HANDY MANUAL

PAPER & PULP INDUSTRY

Output of a Seminar on
Energy Conservation
in Paper and Pulp Industry

Sponsored by

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

(UNIDO)
and

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

(MITI), Japan

Hosted by

Ministry of Science, The Department of

Technology and Environment, Energy, Philippines
Thailand

Organized by

The Energy Conservation Center (ECC), Japan

1993

Thailand Philippines
 PREFACE

The conservation of energy in an essential step we can all take towards overcoming the mounting
problems of the worldwide energy crisis and environmental degradation. In particular, developing
countries ate interested to increase their awareness on the inefficient power generation and energy
usage in their countries. However, usually only limited information sources on the rational use of
energy are available.
The know-how on modem energy saving and conservation technologies should, therefore, be
disseminated to governments and industrial managers, as well as to engineers and operators at the
plant level in developing countries. It is particularly important that they acquire practical knowledge
of the currently available energy conservation technologies and techniques.
In December 1983, UNIDO organized a Regional Meeting on Energy Consumption as well as
an Expert Group Meeting on Energy Conservation in small- and medium-scale industries for Asian
countries. During these meetings, it was brought out that, for some energy intensive industries,
savings up to 10% could be achieved through basic housekeeping improvements, such as auditing
and energy management.
All these experiences brought UNIDO to prepare a regional programme on the promotion and
application of energy saving technologies in selected subsectors, since the rational use of energy calls
for a broad application of energy conservation technologies in the various industrial sectors where
energy is wasted. One of these energy intensive industrial sectors to be considered to improve
efficiency through the introduction of modem energy conservation technologies is the pulp and paper
industry.
The pulp and paper industry consumes much energy and water. The pulp and paper industry is
also noted for great percentage of the energy cost in the total production cost.
In the pulp and paper industry, appreciable amounts of energy could be saved or conserved by
regulating and insulating the temperature in the steam pipes, modifying the equipment to recover heat
from the various units in the process of pulping and paper-making and effective use and reuse of paper
machine white water.
Currently, UNIDO is implementing this Programme with the financial support of the Japanese
Government, in selected Asian developing countries. This programme aims at adopting these
innovative energy conservation technologies, developed in Japan, to the conditions of developing
countries.
 In this programme, we are considering that the transfer of these technologies could be achieved
through:
(i) Conducting surveys of energy usage and efficiency at the plant level;
(ii) Preparing handy manuals on energy management and energy conservation/saving tech-
nologies, based on the findings of the above survey;
(iii) Presenting and discussing the handy manuals at seminars held for government officials,
representatives of industries, plant managers and engineers;
(iv) Disseminating the handy manuals to other developing countries for their proper utilization
and application by the industrial sector.
The experience obtained through this programme will be applied to other programmes/projects
which involve other industrial sectors as well as other developing countries and regions.
UNIDO has started this programme with the project US/RAS/90/075 - Rational Use of Energy
Resources in Steel and Textile Industry in Malaysia and Indonesia. This was followed by project US/
RAS/92/035 - Rational Use of Energy Saving Technologies in Pulp/Paper and Glass Industry in
Philippines and Thailand.
The present Handy Manual on Pulp and Paper Industry was prepared by UNIDO, with the
cooperation of experts from the Energy Conservation Center (ECC) of Japan, on energy saving
technologies in the framework of the above-mentioned UNIDO project. It is based on the results of
the surveys carried out, the plant observations and the recommendations and suggestions emanating
from the Seminars on Energy Conservation in the Pulp and Paper Industry; held under the same
project in January and February 1993 in Bangkok, Thailand and Manila, Philippines respectively.
The handy manual will not only be interesting for government and representative from industry, but
it is, in particular, designed for plant-level engineers and operators in developing countries as a help
to improve energy efficiency in the production process.
Appreciation is expressed for the valuable contribution made by the following institutions to the
successful preparation and publication of the manual mentioned above:
The Department of Energy, Philippines
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Thailand
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Japan
The Energy Conservation Center (ECC), Japan

July 1993
 CONTENTS

Preface

1. production process of the pulp and paper industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Consumption in the pulp and paper production process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Promotion of energy conservation technology ..................................................................... 4

3.1 Waste-saving and effective use of energy ....................................................................... 4
3.2 Energy conservation technology in the pulping process ................................................. 5
3.3 Use of waste paper in the pulping process ...................................................................... 8
3.4 Energy conservation technology in the papermaking process ........................................ 11
3.4.1 Paper breaking ...........................................................................................................12
15
3.4.2 Impurities ..................................................................................................................
3.4.3 Press dewatering ........................................................................................................18
3.4.4 Effective use of white water.. ....................................................................................25
31
3.4.5 Drying ........................................................................................................................
3.5 Energy conservation technology in refining process .......................................................33
3.5.1 Unit power consumption of refiner ...........................................................................35
3.5.2 Effective refining energy ...........................................................................................36

4. Energy conservation in the pulp and paper industry .............................................................37

4.1 Energy conservation in the papermaking process ........................................................... 38
I
4.2 Energy conservation in the pulping process ............................................................ ........ 39
1. Production process of the pulp and paper industry

The pulp and paper industry has been consuming much energy and water ever since Cailun (an
inventor of paper in ancient China) invented paper in A.D. 105. He crushed the bark of the shrub with
a stone mill to extract fibers, and separated the single fibers by washing them in water. When they
were uniformly distributed underwater, they were dewatered and formed by a drain board Then the
wet paper web was dried in the sun for a long time, and final paper products were obtained.
The basic principle in the manufacturing process of the pulp and paper industry today has
undergone almost no change, but industry has developed into a process industry constituting the
continuous production processes. Figure 1 shows an example of the production process.
The pulp and paper industry consumes much energy and water. The pulp and paper industry is
also noted for a great percentage of the energy cost in the total production cost.

- l -
 Chemical pulping process

Figure 1 Overview of pulp and paper manufacturing processes

-2-
2. Consumption in the pulp and paper production process

It is extremely difficult to grasp the energy consumption pattern in the entire pulp and paper
industry. Since the pulp process differs considerably depending on production items and composi-
tion of the material woods, it is difficult to define the representative pulping process. Table 1
represents the unit consumption of the consumption pattern of steam and electric power summarized
according to the recent data in Japan, using the model of the integrated fine paper mill for general
printing paper and writing paper.

Table 1 Energy consumption pattern of pulp and paper processes

in an integrated fine paper mill

Process Evaporator Cooking Paper

Bleaching Others
Causticizing Washing machine
1.5 1.0 0.4 3.0 0.3
Steam ton/paper ton
5.9 (95%)
Cooking Paper
Bleaching Refining Others
Washing machine
Electric kWh/paper ton 140 150 240 600 220
Power
1,130 (84%)

The paper machine, which is the greatest consumer of steam, followed by the black water
concentration process, is also the greatest consumer of electric power.

-3-
3. Promotion of energy conservation technology
3.1 Waste-saving and effective use of energy

The paper and pulp production equipment as a process plant is operated by electric power and
thermal energy. Energy conservation is meant not to reduce the energy for operation, but to ensure
“was@-saving” and “effective” use of energy, thereby resulting in reduced energy for operation.
“Waste-saving” and “‘effective” use of energy is ensured by field technology.

“Waste-saving” use is provided by continuous operation from the start of operation to the day
of shutdown determined by the production schedule, without the paper and pulp production being
interrupted by the machine and steam system failure, electric failure due to accidents, or paper
breaking on the paper machine.
This continuous operation requires:
1) Quality control system which permits the constant production of stable good-quality
products, without products rejected in the inspection, and
2) Preventive maintenance (PM) system which eliminates the possibility of machine and
equipment troubles or electric failure due to electric equipment failure.
The so-called total control system must be implemented every day as part of the routine work.

“‘Effective” use is to prevent dissipation and waste of heat of the energy supplied to the system
or to recover it, and to provide uniform hydration in the cross direction on the wire part, press part
and dryer part by ensuring the following equipment functions:

1) Improving the rate of circulated use of white water to reduce the wasteful discharge, which
leads to the reduction of new water used
The electric power for the pump, agitator and refiner is converted into thermal energy to
raise the pulp slush temperature. Discharge of the white water means discharge of heat.
Maintenance of a high system temperature by effective circulation of the white water will
improve the dewatering rate and reduce the amount of steam used for drying. Effective
circulation of the white water will also improve the yield rate.

-4-
 2) Uniform nip pressure of the pressure to be ensured in the cross direction
Effective energy reduction cannot be gained by mere pressure increase. Uniform dewatering
is ensured only by uniform pressure in the cross direction, which, in turn, will permit
uniform drying and minimize the possibility of paper breaking.

3) Three functions of showering, squeezing and dewatering to be used to wash the press felt
The felt cleaned and dewatered to have low-moisture content promotes suction of water in
the pressing process. The use of hot water for shower provides effective washing and
prevents the wet web temperature from lowering.

4) Dryer surface to be kept clean by effective use of the doctor thereby ensuring high heat
conductivity

5) Drain within the dryer cylinder to be eliminated completely

Drain has a low heat conductivity, so it decreases heat efficiency.

6) Ventilation inside the dryer part to be uniform on the front and back, dryer pocket in
particular to be eliminated completely

3.2 Energy conservation technology in the pulping process

The following describes the concept of “wastesaving” and “effective” energy conservation,
with particular reference to the chemical pulping kraft process.
Figure 2 shows the case of batch cooking.

-5-
Cooking Control Gas Heat Recovery Blow Gas Heat Recovery

Figure 2 Batch cooking and heat recovery system

-6-
 Much energy is consumed in the chip pulping reaction.
Heat required for reaction must be given as effectively as possible, and the heat should be
removed upon termination of the reaction; otherwise, it may affect the quality and yield. The
following points should be noted for this series of reaction:

(1) Rise of reaction temperature

The cooking liquor is heated by the steam of the multi-tube heater, and the temperature
inside the digester is raised. In the indirect heating method, scales which have low heat
conductivity will be attached on the liquor side of the heater. Since the scales waste steam,
attached scales should be removed on a periodic basis.

(2) Control of reaction requirements

When the reaction temperature has risen, non-condensable gas will be produced, preventing
the reaction. This gas must be removed. When it is removed, heat contained in the gas is
recovered by the heat exchanger.

(3) Pressure reduction

Immediately after the reaction, the pressure is reduced and the temperature is lowered. The
pressure reducing speed is increased when a great amount of this high-temperature exhaust
gas is cooled by the heat exchanger. At the same time, the heat contained in the gas can be
recovered as hot water. Scales and pulps are attached to the gas discharging strainers
provided on the gas side of the heat exchanger and on the top of the digester, and cause the
gas discharge speed to be lowered. Periodic inspection and cleaning are essential to improve
the efficiency of the strainer and heat exchanger.

(4) Blowing
When the pulp in the digester is to be blown out by the internal pressure, the blow speed is
increased and the blow time is decreased by increasing the differential pressure of the
exhaust gas. Pulps are attached to the jet condenser which absorbs a great amount of gas
and the thermal accumulator. Pulps also enter the heated dirty water, so they are attached
to the heat exchanger for heat recovery. Since the pulps feature extremely small heat
conductivity, they must be removed periodically.

-7-
 For energy conservation in the pulp division, effective supply of energy for pulping must
be ensured, and the extra energy required for pulping should be recovered as effectively as
possible, and should be put to reuse.

3.3 Use of waste paper in the pulping process

The pulp and paper industry is highly evaluated for its effective reuse of the waste paper and for
its attitude toward effective use of precious resources on earth. The waste paper once used only as
paperboard has come to be used as newspaper, writing paper and toilet paper by the development of
deinking technology (see Figure l), which has permitted manufacture of the products having almost
the same quality as the new one. Such efforts have resulted in the utilization rate and recovery rate
of as high as over 50% as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Recovery and utilization rates of waste paper in Japan

- 8 -
 This effort means a great contribution not only to energy conservation, but also to a reduction
in the amount of solid waste generated in the community and reduction in the refuse processing costs,
thereby contributing to the global environment protection.

(1) Waste paper pulping

In the deinking process, deinking agent is added after the defibration of the waste paper, and
the paper is subjected to maturation for a sufficiently long time; then, the ink is removed
from the paper by kneading action. The paper is put into the bleaching equipment, from
which the deinking pulp (DIP) featuring a high degree of whiteness is obtained.

(2) Energy conservation effect of waste paper

Energy consumption in pulping the waste paper is said to be about one-third of that in wood
pulping.
Table 2 illustrates the unit energy consumption for waste paper pulping.

Table 2 Unit energy consumption for waste paper pulping

The progress of the technology for an effective use of waste paper in the pulp and paper
industry is quite remarkable. Figure4 illustrates the consumption rate in the world. It shows
that energy conservation of the pulp and paper industry in the world is making a steady
progress.

-9-
 Source: PPI

Figure 4 Consumptlon rate of waste paper In the world

-l0-
3.4 Energy conservation technology in the papermaking process
The pulp and paper industry as a process industry is required to ensure efficient operation,
depending on the control method which provides continuous operation. An improvement of the
operation efficiency will lead to the effective use of energy and lowering of the unit consumption.
From the viewpoint of operation efficiency, the energy conservation measures can be reduced
to the following points:

(1) Measures to prevent electric failure at power companies

(2) Preventive maintenance by the maintenance division
(3) Prevention of paper breaking
(4) Effective use of white water
(5) Improvement of blanket washing equipment, prevention of the blanket and wire net from
being contaminated, and material processing measures
(6) Acceleration of press dewatering
(7) Acceleration of evaporation in dryer

It is generally felt that there is no remedy for electric failure. A paper manufacturing company
which frequently suffers from power failure adopted a private power generation equipment. Since
then, it has ensured a stable supply of power completely free from electric failure. Operation
efficiency has been increased, while power cost has been reduced to half that of the purchased power.
As a result, sales volume and yield have been improved, enabling the company to achieve
depreciation in less than three years. This effort has also contributed to the improvement of power
situations in local communities and they appreciate it very much.
The process industry cannot enjoy continuous operation without an effective maintenance
division. Preventive maintenance (PM) is to prevent accidents in advance and to repair and improve
the equipment by a planned equipment maintenance based on the past experience with the equipment
failure and by checking the operation through a daily equipment inspection on patrol. It is intended
to eliminate the operation shutdown by the maintenance division.

-ll-
3.4.1 Paper breaking
Paper breaking in the paper machine will lead to a waste of energy and reduced yield, causing
costs to be increased. It also results in a considerable labor consumption. Paper breaking used to be
considered as a matter of course: However, after a detailed analysis of the paper breaking is carried
out, the problem will be greatly reduced as a result of improved operator skill, improved equipment
ranging from material treatment to paper making process, and introduction of the instrumentation
control.

(1) Analyzing causes for paper breaking

Figure 5 shows a chart for the characteristic factors which cause paper breaking.
Table 3 illustrates the outline list showing causes for paper breaking and their remedies.
Means to eliminate the possibility of paper breaking can be summarized as follows:
(a) Removal of shives, sand and other foreign substances
(b) Control of consistency of fibre in head box
(c) Improvement of formation
(d) Uniform pressure to ensure high dewatering efficiency
(e) Uniform evaporation and drying

The following points should be noted regarding technical problems involved in the
equipment:
a) Selection of the equipment with insufficient functions (selection error)
b) Equipment not operating in conformity to the specifications
c) Neglected maintenance, inspection, repair, or performance checking of the equipment
therefore, required performances not fully used
d) Claim against electric failure not submitted to the section in charge inside or outside the
company; technical improvement delayed
It is their duty to check if each function is working, to review the operation method and to
improve it if something is wrong.

-12-
Figure 5 Cause and effect diagram of paper breaking
 Table 3 Causes for paper breaking and remedies
Places for
Classifications Causes Measures Equipment factors
paper breaking
1. Wet part
(1) Couch Fall from couch Excess Moisture Promotion of Dewater rectify on
Wet dewatering on wire Wire Part
Insufficient strength) Setup of Pick up roll
(2) Press Breaking by crushing promotion of
press Roughened surface dewatering
on plain roll Roll grinding Grinding
Mixing of slime Removing the slime Heat kneeding
Mixing of adhesive Separation, removal
substances and dispersion
Uneven Faulty formation Formation correction Flow rectify in Head
dewatering Dirty blanket Promotion of blanket Box & Wire Part
Uneven line pressure washing Washing, squeeze,
Crown correction dewater. grinding
(3) Wet end Fall in wet end Faulty drawing Drawing adjustment Setup of high pressure
Excessive moisture Promotion of Press
Mixing of shives dewatering (line Centr, Cleaner, Fine
Triming water pressure increase) Screen, High Pressure
cutting fault Promotion of screen- Water Jet
ing
2. Dryer part
(1) Yankee Breaking due to Paper powder Effective use of the Dryer cleaner
Dryer faulty separa- attached doctor
tion Damage on dryer Polishing the surface Bronze Doctor,
surface Dryer Grinding
Breaking due to Mixing of shives Promotion of Centricleaner
intrusion of and impurities screening
foreign sub-
stances
Breaking by Faulty drawing Drawing adjustment Flow rectify in Head
tension Faulty formation Correcting the Box & Wire Part
formation
(2) Multi Breaking by Faulty drawing Drawing adjustment
Dryer tension between groups
Edge breaking Edge too dry Improvement of Pocket Ventilation
Mixing of shives dryer pocket Centricleaner, Fine
and impurities Promotion of screen- Screen
Trimming water ing
cutting fault Water pressure
increas
3. Calender crushing Faulty formation Correcting the Flow rectify in Head
part Breaking by Incorrect roll crow- formation Box &Wire Part
foreign sub- ing Correct the roll Grinding
stances Mixing of shives crown
Breaking in and impurities Promotion of Centricleaner, Fine
machine Faulty formation screening Screen
directions and wrinkling Improvement of
Unevey drying and dryer ventilation
wrinkling Correcting the
formation
Removing the dryer
pressure

- 14 -
3.4.2 Impurities
Shives, sands, pitches, slimes and deposits are defined as impurities.
Each of the pulping process, material pre-treatment process and papermaking process is provided
with the device to remove the impurities. This is because too many troubles are caused by the
impurities, and these are very difficult to remove.

(1) Troubles due to impurities

(a) Paper breaking may be caused by tension in the contraction process during the wet web
drying if impurities are located at the sheet edge.

(b) Even if pressure is applied to impurities by the press, they contain much moisture and will
produce black spots (fish eyes). To remove them, they must be overheated inevitably.

(c) This may cause the reduction of printing efficiency and even damage of the plate cylinder
when the user is printing. This may be the cause for claims against product quality.

Paper breaking will reduce efficiency, yield and production volume, leading to a great
energy loss. Fish eyes are often accompanied by much energy consumption due to over-
drying; they cause much curling, a poor paper quality and lower yield.

(2) Impurity removing measures

(a) Equipment
The coarse screen, centrifugal cleaner and material finishing screen for material pre-
processing have pressure and consistency suited to the equipment type. Without relying
on the manufacturer specifications, the dust removal rate shall be measured according to
the requirements of the process in the plan, and the appropriate work standards shall be set
up. Figure 6 illustrates the typical centrifugal cleaner.
The technological advance of the finishing screen is quite remarkable; the slit of 0.07 mm
has appeared, contributing to improved quality and reduced paper breaking.

-15-
Accept

Figure 6 Centrifugal cleaner

-16-
(b) Multi-stage removing of impurity
The multi-stage equipment is used when the impurity cannot be removed completely by
the one-stage equipment. The impurity removal ratio is measured, and the equipment of
the subsequent stage is installed for the existing equipment to provide a multi-stage
configuration featuring sufficient capabilities. This will improve the pulp yield and
quality and prevent paper from breaking, ensuring an improved overall yield.

(c) Removing the slime and deposits

The refining process and papermaking process provide the optimum conditions for the
growth of microorganisms, and deposits are formed in many places. The deposits are
especially formed at the positions which are invisible. Deposits must be removed
periodically from the following positions by manual brushing or by a scraper:

a) From the fan-pump (large volume and low head pump) to the piping leading to the
head box
This position should be provided with the flange connection to facility at cleaning.
b) From the inside of the head box to the lip
Use the wooden scraper so that inner faces will not be damaged. (It must be prepared
for this purpose).
c) Side wall of the forming board under the wire, table roll journal, hydro foil, back of
the deflector and inner and outer surfaces of save-all devices

The amount of slime will increase if the amount of the circulated white water is increased,
and the temperature within the system is raised. When the temperature has reached 45°C
or more, there is no growth of deposits.
Note that the slime control agent is not an inhibitor; it does not remove the slime. It should
be used for a long continuous operation.

-17-
3.4.3 Press dewatering
Dewatering in the papermaking machine is achieved by increasing the nip pressure and by
applying it uniformly in the cross direction. To ensure effective use of the equipment function, repair,
maintenance and adequate modifications must be provided at all times. Care should be taken in the
daily control to assure that the press blanket is elastic enough to have a sufficient sunction force.

(1) Effect of press dewatering

Reducing the wet web moisture by 1% after pressing saves the drying steam of the drier by
4%.

where,

Pw (%): wet web moisture at press part outlet

Dm (%): wet web moisture at dryer part outlet
W (kg): amount of moisture evaporated from 1 kg of dm% paper

The average of values in the cross direction is used as moisture. The sample should be
collected by dividing the total width into several equal parts, and is used for adjustment of
moisture deviation and improvement of the press.

Table 4 shows the moisture evaporated from Pw% of wet paper in the production of 1 kg
of paper, when paper moisture at the dryer end (Dm) is 5% or 10%:

-18-
 Table 4

When the wet web moisture is decreased from 57% to 56% at the press part, where paper
moisture is 5%,

1.21 - 1.16
x 100 (%) = 4%
1.21

Thus, drying steam is reduced by 4%.

Paper moisture of 5% is not effective when consideration is given to the yield.

Assuming the uniform line pressure to be applied in the cross direction, and uniform drying
and paper moisture of 10% to be obtained with moisture at the press outlet being 57%, we
get the following:

1.21 - 1.09
x 100 (%) = 9.9%
1.21

This will save steam for drying by about 10%. Furthermore, the yield is also improved by
5%. Combined with the advantage of energy conservation, a substantial cost reduction is
achieved.

-19-
 (2) Other effect of improving the dewatering rate
For the mechanical pressure of the press, the following advantages are obtained by
improving the density between the paper layers:

a) The strength of the wet web is increased, and the breaking of the wet web between press part
and dryer part is minimized.
b) The surface strength is improved, and the shives attached to the dryer surface are reduced
by the numbers, ensuring a higher paper quality.
c) Uniform dewatering removes sag from the open draw part, and dryer wrinkles are
minimized.
d) The tensile strength, bursting strength and smoothness of the paper are improved.

(3) Major point for press part dewatering rate

Figure 7 shows the factors causing press dewatering:

Nip
Pressure

Rubber

Controlled Roll

Factor of

Freeness

Press
Arrangement

Figure 7 Cause and effect diagram of press dewatering

-20-
a) Nip pressure and specific nip pressure
When the nip pressure is increased in regular succession, paper moisture is reduced up to
twice or three times. After that, the change becomes smaller and smaller until there is no
change at all.
The nip pressure effect should be considered as specific nip pressure (nip pressure/nip
width).
The nip width depends on the diameter of the rubber role and the hardness and wall thickness
of the rubber. To improve the dewatering rate in the current equipment, the first thing to
do is to measure by experiment the locus of the nip width according to the current nip
pressure and changed nip pressures and moisture rate divided into several equal parts in the
cross direction. This experiment provides the improvement measures to increase the
specific nip pressure (nip pressure (kg/cm)/nip width (cm)), the rubber hardness andrubber
thickness.
The locus of the nip width can be identified by color development after the application of
pressure by inserting the no-carbon paper or special-purpose nip check sheet between the
top roll and bottom roll. It can also be used to adjust the roll crown.

b) Roll crown
A pair of top and bottom pressure rolls serve as beams to support both ends, and are bent
downward by their own weight. When load is applied to the journals on both ends of the
top roll, the roll will bend upward. This brings both ends of the rolls into close contact with
each other, but a clearance occurs at the center. As illustrated in Figure 8 (A), the locus of
nip width is formed. The roll crown for ensuring uniform dewatering should be determined
so that an accurately rectangular form, as shown in Figure 8 (B), will be obtained, having
such nip width as obtained from the product quality, papermaking machine, papermaking
speed and analysis of the current situations.

-21-
 Figure 8 Roll crown and nip width locus

c) Press roll and part arrangement

The press where both the top and bottom rolls are made solid is called “plain press”. The
press where one or both of the top and bottom rolls are suction rolls is called “suction press”
(See Figure 9). The “Venta press” is the press which uses the bender roll (or grooved roll),
the surface of which is provided with grooves. Various arrangements are made on the press
part which have a great energy conservation effect.

-22-
 Figure 9 Suction roll

The most fundamental type is the straight-through press, which is available with many
features; reduced installation area, equipment cost and power cost, prevention of paper
breaking, and improved paper surface. Figure 10 shows the typical arrangement.

d) Felt
To minimize the water passing resistance and to ensure the elasticity of the press felt, it is
necessary to wash the felt to remove contamination and excessive moisture.
Using the recovered hot water for washing shower is effective not only to increase washing
efficiency but also to reduce the wet web temperature.

-23-
 A) Straight Through Press

A)-1 Reverse Straight Through Press

B) Twin Ver Press

Dryer

c) Pickup Press (Cornpact Press)

C)-2 Double Pickup Press
C)-1 Uni Press

Figure 10 Typical press part arrangement

-24-
3.4.4 Effective use of white water
There is a close relationship between energy and water consumption in the pulp and paper
industry.
The reuse of white water to reduce the amount of new water to be used is a big problem in the
low-consistency papermaking process, and is one of the great tasks and responsibilities for the
engineers engaged in the pulp and paper industry. There is no equipment which removes completely
and continuously fine fibers and filler from a great amount of white water.
The use of new water can certainly be reduced if unique technologies are established by creative
consideration for the current equipment and newly introduced equipment according to each kind of
products and process.
The pulp and paper industry in the world is making efforts to reduce the amount of water to be
used. Table 5 shows the transition of the unit water consumption of the paper mill in Japan.

Table 5 Transition of the unit water consumption of the

paper mill in Japan

The unit water consumption of this industry was about 200 tons/paper ton by around 1960, so
the value is reduced to a half at present 30 years after that.
Table 6 shows the transition of the unit water consumption in a typical integrated pulp and paper
plant where about 150,000 tons of the bleached kraft are produced every year from the wood free
paper:

-25-
 Table 6 Transition of the unit water consumption and head box temperature

1960 1990
Unit water consumption (ton/paper ton) 175 87
Head box temperature (°C) 20 45
Paper machine unit steam consumption (ton/paper ton) 3.6 2.8

It should be noted, however, that the compositions of the product types and quality manufacture
requirements are considerably different, and the production volume is also doubled during this
period. The annual average water intake temperature is 15.5°C. The rise of the head box temperature
indicates the use of circulating white water, thereby reducing the use of new water.
It occupies 20 to 30% of the unit steam consumption of a papermaking machine.

(1) White water belongs to resources.

The power of pumping up, chest agitator operation and refining is converted into thermal
energy, and is stored in the system, where its temperature is increased. Then it is used for
steam adjustment.
The white water separated by the concentration filter and wire of the papermaking machine
contains fibers and filler, which can be re-used as materials.

(2) Major points for white water reuse

The quality and manufacture requirements are different according to each plant, so
properties, distribution and freeness of the temperature, concentration, pH value, fibers,
filler, etc. are also different. Recovered materials, application of the white water, product
quality after use, the manufacturing requirements for fibers must be studied, based on the
current analysis value, settling test, and filtering test. Based on the result of this study, flow
sheet (See Figure 11) and material balance, water balance (See Figure 12) are prepared. The
improvement of the existing equipment and introduction of the new equipment should be
determined by a careful study, with consideration given to the opinion of the operator.

-26-
Even the equipment which has been installed with consideration given does not always
produce the planned performance. It is necessary to make the most effective use of the
equipment by repeating the so-called P-D-C-A method (collection of the data and its
analysis), as well as improving the equipment. This is the technique. The effective use of
white water has the advantages of improved yield, reduction of drain, and reduced drain
disposal cost in addition to energy and water conservation.
Figure 11 shows the lifted type fiber recovery machine in the flow sheet, while Figures 13
and 14 illustrate the fine fiber recovery filter.
Figure 12 gives the material balance and water balance around the papermaking machine
in terms of model (wrapping paper of 55 g/m2, with the daily production of 100 tons, and
total efficiency of 100%).
When the shower in the head box and wire washing water (new water) are replaced by the
clean white water treated by the white water recovery machine and sand filter, the head box
temperature can be increased up to the value of the stock box.

-27-
Figure 11 White water recovery and water discharge

-28-
Head Box

Figure 12 Typical water balance sheet of paper machine

-29-
 Flocculent
Pressured Water
Treated White Water

Figure 13 Adka save-all

Figure 14 Polydiskfilter

-30-
3.4.5 Drying
The dryer is the greatest heat consumer in the pulp and paper industry. It is necessary to evaporate
almost the same amount of water as the volume of the produced paper. The following introduces the
outline of the factors and measures for the effective transfer of supplied energy to the wet paper and
efficient evaporation:

Evaporation Measures Major points

factor
Heat conductivity Cleaning on the dryer surface Effective use of the doctor to remove
attached foreign substances

Discharge of drain and (1) Effective use of the drain discharge

non-condensable gas from syphon
the cylinder (2) Drain and air has poorer heat
conductivity than cast iron.
Uneven drying Pressure control Pressure control
Section and header pressure detection
Temperature control Temperature control
Detection of surface temperature by
sensor
Installation of BM meter Measurement and control of paper
moisture, weight, thickness
Ventilation Adjustment of air flow line Correction of hood form
inside the dryer
Reduction of thermal Higher air temperature for dispersion
resistance, promotion of Lower humidity and higher speed
dispersion
Removing the dryer pocket Ensuring uniformity in the cross direction

(1) Adjustment of ventilation

The air speed is likely to increase on both edges of the traveling wet sheet of the multi-
cylinder type dryer, then, effective drying goes on. A ventilation pocket is formed at the
center, so evaporation and drying are delayed. Accordingly, the contraction starts first at
both edges featuring quick drying, tension load is applied to both edges and paper breaks.
If there exist shives, sands, slime, deposits and other impurities at the edges, paper is very
likely to break.

-31-
(a) Ensuring uniform moisture
To obtain a uniform moisture profile in the cross direction in the drying process after the
papermaking process, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the following interme-
diate product quality;

- uniform and satisfactory formation on the wire, and

- uniform moisture profile in the cross direction on the press.

After that, ventilation can be controlled easily.

(b) Ventilation control

Figure 15 illustrates the air flow inside the open hood among different dryer hood types
and moisture profile in the cross direction.

Operation Drive Operation Drive Operation Drive

Side Side Side Side Side Side

Figure 15 Air flow or paper moisture profile In different hood types

-32-
(2) Effective use of BM meter
The BM meter is used to control the moisture profile in the cross direction. This is a device
to control the profile within the specified range by the combination of basic weight and
moisture percentage sensors with the computer, while scanning in the cross direction. Basic
weight control is made in the cross direction and machine direction simultaneously. For the
control in the cross direction, the calculation is made by the computer, and fan-pump speed
or the opening angle of stream flow valve is controlled. Control in the machine direction
is made by manual adjustment of the slice lip.
Moisture is controlled by steam pressure control of the dryer section header.
The profile in the cross direction is controlled by the crown control roll (CCR) so that the
press nip pressure is uniform. It should be noted that the complete advantages of the BM
meter can be used only when the pocket ventilation device is installed.

-33-
3.5 Energy conservation technology In the pulp refining process
A pulp beating process was made with a beater before 30 years. After that, a larger capacity and
labor saving requirement of a paper making machine follows a continuous beating machine, that is
a rifiner. The types of a refiner are a conical type, a drum type and a disc type as shown in Figure
16.

Conical type refiner

Drum type refiner

Disc type refiner

Figure 16 Types of a refiner

-34-
 1) Conical type refiner
A conical type refiner consists of a conical fixed shell and a conical rotor with bars on the
surface of the rotor.

2) Drum type refiner

A drum type refiner consists of a drum rotor and a stator. Most of rotor is made from stone.
Fibil process is made without cut of fiber.
3) Disc type refiner
A disc type refiner consists of a sliding disc and a rotary disc. As the number of bar edge
per unit area can be increased, energy utilization is high. A double disc refiner (DDR) can
make the unit energy consumption lower than a single disc refiner. The select of a plate
design such as the width of bar can be easy, so the quality control is easy.

3.5.1 Unit power consumption of refiner

In a conical type refiner, a drum type refiner and disc type refiner, electricity consumption which
is required to reduce the freeness (Canadian Standard Freeness Method) is shown in Figure 17. The
unit electricity consumption is shown with kWh per 100cc drop. The unit electricity consumption
of double disc refiner is lower than that of the other type refiner in NBKP and LBKP.

Figure 17 Comparison of unit electricity power consumption

-35-
3.5.2 Effective refining energy
Refining process effects the strength and surface condition in the quality of paper. The beating
power is saved with operation control according to the equipment specifications. The effective
beating energy (We kWh/t) is as follows:

Effective beating power (kW)

we (kWh/t) =
Pulp volume (B.D. ton/h)

Where,
Effective beating power (kW) = Motor load power (kW) - No-load power (kW)
Pulp volume (B.D. ton/h) = Passing quantity bone dry pulp per hour

It is important for the effective use of beating energy to control the pulp density and the pressure
at the inlet and the outlet of a refiner as specified. The pulp density is around 4% in general. The
pressure at the inlet of a refiner is 1.0 to 1.5 kg/cm 2 and the pressure at the outlet of a refiner is
1.0 to 1.5 kg/cm2 higher than that at the inlet in general. To control these factor, a density controller
is installed in the inlet of a refiner. It is good to use a flowrate controller as a density controller, but
it is necessary to keep constant flowrate at a headbox. The characteristic figure of refining process is
freeness. The factors are the pressure at the inlet and the outlet and the beating power of a refiner.
It is necessary to install pressure gages at a refiner. The instrument related to the characteristic figures
must be installed and be kept in the normal condition.

-36-
4. Energy conservation in the pulp and paper industry

To meet the economic’ growth, market quality requirements are getting more severe and
diversified. These quality requirements often make it essential to use much energy. Figure 18 shows
the trend of the energy conservation under this situation.

(index [1980 = 100])

Figure 18 Transition of unit consumption in Japan

For the solution of this problem, the papermaking process mainly depends on increased
efficiency, while the pulping process depends on equipment improvement.

-37-
4.1 Energy conservation in the papermaking process
Table 7 shows the energy conservation in the papermaking process regarding steam and electric
power unit consumption for the paper and paperboard, and this data is based on replies from the
questionnaire sent by the Japan Paper and Pulp Technology Association.

Table 7 Steam and electric power unit consumption rate for the paper
and cardboard manufacturing process in Japan

Printing paper and coated manila board are required to meet severe quality requirements on the
suitability for printing. Energy conservation is carried out smoothly, although it contains many
factors which are disadvantageous to the unit consumption rate. This is due to the efforts for efficiency
improvement based on the following management policy:
“Followed by sales people, the production program with major emphasis placed on operation
efficiency of the paper machine”
The production plan in the factory is worked out by studying how to reduce the manual
replacement time, while major emphasis is placed on the order of manufacturing processes. The sales
people facing users promote sales activities according to this plan, and this uniform concept also
promotes the field technology in results.
For the newspaper and printing paper, continuous operation for 25 to 40 days is normal. Paper
breaking occurs only 0.1 to 0.2 times a day, according to some reports. Further efforts for higher
efficiency and effective use of the white water will be made.

-38-
4.2 Energy conservration In the pulping process
Energy conservation in the pulping process has registered a remarkable record in the KP method
(kraft pulp). The transition of the unit consumption is as shown in Table 8.
In the pulping process, the introduction of new equipment leads to a reduction of the unit
consumption.

Table 8 Comparison of specific energy consumption for KP pulping

Steam Electricity
Unit: t/pulp t Unit: kWh/pulp t
Cooking FY 1980 1988 1980 1988
N 1.2 1.0 230 220
L 1.0 0.8 130 120
Evaporation N 1.5 2.0 100 90
L 1.9 1.4 100 90
Bleaching N 0.8 0.4 260 220
L 0.6 0.3 170 140

(1) cooking process

One of the major factors for the reduced unit consumption in the cooking process is the
parallel installation of continuous digesters in many cases. Table 9 shows a comparison of
the unit consumption for batch digester and continuous digester:

Table 9 Comparison of specific energy consumption in batch

digester and continuous digester

Steam Electricity
Unit: t/pulp t Unit: kWh/pulp t
Batch Digester FY 1980 1988 1980 1988
N 1.45 1.3 200 215
L 1.1 1.1 120 115
Continuous N 1.1 0.75 I 240 I 220
Digester
L 0.9 0.7 130 115

-39-
 The continuous digester has a smaller steam consumption but a greater power consumption
than the batch digester.
The yearly reduction of unit consumption for steam and electric power is due to a gradual
improvement of the continuous digester and its operation technique.

(2) Concentration process

Table 10 shows the difference between the unit consumption for steam and electric power
of tube type and plate type for the black water concentration evaporator. Since the plate type
is based on gravity flow, the pump power is small, permitting easy turning down, quick
removal of scales and high operation efficiency.

Table 10 Comparison of unit energy consumption for KP pulping

(3) Saving new water

In Japan, the amount of water used recorded a remarkable decrease since about 1970 when
the pollution prevention law was enacted. This trend was further accelerated when Japan
faced the primary and secondary oil shocks in 1973 and 1978 respectively. Figure 19 shows
the transition of unit consumption for the amount of new water used to manufacture paper
and paperboard products.
The use of circulating white water has increased the head box temperature to 40 to 60°C in
many cases. The improved dewatering efficiency and steam unit consumption have also
made a great contribution.

N: Needle-leaved tree (Coniferous tree)

Neblebaum in German
L: Broad-leaved tree
Laubaum in German

-40-