Module 1: Introduction to Philippine Literature

Lesson 1: Exploring Philippine Literary Forms, Genres, Elements, and Traditions

Philippine literature is as rich and diverse as the 7500 plus islands that make up our archipelago.
This is not surprising considering that we have 183 living languages (ethnologue.com) across 17 regions
comprised of 82 provinces. One can only imagine the many forms of artistic communication (oral or written)
that have been passed on to and through generations, communities, and groups. Then and now, literature
in the Philippines have come in various genres (forms) and have been appreciated and analyzed for their
forms, elements, structures, and traditions.
The origin of Philippine literature can only be traced by exploring its evolution from pre-colonial
up to the present. Thus, studying the past becomes imperative in understanding the literature of the
present. Different genres that appeared from each period seem to reflect the place, language, culture,
social and ethnic dimensions of literature produced. The nature and essence of literature has evolved over
time. Traditionally, literature was strictly viewed as any form of written works especially during the 18th
century. Today, its definition and scope can be considered more restrictive for there are certain standards
set by some critiques before a work can be considered as a body of literature. Among the common words
used by scholars and other sources that are associated to literature are excellence, expression,
experience, artistry, and imagination. Its connection to human life and experiences, wherein audience can
easily relate with, is the major characteristic of literature. Emerging habitually into quality literary works will
help us gain better understanding of people, society, and culture.

The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet".
According to the website Britannica, literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated
to imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems
such as language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter. Literature can either be in
oral or written form. The oral literature handed down from one generation to another, then later on
transformed into written form. The products of written literature are called literary texts. A text can be
considered literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and chronology. Also, literature
uses literary devices such as metaphor and symbolism. Reading for entertainment and learning is the
most common reason why people read literature. Simply, the best way to describe the characteristics of
literary text is that (1) it narrates a story; (2) it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be
based from the imagination or real life experiences of the author or other people; and (3) it delivers
significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages. Also, literature
contains specific structure. Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature in
which the most common type is the narrative. Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition,
rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement). In a much broader context, literary
structure is not only limited to content and form but this may also refer to "the general features or
characteristic of genre, style, a specific literary trend, literature as an art form, and finally, art as a whole"
(The Great Soviet Encyclopedia). For Murphy (n.d.), literary structure may involve arrangement of various
elements according to purpose, style, and genre to effectively convey the intended meaning for the
audience.

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Two Major Forms of Literature be classified as either adult, young-adult, or children's. They also must not be confused with format, such
1. Poetry. This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, as graphic novel or picture book.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide)
sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided Literary elements refer “to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not
into three types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry. “used,” per se, by authors; they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and
a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as narrative forms. For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-
characters, setting, conflict, etc. view, etc. In order to be discussed legitimately as part of a textual analysis, literary elements must be
b. Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and specifically identified for that particular text.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide). The common elements of a
is intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. story are setting, character, conflict, theme, point of view, and plot. Plot also has its own elements
c. Lyric Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather such as exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution or denouement /ˌdeɪˈnuːmɒ/̃ .
than telling a story. In poetry, there are four essential elements: form, imagery, rhythm, and sound. Poetry comes in different
forms such as whether it is free verse, couplet, limerick, etc. Imagery on the other hand is the reason why
2. Prose. In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical we see pictures in words and it adds color in any types of literature especially in poetry. Rhythms and
structures which are mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a sounds are somehow similar. In fact, rhythm falls under the broad category sound. While sound deals with
paragraph form. the common use of rhymes and other literary devices such as repetition (repeating of words, phrases, or
a. Fiction. This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where lines), alliteration (repeating same consonant sounds), assonance (repeating same vowel sounds), and
the characters react to the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three onomatopoeia (the use of the actual sound to represent someone or something), rhythm is more
types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, concerned with the flow of the beat such as whether it is fast or slow. In general, both sounds and rhythms
western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. are the key ingredients that give poetry a musical effect (Encyclopedia Britannica).
b. Non-fiction. These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, The term "Traditions" refers to the specific traits of literary works that define a generation or
interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the period in history. A literary tradition “is a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness
writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like. and coherence that makes them more than simply a group of works sharing geography or group. Irish
poetry and drama, for example, extend over several centuries, involving writers with a range of voices and
Some Examples of Major Forms of Literature preoccupations; and yet it is often thought that they are distinctively "Irish." This means that you can have
someone who doesn't come from Ireland, perhaps doesn't even have Irish ancestors, but they can write
in the Irish Literary Tradition because they will draw on the same references, structure, mythology, focal
points for cultural meanings and historical moments.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide)

Activity 1: An Overview of Philippine Literature

Historically speaking, Philippine literature can be divided into three most important periods: pre-
colonial, colonial, and post-colonial.
All literary works produced before the Spanish colonization such as chants, proverbs, songs, and
folk narratives are considered under pre-colonial period which are mostly of oral traditions. This is not
Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. The main types are because early Filipinos did not have system of writing yet but due to the unavailability of printing materials.
prose and poetry. There are many other forms that have sprung through the years. Specifically, it is defined Life was simple and so is literature during this period. If we have phones and other forms of technology to
in the curriculum guide as something that “may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even entertain us, our ancestors had literature for recreation who were noted for being music lover as more
(as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely than 10 types of songs in various Philippine languages were discovered. Our forefathers also valued words
defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are (in loose chronological order) of wisdom for teaching values as evidenced by numerous proverbs or salawikain. Story telling was used
epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, to explain phenomenon and to teach lessons as well. Having bugtong or riddles was also a favorite past
a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a sub-genre, but time and listening to narratives of bravery, magic, and heroism in epics was a box office hit.
as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period The focus of literature suddenly changed upon the arrival of Spaniards. An emphasis on morality
in which they were composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may and religion was common in literary forms such as Corrido, Pasyon, and Cenaculo. The production of
printed materials started but it was mostly of religious purposes and themes. It was made in an attempt to

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instill traditional Spanish ways and cultures among the native Filipinos. Despite this indoctrination, native ASSESSMENT 1c:
tradition still survived and flourished especially for areas where the colonial power was less popular. Some famous literary works in the Philippines are listed below. Identify to which type or genre each literary
Literacy paved the way to develop sense of nationalism among Filipinos during the latter part of Spanish work belongs.
colonization. Filipinos started to write about oppression, corruption, and other social ills such as in the
works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal entitled Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo. A. Myth C. Short story E. Drama
The literary production during the American Period was inspired by the developments in B. Essay D. Novel F. Epic
education and culture. Knowledge and information became accessible to all Filipinos because of the free
public education. During the apprenticeship period, the Filipino writers imitated English and American 1. "Biag ni Lam-ang" anonymous - ______________________
models. All forms of literature were explored by Filipino writers. During this period, short stories were the 2. "Noli me Tangere" by Jose Rizal - ______________________
most prevalent literary form. With the new knowledge of English language, many writers started to gain 3. "What Is an Educated Filipino" by Francisco Benitez - ____________________
recognition both locally and internationally like Jose Garcia Villa who earned the International title, “Poet 4. "Footnote to Youth" by Jose Garcia Villa - ______________________
of the Century" as an example. 5. "How the World Began" anonymous - ______________________
Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were conquered by Japan
between 1941-1945 since freedom of expression was uncommon back then. Filipino writers in the Activity 2: Understanding the Text
Philippines were forbidden to write anything against the government and only those who were in exile had Have you ever wondered why we often encounter the term "Native Filipino" when we hit the
the privilege to do so. As a result of banning the English language, short stories written in the vernaculars search engine about our ancestors? In the same manner, the label "Pure Filipino" is often subject for
flourished in the country. debate since we are products of interracial families. As a result of trades with our neighboring countries
The three most influential foreign invaders to the types of literature produced during colonial during ancient times and various colonial periods in the Philippine history, our identity became a major
periods are Spanish, American, and Japanese wherein the common themes and subject mostly tackle issue. The text below gives background about us- Filipinos. It also discusses how various religions were
about oppression, religion, freedom, or anything that reflects the experiences of Filipino people under the introduced to us. Read thoroughly the selection to find out more. Be ready to answer the questions that
colonizers. The influences brought to us by colonial periods are said to have been extended up to the follow.
post-colonial periods especially in social and cultural dimensions. Post-colonial is the period after the
rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the present. One of the most unforgotten and controversial People and Religion
periods during this era is having Martial Law during the Marcos regime. All of the periods mentioned are Department of Tourism
1The Filipino is basically of Malay stock with a sprinkling of Chinese, American, Spanish, and
essential towards understanding the types of literature being produced in the Philippines.
Arab blood. The Philippines has a population of 76.5 million as of May 2000, and it is hard to distinguish
ASSESSMENT 1a: What Have I learned so far? accurately the lines between stocks. From a long history of Western colonial rule, interspersed with the
Answer the following questions. visits of merchants and traders, evolved a people of a unique blend of east and west, both in appearance
1. Why is it important to learn about the pre-colonial literature of the Philippines? and culture.
2The Filipino character is actually a little bit of all the cultures put together. The bayanihan or spirit
2. How does the literature during the Spanish era differ from the literature during the pre-colonial era?
3. Which era do you think has been able to exert its influences the most? Why? of kinship and camaraderie that Filipinos are famous for is said to be taken from Malay forefathers. The
close family relations are said to have been inherited from the Chinese. The piousness comes from the
ASSESSMENT 1b: Match the theme on SET A to the exact period when it was written from SET B. Spaniards who introduced Christianity in the 16th century. Hospitality is a common denominator in the
A B Filipino character and this is what distinguishes the Filipino. Filipinos are probably one of the few, if not
1. sense of nationalism; oppression A. Pre-colonial Period the only, English-proficient Oriental people today. Pilipino is the official national language, with English
2. heroic deeds; nature; supernatural B. Early Spanish Period considered as the country's unofficial one.
3The Filipinos are divided geographically and culturally into regions, and each regional group is
3. morality; religion C. Revolutionary Period
4. poverty; injustice; activism; social issues D. American Period recognizable by distinct traits and dialects - the sturdy and frugal llocanos of the north, the industrious
5. longing for independence; social justice E. Japanese Period Tagalogs of the central plains, the carefree Visayans from the central islands, and the colorful tribesmen
and consciousness F. Post-colonial Period and religious Moslems of Mindanao. Tribal communities can be found scattered across the archipelago.
The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and
cultural groups.

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 4The country is marked by a true blend of cultures; truly in the Philippines, East meets West. The 5. What makes you proud of being a Filipino?
background of the people is Indonesian and Malay. There are Chinese and Spanish elements as well. The 6. If there is something you want to improve as a Filipino, what will it be?
history of American rule and contact with merchants and traders culminated in a unique blend of East and 7. How are the different foreign influences reflected in the history of the Philippine literature?
West, both in the appearance and culture of the Filipinos, or people of the Philippines.
5Hospitality, a trait displayed by every Filipino, makes these people legendary in Southeast Asia.

Seldom can you find such hospitable people who enjoy the company of their Western visitors. Perhaps Module 2: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Pre-colonial Period
due to their long association with Spain, Filipinos are emotional and passionate about life in a way that Lesson 2: Philippine Literature during Pre-colonial Period
seems more Latin than Asian.
6The Spaniards introduced Christianity (the Roman Catholic faith) and succeeded in converting The beginning period of Philippine literary history can be considered as the longest as evidenced
the overwhelming majority of Filipinos. At least 83% of the total population belongs to the Roman Catholic by the artifacts of different periods recovered ranging from 50,000 years ago to 14th century A.D. in the
faith. Tabon Cave of Palawan. The said exploration was headed by a team from the National Museum where
7The American occupation was responsible for teaching the Filipino people the English language. they found the oldest known human skeletal and fossil in the Philippines. The discovery later on led to the
The Philippines is currently the third-largest English-speaking country in the world. realization of our very own indigenous cultures before the presence of the Spanish colonizers through the
8Historically, the Filipinos have embraced two of the great religions of the world - Islam and analysis of collected oral literature preserved by our Filipino ancestors.
Christianity. Islam was introduced during the 14th century shortly after the expansion of Arab commercial Literature during this period may be classified into three groups: folk speech, folk songs, and folk
ventures in Southeast Asia. Today, it is limited to the southern region of the country. narratives such as riddles, proverbs, myths, legends, fables, and hero tales. Epics are of great proportions
9Christianity was introduced as early as the 16th century with the coming of Ferdinand Magellan among oral literature in all regions.
in 1521.
10Protestantism was introduced by the first Presbyterian and Methodist missionaries who arrived MOTIVATION
with the American soldiers in 1899. Recall a fearful creature that you have heard from any Pinoy urban legends. Draw its physical
11Two Filipino independent churches were organized at the turn of the century and are prominent description and tell how you feel about it. Use a separate sheet for this activity.
today. These are the Aglipay (Philippine Independent Church) and the Iglesia Ni Kristo (Church of Christ)
founded in 1902 and 1914, respectively. Recently the Aglipay signed a covenant with the Anglican Church.
The Iglesia ni Kristo has expanded its membership considerably. Its churches, with their unique towering Spiritual traditions and regular trading with our Asian neighbors such as India, China, and other
architecture, are landmarks in almost all-important towns, provincial capitals, and major cities. countries from Southeast Asia had been part of our Filipino ancestors' daily lives during the pre-colonial
period. As a result, early Filipinos were exposed to various religions and cultures that shaped their values,
ASSESSMENT 2: Do as instructed. beliefs, and traditions. Indigenous animism was predominant at the time, but Islam, Buddhism, and
2a. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT: Define the meaning of each word based on how it is used in the Hinduism were also embraced. Other than being one of the largest Christian countries today, our country
paragraph given. is also considered as predominantly Islamic since it was introduced in the 14th century as a foreign religion.
1. stock (paragraph 1) _______________________________________ Although, there was no formal education, early Filipinos already had their own government system.
2. piousness (paragraph 2) _______________________________________ Daily experiences and religious rites and ceremonies mostly reflect the type of literature produced
3. culminated (paragraph 4) _______________________________________ at that time. Experts state the possibility of having our ancestors’ own system of writing during the pre-
4. interspersed (paragraph 1) _______________________________________ colonial period but unfortunately only few survived in terms of written form leading to the prevalence of
5. prominent (paragraph 11) _______________________________________ oral literature. This explains why no notable authors were recorded.

2b. LET'S CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING: On a separate sheet, answer each question in complete PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (before the arrival of Spaniards)
sentences. Certain events in the Philippines during pre-colonial period started to be recorded in the year
1. Based on the given selection, what are some foreign influences that the Filipinos inherit from various 1521. Our rich past was reflected in "folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and
colonizers? mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors" (Godinez-Ortega, n.d.).
2. What are some positive Filipino traits mentioned in the text? In terms of government, Filipinos were ruled by chieftains of different barangay. The Malacañang Palace
3. What does the expression "East meets West in the Philippines" mean? considered this as more on "alliance networking rather than territorial" (malacanang.gov.ph). There was
4. In terms of religion, how do you characterize Filipino people?

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no formal education. Learning was merely through imitation and practice. In general, the following were • Other Forms. Some examples are proverbs (salawikain), riddles (bugtong), chant (bulong),
commonly practiced: maxims or those with rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or 8 syllables, sayings (kasabihan), and idiom
• Early Filipinos heavily believed on spirits and supernatural entities (animism). (sawikain). Tanaga is another favorite poem consisting of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each.
• Social ranking and classes were practiced.
• Economic and political dimensions involved trading, marriage, feasting, and alliance. Activity 1: Appreciating Words of Wisdom
One timeless piece of literature that has been part of Filipino culture and tradition is a proverb or
Dimensions of Pre-colonial Literature salawikain in our own language. Proverbs are brief expressions that serve as a norm which are commonly
• Philippine literature during the pre-colonial era is mostly based on oral traditions passed down uttered by elders based on their everyday experiences to encourage positive behaviors among young
from generation to generation. people. One of the widely recognized collectors of comprehensive proverbs in our country is Damiana L.
• The language used pertains to daily life. Eugenio who is considered as the "Mother of Philippine Folklore". She classified proverbs into six
• Common forms of oral literature are riddles, proverbs, and songs to express a thought or emotion. categories: (1) proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life; (2) ethical
• Epic was considered as the most exciting poetic and narrative form of literature in which the proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices; (3) proverbs expressing a system
ASEAN-sponsored study of Filipino asserted that there are more than 100 epics discovered of values; (4) proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature; (5)
where majority came from Palawan (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.). humorous proverbs and (6) miscellaneous proverbs. Answer the activities below to explore more about
• Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by researchers come from Tagalog, Filipino proverbs (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.).
Cebuano, and Ilocano dialects.
ASSESSMENT 1a: Determine whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
• The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was often cited in the work of
_____ 1. The Spaniards were the first to introduce proverbs among early Filipinos.
Pedro Chirino during the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the
_____ 2. Proverbs serve as a guide for a righteous living.
Philippines through House Bill No. 1022.
_____ 3. Proverbs are culturally specific but their meaning is universal in nature.
• The experiences of the people during pre-colonial period such as food hunting, work at home,
_____ 4. Proverbs are numerous that it is impossible to classify them.
caring for the children, and creatures or objects of nature served as the common subject in oral
_____ 5. There are proverbs for almost any situation.
literature.
• Anyone who knew the language and the convention and forms could be a poet, singer, or ASSESSMENT 1b: Explain briefly the meaning of each classic Filipino proverb and relate it to your
storyteller. personal experiences.
• All important events such as rites and ceremonies reflect religious observance where people
commonly recite, sing, or utter a chant. 1. Tagalog proverb: Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa. English translation: God helps those who
help themselves.
Types of Pre-colonial Literature ______________________________________________________________________________
• Folk Tales. These are stories which can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and ______________________________________________________________________________
placeless tales circulated orally among a group of people. 2. Tagalog proverb: Habang maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot. English translation: When the
• Legends. These are a form of prose which deal with the origin of a thing, location or name. blanket is short, learn to curl up under it.
• Myths. Unlike legends where the characters have realistic human qualities, the characters here ______________________________________________________________________________
usually have supernatural powers where the main purpose is to provide explanation about the ______________________________________________________________________________
existence of something or someone.
• Epics. These pertain to a type of a long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic
achievements and deeds of the main character. Activity 2: Becoming Real Heroes
• Folk Songs. These can be considered as the oldest forms of Philippine literature that mirror the A bigger bulk of oral literature in most regions of the Philippines during the pre-colonial period existed in
culture which expresses hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos. Some the form of epics. Evidently, early Filipinos appreciated supernatural powers and heroic deeds. These
examples are kundiman, kumintang, oyayi or hele and some drinking songs. are attributed to their beliefs on animism.

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ASSESSMENT 2a: Choose a local hero (mythical and real) whom you wish to study more. Complete the Module 3: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Colonial Period
grid below: Lesson 3: Philippine Literature during Colonial Period

Almost half a decade, after the documented discovery of the Philippines in 1521 during Ferdinand
Magellan's exploration marks the beginning of the colonial period. The Spaniards successfully colonized
the Philippines for more than 300 years having evangelization as its main thrust. The nationalistic
consciousness of the Filipinos began when world trade took place in the Philippines as a result of
exchanging of liberal ideas with the other countries among children of middle-class Filipino families who
were sent to Europe. This led to a revolutionary period that ended the long and oppressive Spanish tyranny
in our country.
American period of colonialism officially took place after Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered. The
transition period between Spanish and American colonialism did not run smoothly since resistance among
the native Filipinos who were threatened by the coming of other colonizers was evident. The setting of
public schools during the American period became a necessary tool for popularizing democracy in our
country, training Filipinos for citizenship, and embracing the English language. All of which are considered
What I Have Learned influential to Philippine literature even up to this date. The last colonizers to enter the Philippines were the
Japanese who failed to gain the trust of Filipinos and only lasted for less than five years.
FIGURE IT OUT: Fill in the missing letters to complete the word being described in each clue.
MOTIVATION
What do you know about the Philippines during each colonial period in our country's history?
Spanish period? American period? Japanese period? Answer briefly. Answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

Philippine literature had been polished by colonial experiences of Filipinos during Spanish Period,
American Period, and Japanese Period. Moreover, foreign encounters with neighboring countries were
also significant parts of Filipinos' lives. All of these Eastern (Asia and Middle East) and Western influences
(Europe and North America) have uniquely shaped the geopolitical, as well as economic conditions of the
Philippines. Eastern culture is more conservative and traditions, while Western culture is liberal, open, and
blunt. Great consideration and respect for the elders is emphasized among Asian countries. On the other
hand, Europeans and North Americans are quite expressive and have high regards for one's own decision-
making.

An emphasis on Christian doctrine was manifested through various types of texts which replaced
stories about heroes and animated creatures to Biblical characters and saints as evidenced by novenas,
prayer books, and other printed materials. This makes literature during the Early Spanish Period didactic
or intended for teaching morality and conduct for good behavior. Other than books, plays and dramas
emerged for recreational purposes. These were mostly poetic in nature and were intended for public
performances. When few privileged Filipino men from middle class families were given access to
education, they also became fluent in Spanish language which paved the way to production of literary
texts by our own natives. Eventually, this led to reforms in the government through underground
newspapers and revolts.

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 Threatened by the presence of other colonizers, the transition between Spanish Period and ✔ Books. In 1593, the book written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva entitled
American Period was not smooth due to resistance among Emilio Aguinaldo who was the appointed "Doctrina Cristiana" (The Christian Doctrine) was first printed. Among the other notable books printed
president at that time and our fellow countrymen. As compared to Spanish regime, American colonizers are "Nuestra Señora del Rosario" by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, "Barláan at Jósaphát" (first published
used democratic approach as manifested by allowing a Filipino to lead the country through elections where in 1708) translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja, and "Urbana at Felisa" by Modesto
Manuel Quezon won over Aguinaldo. Public education was then emphasized during this period where the de Castro who is considered as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog.
English language was introduced and embraced by many Filipinos resulting in various literary works in ✔ Folk Songs. These were songs modified based on the folkways of Filipinos during this period.
English which were mostly imitative at first. Some notable Filipino writers later on adapted and developed
✔ Recreational Plays. These were mostly poetic in nature and intended to be performed during the
their own theme, styles, and conventions making their works recognizable both nationally and
Spanish era. Cenaculo, Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Karagatan are among
internationally. Watching foreign films replaced the popularity of theatrical shows and novels.
the examples.
The cruelty of the Japanese occupation was evidenced by strong resistance among the majority
of Filipino people. The attempt to erase Western influences was shown when they tried to ban the use of ✔ Novels. These are fictitious prose usually lengthy and complex in nature. Pedro Paterno's work
English language during their reign. Freedom of the press and of expression was also suppressed. The entitled "Ninay" is the first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Spanish
Tagalog language was favored by the Japanese which made Tagalog stories and dramas flourish at the language and translated into English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908.
time. Love for music was evident through exposure to opera and classical music. Life struggles, ✔ Newspapers. There has been a debate on whether newspapers should be categorized as
nationalism, and patriotism were the common themes and subjects but were secretly published. Only literature or not. However, according to Britannica, some high level journalism like articles written in a
those Filipinos who were living abroad could freely write and express their opinions. newspaper such as columns and feature articles can be considered as literature for as long as they
achieve a certain level of satisfaction under aesthetic, chronological, and psychological
I. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1565-1898) characterization. Bulk of Filipino writings produced were mostly published in Diaryong Tagalog. The
✔ This can be divided into two major periods: Early Spanish Period (1565-1863) and Later Part or underground newspaper La Solidaridad is considered as the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement.
Revolutionary Period (1864-1896).
Some Notable Writers
✔ Early Spanish Period can be categorized as either religious or secular.
✔ Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) was hailed as the "Master of Traditional Tagalog Poetry". His
Dimensions of Philippine Literature well-known literary work, Florante at Laura (1838–1861), is regarded as the most famous metrical
romance of the country.
✔ The type of literature produced during this period used Spanish, Tagalog, and the vernacular form
of languages. ✔ Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) was the first Filipino who wrote poetry collection in Spanish entitled
Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880). His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) was considered to be the first
✔ Spanish was introduced as the medium of communication and later shifted to Tagalog when a
Filipino novel.
sense of nationalism arose during the revolutionary period.
✔ Jose Rizal (1861–1896), a prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero, is famous for the
✔ The introduction of the printing equipment called xylographic press by the Dominicans resulted in
novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the
publication of various religious materials and earliest books.
Spanish officials and the clergy.
✔ Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were also fluent
✔ Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897), the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pag-ibig sa
in Spanish) such as Fernándo Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled mostly morality and religion.
Tinubuang Lupa” which appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan in March
✔ Folk songs still existed. 1896.
✔ Drama, as another type of literary genre, as well as metrical tales based on European origin (such ✔ Leona Florentino (1849–1884), known as the “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature,” was a
as awit and corrido) flourished. poet in both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe and
✔ Diaryong Tagalog (1882), a Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published bulk of Filipino writings. The were included in the Encyclopedia Internationaldes Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.
publication signaled the open campaign for reforms.
✔ In 1889, the La Solidaridad, an underground newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the Reform II. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910-1945)
Movement. ✔ American colonial period is divided into two periods: the period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) and
the period of emergence (1920-1930).
Emergence of Other Types of Literature during Spanish Colonial Period

7
 ✔ The surrender of first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 signified the end of the military ✔ Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to end Filipino and American opposition.
struggle for independence. ✔ Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust of Filipinos.
✔ Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America but still continued to be very vocal of achieving ✔ The resurgence of World War II forced former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President
independence for the Philippines. Sergio Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence in the United States as
✔ In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of the the Commonwealth government was suddenly in exile.
Commonwealth. ✔ There was a great tension between the two major groups: HUKBALAHAP (unified guerilla army
against Japanese invasion) and KALIBAPI (political party approved by the Japanese).
Dimensions of Philippine Literature ✔ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as the President of the Philippines under the Japanese-sponsored
✔ During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was Republic.
still a foreign language to them. ✔ In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return which he did in 1944. The US victory in the
✔ Filipino writers were into all forms of literature during the period of apprenticeship but most of their battle of Leyte gulf signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
works were critiqued as an imitation of English and American models.
✔ Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of American colonial Dimensions of Philippine Literature
period. ✔ All forms of writings were censored during this time because there was no freedom of speech and
✔ The existence of American literary works and periodicals as well as the coming of American teachers of the press.
encouraged many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language. ✔ Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon
✔ A new type of literature began when American system of education and English language were could write freely.
introduced. ✔ The use of English language was stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the
✔ At the beginning, most of the literary works written in English were considered imitative in nature, vernaculars were permitted.
but then later on evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and conventions of writing. ✔ Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter according to the
✔ Common theme in plays was all about nationalism. author Victoria Abelardo.
✔ Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or
Other Type of Literature Existed during American Colonial Period 17 syllabic poetry in all.
✔ Short Stories. These are stories that can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one ✔ Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the Liwayway
subject and may range between 1,000 up to 20,000 words. The first short story written in English is magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories
entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz Marquez Benitez. were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo,
“Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
✔ Opera and classical music gained popularity.
✔ Among the other types of literature emerged were essay (e.g. "Literature and Society" by Salvador
Some Notable Writers
P. Lopez) and autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon).
✔ Juan C. Laya. He won first prize for his novel "His Native Soil" in the First Commonwealth Literary
Awards in 1940. Some Notable Writers
✔ Zoilo M. Galang. His work entitled "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921 is considered as the first Filipino ✔ Carlos P. Romulo. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as "I Saw the Fall of the
novel in English. Philippines", "I See the Philippines Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother Americans".
✔ Narciso Reyes. He won first prize with his short story "Lupang Tinubuan".
III. JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942-1945)
✔ Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941 which was strongly opposed by the Guerillas. Activity 1: Colonial Period at a Glance
✔ Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to have "Death March" to a prison camp If one wants to study the entire history of our country during the colonial period, this requires intensive
where they walked for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. An and complex time, energy, and effort. In the following activities, we will try to go back to history focusing
estimated 10,000 prisoners died here. only on what is essential especially in the progress and development of literature in the Philippines.

8
 of literature that expressed the desires and aspirations of Filipinos to gain full authority of our beloved
ASSESSMENT 1a: Complete the table below by filling in the needed information based on the discussion country. By gaining fluency in another foreign language, which is English, many of the Filipino literary
about Philippine literature during the colonial period. works gained both national and international recognition. These texts written in English unfold the real and
current condition of our country to the rest of the world. Lastly, despite not having freedom of the press
and expression during the Japanese period, those Filipinos living abroad such as Carlos P. Romulo and
Manuel Quezon continued to write about the current state of the Philippines.
The power of education has been used to inspire changes in our nation but what is truly the mark
of an educated person? Now that everybody is provided with an equal access to education, can we say
that we are all truly educated? In the essay written by Francisco Benitez during the early 1900s entitled
"What Is an Educated Filipino", he emphasized that education should be useful not only to the individual
but also to the State as well. Look for the copy of the text online or at the local library and accomplish the
tasks that follow.

ASSESSMENT 2b: Compare and contrast the concept of an educated Filipino from Spanish Regime,
American Regime, and present. Answer using one complete sentence only.

ASSESSMENT 1b: Since you have already reviewed some major influences brought to us by the three
countries, it is now time to examine positive and negative results of each period of colonialism among
Filipinos in general during that time.

Activity 2: Education Is Freedom

Education has been the key instrument towards achieving independence among our fellow
countrymen since then. During Spanish time, Jose Rizal and other heroes like Antonio Luna, Graciano
Lopez-Jaena, Jose Palma, and many more privileged educated men of middle-class families used what
they learned to write nationalistic texts that motivated the revolutionists in their fight for freedom. Moreover,
there was a great emphasis on education during the American period. Everybody was given an equal
chance to be educated which further improved the literacy level in the country resulting to the production

9
 Module 4: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Post-colonial Period ✔ Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date of
Lesson 4: Philippine Literature during Colonial Period Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from
Spanish by the revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose P. Laurel.
As an aftermath of war and a series of foreign invasions in our country, the term post-colonialism
was popularized. The lasting impact of imperialism and colonialism had been the utmost concern at this PHILIPPINES DURING THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
period. ✔ Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965 who got re-elected in 1969 making him the
American colonial rule already loosened but its influences and control are still somehow affecting first to win two presidential terms.
us in terms of social, political and economic aspects of our country as manifested in the form of literature
✔ He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972 and led the country into what he calls "The New
produced in various genres.
Society" against lawlessness which incited a lot of opposition.
MOTIVATION ✔ Marcos was forced to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the country's chaotic condition
Can you name all of the Presidents of the Philippines? List them down and choose one that you where he won again.
admire the most. Provide a brief description of your chosen President. Write your answer on a separate ✔ The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling for Marcos'
sheet. removal.
✔ EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the initiative of Maria Corazon C.
Aquino and her supporters erupted which marked a significant national event.
Literary works of Filipino authors started to be recognized through the initialization of Carlos ✔ Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated Corazon Aquino- the widow of Benigno Simeon
Palanca Memorial Awards in 1950 and realization of the need to grant National Artist Awards in 1972 "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. as the 11th President of the Philippines and ended the 21 years of what many claimed
under the former President Ferdinand Marcos. as the tyrant rule.
The influences of Spanish and American cultures can be observed. More and more Filipino ✔ Marcos went on exile in Hawaii, where he died on September 28, 1989.
writers continued to write more fluently using the English language since gaining independence from the
Japanese occupation in 1945. In fact, many of the literary works in both Palanca and Order of National PHILIPPINES AFTER THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD (5TH REPUBLIC TO PRESENT)
Artists were written in English. Most of these writers were considered as social realists. ✔ The political and economic condition of the Philippines during Cory Aquino's administration was
Short stories became the most popular form of literary expression and more novels were
described as chaotic.
published which mostly dealt with freedom from both economic and political bondage. Social issues such
as poverty, survival, gender inequalities, justice system and domestic conditions have been prevalent ✔ Monopolization of the agricultural industry took place after the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
themes and subjects in literature. Moreover, the leaders of the country have to deal with issues concerning forced the Philippines to pay its debt amounting to 27.2 billion dollars which they claimed to be inherited
economic stability, new and contrasting ideas, and morality to name a few. The most significant period from Marcos administration.
that greatly influences many Filipinos is the period of Martial Law during the Marcos regime. ✔ Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial President") took office in 1992 where he immediately
worked on the country's recovery. He was awarded the Peace Award by UNESCO in his effort to achieve
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1945-present) a Peace Agreement with MILF.
AFTER THE WAR
✔ Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won presidency with his pro-poor campaign in1998 but was ousted
✔ In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while
in 2001 because of corruption and gambling issues.
the Philippine Commonwealth government was in exile in the U.S.
✔ Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 for the Independent ✔ Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed office in 1998, got re-elected, and served until 2010. During
Second Republic of the Philippines. her term, many impeachment complaints were filed against her due to corruption and electoral sabotage
where she got hospital arrest for her spinal surgery.
✔ Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a heart attack in 1948.
✔ In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected as the new president but died in an airplane crash on ✔ Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) seated as the next
March 16, 1957. president in 2010.
✔ Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and served until 1961. ✔ Next to him is our current President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer and politician.

10
Dimensions of Philippine Literature
✔ Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and techniques. The first notable work that
appeared right after the second world war under Japanese occupation in the Philippines is a novel written
by Macario Pineda entitled Ginto sa Makiling which was considered as a narrative of the Philippines’ social,
political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance to the work of Rizal
and more on the work of Balagtas in terms of plot and style.
✔ The rise of English writers began after exposure to American language and culture, although there
were still many Filipino writers observed using the vernaculars. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors
contributory to the flourishing of Filipino literature: 1) establishment of the University of the Philippines in
1908 where English was primarily used as the medium of instruction, 2) the founding of the Philippine
Writers’ Association in 1953, and 3) the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to
name a few.
✔ According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories
were war experiences which can be seen in the works of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Dawn
(1947) and Edilberto Tiempo’s Watch in the Night for the English category. While for Filipino literature that
used the vernaculars, the works of Lazaro Francisco were profoundly noted for his style associated to
Rizal’s influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang
Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962). The influence of both Spanish and American styles could be
observed in the work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics.
Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk tradition especially in poetry such as epic and other
oral forms of literature which still existed like Balagtasan. However, oral tradition became less popular as
people became more interested in short stories.

Activity 1: Post-War Philippine Literature in a Nutshell

The rise of fluent writers in English during the post-war period up to the present shows how flexible,
imaginative, and talented Filipinos are. Rizal’s influence is eminent among the social realist writers. Activity 2: LITERATURE THEN AND NOW
Spanish influences can still be observed in terms of cultures and languages used in literature by some How similar are our preferences and aspirations as a people then and now as reflected in our
prominent writers such as Nick Joaquin. Our experiences during colonial period which stretches up to the literature? How do the current literary genres fare in comparison with their earlier counterparts? Do they
present truly reflected in the most notable Filipino works in the field of literature. mirror each other albeit in different contexts and audiences? Do we see continuing traditions or has the
recent advancement in technology and lifestyle created totally different literary forms?
ASSESSMENT 1a: Complete the table below by supplying the necessary information. You may use Try making a connection between the literature of your grandparents and the literature of your
another sheet if the space provided is not enough. generation. Match earlier works with those of current writers which you can find in the Internet.
The 21st century literature (sometimes called "contemporary literature") is viewed as the literature
of the new generation. Specifically, this refers to literary piece or diverse postmillennial texts that have
been produced since 2000 or 2001 up to the present. The shift from paper to the screen first took place in
this type of literature and the use of technology for human expression such as e-book, blog, digi-fiction,
etc. has been very common.
✔ CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE:
-written by contemporary authors within the last decade
-deals with current issues and themes
-reflects technological culture

11
 -literature of emerging genres
-often breaks traditional writing ASSESSMENT 2a: The Kundiman- is the traditional Filipino love song which became popular in the late
How the novel gave way to short stories as life became busier and more fast-paced after the Industrial 19th century and well into many decades of the 20th century. The King and Queen of Kundiman were
Revolution in the Western World would also explain the emergence of new genres which complemented Ruben Tagalog and Sylvia La Torre respectively. Here are samples of lyrics from kundiman songs. Can
dependence on the internet and the gadgets required to access them. The 21st century learners were you find similar Filipino compositions from the present? Write their lyrics next to those of the given
born with the computer already as part of the daily life essential. Some literary genres which the computer Kundiman.
and internet helped create are the following: Kundiman Filipino love song from the present
O, Ilaw (By Ruben tagalog)
Genre Definition
Blog This is also known as web log or a website containing short articles called posts that O. ilaw
are changed regularly. Some blogs are written by one person containing their own Sa gabing malamig
opinions, interests and experiences, while others are written by many different people. Wangis mo'y Bituin sa langit
Chick Lit This genre fiction addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and light- O, tanglaw
heartedly. The genre became popular in the late 1990s, with chick lit titles topping best Sa gabing tahimik
seller lists and the creation of imprints devoted entirely to chick lit. Larawan mo, Neneng
Creative Also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction, it is a genre of writing that uses Nagbigay pasakit
Nonfiction literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction
contrasts with other nonfiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also Ayy...
rooted in accurate fact, but is not primarily written in service to its craft. As a genre, Gising at magbangon
creative nonfiction is still relatively young, and is only beginning to be scrutinized with Sa pagkagupiling
the same critical analysis given to fiction and poetry. Sa pagkakatulog
Flash Fiction This is characterized with a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme brevity. There Na lubhang mahimbing
is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. Some self-described Buksan ang bintana
markets for flash fiction impose caps as low as three hundred words, while others At ako'y dungawin
consider stories as long as a thousand words to be flash fiction. Nang mapagtanto mo
Ang tunay kong pagdaing
Hyperpoetry It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. It is a very visual Ibong Sawi (by Sylvia La Torre)
form, and is related to hypertext fiction and visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext Ako'y isang ibong sawi
poem has no set order, the poem moving or being generated in response to the links Na hindi na makalipad
that the reader/user chooses. It can either involve set words, phrases, lines, etc. that At sa puso'y may sugat
are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it wala pang luminga
can contain parts of the poem that move and / or mutate. Isang saglit ng hating gabi
Mobile A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of Filipino poem, consisting of four sa madilim na paglipad
Phone Text lines with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line - that is to saan ngayon ang aking pugad
Tula say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme. The modern Tanaga still sa mata mo'y may isang langit
uses the 7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ng pangarap
ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD. sa puso mo'y mayron kang pugad
Speculative This is an umbrella term encompassing the more fantastical fiction genres, specifically ng paglingat
Fiction science fiction, fantasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, kung ako'y mamamatay sa kapighatian.
utopian and dystopian fiction, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, and alternate Sa puso mo lamang muli kang mabubuhay.
history in literature as well as related static, motion, and virtual arts.
(Source: Glossary of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Curriculum Guide)

12
ACTIVITY Module 5: The Canonical Authors from the Regions
DIRECTIONS: Complete the crossword puzzle below. Lesson 5: Regional Literature: Life and Works of Canonical Authors

Filipinos are naturally talented. Whenever there is a nationwide competition, each city never loses an entry
that will represent its unique and rich heritage, cultures, and traditions. As an individual, it feels satisfying
to see one's own fellow Filipino in the same locality excels. Are you proud of your own city? How well do
you know your own hometown?

ACTIVITY
I AM PROUD OF MY HOMETOWN: Search for your own city's/municipality’s hymn and copy the lyrics on
the space provided below.

Across Down
1. Modern "Balagtasan" 2. Prevalent in 21st century
4. Occurring or existing after the colonial literature
period 3. Shortest short story
6. Also known as web log 5. Literary form that greatly flourished
9. ________________ poetry or digital poetry after the colonial period
10. Another term for 21st century literature 7. Fantastical form of fiction
8. Favorite theme or subject among
contemporary authors

NOTE: Include space for those answers consisting of two words.

13
As defined by Oxford dictionary, canonical /kənɒnɪkəl/ traditionally means anything that is included in a discrimination, and distortion are mostly felt by Muslim people. Some of the insensitive words associated
list of holy books that are accepted as genuine. Another definition given is its connectedness with works among Muslims are being immoral because they can marry as many wives as they can, warlike, killer, and
of literature that are highly respected. It comes from the root word "canon" or a generally accepted rule, totally different from that of Christians. The conflict in Mindanao is mostly because of two factors: political
standard or principle by which something is judged. If something has canonical status, it is accepted as and religious. Unfortunately, this conflict extends up to their literature as it seems to be widely invisible or
having all the qualities that a thing of its kind should have. Thus, canonical authors are those who are inaccessible.
highly esteemed and well-respected writers whose published works have contributed greatly in the field With reference to the compilation of Philippine literature by Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
of literature. Encyclopedia of the Arts, Jaime An Lim of Encyclopedia stated that out of 272 recognized individuals, only
As we gain an awareness of the gaps and issues concerning the field of literature across the regions, we seven are from Mindanao (as cited by Santos; 2009). Attempts have been made to support Mindanao
must also remember to appreciate the works of the great authors in our country for they are the key to the Literature as CCP, National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), and CHED take joint efforts in
restoration of our National heritage, cultures, and traditions. tapping Mindanawons such as Jaime An Lim and Christina Godinez Ortega for journals dedicated to
Mindanao Literature.
LUZON The negative image portrayed among Muslims has perpetuated the so-called "Moro-Moro Literature"
Whenever we hear the island group of Luzon, it is not surprising that the language mostly associated with representing them as “savage, barbarian, bandit, lawless and wicked”. In the critical review focusing mainly
it is Tagalog. In fact, most literary works from Luzon are written in this language which coined the term on the inclusion of Mindanao in contemporary literary made by Paz Verdades M. Santos and published in
"Tagalog Literature" and flourished greatly during the Japanese occupation when the English language the Ateneo de Davao University Journal called Tamara in 2009, she suggested that our history books
was strictly banned. Specifically, bulk of Tagalog Literature comes from Southern Luzon, Central Luzon, should be rewritten and the "Moro-Moro Literature" should be condemned in order to address the problem
and National Capital Region or Metro Manila. of distortion and discrimination. She said that fairness should be observed in doing so and focus on the
It is not surprising as well that the majority of the recognized National Artists came from this major group need for peace in Mindanao should be prioritized instead.
of islands in the Philippines. Authors from Metro Manila seem to be widely accepted among readers as Most literary works in this island are under oral tradition such as epics, folk stories, and folk poetry. Santos
their popularity is more observed and evident. This could be attributed to having NCR as the central focus (2009), stated that " literature of Mindanao has its own unique landscape, distinct from that of Luzon and
of politics, culture, and economics. Moreover, most of our influential historical figures who were writers the Visayas, and marked by its peculiar history and tripeople character".
themselves were also from this island such as Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Jose P. Laurel, and Amado
Hernandez to name a few. Consequently, we can still trace modern literature reflecting the country's Some Writers across the Region
historical development. Filipinos of today, though separated by seas, cultures and languages, choose to maintain a united front
for equality and freedom as one nation. Understanding the different cultures across the country would
VISAYAS provide an opportunity to discover the literature of other regions to paint a better picture of who we are as
"It is time to restore those pieces in the voices of our poets and storytellers in the local languages'', Sugbu a nation. With the help of the new technology, we build bridges across the archipelago because many
(n.d). The call to write in mother tongue has been the battle cry of many writers from the other regions contemporary authors are already publishing their work online such as blogs, online newspapers and
relative to acknowledging regional and local languages. magazines, online journals, and video sharing sites. Below are some of the famous contemporary authors
Many critiques consider literature from Visayas as the home of hybrid forms especially in their romance associated with each group of islands in the Philippines who have been noted for their exemplary works
novels where age-old pattern like corrido (metrical romances) is mixed with new trends and genre mostly in the field of literature and are recipient of multiple national and international awards:
depicting social realities. These hybrid forms are also rich in local colors that significantly show Visayan
cultures and traditions. Unfortunately, lack of venue for publication hinders the flourishing of fiction from LUZON: Among the country's eighteen recognized National Artists, sixteen are from Luzon who mostly
this island according to Sugbu (n.d.). One of the longest known epics in the world called Hinilawod is came from NCR such as Amado V. Hernandez, Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, Carlos P. Romulo,
actually from Visayas. Truly, the love for poetry runs in the blood of Visayans. Modern literature revolves Francisco Arcellana, Rolando S. Tinio, Levi Celerio, Carlos Quirino, Alejandro R. Roces, and Cirilo F.
around poetry and drama which are mostly satirical in nature that deal with social behavior produced since Bautista. The National Artists from the other regions are Lazaro Francisco (Bataan) and Virgilio S. Almario
the 1900s up to the present. Literature produced is widely written in Waray, Cebuano, and English. (Bulacan) for Region III, NVM Gonzales (Romblon) for Region IV-B Mimaropa, F. Sionil Jose (Pangasinan)
for Region 1, Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Viscaya) for Region 2, and Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera (Batangas) for
MINDANAO Region IV-A.
People from Mindanao are divided into three groups: Christian settlers (mostly migrants from Visayas and
Luzon), Moro (mainly from ARMM groups), and Lumads (consisting of 18 ethnolinguistic groups). Being ● Lualhati Torres Bautista. Known as contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction, this foremost Filipino
the only island of the Philippines where majority is non-Christian, ignorance among Christians, female novelist from Tondo, Manila is also famous for her screenwriting career as most of her works such

14
as Dekada 70 and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa already have film versions. This realist writer often tackles
issues among women who courageously face difficult situations. She is a recipient of numerous literary
awards such as Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature.

● Roberto "Bob" Ong. This author's actual name and identity is unknown. He is the author of various
popular books such as ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, Bakit Baligtad Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino, and
Alamat ng Gubat to name a few. He is widely known for his conversational and humorous writing style
that often depicts Filipino cultures. His technique of violating standard writing principles shows one unique
characteristic of a 21st century literary writer who applies latest trends in writing.

VISAYAS: Two of our National Artists are natives of this island such as essayist and literary historian Resil
B. Mojares of Cebu and novelist Ramon L. Muzones of Iloilo province.

● Peter Solis Nery. This Hiligaynon pride from Iloilo is an award-winning Filipino poet, fictionist, and
author of various books. He is a recipient of multiple awards from Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature, the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Literary Grant, and the All-Western Visayas Literary
Contest of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Among his notable and award-
winning works are collection of poems Umanhon nga Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks), Hiligaynon short
story "Lirio", and screenplay "Buyong".

● Merlie Alunan. She is another pride of Iloilo who wrote award-winning collections of poetry in English
and Cebuano languages such as Susumaton: Oral Narratives of Leyte and Sa Atong Dila, Introduction to
Visayan Literature which earned her the title National Book Award for 2016 and 2017 and Carlos Palanca
Awards. Also, she is a recipient of international awards such as ASEAN Poets in 2013 by the Kingdom of
Thailand and Lillian Jerome Thornton Award.

MINDANAO

● Anthony L. Tan. He was born in Siasi, Sulu whose writings have been appearing locally and
internationally in magazines, journals, and anthologies. This poet, essayist, and fictionist is the author of
The Bajao Cemetery and Other Poems and Poems for Muddas. He has received multiple awards from
Don Carlos Palanca for his poetry and essay.

● Myrna Peña Reyes. This poet from Cagayan de Oro is a recipient of Oregon Literary Fellowship for
poetry. Some of her works are the following: Memory’s Mercy: New and Selected Poems (University of
the Philippines Press, 2015), Almost Home: Poems (University of the Philippines Press, 2004) and The
River Singing Stone (Anvil, 1994). Her works are published both in the Philippines and United States.

ASSESSMENT 1b: You have now learned some of the distinguished writers from Luzon, Visayas, and Activity 2: MY NATIONAL ARTIST
Mindanao. Complete the table below by exploring more about these writers focusing specifically on the The National Artist is a Filipino citizen recognized for his/ her significant contribution in the fields of music,
writers from the region, province or town (if applicable) where you belong. dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture or allied arts based on the

15
criteria mandated with reference to Proclamation No. 1144 s. 1973 and Presidential Decree No. 208 s.
1973 "Granting Certain Privileges and Honors to National Artists and Creating a Special Fund for the
Purpose". The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) committee are the ones in charge of the administration and selection process. The
President of the Philippines grants the title or rank upon recommendation of both institutions. The insignia
that each recipient will get upon being proclaimed as a National Artist symbolizes its motto coined by
Imelda Marcos “KATOTOHANAN, KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”. Below are the criteria, honors, and
privileges for a National Artist with reference to the Official Gazette of the Philippines where some
information have been changed prior to the new guidelines set by the NCCA Board of Commissioners
Meeting since April 27, 2017.
FIRST QUARTER PERFORMANCE TASK!
The order of National Artists is the highest recognition given to Filipinos who have contributed significantly
to the status of Philippine arts, such as Music, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, dance
architecture, design and allied arts. VIDEO MAKING
The country’s president approves the rank and title of a National Artist based on the recommendation
conferred by the NCCA and the CCP as mandated by an executive order. The criteria set to get this
Make a video introduction of popular and emerging literary writers from
prestigious award are dreamlike but to be granted this is truly an honor. One of the most important your region.
privileges a National Artist can get is the gift of immortality as he/ she will be remembered for great works
forever.
Include the following information: personal details such as name, date
ASSESSMENT 2a: If you were given the chance to vote for a National Artist in any field that interests you, and place of birth; sample works (with excerpts), awards if any,
who would that be and why?
__________________________________________________________________________________ language, genre, style, photos.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ Limit the video to a maximum of 3 minutes complete with all the
__________________________________________________________________________________ elements that will make it interesting to view.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ UPLOAD YOUR OUTPUT ON FACEBOOK. Make sure you tag your
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
teacher.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 SUMMATIVE TEST – MODULE 1 8. The famous work written by Dr. Jose P. Rizal entitled "El Filibusterismo"reflects the daily
experiences and struggles of our Filipinos during histime. In which genre does it belong?
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct answer. a. drama
1. What is the best definition of literature? b. nonfiction prose
a. Literature covers both oral and written forms of works for expressive and imaginative c. poetry
purposes. d. prose fiction
b. Literature is limited to written materials that gain artistic merit for human expression.
c. Literature is written solely to inform and persuade. 9. What is most likely the theme of literary text during early Spanish period?
d. Literature is anything written and published. a. equality
2. Which genre of literature observes sounds and rhythms for aesthetic purpose in expressing b. nationalism
one's feelings, ideas, and beliefs? c. nature
a. fiction d. religion and morality
b. nonfiction
c. prose 10. Which period in the history of Philippine literature did the Spanish,American, and Japanese come
d. poetry to our country?
3. In which type of literature do legends, folktales, short stories, and anynovels belong? a. colonial period
a. art b. period of apprenticeship
b. fiction c. post-colonial period
c. nonfiction d. precolonial period
d. poetry
4. Which literary form refers to verses that depict extraordinary strength,adventure, and heroism? II. FACT or FICTION. Write "Fact" if the statement is true and "Fiction" if it is false.
a. epic
b. fairy tale ___________ 1. Earliest Philippine literature before the colonization period was rich inwritten
c. legend literary works.
d. myth ____________ 2. Christianity is the first religion known to ancient Filipinos.
5. What element of story is depicted in this given statement: "The King is very ill and his sons rival ____________ 3. Islam emerged first before Catholicism faith.
each other in catching a bird"? ____________ 4. Philippine literature can be divided into three major periods.
a. character ____________ 5. The two major classifications of prose are fiction and non-fiction.
b. conflict ____________ 6. Spanish were the ones who introduced Protestantism in the Philippines.
c. setting ____________ 7. The Filipino is a unique blend of both Eastern and Western influences.
d. theme ____________ 8. Biography is a non-fiction literary work.
6. What is called as the turning point in a story? ____________ 9. Sounds and rhythm give a musical effect to any prose.
a. climax ____________ 10. Philippine history and cultures are associated to the country's literature.
b. denouement
c. exposition
d. plot
7. What element of plot is depicted in this given statement: "Everything changed when she showed
unparalleled strength and courage"?
a. climax
b. falling action
c. resolution or denouement
d. rising action

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 SUMMATIVE TEST – MODULE 2 c. Oppression
d. revolution
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct answer. 9. What discusses occurrence on the earth and how things on earth were created?
1. What does refer to the old system of writing that existed during the precolonial period? a. epic
a. alibata b. fable
b. ancient transcript c. legend
c. baybayin d. myth
d. orik 10. Which is true about pre-colonial literature?
2. What spiritual tradition is dominant among early Filipinos? a. Pre-colonial literature is of low quality.
a. Animism b. Pre-colonial literature is mostly about daily experiences.
b. Buddhism c. Pre-colonial literature no longer exists in the 21st century.
c. Christianity d. Pre-colonial literature consists of both oral and written forms.
d. Islam
3. Which form of literature does NOT exist during the pre-colonial period? II. TRUE or FALSE. Wrtie "TRUE" if the statement is true and "FALSE" if it is otherwise.
a. drama
b. myth ____________ 1. The Spaniards were the first to introduce proverbs among early Filipinos.
c. riddle ____________ 2. Proverbs serve as a guide for a righteous living.
d. song ____________ 3. Proverbs are culturally specific but their meaning is universal in nature.
4. What type of pre-colonial literature is this: "Ang taong hindi marunong lumingon sa ____________ 4. Proverbs are numerous that it is impossible to classify them.
pinanggalingan, kailanma'y hindi makararating sa paroroonan"? ____________ 5. There are proverbs for almost any situation.
a. kasabihan
b. kawikaan III. IDENTIFY what is being asked for.
c. salawikain
d. sawikain
5. Which among the ancient literary titles is an example of myth?
a. Biag ni Lam-ang
b. Ibalon
c. The Cycle of the Sun and the Moon
d. The Prowess of Aliguyon
6. Which religion does NOT exist in the Philippines during the pre-colonial period?
a. Buddhism
b. Catholicism
c. Hinduism
d. All of the Above
7. Which type of pre-colonial literature is still prevalent today?
a. chant
b. essay
c. kundiman
d. proverbs
8. Which literary theme is often present in pre-colonial literature?
a. Christian faith
b. Nature

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 SUMMATIVE TEST – MODULE 3
8. Which new form of literature first flourished during the Spanish period?
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct answer. a. Diary
1. Even before his death, Rizal affirmed his place in literary history by succinctly and expertly putting b. Drama
into words his acceptance of death in the land he so loved in his last poem. What was the original c. Essay
title of the poem “My Last Farewell”? d. Riddles
a. Adios Patria Adorada 9. What is regarded as the most famous metrical romance in the Philippines?
b. Mi Amore Adios a. Biag ni Lam-ang
c. Mi Ultimo Adios b. Florante at Laura
d. Salve Patria Adios c. Ibong Adarna
2. Which underground paper was used by the revolutionists as their mouthpiece of reform during d. Noli Me Tangere
the revolutionary period? 10. What was the most prevalent form of literature during the American and Japanese period?
a. Diaryong Tagalog a. Essay
b. Doctrina Cristiana b. Novel
c. La Solidaridad c. Poem
d. The Decalogue d. Short story
3. The short story "Dead Stars" written by Paz Marquez Benitez is considered as the first Filipino
modern short story in English. In which period was it written? II. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION. Fill-out the paragraph by writing your answers below.
a. American Period
b. Contemporary Period Colonial periods are divided into three: Spanish, American, and Japanese.
c. Spanish Period
The1)_______________________ are the longest ruling colonizers who used both language and religion
d. 21st Century
4. Which type of literature flourished during the Japanese period? as its weapon. Spanish colonizers introduced 2)______________________ among Filipinos through
a. Essay
exposure to various religious texts that aim to teach Christian values and morality. Government was mostly
b. Novel
c. Poem ruled by ______________________. Although, 3) ______________________ was allowed during the
d. Short story
latter part, but it was considered as a privilege and for private concern only. During the Revolutionary
5. What is the title of the first book printed in the Philippines?
a. Doctrina Cristiana Period, 4)______________________ texts flourished. There was a great emphasis
b. Ninay
on5).______________________ and 6) ______________________ during the reign of American
c. Noli Me Tangere
d. Urbana at Felisa colonizers. Patriotism and nationalism were still the common topics or subjects of literature.
6. Which best describes the literary works during the early Spanish Period?
7).______________________ using English language flourished while 8) ______________________ and
a. Vulgar and sarcastic
b. Informal and imitative plays became less popular because of foreign films.9) ______________________ was the shortest
c. Nationalistic
among the three. Nationalism and solidarity were still the favorite topics but forbidden at the same time.
d. Religious and secular
7. Which best describes the literary works during the early American Period? Tagalog short stories flourished since 10)______________________ language was banned. Inculcating
a. Vulgar and sarcastic
Eastern values among Filipinos was not that successful since Filipinos continued to resist until its period
b. Imitative
c. Nationalistic of sovereignty in 1945.
d. Religious or secular

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 SUMMATIVE TEST – MODULES 4 & 5 a. Authors mainly concern about the topic "war"
b. Highly respected literary authors
MULTIPLE CHOICE. ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct answer. c. Authors who are not recognized
d. Writers during colonial period
1. Which term is also associated with the post-colonial period? 12. How many regions are there in the Philippines?
a. Apprenticeship period c. Emergence period a. 7 regions c. 14 regions
b. Contemporary period d. Revolutionary period b. 10 regions d. 18 regions
2. Who assumed the presidency after the death of Manuel Quezon during the post-colonial period? 13. Who are Lumads and Moros?
a. Diosdado Macapagal c. Manuel Roxas a. They are both indigenous groups of people living in Mindanao.
b. Ferdinand Marcos d. Sergio Osmeña Sr. b. They are both groups of foreign people living in Mindanao.
3. What term associated with Martial Law did Marcos use in stabilizing the chaotic condition of the c. They are both newly discovered clans living in Mindanao.
Philippines? d. They are both native people living in Visayas.
a. Edsa Revolution Movement 14. Which factors greatly contribute to the conflict in Mindanao?
b. New Society Movement a. Government and international affair
c. Peaceful Reform Movement b. Economics, politics, and religion
d. Social Reform Movement c. Colonization and industrialization
4. What refers to the prestigious award given to gifted Filipino writers and their outstanding literary d. Cultural conflicts and military policies
works and is considered as the counterpart of Pulitzer Prize in the United States? 15. What is the most prevalent literature in Visayas?
a. Gawad Urian Awards a. Drama c. Novels
b. National Artists of the Philippines b. Non-fiction d. Poetry
c. Palanca Awards 16. What is the highest recognition bestowed to any Filipino who has a significant contribution
d. Premio Zobel towards the development of culture and arts?
5. Who among the authors does NOT belong to the post-colonial period? a. Filipino Writer for Literature Awards
a. Jose Dalisay, Jr. c. Nick Joaquin b. National Artists Awardees
b. Jose Garcia Villa d. Pedro Paterno c. Recognition for Filipino Writers
6. What is the modern counterpart of Balagtasan? d. The Order of National Artists
a. Blogs c. Text Tula 17. Who has the power to proclaim the rank and title for the National Artists?
b. Fliptop d. Spoken Word a. Chairman for the NCCA
7. Which website contains short articles known as posts? b. Mayor of a locality
a. Blog c. News Web c. President of the Philippines
b. Internet d. The Web d. Senator
8. In which period in history was the short poetry Tanaga first emerged? 18. Who is the national artist known for historical literature?
a. American Period c. Pre-colonial Period a. Carlos Quirino c. Cirilo F. Bautista
b. Japanese Period d. Spanish Period b. Carlos P. Romulo d. F. Sionil Jose
9. What greatly influenced the 21st century literary forms? 19. Who is the only National Artist who did not use either Tagalog or English language for he has
a. Books c. Science been known as the longest reigning king of Hiligaynon novels?
b. Culture d. Technology a. Jose Garcia Villa c. Resil Mojares
10. Which 21st century literary genre addresses issues concerning woman that is often depicted in b. Ramon Muzones d. Virgilio Almario
humorous or light-hearted manner? 20. Who coined the CCP’S motto “KATOTOHANAN, KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”?
a. chick lit c. hyperpoetry a. Benigno Aquino Jr. c. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
b. flash fiction d. text tula b. Fidel Valdez Ramos d. Imelda Marcos
11. What does the term "Canonical Author" mean?

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