Reservoir-Simulation Lect 3

 Reservoir simulation is the process of using computer models
to predict the flow of fluids (typically oil water and gas )

through porous media.
 model requires that the ﬁeld under study be described by

a grid system, usually referred to as cells or grid blocks.
What is Reservoir Simulation?
1. The only way to described quantitatively multi-phase flow in a
heterogeneous reservoir
2. The only way to handle situation having a production
schedule.
3. How should the field be developed and produced in order to
maximize the economic recovery of hydrocarbon.
4. What is the best enhanced recovery scheme for the reservoir
.How and when should it be implemented.
5. What is the best completion scheme for wells in a reservoir.
6. What portion of the reservoir is the production coming form.
The most common criteria for classifying reservoir
simulators are :
 The type of reservoir and reservoir fluids to be
simulated and the recovery process occurring in the
subject reservoir .
 The coordinate system used in the model , the number
of dimensions in space , and the number of phases .
 Set the study objectives , these objectives must be
compatible with available data and production
history.
 Acquire and validate the reservoir data.
 Construct the reservoir model : in this step the
reservoir is divided in to grid blocks . and formation
properties (∅ , K , h ,…..) are assigned to these grid
cells.
 History match the reservoir model : Once the
simulation model has been built it must be tuned in
history matched.
 Run prediction cases : this is the final step in the
simulation process in which various production
schemes are evaluated and sensitivity analysis of
various production and reservoir parameters are
performed.
 Any problem is solvable if you can make the reality
assumptions.
 Not every question demands in-depth modeling detail.
 All mathematical techniques are simply an application of the
three fundamental equations reservoir engineering
 Darcy’s Law
 Material Balance Equation
 Fluid Properties (PVT or EOS)
With varying boundary conditions.
Objectives of the study
 Assess uncertainties
 Data requirements and availability
 Modeling approach
 Limitations of proposed procedures
 Resources
 Project budget – should be related to decisions Time available
 Hardware: PC, Workstation, , supercomputer, Software:
Commercial (Eclipse®, VIP®,CMG®…), in-as CHEARS®)
► Reservoir Model definition:
A ”reservoir model” is a mathematical representation of a specific
volume of rock incorporating all the “characteristics” of the reservoir
under study. It can be considered as a conceptual 3D construction of
a single reservoir or in some cases of an oil/gas field.
► The reservoir model is, therefore, the result of studies whose main
objective is:
to understand and describe the dynamic behavior of a hydrocarbon
reservoir in order to predict its future performance under different
development and production strategies.
► It represents now the most valuable technical approach for estimating

the oil/gas reserves and computing the future production profiles,
reducing the uncertainties always associated with the static and dynamic
reservoir descriptions.
► It must be continuously up-to-dated and revised when new data become
available or inconsistencies between the predicted and real reservoir
behavior are found.
Static Model Dynamic model
is the one incorporating all the geological combines the static model, pressure- and
features (i.e. structural, sedimentological, saturation-dependent properties, well locations and
petrophysical, etc.) of an underground volume of geometries, as well as the facilities layout to calculate the
rock that can store fluids (hydrocarbons and/or pressure/saturation distribution into the reservoir, and
water) and can allow their movement. the
production profiles vs. time.
Geological models: are created by geologists and Reservoir simulation models: are created by reservoir
geophysicists and aim to provide a static engineers and use finite difference methods to simulate
description of the reservoir, prior to production the flow of fluids within the reservoir (dynamic model),
over its production lifetime.
Reservoir Simulation Workflow
Integrated Reservoir Modeling Workflows
Geomodeling (Static Model)
Geological models are created for many different purposes, but common to all of
them is a desire to build a representation of the subsurface. Geological models may
be used to achieve accurate volume calculations or to test the effect of different
depositional regimes against observed data.
Fig.1.1: Geologic Modeling showing the main Seismic Sequences and major Faults.
3D Grid Concept
In simple terms, a 3D grid divides a model up into boxes. Each box is called a grid cell
and will have a single rock type, one value of porosity, one value of water saturation,
etc. These are referred to as the cell’s properties. This is a simplification of the true case,
but allows us to generate a representation of reality that can be used in calculations, etc.
3D Grid
Grid Resolution
The resolution of the grid will be a key decision when building the model. A high resolution
grid (many cells) will allow the modeler to create great spatial complexity, but will result in a
model which has many cells and may be cumbersome to use with each process taking a long
time. A lower resolution grid will have less scope for complexity, but will be quick to work
with and will allow the user to test many possibilities quickly.
The decision will depend on the purpose of the model, the detail and amount of data available.
There is little point in creating a model with higher resolution horizontally or vertically than
the data available for modeling. It is often wise to begin with a coarse model, testing the
effects of changes and then increase the resolution as parameters become more certain.
3D Geocellular Model with Projection of the

Penetrated Wells
Grid Structure
The inclusion or exclusion of faults is another key decision in the model building process.
When dealing with simulation, the faults may be critical as flow barriers or conduits and could
be the key control on results. For volume calculations they may also be important in defining
the geometry of the reservoir, however, including faults requires a number of decisions to be
made regarding their inclusion in the grid and will increase the time taken to create the model.
Fault Data
In Petrel, fault data is presented in two formats: Fault Polygons and Fault Sticks as follows:
a. Fault Polygons b. Fault Sticks

Fault polygons are normally generated in Fault sticks may be created from within
the seismic interpretation station or in a Petrel. Their files can be edited with any
mapping application, and are commonly text editor such as Notepad.
defined by the hanging wall line and the
footwall line for a given surface.
How to Import Fault Sticks file
1. Right click on the Input folder then choose Insert folder. Rename it to Faults . And
right click on this folder then choose Insert folder. Rename it to Fault Sticks.
2. Now right-click on the Fault Sticks folder, then select Import (on Selection)…. The
Import File . Select Zmap+ lines (ASCII) (*.*) from the Files of type combo box.
And press the Open button.
3. The Elevation Depth option and the Fault sticks should be selected from the
Domain and Line Type combo boxes, as shown. And press the Ok for All
button.
Reservoir
What is Mean Petroleum Reservoir?

is a subsurface pool of HC contained in porous or fractured rock
formation. The naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude
oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with
lower permeability
Characterization of Reservoir Rock
to be considered as a reservoir, a rock must have the following

properties:
I. Must be a porous media able to store the hydrocarbons. This capability is called the rock P O
ROSITY
II. Allows the flow of hydrocarbon. This property is called the rock P E R M E A B I L I T Y
III. Contain enough hydrocarbons. This is called the hydrocarbon rock S AT U R AT I O N
the main methods to determine these rock properties are:
I. Analysis of cores samples taken during the drilling of the wells

II. Interpretation of Well Logs and Well Tests
Summary: Log Interpretation
•Interpretation is defined as the action of explanining the

meaning of something
•Log interpretation is the explanation of logs such as ρb, GR,

Resistivity, etc. in terms of well and reservior parameters,
zones, porosity, oil saturation, etc.
•Log interpretation can provide answers to questions on:

–How much hydrocarbon is in these wells?
–Where is it?
–Is there communication between these reservoirs?
–What is the extent of this reservoir?
Well Correlation
The Well Correlation is used to pick and QC well markers and to correlate these
from well-to-well. Markers can be picked in an interactive viewer with, or without
seismic data to guide the correlations. Seismic data can either be a 2D line, or a
random track from a 3D volume.
Stratigraphic Modeling
Stratigraphic Modeling allows you to determine the similarity
of rock bodies at different locations were well data is available
in a Well Section window.
Petrel includes a tool for doing well correlation; The Well Section Window allows
displaying well logs in a specified order, with the available logs and well tops.
EXERCISE
Creating a New Well Section Window
Creating a New Well Section Window
To create a new well section window, follow the steps:

1. Click the Window menu command and choose New Well Section Window as shown
in Fig.
2- click Ok
3- An empty Well Section window is created

Displaying Logs and Tops
to display Logs
To populate the window with well logs,
1. Expand the Wells folder in the Input Pane.
2. Choose the wells to be added to the section. For example, select the wells P01, I01, and
P06 .
3. Now select the logs to be displayed for all wells from the Global Well logs folder
under the Wells folder
4- Display the Well Tops by toggling on the checkbox in front of the Well Tops folder
Scrolling and Zooming
The well log display can be scrolled or zoomed. Scrolling and/or zooming may be done
for each log individually or synchronized for all logs. When scrolling and zooming, you
will use the gray and white scroll bar on the left side of each well panel.
Grouping of Logs
Several logs can be grouped into a single panel; e.g. Neutron and Density logs may be
grouped to distinguish between shale and non-shale intervals. To create a group
panel, follow the steps:
1. Make the Well Section templete active.
2. Drag and drop the required logs into the
Track icon; e.g. Porosity.
3- The track panel and the selected log curves
will now be visible in the Well Section window
Flatten on a Horizon
To scroll all logs simultaneously, you need to flatten the logs to a horizon. To do this, follow
the steps:
1. Display the Well Section window.
2. Display well tops in the well section window.
3. Right click on the Well Section in the Process Pane and select Settings from the drop
down menu.
4. When the Settings dialog box
appears, select the Settings tab.
5. Click Flatten on well top
radio button.
6. Go to the Input Pane and
select the well top to flatten all
well logs to for example select
mid
Click the Apply button; note

that all logs will be flattened
to the Mid horizon,
Coloring of Logs
Color fill can be applied to areas between the

panel edge and the log and/or between logs. For
example, to fill color in the interval between two
curves,
Similarly, for panels containing one well log only, to color in

the interval between the log and the left panel edge,
Edit/Add Well Tops in Well Section Windows
Well Tops can be edited by positioning the cursor on one of the well tops. An arrow will
appear ( ). When the arrow is showing, move the well top to the required position.
Add Well Tops

To add a new well top, follow the steps:
1. Click on the Add new well tops surface [S] icon . Note that the Create/Edit well tops
icon must be active in order to get access to the Add new well tops icon.
2. Insert a new well top by clicking on the position where it should be inserted. Note that if
one of your well tops in the Well Tops folder is active, the new well top will create as the
same name
3. To insert new well tops with a new name, make sure to de-activate the existing well tops
Interactive Facies Interpretation
To edit an exiting facies log: Activate the Paint, Flood or Pick discrete log class
icon. Select facies by right clicking the mouse. Start edit on the log.

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 Reservoir simulation is the process of using computer models

to predict the flow of fluids (typically oil water and gas )

 model requires that the ﬁeld under study be described by

► It represents now the most valuable technical approach for estimating

3D Geocellular Model with Projection of the

a. Fault Polygons b. Fault Sticks

What is Mean Petroleum Reservoir?

to be considered as a reservoir, a rock must have the following

III. Contain enough hydrocarbons. This is called the hydrocarbon rock S AT U R AT I O N

the main methods to determine these rock properties are:

I. Analysis of cores samples taken during the drilling of the wells

•Interpretation is defined as the action of explanining the

•Log interpretation is the explanation of logs such as ρb, GR,

•Log interpretation can provide answers to questions on:

To create a new well section window, follow the steps:

3- An empty Well Section window is created

Click the Apply button; note

Color fill can be applied to areas between the

Similarly, for panels containing one well log only, to color in

Add Well Tops

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