This module is made to help you learn on your own.

The activities were carefully crafted

for you to better understand why some of your inherited traits do not conform with Mendel’s Laws
and explain how Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) works in heredity. You are given one week to
accomplish all the interesting activities, assessments, and reflection herein. It is expected that you
follow the simple reminders for a hassle-free learning.
1. Read and understand carefully the instructions in each section of this module.
2. Do all activities with accuracy and write down important concepts in your notebook.
3. Fill-in the blank tables and write your answers to the Critical Thinking Questions (CTQs) at the
back of this module.
4. Let your parent/guardian guide you in accomplishing this module.
5. Study carefully each lesson and use everything you’ve learned in accomplishing the assessment
and reflection parts.

As you go along this module, you should be able to explain the different patterns of non-
Mendelian inheritance. This will serve as your guide to:
➢ determine all possible combinations of genes for a specific blood type and the probability
of having a male or female child;
➢ explain how sex-linked traits are inherited;
➢ explain how DNA works in coding a trait; and,
➢ appreciate the importance of genes in mapping the possible traits of the offspring.

STOP, READ, and ANSWER.

Directions: Write the CAPITAL letter of your answer on the given answer sheet.
__ 1. Which alleles describe the female sex chromosomes?
A. XX B. XXY C. XY D. XYX
__ 2. If Adenine is always paired to Thymine, what nucleic base is paired to Guanine?
A. Cytosine B. Guanine C. Thymine D. Uracil
__ 3. A human body cell (somatic cell) consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. If the first 22 pairs are
autosomal chromosomes, what do you call the last pair of chromosomes?
A. autosomes B. body chromosomes C. chromosomes D. sex chromosomes
__ 4. In humans, what sex chromosome is the determinant of the sex of the child?
A. X B. XXX C. XXY D. Y
__ 5. What non-Mendelian inheritance generally occurs in the X-chromosome of an individual?
A. Codominance B. Sex-Influenced C. Sex-Limited D. Sex-Linked

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 2

Directions: Identify the numbered parts. Choose your answer from the WORDBANK.

WORDBANK
Cell Chromosome
Nucleic Bases
DNA Nucleus

Now, it’s your time to

unlock another
knowledge. Keep
going!

Genetics is the branch of Biology that studies heredity. It can help you understand how the traits of
your parents are being transferred to you and to your siblings, and answer questions such as: “Who do you
resemble, your mom or dad?” and “Why do some children look like their father and others look like their
mother?”
Aside from the physical features, do you know that blood types are also inherited? A human being
can have one of the four blood types - A, B, AB, or O. And, how about the sex of the child, do you have an
idea on what determines it? Can you explain why some traits are only present in males and not in females,
or vice versa? Furthermore, have you noticed that some people go bald as they age? Why are males more
prone to baldness compared to females? Are there traits that are similarly expressed in both sexes? Can you
name some of them? Also, do you know that in humans, some traits are not only expressed by a single
allele? Yes, not all traits are expressed by a single allele, sometimes a trait could be described by multiple
alleles.
Non-Mendelian genetics explains that the different blood groups are described by multiple alleles
and that the sex of the child is determined by the sex chromosome of the father. It also explains how sex-
linked traits such as hemophilia, color blindness, and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy occur in the X-
chromosome.
In this module, you’ll get to explore new knowledge on non-Mendelian genetics.
Look at the pictures for you to have an idea of what the lessons would be. Can you guess the
characteristic being shown in the picture?

https://mk0wheninmanila4tgfl.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Screen-Shot- https://alchetron.com/Robert-Jaworski
2016-02-03-at-7.53.34-PM-300x195.png

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 3

Lesson 1: ABO Blood Type

Objective: Determine all possible combinations of

genes for a specific blood type.
Materials: pen and answer sheet (page 10 of this
module)
Procedure:
1. Observe and study carefully Table 1 and answer the
following questions.
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. Which blood type is composed of both recessive
alleles?
2. How would you describe the phenotype of a
homozygous dominant A? Heterozygous A?
3. How would you differentiate homozygous blood
type from a heterozygous blood type?
4. Why do blood type AB is called codominant with
each other?

The four classifications of blood types in humans are A, B,

Did you know that ABO
AB, and O. Blood types A and B are both dominant alleles while
Blood Type is an
blood type O is a recessive allele. Blood types A and B can be example of Multiple
homozygous or heterozygous while blood type AB is described as Alleles? Continue to
learn and keep on
codominant with each other. Homogenous blood type is composed of
enjoying.
the same dominant allele while heterozygous blood type is composed
of a dominant and recessive allele.

Hi! Do the Punnett like this

and just cross the alleles.
Punnett square is used to predict the possible genotype of
a given offspring based on the alleles of the parents. Genotypic
ratio depicts the number of times the given allele occurs after the
cross, while the phenotypic ratio shows the number of times the
physical trait is being displayed after the cross of the parent's

alleles. (see sample of crosses on the right ).

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 4

Lesson 2: Sex Determination

Objective: Identify whose sex

chromosomes determine the sex
of the offspring.
Materials: pen and answer sheet (page 10
of this module)
Procedure:
Study Figure 1 carefully and supply the
correct answer to each question in the story.

Hi! Lea, can I

ask a question? Yes, Juan. I know As Q4, to the reader. Great! Now, as Q5, to
What is formed the answer, but I If the sperm of the the reader. If the sperm
when a sperm think it’s best for father carries “X” of the father carries
fertilized the the reader to chromosome, what “Y” chromosome,
egg? answer it as would be the possible what would be the
his/her Q1. sex of the baby? possible sex of the
baby?

Now, my turn to ask

a question. As for Wow! That’s a good Therefore, who do you
Q2 of the reader, question. Can I add think determines the
what is the female as Q3 to the reader, sex of the baby? Is it the
sex chromosome? what is the male sex father or the mother?
chromosome?

The human chromosome is consisting of 23 pairs, the first 22 pairs are autosomes and the
last pair is the sex chromosome, which is either X or Y chromosome. These are involved in the sex
determination of the child. Males have XY sex chromosomes and females have XX sex
chromosomes. During spermatogenesis in males, X and Y chromosomes are produced. Thus, the sex
of the child depends on the fertilization stage. As the sperm from the father carrying the Y
chromosome will fuse and fertilized the X chromosome from the mother, then the child would be
male. And if the sperm from the father carrying X chromosome fuses and fertilized the X from the
mother, the child would be female. Therefore, the probability of having a male and female child is
50% by chance.

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 5

 Hi! As you do the
activity, always
Objective: Make simple illustration of the remember to exercise
concept of sex determination using scientific attitude
such as being
recyclable materials.
resourceful and
Materials: available art work materials creative.
Procedure: Enjoy learning!

Recreate Figure 1: Sex Determination using

available art work materials.

Lesson 3: Sex-linked Traits

Aside from codominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles, sex-linked traits are also
manifestations of heredity that are not governed by Mendel’s Laws; thus, a Non-Mendelian pattern of
inheritance. Sex-linked (X-linked) traits are caused by a faulty X chromosome. It affects mostly the males
(XY) because of having only one “X” chromosome, while females (XX) are normally the carriers of the
disorder because of having two “X” chromosomes.
To find out some of these sex-linked traits and how you may have inherited one from you parents,
do the next two activities!

Objective: Explain how sex-linked traits are inherited.

Materials: ballpen, answer sheet (page 10 of this module)
Procedure:
1. Study carefully the pedigree below.
2. Take note of the shapes, shades, and the legend in the given pedigree.
3. Answer the critical thinking questions that follow.
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. What shape represents the females? the males?
2. What do the different shades tell about the females? the males?
3. Based from the legend, what disorder is being referred to in the pedigree?
4. Why are females not normally affected by the disorder? What determines the chance that a female
would be affected by the disorder?
5. Why do you think males are mostly affected by the disorder? Does this mean that the disorder is
sex-linked?

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 6

 https://www.britannica.com/science/pedigree-genetics
Objective: Illustrate how color blindness is inherited using a Punnett Square.
Materials: ballpen / pencil and answer sheet (page 10 of this module)
Procedure:
1. Read the given problem.
Color blindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder in humans. A color blind man has a child
with a woman who is a carrier of the disorder.
KEY: XCXC = normal female, XCXc = normal female (carrier), XcXc = red-green color blind
female (homozygous), XCY = normal male, XcY = red-green color blind male
2. Using a Punnett square, illustrate the probability of having children who will have normal vision
and children who will have color blindness.
3. Refer to the sample Punnett Square given in Activity 2: The Great Predictor.
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. What is the genotype of the male children?
2. What is the genotype of the female children?
3. What is the percentage of color blind children?
4. What is the percentage that a son will be color blind?
5. What is the percentage of having a color blind daughter?

Hi! Done with non-Mendelian inheritance, now it’s your turn to learn again
something new about DNA. Inside your DNA, nucleotides should be paired with their
respective partners, otherwise, there would be an error. Continue working and find
out how awesome are your roots. Enjoy learning!

➢ ABO system in human blood groups is controlled by multiple alleles. IA, IB, and i are the alleles in
your blood that combine to form four possible blood types such as A, B, AB, and O.

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 7

➢ IA and IB are dominant alleles, while i is a recessive allele. When IA and IB are both inherited by an
individual, since both are dominant, both alleles would be expressed, making codominant of each
other.
➢ The female sex chromosome is XX and the male sex chromosome is XY. So, when the sperm of the
father carrying “Y” chromosome fertilized the egg cell, the sex of the offspring is male. Therefore, the
father determines the sex of the child.
➢ Sex-Linked or x-linked traits occur in the sex chromosomes. Since females have two “X”
chromosomes, as they inherit one faulty chromosome, there is still another “X” chromosome to cover
the faulty one, that is why there is a carrier female. A carrier has the trait in the genes which is not
expressed physically. But in the males, since they only have one “X” chromosome, as they inherit a
faulty chromosome, they automatically become affected by the trait. Moreover, females can also be
affected of the trait if they inherit both “X” faulty chromosomes, because no more “X” chromosomes
would cover the faulty “X” chromosome.
➢ Hemophilia, Color blindness, and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are the common examples of the
sex-linked traits.
➢ Hemophilia is the continuous bleeding specifically in the joints. Color blindness is the inability to
recognize a specific color, such as the red and green colors. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the
weakening of the muscles making the affected individual unable to walk or stand.
➢ DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is made up of nucleotides. It carries the hereditary material from
parents to offspring.
➢ Nucleotides are made up of five-Carbon sugar, deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases.
Nucleotides form every nucleic acid, and the nitrogenous base pairs which are paired together are
Adenine to Thymine, and Cytosine to Guanine, or simply A-T, C-G.

Directions: Study the pictures and answer the questions below.

1. Write all the possible blood types of the offspring if the mother’s
blood type is IAi and father’s blood type is IBi.

2. Write the PR and GR of the possible blood types of the offspring.

kmbiology.weebly.com/sex-linked-traits---

3. What sex is affected by hemophilia?

4. What sex is affected by sex-linked trait? Why?

Hi! You are about to finish this module. As you learned something new, it's about
time to evaluate the learning that you've got. Continue your journey on taking the
Posttest and have your time to reflect. Don't forget to be creative! Always remember,
learning is a continuous process, so DON'T STOP. Keep the flame burning!

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 8

Multiple Choice: Write the CAPITAL letter of you answer on the given answer sheet.
__ 1. What blood type represents a codominant trait?
A. A B. AB C. B D. O
__ 2. Which of the following differentiates a male sex chromosomes from that of a female?
A. X B. XX C. XY D. Y
__ 3. In sex-linked traits such as hemophilia, which condition would produce an affected female
child?
A. The father is affected and the mother is a carrier.
B. The father is normal and the mother is a carrier.
C. The father is affected and the mother is normal.
D. Both parents are normal.
__ 4. If a normal male marries a carrier female, what is percentage of having color blind children?
A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%
__ 5. Which is responsible for the coding the traits?
A. codon B. DNA C. genetic code D. nucleotide

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 9

 9
SCIENCE ___-ANSWER SHEET
Quarter ___: Week ____

Name: __________________________ Grade & Section: ____________ Teacher: _______________

Learning Competency: __________________________________________________________

Pretest
1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________ 5. ________

Looking Back
1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________ 5. ________

Activity 1: Codename ABO

1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________
Activity 2: Who Am I?
1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________ 5. __________
Activity 3: The Craftsman

Activity 4: Who’s the Culprit?

1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________ 5. __________
Activity 5: Knowing Me, Knowing You
1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________ 5. __________
Check Your Understanding
1. _____________ 2. ____________ 3. ___________ 4. __________
Posttest
1. _________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. _________ 5. ________
Reflection

Science 9: 1ST QTR: WEEK 4: When Links Matter 10