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    VCVS Band Pass

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    Andrew
    The document describes the circuit and design of a second-order band-pass filter. It presents the key equations needed to design such a filter, including those relating the centre frequency (f0), quality factor (Q), and bandwidth. Higher order band-pass filters can be created by cascading multiple second-order sections. The Q and bandwidth of the overall filter increases as more identical sections are added. Design examples are provided to illustrate how to specify component values to achieve a given centre frequency, Q, and gain.

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    VCVS Band Pass

    Uploaded by

    Andrew
    47 views4 pages
    The document describes the circuit and design of a second-order band-pass filter. It presents the key equations needed to design such a filter, including those relating the centre frequency (f0), quality factor (Q), and bandwidth. Higher order band-pass filters can be created by cascading multiple second-order sections. The Q and bandwidth of the overall filter increases as more identical sections are added. Design examples are provided to illustrate how to specify component values to achieve a given centre frequency, Q, and gain.

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    The document describes the circuit and design of a second-order band-pass filter. It presents the key equations needed to design such a filter, including those relating the centre frequency (f0), quality factor (Q), and bandwidth. Higher order band-pass filters can be created by cascading multiple second-order sections. The Q and bandwidth of the overall filter increases as more identical sections are added. Design examples are provided to illustrate how to specify component values to achieve a given centre frequency, Q, and gain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views4 pages

    VCVS Band Pass

    Uploaded by

    Andrew
    The document describes the circuit and design of a second-order band-pass filter. It presents the key equations needed to design such a filter, including those relating the centre frequency (f0), quality factor (Q), and bandwidth. Higher order band-pass filters can be created by cascading multiple second-order sections. The Q and bandwidth of the overall filter increases as more identical sections are added. Design examples are provided to illustrate how to specify component values to achieve a given centre frequency, Q, and gain.

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    Band-Pass Filters

    The basic circuit of the 2nd order VCVS band-pass filter is shown in Figure 22. Nodal analysis
    yields the equations:
    R2

    R1 C2
    a b
    VI
    VO

    R5

    C1 R3 R4

    Figure 1 – 2nd Order Band-Pass Filter

    ( ( )) …………… (80)

    ( ) …………… (81)

    …………… (82)

    Where
    …………… (83)
    This gives

    ( ) …………… (84)
    [ ( ) ]

    The general form for a band-pass function is given by

    ( ) …………… (85)

    In the design of a band-pass filter, three (3) design parameters must be specified: centre
    frequency gain, G, centre frequency, ω0 (of f0) and the quality factor of the circuit, Q. Q and are
    f0 related by

    where f1 and f2 are 3dB points and B is the bandwidth.


    Comparing (84) and (85) yields

    33
    …………… (86)

    …………… (87)

    [ ( ) ]…………… (88)

    Let C1=C2=C and R1=R2=R3=R. Then (86), (87) and (88) become

    …………… (89)

    …………… (90)

    …………… (91)

    From (90), the centre frequency, f0 and a chosen value of C determine R. Since from (91),
    …………… (92)

    varying bandwidths for a fixed centre frequency can be obtained by varying k. Finally, from
    (92), as Q becomes larger, the value of 4-k becomes smaller which means that k approaches 4
    (k<4). Thus, as Q increases, the circuit gain changes and hence the circuit is quite sensitive to
    changes in R4 and R5. It is useful for low frequency work with small gain requirements.

    Example

    Design a second-order band-pass filter with a centre frequency of 2 kHz and a Q of 5.


    Solution

    We select a capacitor value of 1F for convenience in the normalized case (ω0=1). Then, using
    (90) for C=1 and ω0=1,

    From (12), we now find k: substitute √ gives


    √ √

    Find R4 and R5 such that e.g. R4=1 and R5=2.7172.

    Denormalize and scale the circuit on the example above.


    In this design, from (89), (90) and (91),
    √
    …………… (93)

    34
    √
    …………… (94)
    …………… (95)
    Thus, while (93) and (94) determine R and C for a given ω0 and Q, (95) finds G for a given k.

    Exercise

    1. Develop design equations for R1, R2 and R3 if C1=C2=C and k=2. Such equations will enable
    a band-pass filter design for given ω0, Q and G. design for f0=20 kHz, Q=5 and G=10.
    2. Derive the T.F. for the filter in Figure 23.
    R3
    C
    R4
    R1

    R1 C
    VI
    R1
    VO
    R2

    Figure 2 – 2nd Order Band-Pass Filter

    High Order Band-pass Active Filters


    The active filter designer may obtain a higher order band-pass filter by cascading low-pass filter
    sections with high-pass filter sections. If the designer requires a 4th order band-pass active filter,
    he could cascade a low-pass second-order filter with cut-off point f0U with a high-pass second-
    order filter with cut-off point f0L for f0U>f0L. The results is a band-pass active filter with a centre
    frequency approximately equal to f0  f0 L  f0U (exact for Butterworth) with approximate

    bandwidth f0U-f0L. Sharper cut-off features may be obtained by cascading fourth order low-pass
    and high-pass filters, but this requires more components and op-amps.
    A much sharper band-pass filter may be obtained by cascading two or more identical band-pass
    second order filters. If Q1 is the quality factor of a single stage and there are n stages, the Q of
    the filter is expressed by

    √√

    35
    Table 1 – Bn and Qn Values for an N-Stage Band-Pass Filter
    No of Stages Bandwidth Selectivity Q

    1 B1 Q1

    2 B2 = 0.644B1 Q2 = 1.55Q1

    3 B3 = 0.501B1 Q3 = 1.96Q1

    4 B4 = 0.435B1 Q4 = 2.30Q1

    5 B5 = 0.386B1 Q5 = 2.60Q1

    36

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