CHAPTEE ■SECON

THE STATE OF MADflYA PRADESH

2 1 . INTRODUCTION

2 2 . HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF

MADHVA PRADESH

2 3 . GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF

MADHYA PRADESH

24. DEMOQRAPHICAL A

ECONOMICAL STUDY OF

MADHYA PRADESH

2 5 . EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

IN MADHYA PRADESH
 CHAPTER-SECOND

THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH

21. INTRODUCTION :

Madhya Pradesh, being centrally situated in the country, is

regarded as the heart of India. It is located between long. 75.15° E and
84.25° E. The state touches the borders of seven states of India. Uttar
Pradesh lies to the north, Bihar and Orisa. to the east, Rajasthan and Gujarat
to the west and Maharashtra and Andhra lie to the South.

The present Madhya Pradesh was formed on November

01,1956 as a result of the reorganisation of states in the country. It consist)'
/
of four former political units, viz., Madhya Bharat, Bhopal, Vindhya
Pradesh and Mahakoshal. The state now has 12 divisions and 45 district,^
Bhopal, the capital of the state.

The present area of Madhya Pradesh is 4,42,841 sq kms. It is

largest state in India in so far as the area is concerned. The total population
of Madhya Pradesh, according to the census of 1991, is 6,61,81,000. From
the point of population it is the sixth state in India. Twenty one point some
things of the total population of the state lives in cities and towns and the
 r-p i

rest in village. (On 1000 males the number of female is 931. The average
IK— '
density of population is 149 per sq.km. The percentage of literacy person '
in the state is 44.2 as against 52.2% in entire country.

Shri Ravi Shankar Shukla, a staunch and experienced congress

leader, was elected as the first Chief Minister of the integrated state. Shri V.
Pattabhi Sitaramayya was the first Governor (Rajyapala) of the state.

A list of the Governors and another of the Chief Ministers of

the state are given here under

S.N. NAME DURATION

GOVERNORS:

l. Dr.V.Pattabhi Sitaramayya 01.11.56 to 13.06.57

2. Sri H.V. Pataskar 14.06.57 to 10.02.65

3. Sri K.C. Reddy 11.02.65 to 02.02.66

4. • Sri P.V. Dixit 03.02.66 to 09.02.66

5. Sri K.C. Reddy 10.02.66 to 07.03.71

6. Sri S.N. Sinha 08.03.71 to 13.10.77

7. Sri N.N. Vanchu 14.10.77 to 16.08.78

8. Sri C.M. Punacha 17.08.78 to 29.04.80

9. Sri B.D. Sharma 30.04.80 to 25.05.81

10. Sri G.P. Singh 26.05.81 to 09.07.81

 11. Sri B.D. Sharma 10.07.81 to 20.09.83

12. Sri G.P. Singh 21.09.83 to 07.10.83

13. Sri B.D. Sharma 08.10.83 to 14.05.84

14. Sri K.M. Chandi 15.05.84 to 30.11.87

15. Sri S.D. Ojha 01.12.87 to 29.12.87

16. Sri K.M. Chandi 30.12.87 to 09.12.88

17'. Sri K.M. Chandi 10.01.89 to 31.01.89

18. Sri G.G. Shoni 10.12.88 to 09.01.89

19. Smt. Sarla Grewal 31.03.89 to 06.02.90

20. Kunwar M ehmood A li Khan 06.02.90 to 1993

21. Mohd. Safi Quresi At present

CHIEF M IN IST E R S :

l. Pt. R.S. Shukla 01.11.56 to 31.12.56

2. Sri B.R. Mandloi 09.01.57 to 31.01.57

3. Dr. K.N. Katju 31.01.57 to 12.03.62

4. Sri B.R. M andloi 12.03.62 to 29.03.67

5. Dr. D.P. Mishra 30.09.63 to 29.07.67

6. Sri G.N. Singh 30.07.67 to 12.03.69

7. Sri N.C. Singh 13.06.69 to 25.03.69

 8. Sri S.C. Shukla 26.03.69 to 28.01.72

9. Sri P.C. Sethi 29.01.72 to 22.12.75

10. Sri S.C. Shukla 23.12.75 to 30.04.77

11. Sri Kailash Joshi 24.06.77 to 17.01.78

12. Sri V.K. Sakhlecha 18.01.78 to 19.01.80

13. Sri S.L. Patwa 20.01.80 to 17.02.80

14. Sri Arjun Singh 08.06.80 to 12.03.85

15. Sri M.L. Vora 13.03.85 to 13.02.88

16. Sri Aijun Singh 14.02.88 to 25.01.89

17. Sri M.L. Vora 25.01.89 to 09.12.89

18. Sri S.C. Shukla 09.12.89 to 05.03.90

19. Sri S.L. Patwa 05.03.90 to 15.12.92

20. Sri Digvijay Singh Dec. 93 to Continue

The state has been divided into 12 divisions, as follows

Indore Bhopal Ujjain

Hosangabad Gwalior Jabalpur

Chambal Bilaspur Rewa

Raipur Sagar Bastar
 The state has a total number of 45 districts. Of these, Bastar is
the biggest district, while Datia happens to be the smallest in area. The list
of districts are given here under :

1. Indore 2. Dhar

3. Jhabua 4. Nimar(West);Khargone

5. Nimar(East);Khandwa 6. Dewas

7. Ratlam 8. Shajapur

9. ■ Mandsaur 10. Ujjain

11. Gwalior 12. Shivpuri

13. Guna 14. Datia

15. Morena 16. Bhind

17. Rewa 18. Shahdol

19. Sidhi 20. Satna

21. Sagar 22. Patina

23. Damoh 24. Tikamgarh

25. Chhattarpur 26. Sihore

27. Bhopal 28. Rajgarh (Vyavara)

29. Raisett 30. Vidisha

31. Betul 32. Hoshangabad

33. Jabalpur 34. Narsingpur

...
 35. Chhindwada 36. Seoni

37. Manila 38. Balaghat

39. Bilaspur 40. Raigarh

41. Surguja 42. Raipur

43. Durg 44. Rajnandgaon

45. Bastar
...
Bhopal is the capital of the integrated stated.

22. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MADHYA PRADESH :

A detailed historical background of Madhya Pradesh, has not

i__ „
C\ 'v ^

yet been written. Because

---
it.is not so easy) Present Madhya Pradesh formed
i\ /
on 01 Nov. 1956 as a result of re-organisation of states. It consistLpf four
former political units, viz., Madhya Bharat, Bhopal, Vindhya Pradesh and
Mahakoshal. These political states have own dtfferent history.

The pre-historic setup of Central India is much more distinct

now than it was about half a century ago. The recent field work in the state
has brought to light a very large number of pre-historic stone-tools of
various types. The pre-historic phase of Madhya Pradesh is undoubtedly
very interesting.

Coming to the early historic period, beginning from 6th

Century BC we find that some parts of Madhya Pradesh became thickly
populated. There was growth of civilization, particularly in Malwa and
Parts of the northern regions. Avanti, with its capital at Ujjaini, comprised ^
the major part of western Malwa. It was one of the sixteen great Kingdoms ^
(Mahajanapandas) of northern India during the time of the Budha. Besides
Ujjaini, Mahismati was another important town of western Malwa. Vidisha
on the river Vetravati (Betwa) was the biggest town of eastern Malwa, with
Earn as its eastern military head quarters.

During the 6th century BC king Pradyota was the monarch of

Avanti. During the Maurya period almost the entire Madhya Pradesh region
was included in the Maurya empire. Ashoka setfjip^an inscribed pillar also
at Sanchi. The Satnahanas were succeeded by the Buddhist and Senas in the
Tripuri regions, who ruled during the 2nd - 3rd Centuries A.D.

Madhya Pradesh ranks foremost in the country insofar as the

rich and varied plasric art is concerned. The Sunga-Sata-Vadhana Age
brought a congenial atmosphere in Central India for the development of
fine arts. Apart from the depiction of the Jataka stories and interesting
scenes from the life of the Buddha on reliefed panels, bearing suitable
Brahmi Labels, the art of Bharhut opens before us an entire panorama of
human and animal life.

In the 4th century A.D a new power, the Gupta dynasty, arose
in northern India. Chandragupta-I was the first monarch who extended his
Kingdom in the Gangetic Valley. His son, Samudragupta, made a country­
wide conquest. Soon after the death of Samudragupta, the Sakas, taking
advantage of weakness of Ramaguta, over powered the latter. The problem
of Ramuguta of the Gupta dynasty has been a controversial one. Various
views have been expressed by scholars about this so called “Mysterious”
ruler.

The region of Madhya Pradesh, particularly the area of Malwa

received special attention during the reign of Chandragupta-II. His
inscriptions found at Vaigiri and Sanchi bear a testimony to this. After the
death of Chandragupta-II, the Gupta supremacy over the Varmanas of
Dasapura (Mandsaur) seems to have been eclipsed for sometime during the
early reign of his son Kumargupta-I. A stone pillar inscription of this ruler
dated Gupta era 141 (460 A.D.) has been discovered at Supia (Distt. Rewa
in M.P.). It records the setting up of Gotra Sailka (family memorial stone).

After the fall of the Gupta empire, parts of northern Madhya

Pradesh went under the suzerainty of Harsavardhana of Kanauj. He once
visited the thick Vindhya forests while making a search for his sister
Rajyasri. Banabhatta, the celebrated court-poet of Harsa, has left a vivid
description of the Vindhya forest. It seems plausible that Bana was bom
and brought up near Chandreh in the Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh.

From aboutv^entury 650 to 1250 A.D. several dynasties ruled

over different parts of Madhya Pradesh. The chief dynasties of the early
medieval period were the Guijara-Pratiharas, the Chandellas, the Kalacuris
(of Tripuri and Ratanpur), the Panduvamsis, the Kacchapaghatas and the
Paramaras. There were occasional skirmishes for political supremacy
among these and other contemporary powers.
 The Chandella dynasty of Bundelkhand was succeeded by
Bundella, who entered into his part in the 13th century .(The trace this origin /’
from Raja Pancama, son of Gahadvala Chief Called Virafehadra.

In the history of Indian freedom movement region of Madhya

Pradesh played a significant role. The first stirrings against the British
supremacy were seen in the Central Provinces when the East India
Company secured its foothold in the kingdom of Nagpur. Appa Sahib
Bhonsle ascended the throne of Nagpur in February, 1817. He was
compelled to sign a treaty with the Company under the terms of the
Subsidiary Alliance. Appa Sahib could not swallow the hard pill of
subordination to a foreign power and raised a revolt against the British
domination. Although he could not succeed in his efforts and had to leave
Nagpur, he kindled a fire of freedom in the region, which continued to
wage war against the British.

The districts of Sagar and Damoh were given to the Peshwa of

Poona by the Bundela Raja Chhatrasal. After the deposition of the Peshwa
by Lord Hastings, these districts were ceded to the British in 1818. But it
was not till March, 1818 that this region could be occupied by the British.
The districts of Mandla, Betul, Seoni and the Narmada Valley were taken
possession of by the Company after the defeat of Appa Sahib in the battle
of Sitabaldi. In 1820 this entire land, designated as the Sagar Narmada
territory, was placed under an Agent to the Governor-General.
 In 1842 there was an upsurge in the Sagar-Narmada territory
against the British tyranny. Jawahar Singh Bundela of Chandrapur and
Madhukar Shah of Narhat were the leaders of the revolt. They were joined
by the Gond Raja Dilhan Shah of Madanpur, Raja Hirde Shah of Hirapur
and several other chiefs, including those of Narsinghpur. The British forces
tried utmost to curb the Bundela upsurge. It took them more than a year to
capture Hirde Shah and Madhukar Shah. The latter was publicly executed
and his body was burnt behind the Sagar Jail. Madhukar Shah became a
popular hero and was glorified in the folk-lore of Central India. The spirit
of Independence gained a momentum in the years to come.

In December, 1853 Raghuji III, the Raja of Nagpur died and

his State was annexed to the British dominion. This was followed by the
annexation of Satara, Jhansi and several other States. These acts aroused
public disgust and hatred against the British government.

In the year 1854 the area of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand

were added to the province of Malwa. They now became a part of extensive
Central India Agency, and were put in the charge of an Agent to the
Governor-General.

Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi had died on 21st November,

1853 and had left behind him a young prince duly adopted by him. The
Raja’s queen, illustrious Rani Lakshmi Bai, was the Regent o f the Prince.
Lord Dalhousie did not recognise the ruling rights of the Prince and his
Regent and annexed the State of Jhansi, putting in under his Agent. Rani
Lakshmi Bai was compelled to raise a revolt against the British. She was
helped in her endeavour by Nana Sahib and Tatya Tope. The Sindhia house
of Gwalior and the Holkar house of Indore declined to give help to the
cause of the revolt.

The great event of Independence of 1857 was the first

agitation of an all-India Character. It affected an extensive region from
Meerut to Kolhapur and involved both Hindus and Muslims of the country.
Only a month after the start of the Revolt in the Meerut-Delhi area, the
Sagar-Narmada territory and Nagpur were swept by its waves. The growing
spirit of Independence in the Sagar-Narmada territory could not be curbed
easily.

Soon after the spread of the Revolt in Jhansi early in June,

1857, it spread like a wild fire in the Sagar-Damoh region. Almost the
entire area north of the Narmada was in arms against the British. The Rajas
of Banpur and Shahgarh took leading part and got the Europeans of their
areas imprisoned, but later on permitted them to go to Sagar. By August,
1857 practically the entire area to the north of Narmada, except Jabalpur
and Mandla, was in the possession of the freedom forces. Soon after, these
forces found in the Gond Raja Shankar Shah their leader in Jabalpur. This
Raja belonged to the family of the brave Rani Durgavati of Garha Mandla,
who had fought for the Independence of her kingdom against the Mughal
army of Akbar.
 The Rani of Ramgarh, a small state in the Mandla district, took
heroic part in the freedom movement. Clad in the full military dress and
armed with a sword, she herself used to lead her army on the battlefield.
Like Rani Durgavati she met with a heroic end on the battlefield, fighting
for Independence till her last breath.

The counter-offensive launched by Hugh Rose in the Sagar-

Narmada territory began to turn the tide in favour of the British. But the
freedom fighters continued their struggle undeterred. Tatya Tope, the great
general of Nana Sahib, came to their help. The chivalrous deeds of Tatya
Tope in Bundelkhand have immortalized him. After the death of Rani of
Jhansi in June, 1858gjatya continued his guerrilla warfare against the
British for several months. At long last, he unfortunately fell victim to a
betrayal and is said to have been hanged at Sipri on the 18th April, 1859.

Towards the end of 1857, the district of Raipur was in ferment.

But due to lack of proper organisation the rising in the Mahakoshal area
was short-lived. Similarly, the Revolt did not penetrate to the south of the
river Narmada.

The region of Malwa did not lag behind in the Revolt. There
was a sincere effort in several parts of Malwa to get freedom from the
British yoke. The revolt was successful in the beginning at Mhow, Dhar,
Amjhera, Mehidpur, Indore, Gwalior, Mandsaur and several other places.
The rebels established their own rule at Mandsaur, Dhar, Amjhera and
Gwalior. Due to various causes, the success was transitory and the rebellion
 was quelled by the British with the help of some native states and others.
The uprising was calmed down with a heavy hand by the British, taking
recourse to ruthless measures of revenge and persecution. The cruel
methods adopted by the alien rulers to suppress the popular uprising were
in sharp contrast to the human treatment of the British captives at the hands
of the Indian insurgents.

After achieving freedom, in the year 1948, 25 states of

Madhya Bharat region including Gwalior signed an agreement at Delhi. As
a result Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru inaugurated the state Madhya Bharat on
28 May 1948. The Indore state of Holkar Kingdom became merged in
Madhya Bharat after inaugural of state of Madhya Bharat. In the way, 35
smaller states of Rewa - Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand were merged to
constitute state of Vindhya Pradesh in year 1948 itself.
K..

Bhopal state was organised by Afgan Chieftain Dost

Mohammed Khan, Nawabi rule continued till May 1949. On June 1, 1949
this state was made commissioner ruled province of India.

23. GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF MADHYA PRADESH :

The present Madhya Pradesh can be divided into nine regions

viz. -

Malwa

Madhya Bharat
 Rewa-Panna

Bundelkhand

Narmada-Sone Valley

Satpura-Maikal Ranges

Baghelkhand

Chhattisgarh plains

Dandakaranya

A major part of Madhya Pradesh is covered with hills and

thick vegetation, representing the relies of ancient Dandakaranya. The
Vindhya mountain, with its several ranges, is spread in the north of
Narmada. The western part of this state is covered with the Aravati range.
The region south of Narmada has two important mountain ranges, viz.,
Mahadeo and Satpura.

The Chief river of Central India is Narmada, also known as

Reva and Mekalasuta. On the bank of this river were situated two well
known historical cities, Mahismati (Maheshwar) and Tipuri (Tewar Distt.
Jabalpur). Other important rivers flowing through Madhya Pradesh and the
contiguous regions are : Chambel, Betwa, Dhasan, Ken, Tons, Sone,
Mahanadi and Indirawati. These rivers have played significant role in the
shaping of material culture of the people of the region. The Climate is
extreme in the northern part, generally damp in the eastern and southern
 parts and moderate in the Malwa plateau. The rainfall varies from region to
region. If is 30” in the northern part, 30” to 50” in the Vindhya region and
60” in Chhattisgarh. The rainfall in Madhya Pradesh thus ranges from 30”
to 60”.

The following types of soil are found in the state :

Black Cotton Malwa Plateau

Light and sand mixed Northern and Vindhya regions

Febrile mixed Narmada Valley

Yellow and Sandy Plains of Chhattisgarh.

The state Madhya Pradesh is rich is several minerals. Below

are given the name of minerals with their areas -

Iron Bastar, Durg, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Dhar, Vidisha, Ujjain,

Shajapur, Shivpur, Gwalior

Manganese Balaghat, Chhindwara

Bauxite Jabalpur, Sarguja, Bastar, Bilaspur, Balaghat,

Shahdol, Mandla

Copper Malanjkhand area of Balaghat

Chinaclay Gwalior Jabalpur, Satna, Shahdol

Limestone Katni, Satna, Damoh, Barawaha

Diamond Panna

Coal Shahdol, Sidhi, Bilaspur, Sarguja, Chhindwara

Silica sand Satna, Jabalpur, Morena

Graphite Betul

Barytes Sidhi, Jabalpur, Tikamgarh, Dewas

Talic Jabalpur, Jhabua, Durg, Sidhi, Chattapur

Dolomite Bilaspur, Jabalpur

Shatestate pencil Mandsaur

Tungsten Agargawan

24. DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC STUDY OF

MADHYA PRADESH:

241. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY -

The population of Madhya Pradesh according to the census of

1991 i^ 6618170. From the point of population it is the sixteen state in
India. In the state Madhya Pradesh during the period 1981-91 the growth of
population was nearly 26.75% which is 48% higher to the growth of
 population during 1971-81. In the state the population is highest in Raipur
District which is 3908042 and lowest is in Datia district. There are 21 cities
in the state having more than one lakh and the 10 cities are having the
population more than 5 lakhs. The ratio of male and female is 1000:932.
The highest growth rate of population in Bhopal is 50.92 & the lowest is
12.36 of Raipur

According to Population -1991 Census

Administrative Unit Highest Lowest

Division Raipur Chambal

District Raipur Datia

Tahasil Raipur Gairatganj

According Density
\
Administrative Unit Highest « Lowest

Division Indore Bastar

District Indore Bastar

Tahsil Indore Bharatpur

 According Area

Administrative Unit Highest Lowest

Division Raipur Hosangabad

District Bastar Datia

Tahsil Raipur Ajaigarh

District wise population in 1991.

S.No. Name o f Distt. Area sq.km. Population

1. Indore 3898 1835915

2. Dhar 8153 1367412

3. Jhabua 6782 1130405

4. Khargone 13450 2028145

5. Khandwa 10779 1431662

6.' Dewas 7020 1033807

7. Ratlam 4861 971888

8. Shajapur 6196 1033248

9. Mandsaur 9791 1555208

10. Ujjain 6091 1383086

 11- Gwalior 5214 1412610

12. Shivpuri 10278 1132177

13. Guna 11065 1310317

14. Datia 2038 396370

15. Morena 11594 1710574

16. Bhind 4459 1219000

17. Rewa 6314 1554987

18. Shahdol 14028 1743869

19. Sidhi 10526 1373434

20. Satna 7502 1465384

21. Sagar 10254 1647736

22. Damoh 7306 898125

23. Panna 7135 687945

24'. Chattarpur 8687 1158076

25. Tikamgarh 5048 940824

26. Bhopal 2772 1351479

27. Sihore 6578 841358

28. Raisen 8466 876461

 29. Rajgarh 6154 992764

30. Vidisha 7371 970388

31. Baitul 10043 1181501

32. Hosangabad 10037 1267211

33. Jabalpur 10160 2649962

34. Narsingpur 5133 785496

35. Chhindwara 11815 1568702

36. Seoni 8758 1000831

37. Mandala 13269 1291263

38. Balaghat 9229 136580

39. Bilaspur 19897 3793566

40. Raigarh 12924 1722291

41. Sarguja 22337 2082630

42. Raipur 21258 3908042

43. Durg 8537 2397134

44. Rajnandgaon 11127 1439951

45. Bastar 39114 2271314

 242. ECONOM IC STUDY -

A detailed economic study of M.P. is not so easy. The recent

excavations and explorations conducted in the valleys of Chambal, Batwa
and Narmada have brought to light ample evidence in support of this.

The economy of Madhya Pradesh is Primarily agriculture

based. Nearly 80% of the population live in villages. Total Cultivated area
is 44.20m hectares of which 28.6m hectares are irrigated. The Malwa
region bound in rich black cotton soil, the low lying areas of Gwalior,
Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chhattisgarh plains have light soil, Where
as. the Narmada valley is formed of deep rich alluvial deposits. The main
food crops are jowar, wheat, and rice and coarse grains such as kodo, kulki,
soma, etc. Important among the commercial crops are oilseeds, cotton, and
sugarcane. The State is poised for breakthrough in soyabean cultivation,
production of which was 20.30 lakh tonnes in 1990-91.

Madhya Pradesh is very rich in natural resources like iron ore,

manganese ore, coal, limestone and tin. In all 27 kinds of minerals are
being mined in the state. The major industries are the Steel Plant at Bhilai,
Bharat Heavy Electricals at Bhopal, the alluminium Plant at Korba, the
Security Paper at Hoshangabad, the Bank Note Press at Dewas, the News
Paper Mill at Nepanagar, and Alkaloid Factory at Neemach, Cement
Factory, Vehicle Factory, Ordnance Factory and Gun Carriage Factory.
There are also 23 Textile Mills . Annual production of Cement is 1.50 lakh
tonnes.
 Madhya Pradesh has entered the era of high tech industries
such as electricals, telecommunications, petrochemicals, food processing,
motor vehicles, etc. Pithampur near Indore is called the “Detroit of India”.
The Rau-Pithampur road is India’s first private sector infrastructure project.
A large number of Agro-based industries have also come . Solvent'
extraction plants based on soyabean have been established. Fourteen
Industries Growth Centres are being developed.

Seven of India’s top ten industries and business groups have

set up shop in the State. Fresh investment since 1984 have added up to Rs.
6000 Cr. in the the large and medium sector projects worth of Rs. 31000
Cr. are under implementation. Government provides a lot of incentives for
investors.

The Madhya Pradesh government has taken up an ambitious

nine-year project of Rs. 800 Cr. with the World Bank assistance to provide
a wider perspective to the concept of joint forest management.

Recently there has been a marked progress in generation,

transmission, attribution and rural electrification. The Madhya Pradesh
Government underscored a commitment to progress in this area ' by
earmarking more than 41 percent of its annual plan outlays for the year
1980-81 and 81 -82 for power sector.

The total installed capacity of the state in the end of March,

1996 was 3813.7mw. This become possible because of commissioning of
Unit No.7 of (210mw) at Samil in 1980 and extension stage IV (120mw) at
 Korba Power House in 1981. Commissioning of Unit No.7 of (210 mw) at
Sami in September, 1980 and extension of stage IV (120 mw) at Korba
Power House in April, 1981.

Thermal generation during the year ending March, 1996

increased to 6,716.36 million units, an increase of 19.6 percent over the
previous years achievement. The plant utilisation factor of 52.4 percent for
the year 1980-81 is said to be the third highest in the country.

Madhya Pradesh has been pursuing generation projects and,

where need be, in entering into agreements with neighbouring states for
setting up pit-head power projects. The Birsinghpur Thermal Power
Station, with initial capacity 2 x 2 1 0 mw. and ultimate capacity 1260 mw.,
has received the sanction of the Planning Commission. Work on this project
has already begun.

The Project Report for Bandhav Thermal Power Station

(4x500 mw), a joint venture between the States of Gujarat and Madhya
Pradesh, was finalised in 30 August, 1981 with signing of agreement
between the two States. The projects to be taken are :

1. Bandhav Thermal Power Station Project (district

Sidhi)45500mw.

2. Mand Thermal Power Station Project (district Raigarh)

1260 mw.
 In addition to above, work on the following power generation
project is in hand.

1. Satpura Thermal Power Station Units 6 and 9 (2x210

mw).

2. Korba (West Bank) Thermal Power Station Project

(4x210mw).

3. Pench Hydro Electric Project (2x80mw). Joint Project

between State of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

4. Bargi Hydro Electric Project (2x45mw).

5. Tonse Hydro Electric Project (3x105mw).

6. Bodhghat Hydro Electric project (4x125 mw).

In addition to above a 2000mw power plant is to be set

up at Sipat. Work on a 900mw power project at Bhilai in the joint sector
will begin early 1997.

Requirement of Sub-transmission Network is systematically

reviewed yearly and laying of 33 kv lines, erection of 33/11 kv sub-stations
as well as extension of 11 kv lines, location of distribution transformer sub­
stations and LT. lines have been carried out based on load-growth.

Adequate progress has been made in the field of rural

electrification, thus enhanced the level of village electrification up-to 91%
 till 1996. Population benefited under the programme has gone up 79
percent.

20-POINT PROGRAMME -

The 20-Point Economic Programme, adopted to benefit the

economically weaker sections of society and .provide to the exploited and^
the deprived social justice, has made remarkable progress in Madhya
Pradesh.
f '" \ ,
The programme has (provided the\ leaven for increasing the
pace of developmental activities and more equitable distribution of the
benefits flowing from them. Some of the achievement,deserve mention.
K
The State Government has systematically strengthened the
Public Distribution System, by installing 25,600 fair price shops one each
for a population of 2,000 and also entrusting in phases the entire
distribution to the cooperation sector. Accordingly, fair price shops have
been allotted to cooperative institutions wherever they are in a position to
run them.

15-Crores Scheme -

The Union Government had allotted by August, 82,80,000

tonnes of rice and 25,000 tonnes of wheat for distribution through these
shops. To supplement these quantities, the State arranged distribution of
rice and wheat through the Marketing Federation and wheat and Jawar
through the State Commodities Trading Corporation.
 Procurement through levy has been resorted to build up buffer
stocks of foodgrains by March 3,45,502 tonnes of paddy, 1,43,336 tonnes
rice, 4,056 tonnes jawar and 89,182 tonnes wheat. In addition, 87,004
tonnes of wheat had been collected under the Price Support Scheme.

The Union Government has sanctioned a Rs.l5-crore scheme

to augment production of pulses and soyabean. Two other scheme Rs. 14.63
crore for pulses development and Rs.1.27 crore for sun-flower cultivation-
have been sent for approval.

Fertiliser distribution has been considerably augmented, and

subsidies and grants in-aid have been sanctioned to cooperative institutions
to cover interest payable on off season storage and for transportation of
fertilisers to distribution centres.

The Government has effected drastic economy in public

expenditure with positive steps — a ban on filling up vacancies minimum
transfers, cut in expenditure on government vehicles, STD facilities and
lightening and immediate calls.
\

Under the Amended Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1,032 lakh

hectares have been declared surplus, of which 82,586 hectares have been
taken over and 47,706 hectares distributed to 40,415 persons. The
beneficiaries include 16,370 Adivasis, 11,239 Harijans, 12,453 others and
83 institutions.
 Following the drive launched for the disposal of mutation
cases, 8,35,863 cases have been disposed of over the past two months and
record of rights and loan books have been distributed to 6,37,692 farmers.

The Government has pioneered legislation to prevent the

alienation of holding of tribal. In 1976, a provision was made in the State
Land Revenue Code to enable the Sub-Divisional Officer (Revenue) to
inquire suo moto or on receipt of an application of transfers of land and to
secure its restoration to the tribal owner if the transfer was not bona fide.

When it was discovered that this measure did not adequately

protect the interest o f tribal, a new section was added to the code, which
placed the burden of proving to the satisfaction of the Sub-Divisional
Officer that fair consideration had been paid for the transfer of land on the
purchaser. It was further provided that if the purchaser did not furnish full
information by a stipulated date the transfer of land would automatically
stand annulled.

The Bharat Heavy Electricals at Bhopal is among the largest

engineering and manufacturing organisations of its kind in the world. It
offers a comprehensive range of equipment and services for thermal, hydel
and nuclear power stations as well as for the industrial and transportation
sectors.
 25. EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF

MADHYA PRADESH :

According to the 1991 census, the percentage of literate in

Madhya Pradesh is 44.2% as against 55.8% illiterates. Near about 100 lakhs
people between the age group of 15 and 35 are not literate.

251. EARLY TIME -

During the ancient period education was imparted in the

Asramas of teachers (Gurus). There are reference to such centres located in
the forest area, villages and towns. The Asramas of Bharadvaja, Valmiki,
Galava, Agastya, Matanga and Divakaramitra were famous. Similarly, the
Ashram of sage Sandipani at Ujjain was well known. It had attached
Krishna and Balarama also to study under the feet of the learned teacher.

The Courses prescribed covered grammar, prosody, literature,

theology and philosophy. Stress was laid on the simultaneous development
of the physical, mental and spiritual faculties of students. The ancient
education aimed at an all-round development of personality based on the
broad principles of humanism. It was due to this that ancient India could
produce a way of life in which the entire world was regarded as one family
(Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam). The region of Central India, with numerous
centres of education, contributed considerably to the development of the
particular way of life, called Indian culture. The bases of this culture were
truth, non-violence, attitude of renunciation and good-will to others. It was
 due to this factor that the country could sustain itself for long in the course
of history.

The media of instruction up to c. 1200 A.D. were Sanskrit,

Pali and Prakrit. The available literary works, inscriptions, coins seals and
sealing bear testimony to this. The chief script for writing was Brahrni,
which gradually assumed developed forms. Its chief form was eventually
known as Devanagari (or Nagari). People migrating from Central India to
other parts of the country and abroad carried with them the Brahmi script
and the above-mentioned languages outside. By the beginning of the
Medieval period Hindi written in the Devanagari script became the
language of the common people of Central India.

252. MEDIEVAL PERIOD -

During the Muslim-Maratha rule over the region, the

traditional education system in small and big pathasalas continued. The
available records of the period refer to these educational centres. The media
of teaching in a good number of schools were Hindi and Marathi. Under the
Muslim domination Persian and Urdu were also taught in small schools
called maktabs. State patronage was received by all these educational
centres.

The female education received a set-back during the Medieval

period. On account of the acute socio-economic changes, due to the Muslim
rule, freedom to females was considerably curtailed and their education
declined. The females of the well-to-do houses could receive the primary
 education at home from the elders of the family. Some of the talented ladies
were an exception to this and they could obtain higher education from
reputed teachers.

Centres of Islamic learning were established at places like

Burhanpur, Mandu and Sironj. Apart from Persian and Arabic, Urdu
received special patronage by the Muslim rulers. During the Maratha
hegemony over the region, educational institutions continued to grow. The
Marathas were patrons of Sanskrit learning. They also gave equal treatment
to Marathi and Hindi during their rule. The role of the rulers of Nagpur,
Indore, Gwalior, Rewa, Orchha, Chhatarpur, Panna and several other states
towards the advancement of education was commendable. They took
special care to preserve the ancient traditions and made reform wherever it
was deemed necessary.

253. THE M O DERN AG E -

After the establishment of the British rule in Central India

efforts were made to devise an education policy mainly to serve the interest
of the alien domination. The charter of Macaulay was applied to this part of
the country also and the English language and the patterns of English
education were rigorously imposed.

In 1910 an independent department of education was created

for the Central Provinces and Berar. This department was headed by the
Director of Public Instruction (DPI, the designation continues up to this

a
 day). A chain of other officials was created under DPI, who was in charge
of education from the Primary to the Secondary stage.

During the British regime, some steps were taken up towards

the female education and also for educating the backward classes. In the
tribal areas of the Province schools and hospitals were opened chiefly by
the Christian missionaries with the sole aim of converting the uneducated
tribal to Christianity. ,This was done successfully as is proved by the Neogi
Commission Report.

In 1923 efforts were made to start a compulsory primary

education in the Province through District Councils. But the scheme could
not make much headway.

For the education of the princes of the ruling families of south­

eastern M.P. and Orissa, a college was started at Raipur in spacious
surroundings. A similar college to cater to the needs of other states of
Central India was established at Indore.

The college education in the region of Mahakosal largely

remained neglected during the British rule, when a University was
established at Nagpur, it began to cater to the needs of Mahakosal. In 1920,
Dr.Pyarelal Singh started at Rajandgaon a national school, the aims of
which were against the British system of education. Later on, such national
institutions were started at Raipur and other places.
 254. VIDYA MANDIRA SCHEME -

With the formation of the first Congress Ministry in 1937, a

useful national programme of education was formulated. It was made
applicable in the Mahakosal area in 1941. This was the time when the
movement for Independence was in fiill-swing. The new scheme was in
conformity with the national awakening. The credit for taking active
interest in higher education largely goes to Sarvasri P.L. Singh,
Ravishankar Shukla, Hari Singh Gour, P.P. Mishra, Ghanshyam Singh
Gupta and Yoganand.

In the year 1946-47 the administrative set-up of Education

Department was revised. The Divisional Superintendents o f Education were
appointed to be in-charge the Divisions in respect of the education from the
primary to the higher secondary stage.

Leaving apart Nagpur and the few other colleges of the

Vidarbha region, affiliated to the University of Nagpur, the number of
colleges in the Mahakosal area during the British rule was almost
negligible. These few colleges were affiliated to the Universities of
Calcutta, Allahabad and Agra before the establishment of the University at
Nagpur. The first University of the present State of Madhya Pradesh was
founded at Sagar in 1946, one year before the Independence.
 255. AFTER FREED O M -

After 1947, National Policies for education were formulated in

various political units o f the region. In 1956 when the state assumed its new
large form due attention was paid towards the nation building aspect of
education from the primary to the university stage, a broad based policy
was needed to serve the purpose of education. During the foreign
domination, the state had remained educationally backward both in quantity
and quality. It was essential in a free atmosphere to tackle these and other
problems in right earnest.

2551. SCHOOL -

When the new state was formed, the number o f primary school
in the entire state was 22,762. There were, 1604 middle schools and 414
higher secondary schools. More such institutions were gradually opened.
By the year 1995 the number was of primary schools 15060, middle School
17790, High school 2839 and higher secondary (10+2) 3289. In 1956 the
total number of school students was 15.36 lakhs. In 1995 the their number
rose to 142.24 lakhs. Out of these 89.75 lakhs studied in primary school,
34.18 lakhs in the middle school, 11.22 in high school and in higher
secondary (10+2) 7.09 lakhs. Now all the villages in the state having a
population o f over 300 have provision for primary education.
 2552. HIGHER EDUCATION -

There has been a brisk progress in the higher education also. In

the present Madhya Pradesh there are now fifteen Universities. Excepting
Sagar, the rest have been established after 1947. Names of the universities
with their new affiliations, as recently given by the States Government, are
as given below

S.N. Name o f Universities Place Year Area

1. Dr Harisingh Gaur University Sagar 1946 S agar,Damoh,Panna,

Chattarpur,Tikamga-
rh,Chhindwara

2. Indira Kala Sangeet Khairagarh 1956 All M.P. & out o f

Viswavidyalaya state

3. Rani Durgawati University Jabalpur 1956 Jabalpur,Narsingpur,

Mandala,Seoni,Bala-
ghat

4. Vikram University Ujjain 1957 Ujj ain,Dewas,Ratl-

am,Sajapur,Mandsa-
ur

5. Jawahar Lai Nehru Agriculture Jabalpur 1964 Jabalpur,Rewa,

University
Indore,Ujjain &

Gwalior Divisions

6.' Devi Ahilyabai University Indore 1964 Indore,Dhar,Jhabua,

 East-Nimad,West-
Nimad,Khargone &
Khandawa

7. Jiwaji University Gwalior 1964 Gwalior,Shi vpuri,Da

tia, Guna, Bhind,
Morena

8.. Ravishankar University Raipur 1964 Raipur,Durg,Raj -

nandgavan,Bastar

9. Awadhesh Pratap Singh Rewa 1968 Rewa,Satna,Sidhi

University Shahdol

10. Barkatullah University Bhopal 1970 Bhopal,Sehor,

Raisen, Rajgarh,
Vidisa, Betul,
Hoshangabad.

11. Guru Ghashi Das University Bilaspur 1983 Bilaspur,Raigarh,Sar

guja

12. Indira Gandhi Agriculture Raipur 1987 Raipur,Bilaspur

University Division

Out of these fifteen universities are 9 regular, 2 agriculture,

one music, one journalism, one open and one rural universities. The above
mentioned universities have affiliated 415 colleges but in 1956 the number
of colleges were 42 govt. & 17 private. Near about 155 colleges are run by
 private bodies. Out of 415 colleges the state government is running 10
sanskrit, 13 science, 2 commerce, Ninety six college are situated in the
tribal areas and about 69 are exclusively for women (12 college in tribal),
where the subject Home science is the chief one.

In the year 1995-96 a total number of about 3 lakhs examinees

appeared at University exams, in various faculties. In the year 1995-96 an
amount f Rs.22.75 crores has been spent for higher education.

2553. TECHNICAL EDUCATION -

At present the state has 14 Engineering colleges, including 5

private engineering colleges, 40 polytechnics and 15 higher secondary
technical institutions and 6 centre for fine arts. In 1956 there were only 3
Engineering colleges, 8 polytechnics, 8 higher secondary and 2 fine arts
schools.

2534. MEDICAL EDUCATION-

The state has six Medical one dental, 2 veterinary, 10 Ayurved

medical colleges with one or more hospital attached to each.

2555. TEA CHER TRAINING PROGRAMME -

In the state 10 education college and 14 private education

colleges are running for the degree of B.Ed. and M.Ed. with Ph.D.
programme.
 2556. PHYSICAL EDUCATION -

Physical education forms part of the curriculum at the school

and the college levels. The entire system has been reorganised to suit the
modem requirements.

The Lakshmibai National Physical Training College at

Gwalior is unique of its kind. The Central Ministry of Education has
designated the college after the name of Lakshmibai, the brave Rani of
Jhansi. The Gwalior State had given 152 acres of land for the institution
along with the buildings of the polo-ground.

The college runs two degree courses

1. B.P.Ed. (Bachelor of Physical Education) - Three year

course.

2. M.P.Ed. (Master of Physical Education)-Two year

course.

There are also provisions for M.Sc. and M.Phil. Courses in the
college. The Department of Yogic Science at the Sagar University conducts
the under graduate and post-graduate course. It also provides facilities for
research work.

At present time all nine general universities with one rural

university run B.P.Ed. & M.P.Ed. physical education programme.