Practical Research 1

Quarter IV Module 1

This module has five (5) lessons:

Lesson 1 - Research Design
Lesson 2 – Research Setting
Lesson 3 -Respondents and Sampling Procedure
Lesson 4–Research Instrument
Lesson 5 – Treatment of Data

Learning Objectives:

The learner describes adequately research design (either quantitative or qualitative), sample,
instrument used in quantitative research, data collection and analysis procedures. Presents
written research methodology.

How to learn from this module?

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

Take your time reading the lessons
Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activity exercises diligently
. Answer all the given tests and exercises
Design The overall plan for collecting the data in a research study

Population A complete set of persons or objects that possess some common characteristic
of interest to the researcher.
Sample
A subset of the population that is chosen to represent the population.

Procedure It is the collection process of gathering and measuring information on variables

of interest in a systematic way that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
. Familiarize yourself with following terms;

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 Research Design

The research design states to the whole approach that you decide on to add the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the type of design you should use.

To unlock the challenges, would you be interested in choosing which design?

1. Quantitative / Qualitative Research

a. Quantitative Research: Methods that give emphasis to objective measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through samples,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by employing pre-existing statistical data using
computational techniques. Quantitative research concentrates on collecting numerical
data and simplifying it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.
b. Qualitative Research: A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences
and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and complexity
inherent in the phenomenon.
c. Quantitative research are: c.1. Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and
sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision. c.2. Correlational
research tests for the relationships between two variables. C.3. Causal-comparative
research looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship. This research is not conducted
between the two groups on each other.c.4. Experimental research is guided specifically
by a hypothesis.
d. Qualitative research are: d.1. Ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target
participants’ environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and
themes that emerge. d.2. Narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events,
usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. d.3. Phenomenological
study is an appropriate qualitative method when you want to describe an event, activity,

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 or phenomenon d.4. Case study a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or
event which involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
To come up with the chosen design whether quantitative or qualitative research, think of
which best suites in the given title or topic to explore the collective ideas and picture out to
reveal better understanding. Abstract is allowed to envision the young minds.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Below are examples of the different parts of the Methodology.
Read and understand each part carefully then craft your own given the topic “Solid Waste
Management,” which you used as a topic in the previous module.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research design, research setting, respondents and sampling
procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical technique.
A. Research Design
This study utilized the descriptive-qualitative method in order to achieve the purpose of this
study - which is to determine and describe the experiences of women with breast cancer from
Thrive Breast Cancer Support Group in Cagayan de Oro City. It is descriptive in a sense that the
data obtained was analyzed and describe. Specifically use the phenomenological type that
describes the actual experiences of the women diagnosed with breast cancer.
The researchers used an interview guide questionnaire as instrument. Based on the result of
the survey tool conducted, researcher was able to determine the details of experiences of women
with breast cancer.

Activity 4.1 Directions: Given the topic “Solid Waste Management,” write your Research
Design on the space provided below. Craft your research design following the example above
and the discussions presented. Use the following guide questions in crafting your Research
Design:

Guide Questions:
a. What design did you choose?
b. Describe the design and relate the use of which in your particular study.
c. Which specific type of the research design is being used in your study?
d. Why did you choose such type?

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Activity 4.2 Directions: Given the topic “Solid Waste Management,” write your Research
Setting on the space provided below. Follow the example and the discussions presented below.

Research Setting
What is research setting? The area where the investigator conducts the study.
B. Research Setting
The study was conducted in Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City, one of the respondents’
house. The house has a big room where they usually held the group gathering. It can
accommodate up to 50 persons. The respondents were comfortable in sharing their experiences at
this place. The time frame for the study was from November 2016- October 2017.
Construct a research setting on the space provided:
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A good description of the place and specific details where the study took place is of
utmost important.

Activity 4.3 Directions: Given the topic “Solid Waste Management,” identify your research
population and write your answer on the space provided below. Follow the example and the
discussions presented below.

Population (Respondents)
Persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have
actually taken part in the study.

Sampling Procedure
Sampling Methods:

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 a. Random sampling is a technique which uses randomization to make sure that
every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample.
b. Stratified sampling is a technique which divides the elements of the population
into small subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements
within the group are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups
formed.
c. Convenience Sampling, here the samples are selected based on the availability.
d. Purposive sampling: This is based on the intention or the purpose of study.
e. Quota sampling: This type of sampling depends of some preset standard. It selects
the representative sample from the population.
f. Referral/ Snowball sampling: This technique is used in the situations where the
population is completely unknown and rare.
Example below:

C. Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study comprised of twelve (12) women who experienced breast
cancer in Thrive Breast Cancer Support group in Cagayan de Oro city. The sampling design that
the researchers utilized was purposive sampling. The respondents who participated in the study
were women who are breast cancer survivors. The said respondents chose because the said
women were the only respondents who are willing and available to share their experiences in
breast cancer.

Create your own Example:

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Activity 4.4 Directions: Given the topic “Solid Waste Management,” write your Data Collection
Procedure which combines Data Gathering Procedure and Statistical Techniques on the space
provided below. Follow the example and the discussions presented below.

Data Collection Procedure

The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

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Methods are: the use of survey tool, questionnaire, interviews, observation, instruments, and
recorded data or resources.

Example below:
D. Data Gathering Procedure

Upon the approval of the proposal by the research committee, the researchers secured a
permit to conduct this study from the Dean of College of Nursing. During the visit, the date of
the collections of the data from the respondents was set.
The researchers gave an informed consent before the start of the interview. The
researchers used an interview guide questionnaires themselves to ask questions to the
respondents. The answers made by the respondents recorded and written on the interview guide
questionnaire as the data for this study. After gathering the data, the researchers collected and
made transcriptions of the gathered responses. After that, the researchers analyzed and
interpreted the data.
E. Statistical Techniques
The analysis interpretation of the gathered data was facilitating by used of the following
statistical measure.

1. The frequency and percentage counts used to describe the tabulated data for respondent
profile.
a. Percentage distribution Percentage % = f/n
Where %- percentage symbol
f- number of frequency responses
n- number of respondents

Data Collection Procedure:

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 Practical Research 1
Quarter IV Module 2

Data is all around us, it`s everywhere and in every actions we do results in a new data and
information. Research data such us questionnaires, Focus Group Interview (FGI), Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) and other related documents should be collected, observed, or created for the
purpose of analysis to come up with an original research results. You cannot simply move into
conclusion in your research study without doing the correct process and methodology used in the
analysis and interpretation of your data gathered. In other words, data analysis, interpretation and
implications are needed. It is as important to a researcher like you as it is important for a doctor
to cure the sickness of the patient before giving him any treatment and medicines. Data analysis
help the researcher to come up to a valid and concrete conclusion.
This module will guide you on how to do the interpretation of data and descriptive data
analysis method. It contains some activities that can help you enhance your knowledge and skill
in data analysis and interpretation and implication. You can improve your hidden skills in this
area. You can make it.

At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
 Interpretation of Data
 Descriptive Data Analysis Method

How to learn from this module?

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

 Take your time reading the lessons
 Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activity exercises diligently
 Answer all the given tests and exercises
 Follow the process of interpretation and analysis of the sample data
 Familiarize yourself with following terms

Term Definition

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 Research is any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to
data validate a research study.

Data a process that involves examining, and molding collected data for interpretation
analysis to discover relevant information, draw or propose conclusions and support
decision-making to solve a research problem.

LESSON 1: Interpretation Of Data

Interpretation of data refers to the implementation of certain procedures through which

data results from surveys is reviewed, analyze for the purpose of achieving at valid and evident
based conclusion. The interpretation of data denotes a meaning to the information analyzed and
determines its significance and implications to the study.
The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the main goal is to transform
raw data into something meaningful, significant and user friendly. It includes the following
steps:

Step 1: Data Validation

The goal of data validation is to check whether the gathered data was performed
according to the set standards. It is a four-step process, which includes:
Fraud - to ensure whether each respondent was actually interviewed.
Screening - to check that respondents were chosen according to the standard research criteria.
Procedure - to make sure whether the data collection process was followed
Completeness - to make sure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the necessary
questions, rather than just choosing a few ones.

To do this, you as a researcher would have to choose a random sample of completed

surveys and validate the data collected rather than have the whole population as the respondents.
For instance, suppose a survey with 900 respondents divided into 9 barangays. The researcher
can pick a sample of 50 random respondents from each barangay.

Step 2: Data Editing

Usually, many data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
incompletely or skip them. To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher should
conduct the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and clean out any
points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate results.
For example, an error could be fields in the data information that were left empty by
respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is important to ensure that empty
data/information will be removed or has to be filled in.

Step 3: Data Coding

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 This is the number one significant process in data preparation. Data coding refers to
grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey. For example, if a
researcher has interviewed 1000 people and now wants to find the average daily allowance of the
respondents, the researcher will create daily allowance brackets and categorize the daily
allowance of each of the respondent as per codes. For example,
Code 1- Php10.00 - below Php20.00 and Php20.00 – below Php3000
Code 2- Php10.00 – below Php20.00
Code 3- Php20.00 – below Php30.00 , etc
Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with simplified daily allowance, rather
than having many ranges of individual daily allowances.
Quantitative data interpretation comprises studying the results taken from various
questions in a survey. The results are commonly shown numerically and by percentage in the
data tables. After doing the three steps mention above, the data is now ready for the analysis. The
two most widely used quantitative data analysis methods are descriptive statistics and inferential
statistics.

LESSON 2: Quantitative Data Analysis Methods

Data collection comprises a major area of the research process. This data however has to
be analyzed to have it` s meaning. There are many methods of analyzing quantitative data
collected in surveys. They are:

Cross-tabulation. This is the most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods. It is the
most preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw inferences between different
data-sets of dependent and independent variable. It contains data that have some connection with
each other.

Steps to conduct Quantitative Data Analysis

For quantitative data, raw data has to showed in a significant manner using analysis
methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed in order to find evidential/factual data that would
help in facilitating the research process.

Relate measurement scales with variables:

Associate sacles of measurement such as Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio with the
variables – dependent and independent variables. This step is of utmost important to arrange the
data in proper sequence/order. Data can be entered/encoded into an excel sheet to organize it in a
specific data format.

Connect descriptive statistics with data:

Connect descriptive statistics to contain available data. It can be hard to establish a
pattern in the raw data. Some commonly used descriptive statistics are:
Mean - An average of values for a specific variable
Median - A midpoint of the value scale for a variable
Mode - For a variable, the most common value

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 Frequency - Number of times a particular value is observed in the scale
Minimum and Maximum Values - Lowest & highest values for the scale
Percentages- Format to express scores and set of values for variables
Range- the highest and lowest value in a set of values.

Decide a measurement scale: It is important to decide the measurement scale to conclude a

descriptive statistic for the specific variable. For example, a nominal variable score will never
have a mean or median and so the descriptive statistics will vary. Descriptive statistics will suit
in a situation where the results are not to be generalized to the whole population.

Select appropriate tables to represent data and analyze collected data:

After deciding on a suitable measurement scale, researchers can use a tabular format to
represent data. This data can be analyzed using various techniques such as Cross-tabulation.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics provide absolute/whole numbers. However, they do not explain the
reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to think
about which one is the most appropriate for your research question and what you want to present.
For instance, a percentage is a good way to present the age distribution of respondents.
It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant unless a
sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement.
Before any data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the
data as this will have a long-term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include:

Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared

quantitatively. Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.
Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical
order. Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good,
very good, fair, etc., or agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.).
Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and
equal distances between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point.
Ratio: contains features of all three.

Quantitative Data Examples

Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help understand exactly what this
refers to:

. I updated my laptop 2 times in a year.

. Our youngest sister grew by 5 inches last year.
. 68 people uploaded the latest mobile application.
. My nephew lost his Php500 last week.
. 100 respondents were of the opinion of their product preference. There will be 50% increase
in revenue with the inclusion of a new product.
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. 200 people attended the seminar.
. 35% people prefer shopping online instead of going to the mall.
. It has 12 holidays in this year.
. Product X costs Php500.

As you can see in the above examples, there is a numerical value assigned to each are and
this is known as quantitative data.

Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the sample and does
not need to be generalized to a larger population. For example, if you are comparing the
percentage of adults vaccinated in four different barangays, then descriptive statistics is enough.
Since descriptive analysis is mostly used for analyzing single variable, it is often called
univariate analysis.
The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs to be done
correctly. Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources and tends to enter the analysis
process with tapsy turvy ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. While there
are several different types of processes that are implemented based on individual data nature, the
two broadest and most common categories are “quantitative analysis” and “qualitative analysis”.

Activity 5.1 Direction: Suppose a study is conducted to one of the companies in Solano, Nueva
Vizcaya to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence of one
barangays of Washington, Solano ages 22 to 60 years old. The following data were given.

Table 1 Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percent

21 – 30 yrs. old 170 45.33
31 – 40 yrs .old 90 24.00
41 – 50 yrs. old 80 21.33
51 – 60 yrs. old 35 9.33
Total 375 100

Interpretation of Data (Table 1)

Table 2 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age bracket of 21-
30 years old compared to only 9.3 percent in ages 51 – 61 years old and above and 21.33 percent
belonged to the 31- 40 age range.
This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic for the
Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). There is a much younger age cohort
of teachers entering the workforce.
There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and services.

Table 2 Distribution of Respondents by Sex

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 Sex Frequency Percent
Male 230 61.33
Female 145 38.67
Total 375 100

Interpretation of Data (Table 2)

Table 2 shows that 61.33 percent of the respondents are female compared to 38.67
percent males. This is representative of the current gender distribution of the population in the
Philippines.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2015 of the total population in the
Philippines, 50.40% are males and the rest are females.
This gender distribution is common among most countries where male becomes more in
population than female (Skelton, 2012).

STOP! Now it`s your turn to answer the following questions below.

Supposes a study is conducted to one of the stores in your barangay to determine the
factors affecting customer preferences among the residences ages 22 to 60 years old. The
following data were given.

Table 3 Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percent

21 – 30 yrs. old 38 42.22
31 – 40 yrs .old 21 23.33
41 – 50 yrs. old 18 20
51 – 60 yrs. old 13 14.44
Total 90 100

Kindly give your interpretation on the given data in table 3.

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Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the
residence of one of the barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. What particular
data analysis method will you use?

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Activity 5.2 Direction: Suppose you want to sell your product to of one of the school canteen of
Santa Fe National High School thus you conducted study to determine the factors affecting
consumer preferences of the students ages 16 to 19 years old. The following data were given.

Table 1 Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percent

16 yrs. old 370 45.12

17 yrs .old 200 24.39
18 yrs. old 150 18.29
19 yrs. old 100 12.20
Total 820 100

Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 1. Remember to write
first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it
with your review of related literature.
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Activity 5.3 The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data were
given below

Table 2 Distribution of Respondents by Sex

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 430 52.43

Female 390 47.56
Total 820 100

Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 2. Remember to write first the
comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your
review of related literature.

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______________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 5.4 The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data were
given below:

Table 3 Distribution of Respondents by Daily Allowance

Daily Allowance Percent

Frequency

Below Php20 120 14.63

Php20 – below Php30 200 24.39
Php30 – below Php40 150 18.29
Php40 – below Php50 100 12.20
Above Php50 250 30.49
Total 820 100

Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 3. Remember to write first the
comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your
review of related literature.
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Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence
of barangay Poblacion, Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya ages 22 to 60 years old. What particular data
analysis method will you use?
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 Practical Research 1
Quarter IV Module 3

This module contains some activities that can guide you on the appropriate method
analysis of data obtained, interpretation and presentation of results (if applicable).

This module has two lesson lessons in qualitative data analysis:

 Data Analysis method
 Interpretation of Data

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify Different method in Analyzing Data
2. Analyze Data
3. Interpret Data

How to learn from this module?

To attain the goals of this module, please do the following;
a. Take your time to read and understand the concepts in this module
b. Follow the instruction carefully in every given task
c. Answers all the given tests and exercises
d. Present an output in every performance task given
e. Familiarize yourselves with the given terms

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LESSON 1. Qualitative Data Interpretation Analysis Method
A research following a qualitative approach is an exploratory way of finding the
explanation of “how” and why of a certain event or phenomenon. Qualitative data is using
mostly non-numerical data like texts, videos, and peoples written or spoken words. We can
gather data from simple interviews transcripts, documents, blogs, observations, survey, and
focused group discussion using a specific structure or unstructured guides.

Terms to remember:

Individual interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the
interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the
interviewee following a structured guidelines or pointers. As a researcher you can ask simple to
complex questions which are useful for exploring an individual’s beliefs, values, understandings,
feelings, experiences and perspective of an issue.

Questionnaires are series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.

In Observation, a group or single participants are manipulated by the researcher, for example,
asked to perform a specific task or action. Observations are then used made for their user
behavior, user processes, workflow, etc. either in a controlled situation example in the laboratory
or in a real-world situation example in the classroom. It deals with actual encounter with
respondent particular activities of the day.

Surveys can be open or close-ended questions.

Themes are idea or categories that emerge from grouping of lower level data points

Coding are process of attaching labels to lines of text so that the researcher can group and
compare similar or related pieces of information .

Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)

Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of process and procedures whereby we
move from the qualitative day that have been collected and procedures whereby we move from
the qualitative data that have been collected in to some form of explanation, understanding or
interpretation of the people and situations we are investigating.

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 There are some common ways to analyze qualitative data. These are content analysis,
discourse analysis, grounded theory, narrative, and thematic analysis. But in this module you will
just focused on thematic analysis which will deal with how to develop a coding theme.

Content analysis
This is one of the most common methods to analyze qualitative data. It is used to analyze
documented information in the form of texts, media, or even physical items. When to use this
method depends on the research questions. Content analysis is usually used to analyze response
from interviewees.

Discourse analysis
Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze interactions with people.
However, it focuses on analyzing the social context in which the communication between the
researcher and the respondent occurred. Discourse analysis also looks at the respondent’s day-to-
day environment and uses that information during analysis.

Grounded theory
This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon happened. It
does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different settings and using the data to derive
causal explanations. Researchers may alter the explanations or create new ones as they study
more cases until they arrive at an explanation that fits all cases.

Narrative analysis
This method is used to analyze content from various sources, such as interviews of
respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories and
experiences shared by people to answer the research questions.

Thematic Analysis
In a thematic analysis of qualitative data, the researcher looks across all the data to
identify some recurring issues. Main themes that summarize all the views collected can be
derived from these issues. The main stages of thematic analysis are as follows:

 Read and annotate transcript.

 Identify themes
 Develop a coding scheme
 Coding the data

Read and annotate transcript. In this stage, as a researcher you can have a feel for the data
because primary observations are provided. However, an overview of the data cannot be
achieved in this early stage.

Identify themes. In this stage, you can look at the data in details to identify themes. In each
transcript, you may note at the outset what the interviewee is trying to impart in his/her
responses. It is suggested that these themes must be enumerated and notes be made as abstract as
possible.

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 Here is an example of a transcribed result of an interview conducted in Bulua National
High School to displaced learners during the Marawi siege. They were able to come up with
varied theme depending on the questions asked. This is a result based on one on one interview

INFORMANT 1
VERBATIM TRANSLATION THEME
I: Paano ka nakarecover sa nangyari I: How did you recover after the
sa Marawi siege?
P: Para sa akin, nakarecove rako sa P: For me, I have recovered from
nangyari sa Marawi. Magmula nung what happened in Marawi ever RECOVERED
tumira kami dito sa Auntie ko, mas since we started to live in my auntie
napalapit kami sa isa’t isa at nasanay because we became closer and we
din ako sa pamumuhay dito. started to get used to the way of
living here
I: May nagbago ba sa pamilya ninyo I: Is there any changes in your
magmula nung nangyari yun? family ever since that happened?
SEPARATION
P: Oo, kasi nagkahiwa hiwalay P: Yes, my family got separated
kaming pamilya nang dahil doon. because of what happened

I: Na apektuhan ba ang culture ng I: Did it affect the cultural practice

mga Maranao? of the Maranaos? GETTING
P: Oo, kasi unti-unti nang nagagay ng P: Yes, because the maranaos are INFLUENCED
mga maranao yung gawain ng mga starting to adopt the things that
BY
Christian tulad ng pakikipagrelasyon Christians do like getting in a
at hindi narin pagsuot ng kumbong relationship and not wearing a veil CHRISTIAN

I: Para sayo, may nagbago ba? I: How about you, is there any
changes?
STRONG
P: Para sa akin hindi. Kasi mas
FAITH
lumakas yung pananampalataya ko sa P: For me, no. Because my faith in
panginoon. God became even stronger
I: Anong natutunan mo matapos ang I: What have you learned after what
NOT
nangyari? happened?
NEGLECTING
P: Yung natutunan ko ay, kahit nasa P: I have learned that, even though THE
Christian area ka, wag mo dapat you’re in a non-muslim area, you CULTURAL

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 kalimutan ang relihiyon mo at ang shouldn’t neglect the practive of
mga practice niyo sa relihiyon your religion PRACTICES

Activity 6.1 Direction: Using the ideas presented above and given the topic “Solid Waste
Management,” you can now start working with your research questions by using thematic
analysis. You may start with one informant only inside your residence (family member only to
avoid physical contact as a minimum health standard). Use five questions. You may use this
format.
Verbatim Translation Theme
Interviewees Question
(I)

Participants Answer
(P)

Identifying Theme

If your research topic is using qualitative data, utilize the data you gather to develop and
identify theme. Otherwise, choose a topic relevant to your research and conduct an interview
using the interview protocol you learned in Practical Research 1. Follow the format of transcript
of informant below. You may limit your questions up to 5 or depending on the need of your
research.

Develop a coding scheme. Initial themes can be collected to develop a coding scheme. This
includes the enumerated themes and the codes applicable to the data. Each broad code have a
number of sub codes. It is recommended to use a coding scheme as soon as initial data have been
gathered.

Coding the data. The next step is applying these codes to the whole data set. This can be done
on either the margins of the transcripts or the statements in line. In an ideal setting, the whole set
of data should be coded to ensure honest and exhaustive analysis.

There are six basic steps in coding data:

Get an idea of the entire set. After reading the transcriptions carefully, write down some ideas
as they arise in the margins and transcription

Select one interesting document. Choose the shortest and perhaps the most interesting
transcript, reread it and ask questions, “What is the respondent talking about?” Discern the
underlying meaning and jot down in the margins of the transcript.

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Start the document coding process. Divide the transcript into segments, put brackets in each of
the segments, and give specific code to each phrase or word that exactly explains or describes the
meaning of the text segment.

List all the code words. After coding the whole text, look for redundant codes by grouping the
similar ones. Through this process, the list of codes can be reduced into a more manageable
number. It is recommended to limit the number of codes from the start of the process, so that it is
easier to manage the reduction of code number.
Review the list against the data. Apply this preliminary organizing process to the same
transcripts and find out if the new codes appear.

Categorize the codes for emerging themes or descriptions of the subject or setting. Themes
or categories are the same codes combined together to identify major ideas in the data. Identify
five to seven categories representing the most discussed responses of the subjects. These few
themes will enable the researcher to write an in-depth information about a few themes, rather
than a broad description about many themes.

Developing a Coding Theme

Steps in developing a coding theme. Use the “How to Analyze Data and Use Codes or
Categories” steps (Taylor-Powell and Renner 2003).

Get to know your data. Read your data very well and have a good grasp of the meaning that
each statement tries to convey. Open-coding, the initial coding, is the process of examining data
and finding themes that are apparent (Strauss and Corbin 1990).

Focus the analysis. Your participants might be giving pieces of information that are not related
or significant to your present study. Be sure to identify and disregard them.

Review the purpose and go back to the research question. Always go back to the purpose of
your study and your research questions. They will guide and help you identify what is important
and they are your main guides in analyzing your data.

Identify themes or patterns. Use codes or labels, such as the one in the example given, during
this process. Basically, we use labels or highlighter to identify themes or patterns. Your thorough
understanding of your data will facilitate this process.

Ask team to analyze You can ask another person (your teammates) to reanalyze the data to
make sure nothing is missed during the open-coding.

Organize themes into categories: preset or emergent Once codes have been identified, you
can now organize them in tabular form

Identify patterns within and among categories. This is when you categorize patterns and
themes that you have identified in your data. This is the final step. You can further streamline
your categories by looking at those that you think could be combined to form just one category.

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Go back to your research questions. Those themes and patterns that your have identified are the
answers to your research questions.

Activity 6.2 Direction: Identify the themes from the qualitative data presented below. Data were
extracted from an unpublished research paper conducted by Ms. Cristy G. Dablo of the Division
of Misamis Oriental are the narrated experiences of teenagers realizing the inevitable pregnancy.
The research is entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy And Its Interventions: Minimizing Future
Risks Among High School Students”
There were three central themes which emerged based on the interviews with the five (5)
respondents’ experiences that cherished relationships as substantial and tough acquisition of love
(C.R.Y.S.T.A.L) in the acceptance of being pregnant at an early age towards successful
adjustment.
The three central themes are the following: (1) life’s turning point: a baby bump, (2)
role changing: new set of responsibilities, and (3) glint of hope: a blessing in disguise.
Choose which theme best fit each table.

Table 1. Experiences knowing that you are pregnant

Theme:_______________________________________________________________

R1 “Kanang nahadlok ko kay basin dili ko panagutan sa akong uyab, pero mas nahadlok ko
nga basin dili madawat sa akong ginikanan samot na nga dili sila ganahan sa akong uyab”
{I’m afraid that my boyfriend won’t carry the responsibility, but I am more afraid of my
parents not accepting me for they don’t like my boyfriend}
R2 “Nahadlok ko gayon ga to the point nga nagplano ko nga ipalaglag ang bata nga naa sa
ako tiyan tungod ky wala nay ginikanan na akong maduolan sa akong pagburos og nag
plano pod ko maghikog nalang.”
{I am so afraid and reach to the point aborting the the baby’s life inside my tummy, since
I don’’t have the parents to turn to. With that, I planned to commit suicide.}
R3 “Kada gabii ko mag hilak ky gahuna-huna kung unsaon nako pagsulbad ani nga problema.
Gusto nako ipalaglag ang bata ky dili pa ko ready nga mahimong inahan.”
{I cried every night, thinking on how to solve the problem. I wanted to abort the child for
I am not ready to become a mother}
R4 “Pagkabalo nako na buros mura kog na down og ayo tungod kay ga overthink kog ayo sa
mga possible nga mahitabo og wala pod ko kabalo unsa akong buhaton. Mas samot ko
na hadlok unsaon pag atubang sa problema nga na buros ko sa sayo ngapangidad.”
{As soon as I know that I’m pregnant, I felt so down because I overthink of possibilities
and do not know what to do}
R5 “Nahadlok ko… kay maulawan akong pamilya. Naghunahuna ko nga dili ipadayun ang
akong gidala. Ug siguro magpalayu nalang, mu undang ug eskwela. Nawad-an kog
paglaum sa akong kinabuhi tungud ani nga bata.”
{I’m afraid… because I put shame on my family. I thought of aborting my baby inside my
tummy. I want to stay away from them, I want to stop schooling. I lost hope in my life

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 because of the baby.}

Table 2. Adopting your life knowing that you are pregnant

Theme:_______________________________________________________________________

R1 “Dako gayod kayo ang kabag ohan labi na maglaag kay buntis bya, sige ra katulgon and
tapulan na maglakawlakaw, na ana laing obligasyon ang baby sa tyan”
{A lot of changes happened especially roaming around oppps I’m pregnant, always
sleepy and lazy to walk around, have an obligation on the baby in my tummy}
R2 “Nag attempt ko palaglag sa bata kay naglibog ko unsaon ni but a friend nag ingon na
ayaw kay bunga na sa inyong love and a blessing kay dili tanan makaanak”
{I attempted to abort the baby for I got confused on this but a friend told me not to doit
for this is the fruit of your love and a blessing since not all are capable of bearing a
child}
R3 “Dili ko gusto na ilang hunahunaon na desperado na kayo ko nga babae so I tried to
abort na nga sa akoa na part nga wala koy parents living alone og naa pa ni bata
naaahhh I am not ready mahimong mama huhuhu pwede maghikog?”
{I don’t want them to think that I am desperate woman, so itried to have an abortion for
in my part living alone with no parents with this additional burden of naahhh I am not
ready mom huhuhu can I commit suicide?}
R4 “Naglisod gyud ko og adjust tungod sa akong sitwasyon karon halos kada gabii
maghilak pero gikaya nako nga ginbugaton sa problem ani tungod gadala ko kinabuhi
nga naa sa akong tyan, ginamotivate nako ang akong kaugalingon nga kaya nako ni
malampasan ang tanan.”
{I have difficulty adjusting because of this situation that I cried almost everynight but I
bear the weight of such burden ‘coz I’m carrying life in my tummy, I motivated myself
to surpass all}.
R5 “Karon galisod gyud ko labi na nga nagbulag mi sa akong partner in crime, unsaon
nako pagpadako sa umalabot nga bata, labina walay financial support from the said
partner plus nieskwela pa ko og dili sapat ang financial na gihatag sa akong ginikanan.”
{I am in difficulty since we just broke up with my partner in crime, how am I going
raise my coming child more so that there’s no financial support from the said partner
plus I am still in school and not enough financial support given by my parents).

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Table 3. The present condition
Theme:______________________________

R1 “Karon ky ok na kayo ko, naa akong pamilya nga nagsupport og gaalaga sa akoa.”

{Today I am much okay. I have my family that supports and takes care of me}.
R2 “Karon na feel nako ang support sa akong pamilya.Ila kong gialagaan .Kay unsaon pa
man daw nila og kasuko kung naana. Karon ginatabangan ko nila mama kon unsaon pag
maanak na baby.”

{I now felt the support of my family they take care of me., coz how are they going to get
angry when it’s there already. For now, they’re helping me to prepare for the coming of
the baby}.
R3 “Nagbasol ko? Oo kay ayha ra nako na realize nga sayop tong akong gihimo nga
humana. Nasoko ko sa akong kaugalingon kay nagpaapekto ko”.

{I regretted my decision? Yes coz I just realize that what I did is wrong and it’s done. I
got angry to myself for I am affected of}.
R4 “Karon ky kontento nako sa akong kinabuhi kay naa sila mama para sa akoa, naa akong
supportive na mga amigo.”

{For now I am contented for what I have because parents were just there for me, and the
presence of supportive friends}.
R5 “Karon ky maingon nakon ga dili pa gyud ko stable, financially ky wala gasustento
akong uyab og parents, pero gapaningkamot ko para healthy si baby paggawas.”

{Now I can say that I’m still not stable financially, since there’s no support from my
boyfriend and parents. Though I tried so hard that my baby will be delivered healthy}.

Interpretation Of Qualitative Data

Interpretation of qualitative findings is a process of intellectualizing beyond the emerging

themes to broader perspectives of the data. In simple terms, interpretation of findings is making
sense of the data collected, and an act to identify the lessons learned from the study. In
interpreting results, it is helpful to group similar responses into categories then identify usual
patterns to derive meanings from what may seem unrelated and wordy responses. This strategy is
very important in making sense of the outcomes of focus group discussions and interviews. It
must also be remembered that interpretation depends on the point of view of the researcher.

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 Some Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation Tips

The following are some tips in analyzing and interpreting qualitative data that can be helpful
to beginning researchers:
 Consider the data from various perspectives. Whatever the research may be or whatever
data have been collected, it is always best to ask what that data mean for readers.
 Think beyond the data. Make the most out of the data, neither too much nor too little.
Ensure that the connection between or among the data sets and their interpretation are
clear. Anchor all data interpretations on the research objectives.
 Make visible personal assumptions and beliefs or models that influence the interpretation,
representing personal views of the world. These models are usually not carefully
analyzed and may be below the level of understanding. If left unexamined, the
assumptions and beliefs might lead to wrong interpretations. Think and reason our
carefully. Individual or collective listing of assumptions about inquiry can be done.
 In some cases, outlying data or data that is different from others may be encountered and
regarded accordingly. Consider to incorporate them in the analysis and interpretation
data.
 Watch out for some data may come in surprise, contradictory or puzzling, because they
usually lead to useful insights. They must also be given attention for an holistic
interpretation of data.

Sample interpretation of data using the extracted table from the unpublished research paper of
Ms. Cristy G. Dablo, entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy And Its Interventions: Minimizing
Future Risks Among High School Students.”

Table 1. Experiences knowing that you are pregnant

R1 “Kanang nahadlok ko kay basin dili ko panagutan sa akong uyab, pero mas nahadlok ko
nga basin dili madawat sa akong ginikanan samot na nga dili sila ganahan sa akong uyab”
{I’m afraid that my boyfriend won’t carry the responsibility, but I am more afraid of my
parents not accepting me for they don’t like my boyfriend}
R2 “Nahadlok kog ayo nga to the point nga nag plano ko nga ipalaglag ang bata nga naa sa
ako tiyan tungod ky wala nay ginikanan na akong maduolan sa akong pagburos og nag
plano pod ko maghikog nalang.”
{I am so afraid and reach to the point aborting the the baby’s life inside my tummy, since I
don’’t have the parents to turn to. With that, I planned to commit suicide.}
R3 “Kada gabii ko maghilak ky gahuna-huna kung unsaon nako pagsulbad ani ngaproblema.
Gusto nako ipalaglag ang bata ky dili pa ko ready nga mahimong inahan.”
{I cried every night, thinking on how to solve the problem. I wanted to abort the child for I
am not ready to become a mother}

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 R4 “Pagkabalo nako naburos mura kog na down og ayo tungod kay ga overthink kog ayo sa
mga possible nga mahitabo og wala pod ko kabalo unsa akong buhaton. Mas samot ko
nahadlok unsaon pag atubang sa problema nga na buros ko sa sayo nga pangidad.”
{As soon as I know that I’m pregnant, I felt so down because I overthink of possibilities
and do not know what to do}
R5 “Nahadlok ko… kay maulawan akong pamilya. Naghunahuna ko nga dilii padayun ang
akong gidala. Ug siguro magpalayu nalang, mu undang ug eskwela. Nawad-an kog
paglaum sa akong kinabuhi tungud ani nga bata.” {I’m afraid… because I put shame on
my family. I thought of aborting my baby inside my tummy. I want to stay away from them,
I want to stop schooling. I lost hope in my life because of the baby.}

Interpretation for Table 1:

All of the respondents’ responses were about fear, worries, and apprehensions. Table 1
showed the emotions that respondents felt knowing that they were pregnant at an early age.
Three (3) directly blurted out the feeling of fear and the rest indirectly said. Fear on how the
parents reacted to the shame they brought up, fear of hopelessness that the baby shuttered their
future dreams, fear on how they raise the child knowing that they are incapable of supporting
themselves.
According to Enyegue (2004) teenagers raised in a culture where parents are really afraid
to broach the topic to their kids are at risk of early pregnancy. With this, many teens worry about
what their families will say when they find out that they are pregnant. So, they avoid telling their
parents or someone else who might be able to help them find support. This delays their prenatal
care, making the pregnancy even more risky for themselves and their baby. With that fear,
abortion came to their thinking trying to solve the problem, facing the grim realities of teen
pregnancy is not pleasant.

Activity 6.3 Direction: Using the same data extracted table from the unpublished research paper
identify the table which the following interpretation best describe.

Interpretation A: Table #____________

Most (3 out of 5) of the respondents were worried much for they do not know what to do
with the situation. The role changing happened due to physical changes of the body and the
thought of having another life put themselves in a dilemma of additional responsibility yet they
are too young, incapable of supporting oneself and financially dependent from parents for their
studies. Since the partner also do not have the capability to handle the responsibility, for they are
still young to think of, some got separated leaving the teenage mother to take all the
responsibilities. Though parents felt bad, they still accepted and no other choice but to help the
teenage pregnant mother.
According to Bandura as stated by Cherry (2011) acceptance is an important stage in the
process to reach the goal of successful adjustment. People with a strong sense of self-efficacy:
view challenging problems as tasks to be mastered, develop deeper interest in the activities in
which they participate, form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities, and
recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments.

Interpretation B: Table #______________

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 Majority (3 out of 5) of the respondents felt much better as their parents accepted the fact
of being pregnant at an early age despite the drama of the situation. Table 3 showed that
acceptance of having a baby, role changes to self and new responsibilities made the respondents
happy towards adjustment with the help and support of parents and friends. Excitement of the
coming of the baby is a blessing in disguise for the family and friends that somehow gave
encouragement to the teenage mother to continue to take care and love and determined to
continue their studies in preparation for the future of oneself and the baby.
A different way or process of adjustment, that starts with the sense of self of having an
impact on life experiences, which somehow relationships of family, and friends have the
influenced on how to undergo the process of adjustment. According to Aňonuevo, C.A as stated
by Natividad et.al, (2005), family is still the primary source of care. The family is very important
in the care of adolescents. Though the family is facing many changes and challenges, it continues
to have the responsibility of taking care of each member’s needs. Such relationships of close
family ties cherished older person to adjust situations of life successfully.

Practical Research 1
Quarter IV Module 4

Conclusion and Recommendations comprises the Chapter 5 of your paper and is

considered as the last step in accomplishing a research study. In this module, you are going to
focus on learning the last two sections of your research paper as per introduced above.
Conclusion focuses on implying the totality of the result of the study, whether all the
objectives of the study are satisfied or not. Conclusion also gives the comprehensive summary of
the findings of the study. The recommendations section, on the other hand, gives the opportunity
for the researcher to give his/her suggestions for the betterment and improvement of the study.
This module is also designed to help young researchers to know the ways on how to
improve the writing and presentation of research papers. As proofreading is important in
submitting research papers, one must take note to consider all the significant points in pursuing
the mentioned.

At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
 Define and understand the concepts of research conclusions,
recommendations and written reports;
 create their own conclusion, recommendations and reports based on their
specific research topics; and
 appreciate the importance and usage of research conclusion,
recommendations and written reports in a research study.

How to learn from this module?

To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:

 Read the overview to assess the coverage of this module.
 Take the pre-test to check your comprehension on the topics.

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  Carefully read all the discussions of this module.
 Accomplish the activities provided per lessons. Always take note of
the given directions.
 Take the post-test to check your learning.
 Have an enjoyable learning experience!

LESSON 1. Forming Logical Conclusions

Conclusions is the first section of your Chapter 5. This section as described by Prieto et
al. (2017), is commonly composed of the inclusive summary of findings of the research study. In
this section, you can find facts that were learned from the inquiry. Conclusion serves an
important part in making a research paper as it is the chance of the researcher to leave a lasting
impression.

Research conclusion has its important roles and purpose in a research study. These are
commonly elaborated as the following:
a) it stresses out the importance of the thesis statement,
b) it gives the written work a sense of completeness,
c) it leaves a final impression to the readers and
d) it demonstrates good organization.

When making the conclusion of your paper, you must abide with the following
characteristics (Prieto et al., 2017). These characteristics will guide youto produce a quality
research conclusion.

 Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations,

general statements and/or generalizations based upon the finding.
 Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the beginning of
the investigation in the order that they are given under the statement of the problem.
 Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry
 Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they convey all
the necessary information resulting from the investigation.

Below are the strategies that you could follow in making your conclusions:
 You briefly discuss or reecho your Introduction.
 Put a final impression on your readers by giving them a hint of the application of your
research towards their daily life.

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  Get more good impressions by concluding the importance of the study towards the
society.
 Leaving a question to the readers which could be an avenue for gaining new perspective.

Activity 7.1. Directions: Visit your library or surf the internet for five (3) free and available
research papers. Analyze how did the authors crafted their conclusion, and supply your answer
on the space allotted below.
Research Title Author and Date Published Analysis of the Research
(Include website if source is Conclusion
from the internet)

Activity 7.2. Directions: Craft your research conclusion based on the discussion given above.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 2. Making Recommendations Based On Conclusions

After crafting your research conclusion, the next step for you to take is to write your
research recommendations. Recommendations will be the last part of your Chapter 5.
Recommendation is commonly known as the section where you can give suggestions on the
matters relative to your research that must be improved. When writing you must take the
following considerations:
 Recommendations must be brief. When writing your recommendations, take note to write
it concisely and as brief as possible.
 Recommendations should be clear. You must state the specific suggestions that you want
to imply in you study.
 Recommendations must be precise. When giving suggestions, you should avoid vague
recommendations to secure sufficient results.

As recommendations should be crafted briefly, clearly and precisely, here are some guidelines by
Prieto et al. (2017) that you can use.
 You must avoid writing broad and generic recommendations. Also, avoid
recommendations that are directly related to the topic of the research.
 Remember that recommendations are one step further than the conclusion.
 You must take into consideration that recommendations must be specified according to
the areas of concern (i.e. academe, policymakers, etc.)

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 Activity 7.3 Directions: For this activity, you will need the sources that you have used for the
completion of the last activity. To do this activity, you need to read and analyze the contents of
the recommendation of each identified source. Write all your answers on the table provided
below.

Research Title Author and Date Published Analysis of the

(Include website if source is Research
from the internet) Recommendation

Activity 7.4 Directions: Craft your research recommendation based on the discussion given
above.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 3. Writing And Presenting Clear Reports

After accomplishing all of the contents of your research paper, the next thing that you
must do is to prepare and write a research report. Accordingly, research reports are defined as
written documents that discusses a certain issue or topic. It is a document which holds all the
information about a research study from its introduction down to the recommendations.
In making your report, you must take the following considerations:
 You must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your report.Take note
to include the findings and discussion of your study. You should also include the
introduction, methodology, conclusion and recommendations of your study.
 You must write your report clearly and concisely. Main idea should be highlighted and is
supported by statements for elaboration and explanation. Commonly, research reports are
written in past tense form. Words used should be understandable by all of the possible
readers, thus, jargon terms must be avoided.
 References should be carefully and accurately cited. Citing your references is a must.
Paraphrasing is also needed to avoid plagiarism.
 Report should be edited by several times. Checking and proofreading is a must to secure
that all entries and information stated on the report holds credibility and transparency.

When writing a research report, you must take note that it should be in a straightforward
manner. A research report is composed of five (5) integral parts, namely:
1. The Introduction,

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 2. Review of Related Literature
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussion and
5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations.
6.
The specifications of the parts are explained below:

Introduction - Your introduction must contain the explanation regarding the reason of the
conduct of the study. It must also have the research framework, statement of the problem and
objectives, significance of the study, and scope and limitations.

Review of Related Literature - This chapter focuses on presenting relevant information

regarding the topic. Citing the references appropriately is a must in this section.
Methodology - Information found in a research methodology is commonly the research design,
research respondents, setting, the research methods and the analysis procedure.

Results and Discussion This chapter holds the findings of the study and the discussion for each
finding. Results of the study must be written clearly and objectively. There are a lot of ways that
can be used in presenting results, some of which are by the use of tables, graphs and figures.
These data should then be discussed.

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations - Commonly, the summary of the research

paper gives brief information about the research problems, methodology and findings. The
conclusion, on the other hand, gives provides direct answers to the research problems.
Recommendations prioritizes the suggestions that can lead to the improvement of the study.

Accomplishing your research report does not signify the end of your research. After
doing such, you must take into consideration the evaluation of its quality. Take note that the
ultimate goal of evaluating you paper is to secure its quality. Corbin and Strauss (1990) suggests
the following guidelines in assessing and evaluating research papers.
 How was the sample selected?
 What major themes or categories emerged?
 What were some evidential or incidental proofs pointing to the categories?
 What were some of the statements of relationships made during the
analysis and on what grounds were they formulated and validated?
 Were there discrepancies and how were they accounted for?
 How and why was the core theme, is applicable, selected?
 Are the concepts systematically related? The concepts and their
relationships must be developed systematically to generate a theoretical
explanation of a phenomenon of interest.
 Was the process taken into account? A clear discussion of the process
enables theory users to explain theory consequences under changing
circumstances.
 Are the theoretical findings significant and to what extent?
 Do the findings become part of the body of the research topic?

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 The following sample format can help you in developing your research paper. The
discussion for each component is described in the contents of this module.

RESEARCH TITLE

STUDENT’S NAME (FIRST NAME, MIDDLE NAME, LAST NAME)

Sample Lay-out for the Cover page

RESEARCH PAPER
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE
SANTA FE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SUBJECT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

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 (MONTH AND YEAR OF COMPLETION)

Sample outline for the research paper

Title Page

Table of Contents

Abstract

Chapter I. Introduction
 Background of the Study
 Statement of the Problem
 Objectives of the Study
 Significance of the Study
 Scope and Limitations of the Study

Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature

a. Overview/Introduction of the Review of Related Literature

b. Body
c. Conclusion

Chapter 3. Methodology

Chapter 4. Results and Discussion

Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

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 References

Appendices

Activity 7.5. Direction: Directions: Craft your research paper following the guidelines set on the
preceding topics.

Practical Research 1
Quarter IV Module 5

In this lesson, you will be able to share and defend your written research report. You are
going to revise your written research report based on suggestions and recommendations of
panelist and finally submit final written research report.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Defend written research report.

 Revise written research report based on suggestions and recommendations of panelists.
 Submit final written output.

How to learn this module?

What’s the best way to prepare for your Oral Defense?

1. Know the format of your research defense
Make sure that you have followed the standard guidelines in presenting your written
research. As a learner of this program, make sure that you can defend your research in
front of the panel of examiners personally. An online defense may be applicable, but
it is better to have it in person to avoid barriers of communication.
2. Prepare and practice your presentation
A good presentation depends also on the time frame. A 15-minute presentation with a
maximum of 10 to 15 slides is already an ideal presentation. Practice, and master the
content of each slide to avoid excessive watching on your own copy. Train yourself in
public speaking, or practice your presentation inside an empty room. However, the
best way to practice is to have it with your peers or family members, so that they can
also give comments or feedback on your performance.
3. Answer the questions properly and confidently

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 In every defense, there is always a question from a panel. Defend your research, and
confidently answer the questions. Do not be hesitant in front of them, because they
might think that you are not master with your research study.

LESSON 1. Sharing Your Research

What are the Parts of the Research Paper?

Chapter 1. The Problem and It’s Background
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3. Method and Procedures
Chapter 4. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
Others
 Title Page- consists of the research title, names of the researchers and name of the
English teacher
 Acknowledgement- a personal page where the researchers are given the privilege
to extend gratitude to all people who helped in accomplishing the research
 Table of Contents- contains the accurate paging of each part of the research paper
 List of Tables/Figures- contains the accurate paging of the tables/figures used in
the study
 Bibliography/Reference-where you will use your sourced cards. Present the
sources using APA or MLA format
 Appendix (e.g., survey questionnaire, interview questions)- attachments

Research Presentation Guidelines

Brief Presentation: This is the visual version of your paper. Your presentation should include: a
short introduction, your hypotheses, a brief description of the methods, tables and/or graphs
related to your findings, and an interpretation of your data.
The presentations should not be more than 10 minutes long. It is not much time though.
Consider planning about 1 minute per slide. The trick to giving a better presentation is
simplifying your information down into bulleted, diagrams, tables and graphs. Do not rush while
presenting.

Title slide (1 slide). It will contain the title of your paper. If the research is in group list the name
of all the members, your class and section, school and the date of presentation.

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Introduction (typically 3-4 slides). Explain why your work is interesting. This part tells the
context of the study. Using pictures is a plus factor to attract audience excitement and attention
about the issue and questions you are addressing. Clearly state your hypotheses.

Materials and Methods (typically 2-3 slides). This is a clear summary of design. Show a
picture of your respondents and justify why they are appropriate for addressing the questions
mentioned above. Show a picture of the venue/ laboratory set-up or some person doing some
work or activity related to your study. You can show a diorama of your experimental design
(sample sizes, sampling frequency). Mention what parameters you measured but do not go into
detail on exact procedures used. State what statistical tests you used to analyse data.

Results (typically 2-4 slides). You may show a photograph which shows an interesting
qualitative results and state the results. Graphical presentation of results remindsthe audience of
your hypothesis. A simple and clean graph with complete label is more reliable. Do not use light
colors in your figures, they do not show up well when projected.

Implications and Conclusions (typically 2-3 slides). Interpret your results correctly. Address
sources of errors and methodological difficulties constructively. Results should be placed in
context and draw implications from them.

Acknowledgement (1 slide). Thank everyone who provided advice or assistance. Verbally thank
your audience for their attention and tell them you would be happy to answer any questions.

Activity 8.1 Directions: Write the content of your Research Presentation here according the guidelines

Title slide (1 slide):

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction (typically 3-4 slides).
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Materials and Methods (typically 2-3 slides).
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Results (typically 2-4 slides).

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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Implications and Conclusions (typically 2-3 slides).
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Acknowledgement (1 slide).
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Steps When Preparing For The Oral Defense

Use the following steps when preparing for the oral defense of your Research Paper.
Your evaluation is based on your presentation.

 Prepare for your presentation mentally and physically. If possible sleep early the night
before your presentation.
 You don’t need to memorize everything but you should know the key points.
 Familiarize your power point presentation and all the parts of your research including all
the details.
 Make eye contact with more than one member of the panel of assessors during the course
of your presentation.
 You may bring mode of verifications for easy reference of your research.
 Keep the cool. Don’t speak too fast and don’t read your notes. Just glance once in a
while.
 Use simple terminologies. It should be concise to be understood even if the audience is
not in the academe.
 You may prepare hand-outs or brochure.
 Space your presentation. Do not focused in one slide only.
 When the panelist occasionally interact during your presentation, take note of the
suggestions.
 Do not answer in a hurry. Pause and think to organize your thoughts. If you are not clear
about the question, you are entitled to clarify.
 Put up a good defense without being defensive. Be confident.
 After the oral defense, meet with your advisor for debriefing and seek advice on how to
revise your thesis.
 Practice, practice, practice. Rehearse several times with the equipment you will use for
your presentation.

Common Project Defense Questions And Answers

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Why did you choose this topic?
Commonly this is the first question and you need to prepare a good response. Mention your
driving motivations for the study. State your research problem and why you wanted to address it
in embarking on your study.
Briefly, explain what your research project is all about? To answer this question, understand
completely you research work. If you were asked to submit an abstract, basically repeat it.
What is the scope of the study?
Briefly state the specific aspects of your research topic that you choose to cover.
What is the significance of the study?
Simply state how your research work will helpother researchers, educators, organization
practitioners and policy makers. In short cite the usability of your research.
Did you bridge any gap from your study?
In this area, mention how your study addressed the existing issues/problems/concerns that made
you choose your topics.

What are your research variables?

This question is asked in order to find out if you really know what your research project is all
about. Explain your independent and dependent variable(s) to show them you really grasp the
concept of your research topic. Identify the variables in your project topic, define and explain
them.
What research methodology did you use?
This is usually the chapter three of your project report. To respond to this question, you should
briefly state the research design procedure you adopted for the research. Talk about the data
collection methods and sampling techniques employed in the research.
Why did you use that research methodology?
State the main reason for choosing your research methodology. For instance, you used survey
research method, state your reasons to collect information from the sample without influencing
the population of the study.
Why do you think your research is reliable?
To answer this question, simply tell your audience/panelist that the threats to research reliability
(which are participants error, participant bias, research error, and researcher bias) did not occur
during the research.
Why do you think your research is valid?
To answer this question, simply tell your audience/panelist that the findings from your study can
be generalized to other relevant settings, group or case study.
In what way(s) does your research project contributes to knowledge?
You may refer to your significance of the study. You talk about your research objectives in
addressing the problem. Briefly state that your project will advance understanding in your
research field.
What are the limitations encountered?
No research task is perfect. It is common for at the least one issue to be identified. To answer this
question, communicate about the weaknesses that had been out of your control.
What source of data was employed for the research?
Simply state the data collection methods that were used in the study. You should state if primary
sources such as questionnaires, interview, observation OR secondary sources such as textbooks,

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journals, articles, e.t.c were used. If you combined primary and secondary sources, briefly talk
about it.
What are your findings?
Show the descriptive results from the study in a convincing and clear style. Make sure your
findings refer to your research objectives/questions.
Based on your findings what are you recommendations/suggestions?
This is where you talk about the importance and implications of your findings from three levels
namely:
 Research (various ways other researchers can improve or refine the study)
 Theory (the new contributions that you are adding to the body of knowledge) and
 Practice (how the information gotten from your study can make practice better,
improve the operational procedures, solve problems, improve policy making etc.)
Note: Avoid the temptation to make recommendations that are not supported by your findings.
Do not recommend based on your beliefs.

What is the strongest point in your project?

The duration of the oral defense might just be 10 - 15 minutes, as such the questioners will not
have the time to ask you about every detail. They will want to focus on the major thoughts and
ask you the most essential components of your research. Be equipped to answer.
If you could change something regarding your study, what would it be?
You can get your answer from the limitations of your study.
Consider the constraints and the kind of data collection
Do you have any closing comments?
Thank the panel of assessors and let them know that the revisions/corrections that were given
(such as rewriting the conclusion, tables/graphs that are not in the right format, something you
said during the defense and they want you to include it in the report or some other issues they
noticed you did not capture) would be implemented and shown to your supervisor.

LESSON NO.2 Revise Written Research

What is a revision of a paper of text?

To improve your paper, revision is necessary to polish it through completely. Several

steps in writing is involved. Revision is the process to drive your paper to better level. In
revising, you will rework and rewrite sentences. You may revise the entire paragraphs to
improve your argument.

10 Things You Can Do to a Better Revise Your Paper

1. It is good to have someone else read your paper. Your researcher teacher may critic your
work. You may ask you language teacher to read your paper and ask for some
suggestions.
2. Go over your paper by reading out loud. Figure it out if it may sounds right.
3. Thoroughly research the topic by reading the new credible sources.
4. After receiving some suggestions, create new outline by noting points you want to hit.
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 5. Have someone else read it aloud to you, does it sound right?
6. Read the paper from the last word to the first word.
7. Consider your paper as a presentation. Think of it as if you were presenting in an
audience.
8. Provide a complete draft of new introduction and conclusion. Check if the current paper
aligned with the correct parts.
9. Be sure to proofread and edit as needed.
10. Set your paper aside for a day or longer and come back and read it through fresh eyes.

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