 km. Answer the following questions if the
propagation speed is 2x108 m/s:

a. What is the total delay if 1,000 bits of data are exchanged during the data transfer phase?

b. What is the total delay if 100,000 bits of data are exchanged during the data transfer phase?

c. What is the total delay if 1,000,000 bits of data are exchanged during the data transfer phase?

Find the delay per 1,000 bits of data for each of the above cases and compare them. What can you infer?

Solution

Total delay (t) = delay of setup and tear down (d1) + delay of data transfer (d2)

Delay of setup and tear down (d1) = 3 * propagation delay + 3 * transmission delay
 Delay of data transfer = propagation delay + transmission delay

Delay of Setup and tear down (d1)

= (3*propagation delay) + (3*transmission delay)

= 3 (3000 km / 2x108 ) + 3 x1000 / 1 X106))

= (3X15) ms + (3X1) ms

= 48 ms

Lets assume the data transmission is in one direction:

a. Total delay (t) = d1 + d2

= 48 ms + propagation delay + transmission delay

= 48 ms + 15 ms + 1 ms = 64 ms

b. Total delay (t) = d1 + d2

= 48 ms + propagation delay + transmission delay

= 48 ms + 15 ms + 100 ms = 163 ms

c. Total delay (t) = d1 + d2

= 48 ms + propagation delay + transmission delay

= 48 ms + 15 ms + 1000 ms = 1053 ms
 d. For a = 64 ms, for b = 163 ms, and for c =1053 ms.

Packet Switching Problems

Five equal-size datagrams belonging to the same message leave for the destination one after another. However, they travel
through different paths as shown in the following table:

Datagram Path Length Visited Switches

1 3200 Km 1,3,5

2 11,700 Km 1,2,5

3 12,200 Km 1,2,3,5

4 10,200 Km 1,4,5

5 10,700 Km 1,4,3,5
 We assume that the delay for each switch (including waiting and processing) is 3, 10, 20, 7, and 20 ms respectively.
Assuming that the propagation speed is 2x108 m/s, find the order the datagrams arrive at the destination and the delay for
each. Ignore any other delays in transmission.

Solution:

Assuming a negligible transmission time (i.e. all datagrams start at time 0). The
arrival times are calculated as:

First: (3.200 km / 2 x 108 m/s) + 3 + 20 + 20 = 59 ms

Switch Delay
Second: (11.700 km / 2 x 108 m/s) + 3 + 10 + 20 = 91,5 ms (ms)
1 3

2 10

3 20

4 7

5 20
Third: (12.200 km / 2 x 108 m/s) + 3 + 10 + 20 + 20 = 114 ms

Fourth: (10.200 km / 2 x 108 m/s) + 3 + 7 + 20 = 81 ms

Fifth: (10.700 km / 2 x 108 m/s) + 3 + 7 + 20 + 20 = 103,5 ms

The order of arrival is 3 -> 5 -> 2 -> 4 -> 1

DIY:

1. We transmit data directly between two servers 6,000 km apart through a geostationary satellite situated 10,000 km
from Earth exactly between the two servers. The data enters this network at 100Mb/s.

a. Find the propagation delay if data travels at the speed of light.

b. Find the number of bits in transit during the propagation delay.

c. Determine how long it takes to send 10 bytes of data and to receive 2.5 bytes of acknowledgment back.

2. Analyze a variation of Exercise 1 where servers are placed in substantially closer proximity to each other still using
satellite for communication. We transmit data directly between two servers 60 m apart through a geostationary satellite
situated 10,000 km from Earth exactly between the two servers. The data enters this network at 100Mb/s.

a. Find the propagation delay if data travels at the speed of light.

b. Find the number of bits in transit during the propagation delay.
c. Determine how long it takes to send 10 bytes of data and to receive 2.5 bytes of acknowledgment back.

3. Stored on a flash memory device is a 200 megabyte (MB) message to be transmitted by an e- mail from one server to
another, passing three nodes of a connectionless network. This network forces packets to be of size 10KB, excluding a packet
header of 40 bytes. Nodes are 400 miles apart, and servers are 50 miles away from their corresponding nodes. All
transmission links are
 of type 100Mb/s. The processing time at each node is 0.2 seconds.

a. Find the propagation delays per packet between a server and a node and between nodes.
b. Find the total time required to send this message.

3. Suppose that a 200MB message stored on a flash memory device attached to a server is to be uploaded to a destination
server through a connection-oriented packet-switched network with three serially connected nodes. This network forces
packets to be of size 10KB, including a packet header of 40 bytes. Nodes are 400 miles apart from each other and each server
is 50 miles away from its corresponding node. All transmission links are of type 100Mb/s. The processing time at each node is
0.2 seconds. For this purpose, the signaling packet is 500 bits long.

c. Find the total connection request/accept process time.

d. Find the total connection release process time.
e. Find the total time required to send this message.

4. Suppose there is a 10 Mbps microwave link between a geostationary satellite and its base station on Earth. Every minute the
satellite takes a digital photo and send it to the base station. Assume a propagation speed of 2.4 * 108 meters/sec.

a. What is the propagation delay of the link?

b. What is the bandwidth-delay product, R * dprop?

c. Let x denote the size of the photo. What is the minimum value of x for the microwave link to be continuously
transmitting?
a. 150 bits
b. 1,500,000 bits
c. 600,000,000 bits

Hint: Recall geostationary satellite is 36,000 kilometers away from earth surface