Unit 5: CULTURAL IDENTITY

1. GETTING STARTED AND LANGUAGE

 Cultural identity (n) bản sắc văn hóa
culture (n)
cultural (a)
multicultural /ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/ (a)
culturally (adv)
 to work on s.th
 an essay on s.th
 traditional costumes /ˈkɒs.tjuːm/ US /ˈkɑː.stuːm/: trang phục truyền thống
national costumes: trang phục quốc gia
attire (n) / clothes (n) / clothing (n)
nation (n) /ˈneɪ.ʃən/
national (a) /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl/
 to preserve one’s national identity: giữ gìn bản sắc dân tộc
/prɪˈzɜːv/ /ˈnæʃ.ən.əl/
 cultural practices:
 religious belief
 motherland /ˈmʌð.ə.lænd/
 be familiar with s.th
 maintain one’s culture
 on special occasions /əˈkeɪ.ʒən/
 the cherry blossom festival:
 be due: expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time
Ex: The results are due at the end of the month.
Ex: Mr Carter is due in London on Monday .
 assimilate /əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/ (v): to take in, fit into, or become similar (to): đồng hóa/ hòa nhập
*to assimilate an idea or some information: to fully understand an idea or some information so that you are
able to use it yourself:
*immigrants assimilate into a community or when that community assimilates them, they become an
accepted part of it
Ex: The committee will need time to assimilate this report.
Ex: You shouldn't expect immigrants to assimilate into an alien culture immediately.
Ex: It's hard to assimilate (= learn and understand) so much information.
Ex: In this form vitamins can be easily assimilated by the body.
 custom /ˈkʌstəm/: phong tục

2. READING
 Cultural identity: bản sắc văn hóa
cultural identifiers: đặc trưng văn hóa
 ethnic (a) of a national or racial group of people:
ethnicity
Ex: ethnic minority group:
Ex: Conflicts between the different ethnic groups in the country exploded into civil war.
 take s.th/ s.o for granted: to be so used to sb/ sth that you do not recognize their true value anymore and
do not show that you are grateful.
Ex: Her husband was always there and she just took him for granted.
Ex: We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted.
 Cultural identity search
 be satisfied with
be pleased with
be contented with
 be exposed to s.th
expose s.o to s.th
exposure to s.th
Ex:…………………………………………………….
Ex:…………………………………………………….

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 aspect
in all aspects of one’s life
in every aspect of N
 to inherit s.th
 ancestor
 pass s.th from s.o to s.o
be passed from one generation to the next one
 assimilate into s.th: become a part of s.th: đồng hóa
 integrate into s.th: hội nhập vào
 flexible (a) uyển chuyển, linh động
 to adjust to s.th: điều chỉnh để thích nghi với…
Ex: It took several seconds for his eyes to adjust to the dark.
Ex: They'll be fine-they just need time to adjust.

3. LISTENING
 Ethnic group
 to wrap s.th: gói, quấn
Ex:…………………………………………
 long-sleeved blouses

4. WRITING
 feature (n):
 to unify (v) If the new leader manages to unify his warring party it will be quite an achievement: thống
nhất
 unifying force: lực lượng thống nhất
 unique (a) /jʊˈniːk/
 to unite : đoàn kết
 unite people together
 to demonstrate s.th = show s.th: thể hiện, minh họa
Ex: Cultural identity can be demonstrated through language, food, clothing, beliefs, music and festivals
 in the face of s.th: đối mặt với, đương đầu với
Ex: language can unit people of a country in face of any danger

5. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

 to settle down:
Ex: When are you going to get married and settle down?
 To pass down s.th to s.o.
Ex:………………………………………
 To highlight s.th: attract attention and emphasize s.th important
 Cultural heritage: di sản văn hóa
 Solidarity (n) tình đoàn kết
the spirit of solidarity
 To promote the martial spirit: nâng cao tinh thần thượng võ
martial art: võ thuật
 be famous for s.th / Ving
 bravery (n)
brave (a)
 to flock to s.w
 to worship /ˈwɜː.ʃɪp/: thờ phụng, cúng bái
 to sacrifice s.th (for s.o/ s.th): hy sinh cái gì
Ex:………………………………………………………..
 to pray for s.th
Ex:………………………………………………………..
 offerings (n)
 blind man’s buff
 swinging (n) đánh đu
 shuttlecock throwing
 tug of war

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 TEST 1 UNIT 5
I)-Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. integrate B. national C. assimilate D. migration
2. A. unique B. spirit C. worship D. ethnic
3. A. custom B. cultural C. ancestor D. intellectual
II)-Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
4. A. assimilate B. diversity C. identity D. customary
5. A. nationality B. globalisation C. flexibility D. solidarity

III)-Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

6. Increasing your vocabulary will make it easier for you to ____reading comprehension skills.
A. fit B. allow C. use D. assimilate
7. Because they are a very close family, there is probably nothing that can break their ____.
A. share B. contribution C. solidarity D. group
8. Culture serves to give a(n) ____to a group, ensures survival and enhances the feeling of belonging.
A. similarity B. difference C. identity D. interest
9. They go to church every Sunday to ____their God.
A. celebrate B. worship C. support D. follow
10. Each ethnic group has its own cultural identities, thus, the Vietnamese culture has both ___ and unity.
A. difference B. variety C. similarity D. diversity
11. We spend a lot of time together as a family, which sometimes is the best way to learn about ____.
A. customs B. habits C. activities D. establishment
12. I can't believe that you ____all the three exercises. You just started five minutes ago.
A. have finished B. have been finishing C. finished D. are finishing
13. Their children ____lots of new friends since they ____to that town.
A. have made - moved B. were making - have moved
C. made - are moving D. made - have been moving
14. In some parts of the country, prices are ____than in others.
A. high B. more and more high C. the highest D. higher and higher
15. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was ____than usual.
A. crowded B. more and more crowded C. a bit crowded D. the most crowded

IV)-Complete the following sentences with the words/ phrases given.

cultural identity attire multicultural maintain diverse
cultural practices customs cultural diversity assimilate unique
16. a. Dying languages and urbanization are threats to __________________
b. When people of different cultures come together to celebrate and share their different traditions, it is an example of
a(n) __________________celebration.
17. a. In many circumstances, the __________________is a conservative business suit, but it can range from a dinner
jacket to blue jeans.
b. Shaping a stone tool is one of the oldest __________________, and it still takes great skill and knowledge.
18. a. A positive attitude helps language students _________________their interest in learning long enough to achieve
their goals.
b. Many of the different aboriginal groups in North America speak their own __________________language.
19. a. Jane had to __________________a great deal of information on the first day of her new job.
b. The orchid family of flowers is the largest, most __________________plant family found in nature.
20. a. Vietnamese __________________of weddings, funerals, holidays and rituals all are attached to village community.
b. The ways a person dresses and behaves in public are distinct examples of __________________and belief patterns.

V)-Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or present perfect continuous.
21. We (build) ________________a tree house, but we (not finish) _________________yet.
22. My sister (clean) _______________the windows for ages, but she (only/clean) ________________two so far.
23. My father (cook) ________________all morning. He (make) ________________two starters, some soup and two
desserts.
24. Our guests (sit) _______________at the table for two hours. They (eat) _______________twenty cakes.
25. The builders (repair) _____________the roof for two days. So far, they (finish) ________________half of it.

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VI)-Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
Cultural Identity
The definition of cultural identity, in its most basic form, is a sense of belonging. This includes a shared sense of
companionship, beliefs, interests and basic (26) ____of living. When a person identities with their culture, they often (27)
____traditions that have been passed down through the years. The cultural identity links a person to their heritage, and it
can help them to identify with others who have the same traditions and basic (28) ____systems.
Some people claim that a person's cultural identity is the (29) ____or groundwork on which every other aspect of
their being is built. It is the cornerstone of what makes them who they are. Following one's culture often means (30)
____a specific religion, wearing a certain type of clothing or something else that (31) ____their culture. It creates an
outward, visible means of identifying that person as part of a particular culture or nationality.
The Aboriginal tribes of Australia and New Zealand are excellent examples of this. Many tribes still live and behave
as they did when they first (32) ____white civilization. They hunt, dress, celebrate and live their lives as if no one has
ever attempted to (33) ____them. They follow a tribal form of government and also stick to a strict (34) ____of ethics
both in tribal and family life. (35) ____are often passed down from generation to generation and have been in existence
for hundreds of years.
26. A. ideas B. principles C. regulations D. laws
27. A. catch B. hold C. include D. cherish
28. A. belief B. truth C. emotion D. religion
29. A. foundation B. foundations C. establishment D. fact
30. A. working B. training C. practising D. doing
31. A. shows B. represents C. acts for D. symbolizes
32. A. accessed B. tolerated C. experienced D. encountered
33. A. influence B. attack C. impress D. alternate
34. A. code B. system C. combination D. rule
35. A. Habits B. Practices C. Traditions D. Festivals

VII)-Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
Celebrating Chuseok
Chuseok is one of the most important festivals in the Korean calendar. It takes place in the eighth month of the lunar
calendar (in either September or October), on the night of the full moon. Chuseok is a time for family reunions and for
people to honour and give thanks to their ancestors. It is also meant to celebrate nature and the large harvest that it has
given them.
Nowadays, many people in Korea live and work in big cities like Seoul. During Chuseok, people who have moved
away return to their hometowns in the countryside to celebrate together. The government gives everyone a day off from
work before and after Chuseok. Many people spend those days travelling, as the roads are very busy during this period. A
two-hour journey can easily turn into Korean Thanksgiving Day six hours.
At the family home, the day before Chuseok is spent cleaning the home and preparing food for ceremonies and
family dinners. Women make songphyun - moon-shaped rice cakes with a sweet filling - using new rice from the recent
harvest. It is said that the woman who makes the most beautiful songphyun will find a good-looking husband or give birth
to a beautiful daughter. The songphyun can take days to make, but now people can buy them easily in stores.
The next day is Chuseok. People make an effort to dress nicely and wear traditional costumes like the hanbok,
although this is more common among the older women. In the morning, food is placed on a special table dedicated to
their ancestors, and families pay a visit to their graves. Later, traditional games like yut nori (a game of throwing sticks)
and hwa-tu (a card game) are played. At night, the whole family goes outdoors under the full moon, and everyone eats
and drinks until late. The third day is usually spent travelling back home and preparing to return to work or school.
Like Thanksgiving and Lunar New Year, Chuseok is a time for families to reconnect with past traditions, as well as
spend time with each other.
36. This reading is mainly about ____.
A. the ways that Chuseok has changed over the years B. what Chuseok is, and how it is celebrated
C. the best ways to celebrate in Korea D. the most popular Korean celebrations
37. According to the passage, in what ways has Chuseok NOT changed?
A. Younger women don't wear the hanbok very much. B. People now eat songphyun during Chuseok.
C. More people live in big cities. D. People can now buy songphyun in stores.
38. According to the passage, why does a two-hour journey become six hours?
A. Roads are crowded as people travel home at the same time.
B. People stop to visit the graves of their ancestors.
C. People have to buy food for ceremonies. D. The government closes roads for celebrations.
39. What do people NOT do on the day before Chuseok?
A. travel B. play games C. make songphyun D. clean the house
40. Which of the following is NOT part of the Chuseok celebrations?
A. making moon-shaped rice cakes B. dressing in nice clothes
C. going outdoors under the moon D. greeting family members by saying "Chuseok!"
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 TEST 2 UNIT 5
I)-Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. diversity B. remind C. unite D. unique
1. A. costume B. custom C. culture D. buff
3. A. unity B. martial C. practice D. spirit
II)-Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
4. A. achievement B. encourage C. integrate D. tradition
5. A. identifier B. multicultural C. agricultural D. international

III)-Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

6. Studies show that children who are exposed to a more ____community are more creative and tolerant of differences,
because these students learn how to resolve conflict more easily.
A. various B. similar C. differently D. diverse
7. Culture is the lens with which we evaluate everything around us; we ____what is proper or improper, normal or
abnormal, through our culture.
A. express B. evaluate C. calculate D. signal
8. Most of the ethnic groups in the United States adjust to mainstream America, but may still ____ many of their cultural
customs and their native ethnic language.
A. retain B. limit C. hold D. contain
9. Cultural identity must be ____and locals should be encouraged to continue their traditions in the wake of tourism.
A. protected B. insured C. assured D. confirmed
10. Touring the small villages of Vietnam by bicycle was a(n) ____experience.
A. existing B. general C. particular D. unique
11. Combining physical activity with a healthy diet is the best way to ____a healthy body weight.
A. provide B. support C. maintain D. express
12. We think they ____all that is necessary.
A. have done B. doing C. had done D. would do
13. "Where's Tony?" "He ____to the travel agent's, and he hasn't come back."
A. has been B. has been going C. has gone D. had gone
14. Unfortunately, her illness was ____than we thought at first.
A. more and more serious B. serious and serious C. more serious D. A & C
15. It gets ____to understand what the professor has explained.
A. most difficult B. mostly difficult C. the most difficult D. more and more difficult

IV)-Fill in each blank in the passage with the correct word/ phrase given. There are some extra words.
national heroes cultural activities intellectual culture modern changes
cultural heritage national unity traditional holidays national nature
Preservation and Promotion of Our National Culture
Viet Nam has 54 ethnic groups which have their own features which supplement each other, complete the
Vietnamese culture in general and promote (16) ____________________This shows that the overall Vietnamese culture
is a unified and diversified culture within the community of Vietnamese ethnic groups. The traditional cultural treasure of
the nation has been preserved and promoted through (17) ____________________which are regularly and continually
carried out across the country. Many traditional arts such as classical drama, traditional opera have been preserved and
are performed to attract a great number of audience. Festivals are regularly held on (18) ____________________. Many
art festivals are held at home and abroad. Many works and writings about the revolution and national resistance wars have
been published.
The protection of (19) ____________________is a task which has been given due attention in order to hand down to
later generations. There arises campaign amongst the masses to do relevant things to remind people of our original point,
honor national resistance wars, commemorate (20) ____________________and martyrs, appreciate our cultural well-
known men, etc.

V)-Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words given, using repeated comparatives. There
are some extra words.
complicated heavy bad big
angry good nervous hard
21. It's becoming ________________ to find a job.
22. My bags seemed to get ________________as I carried them.
23. As I waited for my interview, I became ________________
24. As the day went on, the weather got ________________
25. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got ________________.

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V)-Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
Why Cultural Identity Is Important
Culture is the underlying foundation of traditions and beliefs that help a person relate to the world around them. It is
the (26) ____for any superstitions they may have. It is the aversion to specific types of meat, or which days you can work
on. Culture gives us a definite starting point when beginning to search for our (27) ____. Knowing where a person comes
from will help to define how they look at their family obligations as well as how they celebrate important (28) ___in life.
Culture is extremely important if a tribe or an ethnic group intends to continue living in the same fashion as their (29)
____. The aboriginal tribes of New Zealand, Australia, and other countries across the world often struggle to keep their
traditions (30) ____. Conquering nations try to (31) ____native people into mainstream society, urging them to give up
their century-old traditions. Most unwillingly refuse, (32) ____the ones who agree to become more modernized, often
struggle as time passes.
Once a person has (33) ____their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture, they begin to
lose their sense of self. They can no longer identify themselves with the things that were once the most important things
in their lives. They lack (34) ____. As time passes and they continue to forget about their past and their natural traditions,
their identity becomes less and less (35) ____.
26. A. base B. basic C. basis D. bases
27. A. causes B. roots C. originals D. basis
28. A. milestones B. history C. posts D. celebrations
29. A. descendants B. relatives C. ancestral D. ancestors
30. A. lively B. live C. alive D. living
31. A. assimilate B. accept C. request D. put
32. A. when B. because C. although D. while
33. A. rejected B. taken up C. given up D. turned down
34. A. instruction B. direction C. position D. management
35. A. sounded B. pronounced C. judged D. announced

VII)-Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
That Unique Japanese Holiday Called... Christmas
Christmas is such a popular holiday that it's no surprise that the Japanese celebrate it as well. To the Western person
who visits Japan at the end of the year, many sights and sounds are familiar: the Santas in ads, the big displays and the
Christmas music in the stores, the lights on the houses, stockings stuffed with toys, and decorated trees.
But look a bit closer and you begin to realize that the Japanese interpretation of Christmas is something rather
different. For one thing, Christmas is more of a fun start to the holidays rather than the main event. In Japan, the most
important holiday of the season is New Year's Day, which comes one week later. New Year is the big traditional holiday
when family and friends get together. In fact, Christmas is not officially a holiday at all – most people have to work that
day unless it happens to fall on a weekend. As a result, people celebrate on Christmas Eve.
As in the West, gift-giving is a big part of the holiday, but it takes on its own character in Japan. On their big night
out, romantic partners may give each other flowers, cute stuffed toys, or rings and other jewelry. Within the family,
parents may give presents to their young children. The idea here is that the gifts come from Santa Claus, so it only makes
sense to give them while the children are still young enough to believe in Santa. It is customary to give presents called
oseibo to bosses and colleagues, to teachers, or to other people outside the immediate circle of friends and family. These
gifts function as a way of showing appreciation to people who have performed some type of service for you.
Christians make up only a very small part (less than two percent) of the population of Japan, so people are not very
familiar with the religious roots of the holiday. Nevertheless, the Japanese have an amazing ability to import elements
from other cultures and integrate them with their own culture. For example, Buddhism, the parliamentary form of the
government, large corporations, and the current educational system all originally came from abroad. These things are so
successful in today’s Japan precisely because they are no longer exactly the same as they were. Like Christmas, the
Japanese made them uniquely their own.
36. What is similar about the Western and Japanese Christmas?
A. Santa Claus is a popular figure. B. Many people go to church.
C. Christmas cakes are sold everywhere. D. They don't go to work on Christmas Day.
37. What is the most important day of the festive season in Japan?
A. Christmas Day B. Christmas Eve C. New Year's Day D. New Year's Eve
38. Who might a Japanese person give oseibo to?
A. their young child B. their best friend C. their secretary D. someone they just meet
39. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The Japanese are good at adopting and adapting traditions.
B. The Japanese love foreign cultures.
C. Christmas is not a religious holiday in Japan. D. Things need to be changed to be successful in Japan.
40. The purpose of this passage is to ____.
A. encourage people to visit Japan for Christmas B. explain why Christmas is so popular in Japan
C. explore the concept of a Japanese Christmas D. compare Western and Japanese holidays
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 Unit 5. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in
pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. international B. nation C. national D. nationality
2. A. language B. massage C. marriage D. shortage
3. A. because B. nurse C. horse D. purpose
4. A. cultures B. customs C. ideas D. migrants
5. A. passed B. realized C. touched D. wished
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary
stress in each of the following questions.
6. A. anthem B. appear C. attire D. attend
7. A. unify B. unique C. uniqueness D. unite
8. A. assimilate B. diagnose C. festival D. scenery
9. A. diversity B. endanger C. geography D. opposite
10. A. circumstance B. considerate C. community D. identity

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
11. When it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and
maintaining divisions across differences.
A. assimilation B. distinction C . uniformity D. variance
12. The situation got out of hand when the festival organisers couldn't foresee that the mob would get angry because
they were stopped from taking the offerings.
A. hard to complete B. difficult to control C. impossible to find D. unlikely to happen
13. A number of practices at local festivals have come under strong scrutiny in recent years.
A. approval B. attention C. disapproval D. examination
14. Local people believe that the festival is an opportunity to teach younger generations about patriotism and
bravery.
A. heroism B.justice C. loyalty to the country D. truth
15. A smiling Princess Anne was attired in an aqua-blue hat and matching jacket, with white top.
A. caught B. wrapped C. revealed D. shown
16. This is especially important in the age of globalisation, where countries face a daunting challenge to preserve
their own cultural identities.
A. intimidating B. delighting C. encouraging D. urging
17. There are countless arguments against this ridiculous proposal.
A. countable B. uncountable C. too few to count D. too many be counted
18. Steve Kootenay-Jobin, Aboriginal housing coordinator at Mount Royal University, notes that many Indigenous
students who move to the city for education, encounter culture shock.
A. avoid B. confront C. overcome D. wipe out
19. Culture has been described as features that are shared and bind people together into a community.
A. divide B. engage C. force D. unite
20. Once you have been accepted as a pupil or student at the school or college, it's against the law for them to
discriminate against you because of your religion or belief.
A. maltreat B. neglect C. misinterpret D. expel
21. Changes in attitudes, family values, generational status can occur in both the majority and minority cultures as
the two interact; however, typically one culture dominates.
A. normally B. rarely C. specially D. uncommonly
22. Integration and assimilation can help reduce feelings of loss and grief as the migrant starts to incorporate aspects
of the majority culture.
A. disadvantage B. disapproval C. discrimination D. sadness
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of
the following questions.
23. They fear that with the re-enactment event taking off, the festival may fade away in obscurity.
A. darkness B. dimness C. fuzziness D. sharpness
24. Launched by the federations and foundations, Group's brands find local expression through the promotion of
social solidarity and culture.
A. division B. identity C. teamwork D. unity
25. Many ethnic groups find it hard to maintain their own languages.
A. continue B. discontinue C. preserve D. speak
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26. The 21st century has witnessed the surprisingly increasing formation of multicultural societies where a varying
number of ethnic people stay together.
A. continental B. global C. universal D. worldwide
27. The custom of worshiping ancestors is a beautiful, rich, and colorful and joyful tradition in Vietnamese culture.
A. blaming B. praying C. honoring D. respecting
28. He said he was only joking, but his comments were so close to the bone.
A. annoying B. offensive C. personal D. respectful
29. Hispanics are expected to abandon their heritage to live in the US.
A. adopt B. discard C. drop out D. withdraw
30. For this reason, many immigrants flock to this country in search for new beginnings and better lives.
A. crowd B. gather C. group D. spread
31. Nothing valuable could come of a revival of the German martial spirit, better to leave it behind or bury it.
A. awakening B. destruction C. improvement D. population
32. Kootenay-Jobin says the cultural integration experience can be exacerbated by challenges such as racism and
housing.
A. increased B. improved C. provoked D. worsen
33. Cultural changes in identity can be stressful and result in problems with self-esteem and mental health.
A. anxiety B. confidence C. dissatisfaction D. modesty
34. Post-migration stresses include culture shock and conflict, both of which may lead to a sense of cultural
confusion, feelings of alienation and isolation, and depression.
A. disconnection B. loneliness C. sympathy D. unfriendliness
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following
questions.
35. On a flip side(A), the world wide adoption of a couple of(B) languages that have a large number of(C) speakers
has led to the death of several less popular(D) languages.
36. For(A) conclusion, the(B) death of local(C) languages is an alarming(D) development.
37. Over(A) fifty thousand(B) English words have been deriving(C) from the Greek(D) language.
38. It is important to understand the culture religion(A) of the country that(B) you are travelling to and a little
research(C) before you leave will help tremendous(D).
39. Linguists aware that(A) a language becoming(B) extinct does not necessarily mean(C) that the people who
spoke it have all died(D).
40. It is our duty to critically(A) examine the elements, which(B) we must preserve, which(C) will be maintained as
our specific cultural identities, which(D) we can be proud.
41. Even today, Breton as well as(A) several other minority language(B) in France, and the rest of(C) the world, are
not legally protected(D).
42. Besides visiting(A) ancient monuments and tombs, coming(B) to Hue, you can also have a chance to bathe and
lying under(C) the sun on the most wildly(D) beautiful beaches in Viet Nam.
43. Sometimes people learn the outsiders' language in addition to(A) their own; this has happened(B) in Greenland,
when(C) Kalaallisut is learned(D) alongside Danish.
44. By some estimates(A), 80 per cents of(B) the world's languages may vanish within(C) the next centuries(D).
45. Many signed(A) languages, including(B) American Sign Language, have born(C) within the last few(D)
centuries.
46. Minority communities, for instance(A), Aboriginal peoples, over 80% whose(B) native languages will die
with(C) the current generation, account for(D) most of the world's languages.
47. According to linguists(A), children can learn several languages(B) well, as good as(C) they know when to(D)
speak each one.
48. According to me(A), I think if one is from the country with strong and old traditions, it will be rather(B) difficult
for him to adapt to(C) the new customs and moreover to reject(D) his own.
49. Individuals(A) define themselves by nationality(B), ethnic(C), language, clothing(D) and food.
50. In forest worshiping(A), people worship(B) the gods of trees and villagers sacrificed(C) their lives to protect(D)
the village.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
51. How long ____ Gerry?
A. has you been knowing B. has you know C. have you been knowing D. have you known
52. How many times ____ New York?
A. has Charles been visiting B. has Charles visited
C. have Charles been visiting D. have Charles visited
53. She ____ French words for hours, but she still doesn't remember all of them.
A. has been learning B. has been learnt C. has learnt D. have been learning
8
54. My father ____.
A. has never smoked B. have never smoked C. has never been smoking D. have never been smoking
55. Oh dear, the light ____ all night.
A. has been burning B. has burnt C. has burned D. have burning
56. We ____ Lisa recently.
A. hasn't seen B. haven't seen C. haven't been seeing D. haven't been seen
57. I ____ fifteen phone calls this morning.
A. has been making B. have been making C. have been made D. have made
58. ____ anything so strange in your life?
A. Have you ever been hearing B. Have ever you been hearing
C. Have you ever heard D. Have you ever heared
59. You're red in the face. ____
A. Has you ran? B. Have you been runned? C. Have you ran? D. Have you been running?
60. The sun ____ since this morning.
A. has shining B. has shined C. has shone D. has been shining
61. How long ____ the drums?
A. have you been playing B. you have played C. have you playing D. have you played
62. The phone bill is enormous. You ____ your boyfriend in Australia, ____?
A. have been called - have you B. have called - haven't you
C. have been calling - haven't you D. has called - hasn't you 63. He
63. He ____ on his essay all day, but he ____ yet.
A. has been writing - has not finished B. has writing - has not been finishing
C. have been written - have not finished D. has written - has not been finishing
64. John ____ for the government since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he ____ his work, but
now he is talking about retiring.
A. has been working - has not enjoyed B. has writing - has been finishing
C. has worked - has been enjoying D. has worked - have enjoyed
65. Lately, I ____ about changing my career because I ____ dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.
A. have been thinking - have become B. have been thinking - have been become
C. have thought - have become D. have thought - have been becoming
66. My job gets ____ every year.
A. harder and harder B. harder and more harder C. more harder and harder D. more and more harder
67. She's getting over her operation. She feels ____.
A. gooder and gooder B. better and better C. more better and better D. more and more better
68. The market for tablets is becoming ____ all the time.
A. competitiver and competitiver B. more and more competitive
C. more competitiver and competitiver D. more competitive and competitive
69. My dad's eyesight is getting ____. He can hardly see anything these days.
A. more worser and worser B. more and more worse
C. worse and worse D. worser and worser
70. It's time you tidied your room. It's getting ____.
A. messier and messier B. more Messier and messier
C. more messy and messy D. more and more messy
71. Visitors can ____ various types of “ao dai” costumes for free at the Ha Noi Global Cultural Center.
A. dress up B. put on C. try on D. wear out
72. Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire in 1812, but relocated to and ____ in Camden Town in
London.
A. came back B. called away C. grew up D. left out
73. It's easy to ____ your parents for granted.
A. get B. have C. make D. take
74. Every year several languages ____. Some people think that this is not important because life will be easier if
there are fewer languages in the world.
A. die away B. die out C. die off D. die down
75. In all social systems, there is a minority group which is looked ____ by others in that culture and kept ____
of mainstream society.
A. back on – up B. down on - out C. out of – down D. through - back
76. Xoan singing is a vocal art of villages in the ancestral land of Phu Tho. It has been ____ for generations and the
oral tradition is still very much alive today.
A. handed down B. landed on C. passed by D. taken over
9
77. Geographical position has given India a chance to develop a ____ culture and this cultural ____ is a big "pull"
factor for travelers from different countries.
A. unique – unique B. unique - uniqueness C. uniqueness – unique D. uniqueness - uniqueness
78. Most companies show ____ against the obese.
A. prejudice B. prejudicing C. prejudge D. prejudging
79. Greek and Latin are the ____ sources of the international scientific vocabulary.
A. predominant B. predominance C. predominated D. predominating
80. Viet Nam's Hung Kings worshiping ____ in Phu Tho Province has become part of the world's intangible cultural
heritage.
A. ritual B. ritualism C. ritualistic D. ritualizing
81. ____, but would you mind helping us on our essay?
A. Sorry to bother you B. Sorry for bothering
C. Sorry for such a bother D. Sorry for having bothered you
82. Many parents afraid that their children are becoming less familiar ____ their traditions.
A. to B. from C. for D. against
83. Since moving to another country, some people decide to follow the customs of the new country, while ____
prefer to keep their own customs.
A. another B. other C. others D. the other
84. The best way to preserve your culture is to keep it ____.
A. alive B. living C. life D. lively
85. Culture helps people ____ to the world around them.
A. adapt B. change C. alter D. fit
86. A broad definition of ____ is when two separate items, each with different characteristics, come together and
blend.
A. assimilation B. diversity C. preservation D. urbanization
87. Many new immigrants have not yet assimilated fully ____ the new culture.
A. into B. with C. in D. by
88. Some people feel a strong ____ to keep their cultural identities.
A. craving B. pressure C. urge D. wish
89. The latest heritage at risk register revealed that 5,831 listed buildings, monuments, archaeological sites, and
landscapes in England are at ____ of being lost.
A. danger B. edge C. ease D. risk
90. The objective is to promote the role of inhabitants and communities in the development of a modern architecture
imbued ____ national identity.
A. against B. by C. for D. with
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.
91. Alex: “Thank you for taking the time to come here in person.” Amy: “____”
A. It's my pleasure. B. I don't know what time that person comes.
C. I'd love to come. What time? D. Do you have time for some gossip?
92. Alex: “How have you been recently?” Amy: “____”
A. By bus, I think. B. It's too late. C. Pretty busy, I think. D. No, I'll not be busy.
93. Jenny: “Thanks for the nice gift you bought to us!” Peter: “____”
A. All right. Do you know how much it costs? B. Not at all, don't mention it.
C. Actually speaking, I myself don't like it. D. Welcome! it's very nice of you.
94. Jenny: “You must have found reading my essay very tiring.” Peter: “____ I enjoyed it."
A. Not in the least. B. Just in case. C. At all costs. D. You are welcome.
95. Jenny: “You are so patient with us.” Mrs. Green: “____”
A. I'm fine, thanks. B. Thanks, that's nice of you to say so.
C. Thanks. Have a nice trip. D. I know. I have trouble controlling my temper.
96. Tom: “Can I have another cup of tea?” Mrs. Green: “____”
A. Be yourself. B. Do it yourself. C. Help yourself. D. Allow yourself.
97. Ken: “Where is your studying group going to meet next weekend?” Mark: “____”
A. We are too busy on weekdays. B. The library could be best.
C. Why don't you look at the atlas? D. Studying in a group is great fun!
98. John: "Do you think that people should protect their cultural identities in the age of globalization?” Jane: “____”
A. Of course not, you bet! B. Well, that's very surprising.
C. There is no doubt about it. D. Yes, it's an absorb idea.
99. Kay: "I don't do that if I were you." Amy: "____”
A. I'd rather you didn't. B. It's out of question. C. Wouldn't you? Why? D. Would you, really?
10
100. Jenny: “I think that some languages will no longer be spoken." Anna: “____”
A. Don't you think so? B. I'm afraid so. C. I agree. It sounds nice. D. Let's speak up.
101. "It was very kind of you to help me out, Paul?” Paul: “____”
A. I'm glad you like it. B. Thanks a million.
C. That was the least I could do. D. You can say that again.
102. Amy: "Would you mind sending those flowers to Mrs. Brown?" Mark: “____”
A. He wouldn't mind. B. I would if I were you.
C. No, I can handle it myself. D. Sure, I'll do it now.
103. Mary: "I'll never do that again”. Linda: "Me ____.”
A. do so B. too C. neither D. either
104. Jackson: "I get impatient when the teacher doesn't tell us the answer.” Rose: “____”
A. Yes, it's hard to think of the answer. B. Yes, I wish she'd hurry up.
C. Yes, she would know the answer. D. Yes, she speaks too quickly.
105. Jane: "Don't fail to send your parents my regards." Ben: “____”
A. You are welcome. B. Good idea, thanks. C. Thanks, I'll. D. It's my pleasure.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits
each of the numbered blanks.
Why is culture important and how does it answer the question "(106) ____ is cultural identity?"? Culture is the
underlying (107) ____ of traditions and beliefs that help a person (108) ____ to the world around them. It is the
basis (109) ____ any superstitions they may have. It is the aversion to (110) ____ types of meat, or which days you
can work on. Culture gives us a definite starting point when beginning to (111) ____ for our roots. Knowing (112)
____ a person comes from will help to define how they look at their family obligations as (113) ____ as how they
celebrate important milestones in life.
As a person has given up their cultural identity, they (114) ____ can identify themselves with the things that
were (115) ____ the most important things in their lives. They lose direction. As time (116) ____ by and they
continue to forget about their past and their natural traditions, their identity becomes less and less (117) ____.
106. A. How B. Which C. Why D. What
107. A. institution B. foundation C. organization D. principle
108. A. relate B. relating C. related D. to relate
109. A. in B. for C. of D. to
110. A. especial B. special C. specific D. typical
111. A. find B. look C. search D. seek
112. A. by which B. how C. when D. where
113. A. long B. much C. soon D. well
114. A. any longer B. any more C. no longer D. no more
115. A. at once B. once C. one time D. for once
116. A. goes B. flies C. passes D. walks
117. A. pronouncing B. pronounce C. pronounced D. been pronouncing
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Modern life is characterized not only by the conveniences made possible by technological advances but also by
greater mobility in search of still greater opportunities. These major life changes, however, expose individuals to
many novelties in a new culture, which are the causes of culture shock. Culture shock is a process through which
most people who enter a new culture pass through before they adjust to life in their new environment.
Culture shock begins with the honeymoon stage”. This is the period of time when we first arrive in which
everything about the new culture is strange and exciting. Unfortunately, the second stage "rejection stage" can be
quite dangerous because the visitor may develop unhealthy habits (smoking and drinking). This can lead to the
person getting sick or developing skin infections or rashes, which then makes the person feel even more scared and
confused and helpless. This stage is considered a crisis in the process of cultural adjustment and many people
choose to go back to their homeland or spend all their time with people from their own culture speaking their native
language. The third stage of culture shock is called the "adjustment stage”. This is when you begin to realize that
things are not so bad in the host culture. You are becoming stronger by learning to take care of yourself in the new
place. The fourth stage can be called “at ease at last”. Now you feel quite comfortable in your new surroundings.
You can cope with most problems that occur. You may still have problems with the language, but you know you are
strong enough to deal with them. The last stage of culture shock, which many people don't know about, is called
"reverse culture shock”. Surprisingly, this occurs when you go back to your native culture and find that you have
changed and that things there have changed while you have been away. Now you feel a little uncomfortable back
home. Life is a struggle!
11
118. Which sentence best explains the main idea of paragraph 1?
A. Culture shock, experienced by people living in a new culture, consists of five basic stages.
B. People immigrate to other countries in search of better opportunities.
C. Modern life is characterized by many technological advances and greater mobility.
D. These major life changes are the causes of culture shock.
119. It is stated that the "honeymoon stage” ____.
A. is involved in developing healthy habits
B. is exciting with the new sights, sounds, language and foods
C. is the initial period of culture shock
D. got its name because everything is new and exciting for the newcomer
120. In paragraph 1, the word novelties probably means ____.
A. things which are new or unusual B. things which are difficult to deal with
C. things which have to do with novels D. things which are very young or recent in age
121. In paragraph 2, the word host probably means ____.
A. the dominant country B. the largest country
C. the newcomer's native country D. the receiving country
122. Which of the following is NOT true according the passage?
A. At forth stage, newcomers have overcome all problems in the new culture.
B. Immigrants may suffer from "reverse culture shock” when going back to native culture.
C. New arrivals in the second stage, "reject” the new culture by returning to their country or binding even more
with other people from their culture.
D. The "rejection stage” is the most difficult stage in the process of cultural adjustment.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
In the Native American Navajo nation which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native
language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-age or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo,
the schools are run in English. Street sign, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not
surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years' time.
Navajo is far from alone. Half the world's 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations - that's
one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet's linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. Isolation
breeds linguistic diversity as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250
languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these
small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
What makes a language endangered is not that the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by
children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly,
according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alaska Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.
Why do people reject the language of their parent? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small
community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler of Britain's Foundation for
Endangered Languages, in Bath. “People lose faith in their culture” he says. "When the next generation reaches their
teens, they might not want to be induced into the old tradition.” The change is not always voluntary. Quite often,
governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in school, all to
promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation in English, for example, effectively put
languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics Department at the
University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation.
"Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures" he
says. “They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English."
However, a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direct predictions from coming true. ‘The key
to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language' says Doug
Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. “Most of these will
ive without a large degree of bilingualism” he says.
123. It is stated in the passage that the number of endangered languages is ____.
A. about 3,200 B. about 6,800 C. at least 3,000 D. fewer than 2,500
124. The word peppered in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. randomly separated B. slowly attacked C. sparsely distributed D. unintentionally controlled
125. According to the passage, endangered languages cannot be saved unless people ____.
A. avoid speaking their dominant language B. grow interest in cultural identities
C. know more than one language D. write in their mother tongue
126. Who thinks that a change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture?
A. Doug Whalen B. Michael Krauss C. Nicholas Ostler D. Salikoko Mufwene
12
127. The word these in paragraph 5 refers to ____.
A. ancestral tongue B. dominant language
C. growing interest in cultural identity D. the key to fostering diversity
128. Navajo language is considered being endangered language because ____.
A. it currently has too few speakers
B. it is spoken by too many elderly and middle-aged speakers
C. it was banned in publicity by the former US policy D. many young people refuse to learn to speak it
129. Which statement is NOT supported by the information in the passage?
A. A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee the survival of a language.
B. National governments could do more to protect endangered languages.
C. The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.
D. Young people often reject the established way of life in their community.
130. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. To describe how diverse languages are in the past.
B. To explain the importance of persevering endangered languages.
C. To explain why more and more languages disappear.
D. To point out that many languages being in danger of extinction.

Mark the letter A, B, C. or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
131. It is hard for linguists to draw the line between languages and dialects.
A. Linguists find hard to draw the line between languages and dialects.
B. Linguists find it hard drawing the line between languages and dialects.
C. Linguists find it hard to draw the line between languages and dialects.
D. Linguists find it is hard to draw the line between languages and dialects.
132. Cultural changes have never been as accelerated as they are now during the globalization.
A. Never before cultural changes have been as accelerated as they are now during the globalization.
B. Never before cultural have changes been as accelerated as they are now during the globalization.
C. Never before have been cultural changes as accelerated as they are now during the globalization.
D. Never before have cultural changes been as accelerated as they are now during the globalization.
133. Many immigrants do not want their children to suffer from not speaking dominant language well, as they did.
A. Many immigrants do not want their children to speak dominant language as worse as they did.
B. Many immigrants want their children to speak dominant language better than they did.
C. Many immigrants want their children to speak dominant language as well as they did.
D. Many immigrants want to speak dominant language as well as their children can.
134. I think childhood is the best time to learn languages well.
A. According to my opinion, children are the best to learn languages well.
B. In my opinion, there is no time that is better than childhood to learn languages well.
C. My opinion is that we can learn languages well only in our childhood.
D. To me, there is no time that is as good as childhood to learn languages well.
135. People often mistakenly think that children can learn to speak only one language well.
A. Children are often believed to be able to speak only one language well and it's true.
B. It is often believed that children cannot learn to speak several languages.
C. It is not true that children can learn to speak only one language well.
D. It is normal to believe that children can learn to speak only one language well.
136. There are over fifty ethnic groups but we all use Vietnamese as the official language.
A. Although there are over fifty ethnic groups, we all use Vietnamese as the official language.
B. Despite there are over fifty ethnic groups, we all use Vietnamese as the official language.
C. However, there are over fifty ethnic groups, we all use Vietnamese as the official language.
D. In spite of using Vietnamese as the official language, there are over fifty ethnic groups.
137. There's no point in preventing people from shifting to a different language.
A. It is possible to prevent people from shifting to a different language.
B. It's useless to prevent people from shifting to a different language.
C. People will be prevented from shifting to a different language though it's hard.
D. No one wants to prevent people from shifting to a different language.
138. Languages allow people to experience and share their cultures.
A. People are able to experience and share their cultures through languages.
B. People are not allowed to experience and share their cultures without languages.
C. People must experience and share their cultures by languages.
D. People cannot experience and share their cultures without languages.
13
139. Preserving cultural identities in international world is a matter of great dispute.
A. It is a great dispute as cultural identities should be preserved in international.
B. No matter how great dispute is, cultural identities should be preserved in international.
C. That the dispute of preserving cultural identities in international world is a great matter.
D. The fact that cultural identities should be preserved in international world is a matter of great dispute.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences.
140. Sacred texts and ceremonies can seem confusing with no one there to guide. Young people find an expert
willing to explain their significance.
A. Although sacred texts and ceremonies can seem confusing with no one there to guide, young people are
forced to find an expert willing to explain their significance.
B. Because sacred texts and ceremonies can seem confusing with no one there to guide, so young people are
willing to find an expert to explain their significance.
C. For sacred texts and ceremonies can seem confusing with no one there to guide, young people might find an
expert willing to explain their significance.
D. Since sacred texts and ceremonies can seem confusing with no one there to guide, young people are supposed
to find an expert willing to explain their significance.
141. Culture, language, facilities or economy level of the family are different. Vocal guidelines and acting in daily
activities are the ways of the life experience knowledge transfer.
A. Vocal guidelines and acting in daily activities are the ways of the life experience knowledge transfer despite
of different culture, language, facilities or economy level of the family.
B. Vocal guidelines and acting in daily activities are the ways of the life experience powledge transfer regardless
of different culture, language, facilities or economy level of the family.
C. Vocal guidelines and acting in daily activities are the ways of the life experience knowledge transfer due to
different culture, language, facilities or economy level of the family.
D. Vocal guidelines and acting in daily activities are the ways of the life experience knowledge transfer although
different culture, language, facilities or economy level of the family.
142. We can't deny the potential influences of global communications on our cultural identity, as it will become
even more powerful.
A. It can be undeniable that global communications will become even more powerful in potentially influencing
our cultural identity.
B. It cannot deny that global communications will become even more powerful in potentially influencing our
cultural identity.
C. It cannot be denied that global communications will become even more powerful in potentially influencing
our cultural identity.
D. It hardly deny that global communications will become even more powerful in potentially influencing our
cultural identity.
143. We accept that changes are unavoidable. We will not allow everything to be wiped out, destroyed or forgotten.
A. Accepting that changes are unavoidable does not mean that we will allow everything to be wiped out,
destroyed or forgotten.
B. Despite accepting that changes are unavoidable, but we will not allow everything to be wiped out, destroyed
or forgotten.
C. Rather than accepting that changes are unavoidable we will allow everything to be wiped out, destroyed or
forgotten.
D. We accept that changes are unavoidable, as we will not allow everything to be wiped out, destroyed or
forgotten.
144. People have given up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture. They begin to
lose their sense of self.
A. If people have not given up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture, they
will not lose their sense of self.
B. Giving up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture means that people totally
lose their sense of self.
C. Once people have given up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture, they are
about to lose their sense of self.
D. Whenever people have given up their heritage, traditional beliefs and other aspects of their native culture,
they are supposed to lose their sense of self.
145. Thousands of languages are at risk of extinction. You know one of them, then teach it to others.
A. As long as you know one of thousands of languages that are at risk of extinction, then teach it to others.
B. If you know one of thousands of languages that are at risk of extinction, teach it to others.
C. For you know one of thousands of languages that are at risk of extinction, teach it to others.
D. Whenever you know one of thousands of languages that are at risk of extinction, then teach it to others.
14
COMPARISONS
TEST I.11.1
Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. New York city's Central Park is nearly twice as large ……..second smallest country, Monaco.
A. as B. is the C. as is D. as the
2. The speed of light is ……..the speed of sound.
A. faster B. much faster than C. the fastest D. as fast
3. The use of detail is……..method of developing a controlling idea, and almost all students employ this method.
A. more common B. common C. most common D. the most common
4. ……..in Stevenson's landscapes, the more vitality and character the paintings seem to possess.
A. The brushwork is loose B. The looser brushwork C. The loose brushwork is D. The looser the brushwork is
5. Don't be too hard on him, he's doing the job ……..
A. he can as best B. as he can best C. as best as he can D. as well as he can
6. Prices for bikes can run…….. $250.
A. so high as B. as high to C. so high to D. as high as
7. The relative size of an insect's wing is much greater than ……..
A. that of a bird’s wing B. of a bird' swing C. that wing of a bird D. a wing of a bird is
8. The richer you are, ……..
A. you may become more worried B. you more worried may become
C. the more worried you may become D. the more worry you may become
9. Ann works ……..than most of her friends.
A. much harder B. a lot more hardly C. more hardly D. more harder
10. Keith is ……..taller than her brother.
A. lightly B. delicately C. sparely D. slightly
11. Which of the following is ……..title for the passage?
A. the best B. better C. best D. good
12. Total weight of all the ants in the world is much greater than……..
A. all human beings B. total human beings C. that of all human beings D. those of all human beings
13. Normally, in order for a political party to form a government, it has to have….number of seats in Parliament.
A. the largest B. as large as C. larger than D. so large
14. On the way to the mountains, it was impossible to see ……..a few meters ahead because of the heavy fog.
A. rather than B. how far C. more than D. so large
15. Some animals serve as models in the study of human health because they suffer from almost ……..types of diseases
……..humans.
A. such - that B. either - or C. as - as D. the same - as
16. According to a study, women blink almost twice ……..men.
A. more than B. as much as C. much than D. so much that
17. Ozone depletion has been ……..at the poles, especially over Antarctica, where a seasonal ozone layer "hole" appears.
A. as severe as B. so severe as C. more severe than D. the most severe
18. I was relieved to see that the new computer software was ……..complicated to use than I had thought it would be.
A. much less B. far too C. the most D. so much
19. The 1665 plague in London took almost ……..lives ……..the Great Fire of London the year after.
A. the same – as B. as many – as C. much more - than D. such a lot - that
20. Cotton shirts feel ……..than polyester ones.
A. much softer B. more softly C. far more softer D. far more softly
21. Of the three courses I did, this one is ……..interesting.
A. the hardest and more B. harder but more C. the harder but more D. the hardest but most
22. Of the two films we watched yesterday, Titanic is ……..
A. the more interesting B. the most interesting C. better interesting D. as interesting
23. This car is ……..of the two models in the showroom.
A. more modern B. the most modern C. the more modern D. one of the most modern
24. The tickets for the play weren't nearly as expensive ……..we thought.
A. so B. than C. that D. as
25. Why don't we go on the coach? It is ……..cheaper than the train.
A. a bit quite B. quite bit C. quite a bit D. a quite bit
26. A quick look would reveal that France has twice ……..computers.
A. as many televisions as B. more televisions than C. as many as televisions D. many as televisions as
27. The ……..source of power in 1970 was from natural gas with almost 25%.
A. most second important B. second most important C. second important most D. most important second
28. Staying in a hotel costs ……..renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
A. as much as twice B. twice as much as C. twice more than D. twice as

15
29. Tom: "Which is more important? Luck or effort?" - Mary: "Luck is ……..effort."
A. on the same importance B. of the same importance as
C. the same importance as D. as the same importance as
30. Tom: "Is your government salary good?"
Mary: "Yes, but I don't make as much ……..worked in private industry."
A. as I would if I B. if I would have C. I would if D. as I
31. Please cut my hair ……..the style in this magazine.
A. the same length as B. the same length like C. the same long like D. the same long as
32. This factory produced ……..motorbikes in 2014 as in the year 2012.
A. as twice as many B. twice as many C. as twice many D. as many as twice
33. Potential dehydration is ……..that a land animal faces.
A. the often greatest hazard B. the greatest often hazard C. often the greatest hazard D. often the hazard greatest
34. The curriculum at the public school is as good ……..of any private school.
A. or better than B. as or better than that C. as or better that D. as or better than those
35. Why don't you buy bananas when they are much ……..apples?
A. less expensive than B. not expensive than C. expensive than D. lesser expensive than
36. Marine reptiles are among the few creatures that are known to have a possible life span greater than ……..
A. man B. the man's C. the one of man's D. that of man
37. This one is prettier, but it costs ……..as the other one.
A. twice as many B. as many C. twice as much D. so much
38. Terylene shirts are ……..to wear, but cotton shirts are much ……..
A. harder - most comfortable B. hardest - more comfortable
C. harder - more comfortable D. more hard - more comfortable

Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.

39. Certain types(A) of snakes have been known(B) to survive without food(C) more as(D) a year long.
40. The grizzly bear, which(A) can grow up to eight feet(B) tall, has been called(C) a more(D) dangerous animal of North
America.
41. The dangers of noise are(A), unfortunately, not as clear-cut than(B) those(C) from most other(D) health hazards.
42. Climate, soil type, and availability(A) of water are(B) the most critical factors than(C) selecting the best(D) type of
grass for a lawn.
43. Peter Abelard, a logician and theologian(A), was the(B) controversialest(C) teacher of his age(D).
44. Protein molecules are(A) the most(B) complex than(C) the molecules of(D) carbohydrates.
45. The widely(A) used(B) natural fiber(C) of all is(D) cotton.
46. Helium has(A) the most low(B) boiling(C) point of all substances(D).
47. Plant proteins(A) tend(B) to have few(C) amino acids than proteins from animal sources(D).
48. The new office building is much(A) farthest(B) away than(C) the one we used to work(D) in.
49. Walking up the stairs(A) is not quick(B) as taking the elevator, but(C) it provides more(D) exercise.
50. Ms Chang always(A) gets a lot done, but(B) yesterday she did more work that I've ever(C) seen before(D).
51. This(A) concert is(B) more worse(C) than I expected it to be(D).
52. We tested several printers at(A) the trade show, and the new Canon 3500 seemed to be(B) the good(C) one for our
purposes(D).
53. Our trainees found(A) the product demonstration at(B) this meeting difficult to(C) understand than in previous
years(D).
54. I don't believe(A) there is(B) anyone best(C) suited for(D) the job than Mrs. Smith.
55. There is fewer(A) rainfall in the central area(B) than in(C) the north(D) of the country.
56. Fruits and vegetables(A) provide few protein(B) in relation to(C) their(D) weight and size.
57. There is still more(A) pollution in(B) the air because its(C) level is increasing all the time(D).
58. Your brother spoke in a more(A) interesting way(B) even though(C) he mentioned less(D) details.
59. Of(A) the two lecturers, the first was by far(B) the best(C), partly because the person who delivered it had such a(D)
dynamic style.
60. She is an efficient(A) employee; she does twice as more(B) work as other(C) people do(D).
61. The United States has(A) a younger population as(B) most other(C) major industrial countries(D).
62. Of all outdoor(A) activities, Paul likes fishing best of all(B), but(C) he doesn't enjoy cleaning the fishing rods
afterwards(A).
63. The rate of stomach cancer is lowest(A) in countries where(B) people don't eat(C) processed meat products than in
nations where such foods are consumed(D).
64. After(A) the critics see the two plays, they will(B), as a result of their experience and background, judge which is the
most(C) effective and moving(D).
65. Usually(A) the(B) climate in mountainous areas becomes much windy(C) at(D) higher altitudes.
66. The(A) diameter of the Sun is more than(B) one hundred times(C) greater than(D) the Earth.

16
67. The most great(A) trumpet player, Louis Armstrong, went from New Orleans in 1922 to join a band that helped
spread(B) jazz through(C) phonograph recordings(D).
68. The life in the city(A) is more(B) comfortable(C) than in the country(D).

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is best built from the prompts given.
69. My opinion/ unfair/ women/ more duties/ husbands.
A. According to my opinion, it is unfair when women have more duties than their husbands.
B. In my opinion, it is unfair that women have more duties than their husbands.
C. My opinion, it is unfair for women to have more duties than their husbands.
D. My opinion, which seems to be, is that women should have more duties than their husbands.
70. Person's choice/ occupation/ probably/ most important/ ever have/ make.
A. A person's choice of occupation is probably the most important one that ever has to be made.
B. A person's choice about occupation is probably most important one to have ever made.
C. A person's choice from occupation is probably the most important one ever has to be made.
D. A person's choice among occupation is probably most important ever having made.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
71. Lee talks to people more politely than Ben.
A. Ben doesn't talk to people as politely as Lee. B. Ben doesn't talk to people politely as Lee.
C. Ben doesn't talk to people more politely than Lee. D. Ben doesn't talk to people less politely than Lee.
72. No student in my class can run as fast as Jack.
A. Jack is faster than no student in my class. B. Jack is the fastest runner in my class.
C. All students in my class don't run faster than Jack. D. No student in my class runs fast as Jack.
73. She is the most intelligent woman I have ever met.
A. I have never met a more intelligent woman than her. B. She is not as intelligent as the women I have ever met.
C. I have ever met such an intelligent woman. D. She is more intelligent than I am.
74. The original version of that song sounds much better.
A. That version of the song doesn't sound as well as the original one.
B. That version of the song doesn't sound as good as the original one.
C. The last version of the song sounds the best.
D. No other song sounds as good as the original version of that song.
75. I haven't seen a worse film than this one.
A. This is the worst film I have ever seen. B. This film is the worst in the world.
C. There is no film better than this one. D. The film I have seen is the worst.
76. This question is harder than the last one.
A. The last question is not difficult. B. This question is the most difficult one.
C. The last question is difficult but this one is more difficult. D. This question is hard but the last one is not.
77. I have done many exercises and this is the most difficult.
A. This exercise is by far the most difficult to do. B. I have ever done any exercises as difficult as this.
C. All the exercises I have done are difficult. D. This is the most difficult exercise I ever do.
78. Mary loves her mother more than her father.
A. Mary loves her mother more than her father does. B. Her father loves her mother but Mary loves her more.
C. Her father doesn't love her mother as much as Mary.
D. Mary's love for her mother is greater than that for her father.
79. Twice as many men as women are insurance agents.
A. More men than women have insurance. B. Male insurance agents outnumber female agents.
C. Women are twice as likely as men to have sold insurance.
D. Insurance is twice as difficult to sell to women as to men.
80. Most people get fewer colds in summer than in winter.
A. A person is more likely to get a cold in winter than in summer.
B. More people have summer colds than winter colds.
C. People get colder in summer than in winter. D. Winter is much colder than summer.

TEST I.11.2
Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. ........a person gets, ........the chance they will develop a disease that harms the brain.
A. So old - greater than B. Too old - a lot greater C. The older - the greater D. The oldest - the greatest
2. People are becoming ........aware of healthy eating, exercise, and relaxation, and want to incorporate them into their
daily lives.
A. hardly ever B. rather than C. more and more D. much as
3. The more she practises, ........she becomes.
A. the greater confidence B. more confidently C. the more confident D. the most confident
17
4. The more you talk about the situation, ........
A. it seems worse B. the worse it seems C. the worse does it seem D. it seems the worse
5. The older you are, ........
A. the more you may become worried B. the more worried you may become
C. the more worry you may become D. you may become more worried
6. Sound comes in waves, and the higher the frequency, ........
A. higher is the pitch B. the pitch is higher C. the higher the pitch D. pitch is higher
7. The more you have tried to edit the article, ........
A. it becomes better B. the more it has become
C. the better it becomes D. it has becomes better and better
8. Hubble's law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, ........is their relative speed of separation.
A. the greatest B. the greater C. greater than D. as great as
9. The better the weather is, ........
A. the beaches get the more crowded B. the beaches get the most crowded
C. the most crowded the beaches get D. the more crowded the beaches get
10. The country is rapidly losing its workers as ........
A. people are emigrating more B. more and more people are emigrating
C. people emigrating are more and more D. more emigrating people are
11. ........you study for these exams, ........you will do.
A. The harder - the better B. The more - the much
C. The hardest - the best D. The more hard - the more good
12. The more waste paper we recycle, ........
A. the least trees we preserve B. the most trees we preserve
C. the fewer trees we preserve D. the more trees we preserve
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
13. We do not need much furniture because the room is small.
A. The smaller the room is, the less furniture we need. B. The smaller the room, the fewer furniture we need.
C. The small room makes the furniture less and less. D. Much furniture is needed for a small room.
14. As Elton John became more famous, it was more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
A. The most famous Elton John became, the more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
B. The more famous Elton John became, the more difficult it was for him to avoid reporters.
C. The more famous Elton John had become, the more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
D. The more Elton John became famous, the more difficult for him to avoid reporters.
15. We cut down many forests. The Earth becomes hot.
A. The more forests we cut down, the hotter the Earth becomes.
B. The more we cut down forests, the hotter the Earth becomes.
C. The more forests we cut down, the Earth becomes hotter.
D. The more we cut down forests, the Earth becomes hotter.
16. As he earned more money, Mike bought more clothes.
A. When Mike earned a lot of money, he bought more and more clothes.
B. The more money Mike earned, the better clothes he bought.
C. The more money Mike earned, the best clothes he bought.
D. The more money Mike earned, the more clothes he bought.
17. Success in the academic field depends on your number of qualifications.
A. You are successful in the academic field, so you have more qualifications.
B. Your number of qualifications is a result of your success in the academic field.
C. The more success you are in the academic field, the more qualifications you have.
D. The more qualifications you have, the more successful you are in the academic field.
18. The traditional phone is far from convenient compared to the smart one.
A. Smart phones are almost as convenient as traditional ones.
B. Smart phones are much more convenient than traditional ones.
C. The traditional phone is far more convenient than the smart one.
D. The traditional phone is as convenient as the smart one.
19. As he grows older, he becomes increasingly intelligent.
A. The more old he grows, the more he becomes intelligent.
B. The older he grows, the more he becomes intelligent.
C. The older he grows, the more intelligent he becomes. D. The more he grows old, the more he becomes intelligent.
20. When the unemployment rate is high. the crime rate is usually also high.
A. The unemployment rate and the crime rate are both higher.
B. The higher the unemployment rate is, the higher the crime rate is.
C. The unemployment rate is as high as the crime rate.
D. The high rate of unemployment depends on the high rate of crime.
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COMPARISON 2
I. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. Tom is as……….a person as one of my classmates.
A. amusing B. more amusing C. most amusing D. so amusing
2. Both typhoons last November were of the same………..
A. strong B. stronger C. strength D. as strength
3. The players are training as……….they can to win the championship this season.
A. hard than B. harder so C. hard as D. harder like
4. The food in Gusteus's is a bit………. that of Tony's.
A. delicious as B. less delicious as C. delicious than D. less delicious than
5. This spaghetti tastes ……….the one in the famous Italian restaurant on the corner.
A. so B. as C. than D. like
6. Try to use water………. . You are wasting it.
A. more economically B. most economically C. as economically D. like economically
7. Stanley drives………. of all of my friends.
A. fast B. as fast as C. faster than D. the fastest
8. I can't stand the noise around here. It is ……….place I’ve ever been to.
A. noisy B. the noisiest C. noisier than D. more noisy than
9. Scott is……….member in our class. He rarely participates in any of our discussions.
A. less active than B. more active than C. the least active D. the most active
10. In the past, people thought that French was……….English
A. as much superior as B. more superior C. superior than D. superior to
11. Many scientists claimed that classical music makes babies……….
A. as smart B. the smartest C. smarter D. smarter than
12. Robin always turns up ………. others.
A. later than B. the most later than C. more later than D. later
13. Many students think that ……….they graduate from university,……….chance they have to find a good job.
A. the soon - the good B. sooner - the better C. the sooner - the better D. sooner - better
14. ………. tourists are coming back to our country after the disaster.
A. Much B. Less C. More and more D. Many and many
15. ……….the painters are, ……….their works are.
A. More famous – valuable B. The more famous — more valuable
C. Famous - more valuable D. The more famous - the more valuable
16. It is necessary for parents these days to be ………. with their children.
A. patient and patient B. more and more patient C. more patient and patient D. more patient and more patient
17. Women's employment rate is getting………..
A. high and high B. higher and high C. high and higher D. higher and higher
18. There are………. people listening to songs on radio. They just like to listen to the ones in their MP3 players.
A. fewer and fewer B. more and more C. many and many D. few and few
19. ……….you study, ……….you can pass the final exam.
A. Harder - easier B. The harder – easier C. The harder - the easier D. The harder - the more easily
20. ………. scientists have discovered about mummies, ……….they appear to be.
A. More — mysterious B. The more — more mysterious
C. The more - mysterious D. The more - the more mysterious
II. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. I think I'm as ……….as my classmates.
A. an attentive student B. a student attentive C. attentive a student D. student attentive
2. It's clear that the president's speech was ……….as inspiring as hers.
A. far B. twice C. a lot D. a bit
3. These questions are just……….as difficult as those we answered yesterday.
A. more B. much C. by far D. half
4. Bangkok suffers from as……….other big cities in the world.
A. more serious traffic jams as B. traffic jams serious as
C. serious a traffic jam as D. many serious traffic jams as
5. This plan is much more suitable……….in our circumstance.
A. than B. like C. as D. Ø
6. They considered my suggestion ……….his.
A. inferior to B. as much inferior as C. more inferior D. inferior than
7. There are ……….more families having……….2 children these days.
A. a lot - better B. even - fewer than C. much - many than D. a bit - half
8. Our guests were not very satisfied because the hotel they stayed was……….the one last week.
A. a lot more convenient than B. by far less convenient of all
C. a bit more convenient of all D. much less convenient than
19
9. This is……….trip that I’ve had. I don't feel any excitement at all.
A. the most thrilling B. more thrilling than C. the least thrilling D. less thrilling than
10. Your idea is the simplest………., but we still think it will work.
A. far and away B. of all C. in all D. one of
11. His is……….invention I've ever heard of.
A. the most useless B. more useless than C. as useless as D. the same use as
12. Bolt is……….the most interesting movie to see this summer.
A. by far B. one of C. much D. like
13. ……….you eat, the healthier you will feel.
A. More vegetable than B. Most vegetable as C. The most vegetable D. The more vegetable
14. Vietnamese Tet holiday seems……….every year.
A. less and less exciting B. less exciting than C. the least exciting D. the less exciting
15. The nations are getting……….as a result of their rapid economic development.
A. closer than B. as close C. closer and closer D. closest
16. Young people are becoming ………. aware of climate changes consequences.
A. less than B. more and more C. as much as D. more and less
17. The more languages we are able to reserve, ……….human's treasure is.
A. the valuable B. the more valuable than C. the more valuable D. more valuable
18. ……….our technology develops, ……….we destroy our Mother Earth.
A. The higher - more serious B. The higher - the more serious
C. The higher - more seriously D. The higher — the more seriously
19. Your father is……….mine, but he is certainly………..
A. elder than - stronger B. older than – stronger
C. elder than - stronger of all D. older than - stronger of all
20. Neptune is by far……….planet from the sun in the solar system.
A. the farthest B. the most farthest of all C. the furthest of all D. the most furthest

III. Choose the best sentence that is formed from the words given.
1. what / good / TV show / you / see / ?
A. What TV show is best that you have ever seen? B. What is the best TV show you have ever seen?
C. What is as good as the TV show that you have ever seen?
D. What is the better than the TV show that you have ever seen?
2. rules / American football / not / same / soccer
A. The rules of American football are not the same as soccer.
B. The rules of American football are not the same as those of soccer.
C. The rules of American football are not so same as that of soccer.
D. The rules of American football are not same with soccer.
3. everything / family / decide / old / member / our grandfather
A. Everything in our family is decided by the eldest member, who is our grandfather.
B. Everything in the family is decided by the old member, who is our grandfather.
C. Everything in the family is decided by the older member, who is our grandfather.
D. Everything in our family is decided by the elder member, who is our grandfather.
4. Venus / call / Earth / sister / it / same size / our planet
A. Venus is called Earth's sister, so it has the same size like our planet.
B. Venus calls Earth sister because it is same size as our planet.
C. Venus is called the Earth's sister because it is the same size as our planet.
D. Venus calls Earth sisters because it has the same size than our planet.
5. zoology / sound / subject / zoo animals / it / more / that
A. Zoology sounds like a subject on zoo animals, but it is much more than that.
B. Zoology sounds as a subject on zoo animals, but it is more than that.
C. Zoology sounds like a subject on zoo animals, but it a lot that more.
D. Zoology sounds the same as a subject on zoo animals, but it far that more.
6. seem / high / technology / many / diseases / discover
A. People seem that higher technology create the most discovered diseases.
B. Higher technology seems to bring much more discovered diseases.
C. It seems that the higher technology grows, the more diseases are discovered.
D. We seem to have higher and higher technology which make more and more discovered diseases.
7. classmate / mine / handsome / Tom Cruise
A. A classmate of mine is a lot more handsomer than Tom Cruise is.
B. A classmate of mine is by far the most handsome, compared with Tom Cruise.
C. A classmate of mine is much more handsome than Tom Cruise is.
D. A classmate of mine is one of the handsomest as Tom Cruise.

20
8. university / wisely / learn / good / result / have
A. At university, the more wisely you learn, the better result you will have.
B. University students gets wiselier and wiselier, but the results they have are not good.
C. If you learn wiselier at university, you will get good result.
D. The wisely you learn at university, the better result you will have
9. sea level / high / year / seaside countries / under / dangerous / threat
A. The fact that the sea level rises higher each year puts seaside countries under a more dangerous than threat.
B. The sea level rises more highly than every year, putting seaside countries under even dangerous threat.
C. Higher sea level every year puts more dangerous seaside countries than under threat.
D. The sea level is a bit higher every year, putting seaside countries under a more dangerous threat.
10. easy / people 7 life / many / festivals / celebrate
A. The more easier people's life is, the more festivals are celebrated
B. When people's life becomes easier, more and more festivals are celebrated.
C. The easier people's life is, the more and more festivals are celebrated,
D. The easier and easier people's life is, more festivals are celebrated,
11. Tet holiday / popular / there / many / Vietnamese communities / world
A. Tet holiday is more popular than many Vietnamese communities in the world.
B. Tet holiday is getting more popular as there are more Vietnamese communities in the world.
C. Tet holiday is becoming more popular like there are much more Vietnamese communities than in the world.
D. Tet holiday is more popular as there are much more Vietnamese communities than those in the world.
12. the USA / consider / have / high / develop / economy / world
A. The USA considerably has the most high developed economic development in the world.
B. The USA has a considerably higher economic development in the world.
C. The USA is considered to have a higher developed economy of all the countries in the world.
D. The USA is considered to have the most highly developed economy in the world,
13. many / new words / coin / everyday conversations / technology / rapidly / develop
A. A bit many new words are coined in everyday conversations because technology is developing rapidly.
B. Many newer than words are coined in everyday conversations as technology is rapidly developing.
C. The more new words are coined in everyday conversations, the more rapid technology develops.
D. More and more new words are coined in everyday conversations as technology is rapidly developing.
14. Internet shopping / simple / help / high-tech devices
A. Internet shopping gets more and more simpler thanks to the help of high-tech devices.
B. Internet shopping is more simple than helping from high-tech devices.
C. Internet shopping is getting simpler and simpler with the help of high-tech devices.
D. Internet shopping becomes the most simple just as the help of high-tech devices.
15. scientists / little / fat / healthy / our / hearts
A. Scientists claim that the less fat we eat, the healthier our hearts become.
B. It is stated by the-scientists that little fat makes our hearts healthier than them.
C. Scientists think that there are less fat in our health and healthier hearts.
D. It is believed by the scientists that the less and less fat in our heart, the healthier will our hearts be. .
IV. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. No one in this world can………..
A. tow a truck that is the same weight as the one I did last week
B. tow a truck that is heavy as the one I did last week
C. tow a truck that is heavier than I did last week D. tow a truck that is the heaviest than I did last week
2. The Pyramids of Giza are……….in the world.
A. the most famous monuments B. by far the more famous monuments
C. the more and more famous monuments D. a bit the most famous monuments
3. What's……….that you have ever seen?
A. the more enjoyable movie B. more enjoyable movie
C. the most enjoyable movie D. most enjoyable movie
4. ……….increase their chance to be extinct.
A. The most being killed wild animals B. More and more wild animals being killed
C. The least being killed wild animals D. Less and less wild animals being killed
5. Music can be used as ……….for many kinds of mental diseases.
A. a more effective therapy as B. the most effective therapy like
C. the most effective therapy than D. a more effective therapy
6. The more fashionable clothes are, ……….
A. the faster and easy they are outdated B. they are outdated easier and faster
C. they can be easier and faster to get outdated D. the easier and faster they are outdated
7. The growth of nuclear families has put……….in retirement homes.
A. more elder and elder people B. more and more elder people
C. loss and less cider people D. less elder and elder people

21
8. The new car tires seem to be………..
A. bigger than my old car B. the biggest than that of my old car
C. as bigger as my old car D. bigger than those of my old car
9. Does Tokyo have……….?
A. the largest population as all other cities B. by far the largest population of all other cities
C. the more and more population of all other cities D. as largest population as of all other cities
10. No structure on the earth is ………..
A. the same length as the Great Wall does B. as long than the Great Wall
C. as long as the Great Wall is D. longer than the Great Wall does
11. There has never been a speech that is………..
A. more influential than that of Martin Luther King B. as influential so Martin Luther King's
C. the most influential of all Martin Luther King's D. more and more influential than that of Martin Luther King
12. Poor people are often considered………..
A. inferior than rich people B. inferior as rich people C. inferior to rich people D. inferior like rich people
13. Floods are becoming……….as we are continuously decimating forests.
A. more and more destructive B. the same destruction
C. as destructive D. more destructive and destructive
14. The more practical our proposal is, ………..
A. the easier we can be sponsored B. the less easier sponsors support us
C. the easier it is for us to get sponsored D. the least easily we get sponsored
15. The further he can travel, ……….he can raise for children with inborn heart diseases.
A. the more fund B. a lot of more fund C. most of the fund D. the most of the fund
V. Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to each sentence below.
1. The workers feel nervous if their employers' surveillance is so strict.
A. The workers feel more nervous than their employers' strict surveillance.
B. The more nervous the workers feel, the stricter the employers’ surveillance.
C. The stricter the employers' surveillance is, the more nervous the workers feel.
D. The employers' surveillance is stricter than the workers nervous feelings.
2. The elderly think that modern music is nothing to compare with classical music.
A. The elderly think that modem music is superior to classical music.
B. The elderly think that modem music is inferior to classical music
C. The elderly think that music these days is more modern than classical music.
D. The elderly think that music these days is less modern than classical music.
3, UFOs’ appearance is still considered the most mysterious phenomenon of all.
A. There are no other phenomena more mysterious than UFOs’ appearance.
B. UFO's appearance is as mysterious as all other phenomena.
C. The most mysterious phenomenon in the world is not UFO's appearance.
D. Many phenomena are more mysterious than UFO's appearance.
4. The disasters described in The Day After Tomorrow are the most destructive.
A. No disasters in the real world can be more destructive than The Day After Tomorrow.
B. No disasters in the real world are so destructive as The Day After Tomorrow.
C. The disasters in The Day After Tomorrow are less destructive than those in the real world.
D. Disasters in the real world are much less destructive than those in The Day After Tomorrow.
5. The more we exploit the natural resources, the faster they will run out.
A. If we exploit the natural resources, they will run out as fast.
B. Exploiting the natural resources will make them run out so fast,
C. If we continue exploiting the natural resources, they will run out soon.
D. The natural resources will run out if we stop exploiting it.
6. If we are late to bring a person bitten by a cobra to the hospital, he will die.
A. The later we bring a person bitten by a cobra to the hospital, the dangerous he is.
B. The sooner a person bitten by a cobra is brought to the hospital, the more chances his life can be saved.
C. A person bitten by a cobra will be in danger if we don't bring him to the hospital sooner and sooner.
D. If we bring a person bitten by a cobra to the hospital as soon, he will die.
7. Scientists are trying their best to seek for unlimited energy sources.
A. Scientists are trying harder and harder to seek for unlimited energy sources.
B. More and more unlimited energy sources are sought by scientists.
C. The better scientists are trying, the more unlimited energy sources are sought.
D. More and more scientists are trying to seek for more unlimited energy sources.
8. Use of herbs as cures for many diseases is increasing these days.
A. More and more kinds of herbs are being used as cures for many diseases,
B. Herbs are being used more and more as cures for many diseases.
C. The more herbs are used as cures, the more increasing disease are found.
D. Herbs are being used the most as cures for the increasing diseases.

22
9. Vehicles are being used less and less since they are causing many environmental problems.
A. Vehicles are not being used as much as they were in the past because they are causing many environmental
problems.
B. Fewer vehicles are being used than the past because they are causing many environmental problems.
C. More and more environmental problems are caused by using fewer vehicles these days.
D. Use of vehicles causes the most environmental problems.
10. Street Boys produced two albums last year whereas their competitor released over ten.
A. Street Boys' competitor released a bit more albums last year than them.
B. The number of albums Street Boys produced last year was much more than their competitor.
C. Street Boys' competitor produced a little more albums than they did.
D. Street Boys produced a lot fewer albums than their competitor did last year.
11. The 1929-1930 economic recession has been the worst that has ever happened.
A. The 1929-1930 economic recession was one of the worst that have ever happened.
B. The 1929-1930 economic recession was much more worse than all the other ones.
C. There has never happened an economic recession that is worse than the 1929-1930 recession.
D. The most worst economic recession has been the 1929-1930.
12. The Athens Olympic Games opening ceremony expressed the most cultural features of the host,
A. No opening ceremonies expressed as many cultural features of the host as the Athens Olympic Games.
B. No other opening ceremonies could express more cultural features of the host than that of the Athens Olympic
Games.
C. The Athens Olympic Games opening ceremony expressed much many cultural features of the host.
D. The Athens Olympic Games opening ceremony expressed a lot more cultural features of the host than other
Olympic Games.
13. Harvard University has the most scientists awarded Nobel Prize.
A. The more scientists who were awarded Nobel Prize worked in Harvard University.
B. No university has more scientists awarded Nobel Prize than Harvard University.
C. More and more scientists of Harvard University have been awarded Nobel Prize.
D. More scientists worked at Harvard University, more Nobel Prizes are awarded,
14. Mobelstar, the most famous mobile phone brand name, has the most market shares in Vietnam.
A. Each of the other mobile phone brand names has more market shares in Vietnam than Mobelstar.
B. No other mobile phone brand names have more market shares in Vietnam than that of Mobelstar.
C. Mobelstar has more market shares in Vietnam than any other mobile phone brand names.
D. Mobelstar has the same market shares in Vietnam as other mobile phone brand names.
15. Most Vietnamese Internet users use Yahoo! Messenger as their instant messaging client.
A. Yahoo ! Messenger is the most widely used instant messaging client by Internet users in Vietnam.
B. More and more Vietnamese Internet users use Yahoo! Messenger as their instant messaging client.
C. Yahoo! Messenger has as many users in Vietnam as other instant messaging clients.
D. Yahoo! Messenger has the same number of users in Vietnam as in other countries in the world.

VI. Choose the part that needs correcting in each sentence.

1. The sunlight energy(A) in the universe is five times more(B) intense as(C) it is on the earth(D).
2. Bill Gates is not only(A) one of the richest person(B) in the world but the most generous(C) as(D) well.
3. Theories stating(A) that crop circles were made by(B) aliens sound(C) as(D) persuasive.
4. Global warming is certainly(A) a significant(B) issue than anything else(C) around the world today(D).
5. The street which(A) was built near(B) my house has the same long(C) as(D) Roseline Street.
6. More and more(A) summit(B) between the heads of states(C) have been held but fewer(D) and fewer important
decisions have been made.
7. It is said(A) that Hong Nhung sings(B) songs by(C) Trinh Cong Son the more successfully(D).
8. Viewers are anticipating(A) the movie “2020”,which is considered(B) one of the great(C) movies about the
apocalypse(D).
9. The dinosaur has been becoming(A) a more interesting and more(B) topic for paleontologists as they have found a
large(C) number of fossils around(D) the world.
10. Modern(A) music is often considered(B) inferior than(C) that(D) of the past.
11. The more(A) the employees commute to work(B) every day, the most(C) productivity their company loses(D).
12. The population of Vietnam is three times(A) as much(B) as Malaysia(C) according to the latest(D) statistics.
13. The less(A) you exercise(B), more and more(C) chances you are caught(D) by diseases.
14. The more(A) sport events a country holds(B), the greater and greater(C) it advertises itself(D).
15. Children are spending(A) more(B) time playing(C) computer games than do(D) outdoor activities

23
Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous?

EXERCISE 1:
1. ___________________ (you / buy) your train ticket yet?
2. The kitchen is a complete mess! What ___________________ (the children / do)?
3. Julie ___________________ (learn) to drive for six years!
4. Amanda ___________________ (already / have) lunch, so she’ll meet us later.
5. How much coffee ___________________ (she / drink) this morning?
6. Simon ___________________ (write) three books.
7. I ___________________ (do) everything I needed to do today! Hurray!
8. It ___________________ (not / rain) all summer, so the garden is dead.
9. I ___________________ (read) your book. Here it is, thank you.
10. She ___________________ (forget) how to get to my house.
11. I ___________________ (work) in the garden all day and I need a rest.
12. She ___________________ (make) three cakes. They look delicious!
13. David feels great these days. He ___________________ (get) up early lately.
14. We ___________________ (always / hate) rush hour traffic.
15. Recently, I ___________________ (study) a lot. My exams are in a few weeks.
16. We ___________________ (write) this book for months and months.
17. I ___________________ (always / love) chocolate.
18. I ___________________ (want) to go back to university for a long time.
19. What’s that delicious smell? ___________________ (you / cook)?
20. I ___________________ (watch) seven films this week!

EXERCISE 2:
1. (mend)
We can go home. We ................................................................ three cars today.
We ................................................................... cars since the morning and we aren't finished.
2. (make)
She .......................................................... puddings all day. She's pretty tired.
How many puddings ............... she ....................................?
3. (look for)
I .................................................................... my keys since we came home. Where are they?!
I .................................................................... my keys several times. But I haven't found them.
4. (do)
Sam is so angry with you. What ................. you .................................... to him?
You are so dirty! What ................ you ..........................................?
5. (not work)
Joy .......................................................... on this computer yet.
Joy .......................................................... on the computer these days. It is broken.
6. (have)
How many years ................ he ................................. this car?
How long .................. he .......................................... the shower? I badly need the bathroom.
7. (not sleep)
I'm shattered. I .............................................................. well lately.
Is the new bed comfortable? I ...................................................... on it so far.

EXERCISE 3
1. The company is huge. It (create) __________________ a thousand new jobs since the beginning of last year.
2. We (produce) __________________ this product since the beginning of the year.
3. I (have) __________________ this car for twenty years and it's as reliable as ever.
4. I'm afraid the company is going bankrupt. It (have) __________________ big problems lately.
5. So, what (you/do) __________________ since I last saw you? What's new?
6. How many of these questions (you/manage) __________________ to get right so far?
7. I'm a bit worried about Malcolm. He (act) __________________ very strange of late.
8. He's an awful driver. He (have) __________________ four accidents in the last three months.
9. (you/send) __________________ us the new price list of your products yet? We need it as soon as possible.
10. I (try) __________________to repair the lock on our door for the last four hours without any success.

24
 PRACTICE TEST 1
Question 1-10
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for
some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to
find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive
Line system. It is a non-elective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the
(5) most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or
placental mammals -- have in common.
But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or
birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their
young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than
(10) the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they
have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does
not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other
arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have
paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their
(15) larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.
For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals
add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for
descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself
completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that
(20) moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young
that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction
of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries
of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its
young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are
(25) removed, the young generally do not survive.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The care that various animals give to their offspring.
(B) The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.
(C) The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.
(D) The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.
2. The author lists various animals in line 5 to
(A) contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals
(B) describe the process by which mammals came to be defined
(C) emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young
(D) explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective
3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) sit on (B) move (C) notice (D) care for
4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?
(A) It is unknown among fish. (B) It is unrelated to the size of the young.
(C) It is dangerous for the parents. (D) It is most common among mammals.
5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) supplying (B) preparing (C) building (D) expanding
6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?
(A) By storing food near their young.
(B) By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.
(C) By searching for food some distance from their nest.
(D) By gathering food from a nearby water source.
7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) opportunity (B) advantage (C) purpose (D) rest
8. The word "it" in line 20 refers to
(A) feeding (B) moment (C) young animal (D) size
9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when
(A) their parents are away searching for food (B) their parents have many young to feed
(C) they are only a few days old (D) they first become independent
10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) raised (B) protected (C) hatched (D) valued

25
Question 11-21
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and
engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other
material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper
is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
Line
(5) The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to
textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for
textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process;
first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it
with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away,
(10) leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the
raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy
in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to
carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a
(15) cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink
remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press,
with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to
subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching
(20) determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with
sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of
multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several
hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear.
Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost,
(25) to a much broader public than before.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The origins of textile decoration (B) The characteristics of good-quality prints
(C) Two types of printmaking (D) Types of paper used in printmaking
12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) principal (B) complex (C) general (D) recent
13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe
(A) the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century (B) the use of woodcuts in the textile industry
(C) the process involved in creating a woodcut (D) the introduction of woodcuts to Europe
14. The word "incised" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned (B) cut (C) framed (D) baked
15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/
(A) "patterns" (line 5) (B) "grain" (line 8)
(C) "burin" (line 15) (D) "grooves" (line 16)
16. The word "distinctive" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) unique (B) accurate (C) irregular (D) similar
17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it
(A) developed from the art of the goldsmiths (B) requires that the paper be cut with a burin
(C) originated in the fifteenth century (D) involves carving into a metal plate
18. The word "yield" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) imitate (B) produce (C) revise (D) contrast
19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?
(A) Their designs are slightly raised.
(B) They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.
(C) They were first used in Europe.
(D) They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.
20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth
century?
(A) Prints could be made at low cost. (B) The quality of paper and ink had improved.
(C) Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.
(D) Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.
21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they
(A) can be reproduced on materials other than paper (B) are created from a reversed image
(C) show variations between light and dark shades (D) require a printing press

26
Questions 22-31
The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained
themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however,
they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at
Line gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized
(5) by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for
their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the
Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name
from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana,
Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery,
(10) pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that
stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was
supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many
of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from
(15) about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century.
At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North
America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at
growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn,
which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate
(20) beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became
closely associated with the Sun – the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called
themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were
descendants of the great sun god.
Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns.
(25) Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a
temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the
flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites,
and at times they were used as burial grounds.
22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The development of agriculture (B) The locations of towns and villages
(C) The early people and cultures of the United States (D) The construction of burial mounds
23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?
(A) The development of trade in North America (B) The establishment of permanent settlements
(C) Conflicts with other Native American groups over land
(D) A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.
24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell" (line 7) designate?
(A) The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
(B) The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
(C) Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.
(D) Two important trade routes in eastern North America
25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) producing (B) exchanging (C) transporting (D) loading
26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) conquered (B) preceded (C) replaced (D) imitated
27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?
(A) About A.D. 400 (B) Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 700
(C) About A.D. 1200 (D) In the sixteenth century
28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell
predecessors?
(A) The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.
(B) The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.
(C) The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.
(D) The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.
29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" (line
22)?
(A) To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.
(B) To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.
(C) To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.
(D) To provide an example of their religious rituals.
30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) passed on (B) experienced at (C) interested in (D) assigned to
27
31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following
purposes EXCEPT
(A) religious ceremonies (B) meeting places for the entire community
(C) sites for commerce (D) burial sites

Question 32-40
Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were
few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or
seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the
Line bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new
(5) era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to
private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal
interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the
state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road
for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The
(10) legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road
where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had
unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)
The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike
encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their
(15) toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road
building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending
from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.
Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger
stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle
(20) developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around
Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the
deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill.
Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log
cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of
(25) stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons.
It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and
leather curtains kept out dust and rain.
32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the
(A) popularity of turnpikes (B) financing of new roads
(C) development of the interior (D) laws governing road use
33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) unsafe (B) unknown (C) inexpensive (D) undeveloped
34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with
(A) other inland communities (B) towns in other states
(C) river towns or seaports (D) construction sites
35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) in need of (B) in place of (C) at the start of (D) with the purpose of
36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?
(A) The states could not afford to build roads themselves.
(B) The states were not as well equipped as private companies.
(C) Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.
(D) Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.
37. The word "it" in line 11 refers to
(A) legislature (B) company (C) authority (D) payment
38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) investment (B) suggestion (C) increasing (D) copying
39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that
(A) built roads without tollgates (B) built roads with government money
(C) completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one year (D) introduced new law restricting road use
40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of
wagons that was
(A) unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles (B) first found in Germany
(C) effective on roads with uneven surfaces (D) responsible for frequent damage to freight

28
Unit 6: ENDANGERED SPECIES
1. GETTING STARTED AND LANGUAGE
 Endangered species
 on the way (back) home
extinct species
on the way to s.w
 wildlife park
 be open to s.o Ex:……………………….…………………………
 to die out = go/ become extinct  work on s.th
 millions / thousands / hundreds of years Ex: I can start to work on my assignment next week.
two million / three thousand / four hundred  to join s.o
students Ex: would you like to join us?
 rhinoceros (n)  extinct (a)
 a friend of mine / hers/ his / theirs: go/ become extinct
extinction (n)
Ex:………………………………………………
extinguish
 danger (n)
be in danger (of N)
be at risk (of / from N)
be under threat (of N)
Ex:……………………………………….………..
Ex:……………………………..…………………..
 to endanger s.o/ s.th : to put someone or something at risk or in danger of being harmed, damaged or destroyed
Ex: He would never do anything to endanger the lives of his children
endangered (a)
 dangerous (a)
 dangerously (adv)
 to survive (s.th)
 survival (n)
 survivor (n)
 diverse (a)
 diversity (n)
 diversify (v)
Ex:……………………………………………………….
 biodiversity (n)
 evolve (v) develop gradually
evolution (n)
evolutionary (a)

2. READING
 Put oneself in one’s shoes
Ex:……………………..………………………..  stop / prevent s.o (from) Ving
 be in danger of extinction  evolutionary process: quá trình tiến hóa
 attribute s.th to s.th  to interfere with s.th
put something down to s.th  be against the laws of nature
ascribe s.th to s.th  nature / natural reserve
 be a threat to s.o/ s.th
Ex:………………………………………………
face a threat to s.th
 habitat destruction
 do s.th at the expense/ cost of s.th
 harvest: /'hɑ:vist/: thu hoạch
Ex: He built up the business at the expense of his health
overharvesting : khai thác quá nhiều
 ruin the ecosystem /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/
 poaching (n) săn trộm
 reduce biodiversity /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti/
 damage (n) (v)
 be in use = being used
cause damage to s.th = to damage s.th

Ex:………………………………………………

 derive s.th from s.th: to get or obtain something from something else; có/ lấy cái gì từ cái gì
Ex: He derived great pleasure from painting
 feel at peace

29
 3. SPEAKING
 to ban s.th
to ban s.o from Ving s.th
 a ban on s.th
 impose a ban on s.th
 lift a ban on s.th
 to trade in s.th : to buy and sell things:
trade with s.o
Ex: the firm openly traded in arms.
Ex: Early explorers traded directly with the Indians
 to donate s.th to s.o/ s.th
make a donation to s.o/ s.th
donor
 coral reef: rặng san hô

4. LISTENING
 be likely to V
Ex:………………………………………………..
 vulnerable (a)
be vulnerable to s.th
 endangered (a)
critically endangered
 elephant tusk
 false teeth
 to take action to V
against s.th
to take measures
to take steps

5. WRITING
 The Arctic: cực Bắc
 The Antarctic: cực Nam
 Hilltop

6. COMMUNCATION & CULTURE

 Natural / nature resrve
 to set up s.th = establish s.th
 to carry out s.th
 designate s.th as s.th : chỉ định cái gì là…
s.o as s.o : chỉ định ai là…
Ex: These centers are designated as protected areas
 enclosure (n) /ɪnˈkləʊ.ʒəʳ/: khu vực có hàng rào bao quanh
 predator (n)
 crab
 lizard
 raise public awareness of s.th
 to conduct a programme
 in the hope of
with the aim of
with the intention of
with a view to Ving
in order to V Ex:………………………………………………………..
 ecological balance

OTHER WORDS
 be on the verge of N = be on the brink of N
Ex:………………………………………………….
 habitat loss

30
 TEST 1 (UNIT 6)
I)-Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. endangered B. evolution C. extinct D. extinguish
2. A. habitat B. survival C. vulnerable D. traditional
3. A. campaign B. horn C. rhino D. extinct
II)-Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
4. A. rhinoceros B. vulnerable C. ecology D. authority
5. A. international B. conservationist C. environmental D. biological
III)-Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
6. Many ______groups now support putting a value on ecosystems.
A. conserve B. conservative C. conservation D. conservatism
7. Saving ______species from becoming extinct is crucial for our health and the future of our children.
A. dangerous B. endanger C. endangering D. endangered
8. Cheetah's tail is ______during fast running, because it balances the animal and allows fast and sudden turns which
happen often when the prey tries to escape.
A. essential B. basic C. adequate D. sufficient
9. Loss of habitat and increased commercial hunt ___the number of chimpanzees from 2 million to 300,000 individuals.
A. reduced B. lessened C. weakened D. limited
10. Illegal hunting in Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana puts African elephants ______of extinction.
A. in the verge B. on the verge C. on brink D. in brink
11. People should be told about the things that threaten the safety of ______so that they can avoid doing them.
A. the wild B. wilderness C. wild life D. wildlife
12. They ______the new bridge by the end of the year.
A. will complete B. will have completed C. have completed D. had been completing
13. By the time you finish cooking, they ______their homework.
A. will have done B. are doing C. have been doing D. have done
14. The older you are, ______.
A. the more you may become worried B. the more worried you may become
C. the more worry you may become D. you may become more worried
15. The better the weather is, ______.
A. the beaches get the more crowded B. the beaches get the most crowded
C. the most crowded the beaches get D. the more crowded the beaches get
IV)-Fill in each blank in the passage with the correct word from the box. There are some extra words.
deforestation conservation preserves conservation
extinction habitats reserves species
Saving Endangered Animals
People all over the world are working to help save endangered animals from extinction. There are (16) _________-
_______organisations which try to make people aware of the problems facing wild animals. Some of the ways in which
they are being saved include habitat protection, captive breeding, setting up nature (17) ________________and parks and
using alternative products in place of products from rare animals.
Governments can help by making international agreements between countries to protect animals (many countries, for
example, have agreed to stop hunting the blue whale) and their (18) ________________. There have been agreements
from a number of countries to protect the rainforests and prevent (19) _________________through financial backing.
Scientists are setting up gene banks in which they keep an animal's genetic material in suspended animation. This
technique may make it possible in the future to 'grow' a new animal of the same (20) _________________. Kew Gardens,
London has a seed bank in case plant species become extinct in the wild.
V)-Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given (active or passive). There are some extra ones.
21. By the time you come here tomorrow, the work (finish)________________________.
22. Mary (leave) ________________________the country by the time this letter reaches her.
23. The zoo (close) ________________________by the time we reach there.
24. Prices (rise)________________________considerably by the coming Tet festival.
25. I expect your Japanese (improve)________________________a great deal by the time you get back from Japan.
VI)-Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
Staying Alive
Some animals don't have to worry very much about other animals. For example, lions, tigers, and bears don't usually
have to (26) ______other animals. Most animals don't dare attack them, because they're big, strong, and (27) ______.
Instead, the other animals have to be afraid of them.
Other animals aren't as strong, so they have to worry about predators. A predator is an animal that hunts and kills
other animals. The weaker animals have other ways to (28) ______. Some of them hide, some of them stay in big groups,
and some of them have other methods.

31
 Some animals use camouflage. Camouflage is a way of blending (29) ______with the environment and becoming
hard to see. For example, one lizard called the flat-tail horned lizard uses camouflage. It lives in the desert, (30) ______the
ground is light brown. Therefore, the lizard has light brown skin. If you were walking by, you probably wouldn't (31)
______it. Then, of course, there's the world's number one camouflage master: the chameleon. The chameleon can change
its colour to (32) ______whatever surface it's on.
Other animals have different (33) _____. Gazelles always jump very high. Scientists believe that they do this to show
lions that they are very fast. They want the lions to (34) _____them alone and chase slower animals.
The animal world is a(n) (35) ______and dangerous place. That is why every animal has developed its own special
ways to stay alive.
26. A. frighten B. worry C. dare D. fear
27. A. dangerous B. unharmed C. endangered D. harmful
28. A. evolve B. attack C. survive D. adopt
29. A. in B. with C. for D. at
30. A. that B. where C. which D. when
31. A. realize B. hear C. notice D. feel
32. A. match B. suit C. blend D. go
33. A. successes B. plans C. processes D. strategies
34. A. remain B. leave C. stop D. start
35. A. unlucky B. strong C. tough D. demanding

VII)-Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
Endangered Species
No animal species can survive indefinitely on the Earth. Centuries ago, species went extinct from natural causes, for
example, they were unable to adapt to bad weather and other difficult conditions. However, animals are now dying out
faster than ever because of human activity. It is estimated that, until the 18th century, one species disappeared from the
Earth every four years. By the 19th century, this had increased to one species per year. By 1975, it was 1,000 species per
year, and today animals are disappearing at the alarming rate of more than 40,000 species per year.
There are many factors that can cause an animal or plant species to become endangered, and one big one is the
destruction of their habitats. Deforestation and soil, air, and water pollution are usually the main culprits. For example,
the population of critically Sumatran orangutans is now less than 10,000 on their home island of Sumatra, Indonesia, due
to deforestation and farming.
Another cause of endangerment is from humans exploiting wild animals. Uncontrolled hunting of whales in the last
century, for example, resulted in many whale species becoming critically endangered. The high demands for animal parts
stems from their use in foods or medicines or their values as decorative objects. For example, the ivory or tusks of
elephants are used to make jewelry, and the price is high enough, those people risk being arrested and jailed to go after
these animals.
Introducing a non-native species to an environment by humans, either intentionally or by accident can also cause
species endangerment. In Florida, large pet snakes such as the anaconda and the python have been released into the large
Everglades swamp. The snakes have thrived in their new environment, and now compete with and may soon overwhelm
the swamp's alligators.
Organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) try to raise awareness of threatened animals and plants. These organizations collaborate with government agencies
to save threatened or endangered species and to make new laws that will protect them. But to really protect plant and
animal species now and in the future, the public needs to be educated on the value of keeping these species alive.
36. According to the passage, what happened between the 18th century and now?
A. More animals are dying out because of human activities. B. Animals were less able to adapt to the weather.
C. More animals started dying from natural causes.
D. The weather conditions became more disadvantageous to animals.
37. Why have many whale species become endangered?
A. Their habitat is being destroyed. B. The high demand for decorative objects and jewelry.
C. They have been hunted in great numbers. D. A non-native species has been introduced to their environment.
38. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of species endangerment?
A. introduction of non-native species B. spread of diseases
C. unrestricted hunting D. habitat destruction
39. Which animal is native to the Everglades swamp?
A. anacondas B. pythons C. large snakes D. alligators
40. What is the main idea of the final paragraph?
A. Governments and organizations must work together to be effective.
B. The most important thing is to raise awareness of and educate people on endangered animals.
C. Laws are needed to protect these endangered species.
D. The public should know the value of animal parts in foods, medicines, and decoration.

32
 TEST 2 (UNIT 6)
I)-Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. nesting B. shellfish C. reserve D. elephant
2. A. habitat B. dragon C. mammal D. danger
3. A. enclosure B. conservation C. species D. nest
II)-Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
4. A. endangered B. habitat C. survival D. extinction
5. A. biodiversity B. evolutionary C. ecologically D. biologically

III)-Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

6. The saola is also indirectly threatened by insufficient ____to and investment in its conservation.
A. interest B. attention C. care D. treatment
7. It is high time we had to ____some measures to protect endangered animals.
A. take B. bring C. hold D. use
8. Besides, several programmes should be ____to spread the word of the conservation of the elephants in the public.
A. told B. used C. operated D. introduced
9. Chimpanzees ____kisses, hugs, touches in their community and use complicated system of sounds to communicate.
A. transfer B. transmit C. exchange D. perform
10. The saola is threatened primarily by hunting, rather than ____.
A. habitual loss B. loss of life C. habitation loss D. habitat loss
11. Baby Komodo dragons will live on the trees from the moment they are born ___adult ones can't climb and eat them.
A. so B. therefore C. although D. so that
12. By the year 2050, many people currently employed ____their jobs.
A. have lost B. will be losing C. will have lost D. are losing
13. At the end of this month, we ____here for ten years.
A. will have been living B. are living C. live D. will be living
14. The more she practises, ____she becomes.
A. the greater confidence B. more confidently C. the more confident D. the most confident
15. The more you talk about the situation, ____.
A. it seems worse B. the worse it seems C. the worse does it seem D. it seems the worse

IV)-Fill in each blank in the passage with the correct word given. There are some extra words.
threats population hope protection
conservation future habitat efforts
Good News for Mountain Gorillas
A population increase for mountain gorillas is proof that the intense and innovative (16) ___________of the (17)
___________community are bringing positive change. A recent census by the Uganda Wildlife Authority identified 400
mountain gorillas in Bwindi National Park bringing the overall (18) ___________estimate to 880, an increase from the
786 estimated in 2010.
This exciting news brings (19) ___________for the future of mountain gorillas as these critically endangered animals
live only in two places on Earth – Bwindi and the Virunga Massif areas, which spans across parts of Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Uganda and Rwanda. According to the census, both (20) ___________locations have demonstrated positive
trends in population growth over the last decade.

V)-Rewrite these sentences, using double comparatives.

21. The saola is likely to die when it is kept in captivity for a long period of time.
 _________________________________________________________________________________
22. After running 400 to 600 yards, the cheetah becomes exhausted and needs to take a rest.
 _________________________________________________________________________________
23. When chimpanzees are bored, they organize various games to entertain themselves.
 _________________________________________________________________________________
24. Since komodo dragons are cold-blooded animals, they spend much time in the sun to heat themselves.
 _________________________________________________________________________________
25. Smaller dolphins eat fish and squids, while large dolphins eat bigger prey.
 _________________________________________________________________________________

VI)-Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
WHALES
How far would you travel for a good meal? If you were a humpback whale, the answer would be five thousand miles.
These large sea animals travel at least that far from their winter home off the (26) ____of Columbia to their summer (27)
____areas off Antarctica. The distance covered by some types of whale is amazing, especially when you (28) ____their
33
enormous size. The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived and it can weigh as much as thirty elephants. It
(29) ____as no surprise, therefore, to hear that ancient folk legends tell of sailors (30) ____these creatures for islands.
The more we find out about whales, the more wonderful they seem. Some species can (31) ____their breath for more than
an hour and dive to a depth of over 200 metres. They use a system of sounds (32) ____as echo-location to find the fish
they eat and they have further sounds to keep in (33) ____with each other. The noises they produce can travel hundreds
of miles under water. Some species seem to sing complicated songs which (34) ____of a number of separate themes, sung
in a specific order which can (35) ____up to half an hour or more. If you ever get the chance to see one of these great
creatures in the wild, you will understand why they have inspired so many legends.
26. A. seaside B. coast C. ground D. beach
27. A. chewing B. eating C. feeding D. dining
28. A. consider B. think C. view D. believe
29. A. seems B. comes C. gets D. goes
30. A. confusing B. supposing C. mistaking D. mixing
31. A. hold B. keep C. store D. save
32. A. known B. named C. called D. referred
33. A. touch B. reach C. call D. range
34. A. compose B. consist C. involve D. include
35. A. give B. last C. long D. play

VII)-Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
Gone Forever
An extinct species is a species whose animals are all dead. For example, there are no more living dinosaurs. We're
looking at some extinct species, and we're going to learn why they vanished.
The dodo bird lived on Mauritius, which is a small island near the east coast of Africa. The dodo was about one meter
tall, it weighed 10 to 18 kilograms, and it could not fly. When Europeans arrived on Mauritius, they noticed something
odd: Dodo birds weren't afraid of humans at all. That's because no animals hunted dodos, so they never learned to be
afraid. That made dodos very easy to hunt. Europeans hunted far too many of them. Also, Europeans brought other
animals, like dogs and pigs, to Mauritius. Those animals attacked dodos and destroyed their nests. About 100 years after
Europeans arrived on Mauritius, dodos were extinct.
Tasmanian tigers lived in Australia. The aboriginals hunted and killed almost all of them. The only ones left were on
Tasmania, which is an island in the south of Australia. When Europeans arrived, they hunted and killed the rest of them.
Sometimes people claim that they've seen these animals in Tasmania, but most people agree that they are almost certainly
extinct.
Human beings are not responsible for the extinction of every animal. Take saber-toothed cats, for example. These
animals were about the size of lions, and they had two long, curved teeth. Those teeth were about 50 centimeters long.
Saber-toothed cats probably went extinct about 11,000 years ago. Saber-toothed cats probably went extinct because their
prey went extinct. They hunted large animals. When there weren't enough large animals for them to hunt, they couldn't
adapt and look for smaller animals. Eventually, they went extinct.
Today, quite a few animals are close to extinction. If an animal is close to becoming extinct, it's called an endangered
species. More than 3,000 species are endangered. Some endangered animals are African elephants, snow leopards,
mountain gorillas, and blue whales.
36. Which of the following is NOT true about dodo birds?
A. They were about one meter tall. B. They lived on an island near Africa.
C. They couldn't fly so they became extinct. D. Before Europeans came, they had had no enemies.
37. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about Tasmanian tigers?
A. The Australian aboriginals killed and made Tasmanian tigers extinct.
B. Europeans hunted and killed the last Tasmanian tigers.
C. Most people don't think that Tasmanian tigers have become extinct.
D. The Australian aboriginals hunted Tasmanian tigers mostly in Tasmania.
38. Why did saber-toothed cats go extinct?
A. The world got too cold. B. Humans hunted them all.
C. Other animals hunted them all. D. Their prey went extinct.
39. What is an endangered species?
A. A species that might go extinct soon B. A species that probably won't go extinct
C. A very dangerous species D. A species that has already gone extinct
40. Which of the following statements is the author likely to support most?
A. Human activities are the only cause to make many species become extinct.
B. Only weak species became extinct because they couldn't protect themselves.
C. Many factors, natural and human, affect the process of extinction.
D. Only species which hunted large animals became extinct.

34
 Unit 6. ENDANGERED SPECIES
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation
in each of the following questions.
1. A. endangered B. gorilla C. global D. dragon
2. A. change B. poaching C. chemical D. achievement
3. A. horn B. vehicle C. hippo D. habitat
4. A. species B. nest C. special D. helpful
5. A. snorkelling B. sensitive C. diversity D. reserve
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress
in each of the following questions.
6. A. visit B. extinct C. survive D. evolve
7. A. dangerous B. survivor C. habitat D. vulnerable
8. A. convenient B. endanger C. critical D. tradition
9. A. pollution B. collision C. protection D. valuable
10. A. migrate B. giant C. panda D. rhino

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the
following questions.
11. All types of dinosaurs went extinct long time ago.
A. thrived B. boomed C. survived D. died out
12. We need to prepare for our biology assignment about endangered plant species.
A. harmless B. dangerous C. likely to go extinct D. harmful
13. These animals are quite vulnerable when living near the industrial zone.
A. calm B. easily hurt C. safe D. relaxed
14. Every year, in Africa a lot of elephants are poached for tusks.
A. illegally hunted B. gently cooked C. boiled D. stewed
15. More complex animals gradually evolved from these very simple creatures.
A. resolved B. involved C. revolted D. developed
16. Many species are threatened in the wild due to habitat destruction by man.
A. usual behaviour B. favourite activity C. place of living D. rituals
17. These animals are now on the verge of extinction.
A. natural tendency B. no longer existing C. thriving D. developing
18. This forest contains many rare specie of plants.
A. in small numbers B. real C. half-cooked D. not done properly
19. Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
A. have enough food B. surprise C. get over D. continue to live
20. The main threat to the survival of these creatures comes from their loss of habitat.
A. service B. surprise C. continuing to exist D. no longer existing
21. Darwin's theory of evolution incorporates the principle of natural selection.
A. radical revolution B. gradual development C. radical resolution D. practical involvement
22. Environmentalists try to persuade the governments to see the need to preserve biological diversity.
A. variety B. direction C. similarity D. closeness
23. Through the years they have made significant contributions to species conservation.
A. protest B. protection C. production D. induction
24. There are several reasons why we should protect endangered species.
A. argue against B. disapprove C. guard from harm D. make known
25. We need to take action to help preserve fish stocks.
A. serve B. prepare C. reserve D. conserve
26. At the moment it is difficult to assess the extent of the damage that his company has caused to the environment.
A. loss B. useful benefits C. advantage D. nuances
27. The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.
A. developed B. exploited C. expanded D. devastated
28. A number of mammal species roamed widely around the northern hemisphere.
A. wandered B. roared C. explored D. discovered
29. Komodo dragons are fierce hunters and can eat very large preys.
A. sharp B. aggressive C. friendly D. cooperative
30. What was fascinating to me was the way the creatures moved.
A. extremely fast B. completely boring C. extremely interesting D. completely motivating
31. Environmentalists dedicate a lot of their time to running campaigns to raise people's awareness of protecting
endangered species.
A. eliminate B. save C. waste D. devote
32. Malaysia local authorities have made efforts to restore the population of sea turtles.
A. pay back B. realize C. relax D. bring back

35
33. Many wildlife reserves have been set up in this country.
A. money reserves B. booking reservations C. protected areas D. emergency fund
34. Turtle enclosures save baby turtles from natural predators like birds, crabs, and lizards.
A. survivors B. hunters C. savers D. protectors
35. Dinosaurs were unable to survive severe ice age weather conditions.
A. harsh B. separate C. safe D. serious
36. We should have better law enforcement to stop poaching.
A. implementation B. enlightenment C. encouragement D. endorsement
37. Money spent on protecting endangered species should be used for improving the life of the local people.
A. improvising B. enhancing C. implementing D. enacting
38. Today, the elephants' population is declining.
A. remaining stable B. going up C. decreasing D. developing
39. Fish are still abundant in that lake.
A. scarce B. available C. decreasing D. plentiful
40. Elephants play an important role in maintaining biodiversity.
A. retaining B. stopping C. pausing D. ending
41. Elephants break up thorny bushes to create grasslands for other animals to inhabit.
A. come in B. live in C. like D. prefer
42. Elephants droppings are vital to the environment.
A. controversial B. trivial C. essential D. optional

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the
following questions.
43. The fire will go out unless we put some more wood on.
A. go off B. go in C. stop burning D. continue burning
44. Let's clear up this rubbish and put it in the bin.
A. mess up B . clear away C. tidy D. clear off
45. The environmental pollution level in this area has built up a lot over recent years.
A. increased B. decreased C. blocked D. concentrated
46. All visitors are kept out of the conservation area.
A. prevented from entering B. prevented from destroying C. allowed to enter D. allowed to take photos
47. It is predicted that the natural resources will run out by the end of the century.
A. come in B. run short C. run away D. remain intact
48. It is urgent that these governments work out a solution to the problem that they are all facing.
A. keep secret B. find C. share D. arrive at
49. In order to protect endangered species, it is important that all people join in.
A. participate B. leave C. take part D. enjoy
50. Many people decided to give up eating meat and become vegetarians.
A. cut up B. put up C. continue D. use up

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction.
51. As soon as(A) we will arrive(B), we will unpack(C) the(D) car.
52. By this time(A) next week, I am(B) lying on a beach(C) on the Bahamas(D).
53. When I will see(A) him, I will tell(B) him you want(C) to speak to him(D).
54. Take(A) a book with you(B), in case you will have(C) to wait for a long time(D).
55. Do you realize(A) that by this time(B) next week we(C) have been(D) in Paris?
56. I'm sure(A) you will be(B) glad when(C) we finally will arrive(D).
57. By the time(A) we will arrive(B), everybody(C) will have left(D).
58. Looking at(A) the schedule it says(B) the boat will leaves(C) at ten(D) tonight.
59. I know(A) Jenny calls(B) later and as soon as she does(C) I'm going(D) to tell her what's happened.
60. The more time(A) you spend on prepare for(B) the test, the higher scores(C) you may get(D).
61. The more(A) you practise speaking(B) in your class, the more better(C) you are at(D) public speaking.
62. The more better(A) I study about(B) endangered species, the more I worry(C) about their extinction(D).
63. The warmer(A) the weather get around the world(B), the faster(C) the polar ice caps will melt(D).
64. The more(A) renewable energy sources we use(B), the more better(C) our living conditions will become(D).
65. As people need(A) more land to build houses(B), they cut down on(C) more forests(D).
66. The unemployment(A) rate is getting higher(B), so that(C) the crime rate is becoming higher(D) as well.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
67. Rare animal extinction is one of the ____ things that could have happened.
A. good B. best C. worse D. worst
68. We need to do this ____ than we are at the moment.
A. quickly B. the quickest C. more quickly D. most quickly
69. Mary speaks English better than her sister ____.
A. is B. Ø C. has D. can
36
70. Looking after a kitten is ____ more difficult than I thought it would be.
A. far B. farther C. further D. father
71. Living in a big city isn't ____ interesting as I thought it would be.
A. less B. most C. more D. as
72. It has been a really bad journey, but I think the ____ is behind us.
A. good B. better C. worst D. worse
73. I'm quite disappointed in you as I know you can do ____.
A. bad B. better C. worst D. good
74. He arrived ____ than anyone else, so he had to wait more than an hour.
A. earlier B. more early C. early D. earliest
75. It is getting hotter and ____ every summer. I guess that is the result of global warming.
A. less B. more C. colder D. hotter
76. The meal was a bit ____ expensive than we expected, but it was very nice.
A. least B. less C. more D. most
77. I've never eaten such a strange thing ____ this before.
A. similar B. as C. same D. look like
78. By the time we get there, the film ____.
A. starts B. started C. will start D. will have started
79. If we don't protect these rare species, they ____ by 2030s.
A. die out B. will die out C. will have died out D. have died out
80. Next December, they ____ for twenty years.
A. will have been married B. have been married C. are married D. were married
81. By the time you come home, I ____ the decorating.
A. have finished B. will have finished C. are finishing D. finished
82. By the year 2050, computers ____ teachers.
A. replace B. will replace C. will have replaced D. have replaced
83. Jim and Laura ____ here for four years next June.
A. have lived B. will live C. will be living D. will have lived
84. This chess game is going to last ages. They ____ it until midnight.
A. won't have finished B. will finish C. have finished D. finish
85. ____ this book by the time it is due back to the library?
A. Will you read B. Will you have read C. Will you be reading D. Have you read
86. I hope I ____ before I'm thirty.
A. win a lot of prizes B. will win a lot of prizes
C. will have won a lot of prizes D. have won a lot of prizes
87. Maybe I ____ famous by the age of thirty-five.
A. become B. have become C. will become D. will have become
88. I hope I ____ millions of dollars from my business by the age of forty.
A. make B. will make C. have made D. will have made
89. At ten o'clock, I ____ my mathematics homework for three hours.
A. will be doing B. will have been doing C. have done D. do
90. We probably ____ by the time you get home.
A. don't leave B. won't leave C. won't have left D. haven't left

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.
Two friends Nam and Lan are talking about the topic of endangered species.
91. Nam: Would you like to join my wildlife protection team? - Lan: ____
A. Yes, I like working for this organization very much.
B. Thank you. I've always wanted to do something to help.
C. Where is it located? D. There are so many wildlife protection teams.
92. Lan: Can we meet this Sunday to discuss our plan for the wildlife protection project? - Nam: ____
A. Yes, we did that. B. Sunday is the weekend. C. Sunday suits me fine. D. Sunday is a great day.
93. Nam: What do you think about killing animals like dogs and cats for food? - Lan: ____
A. It is really cruel. B. I prefer dogs to cats. C. Both of them are pets. D. Dogs are really faithful.
94. Lan: Do you think I should accept an offer to do voluntary work in the zoo? - Nam: ____
A. Why did they offer you the job? B. Zoos have a lot of animals.
C. Voluntary work is meaningful. D. I definitely think you should say yes.
95. Nam: I'd like to hear your ideas on how to protect vulnerable species. - Lan: ____
A. I'd say people's awareness is very important. B. You're always asking me for advice.
C. I like your ideas so much. D. These animals are vulnerable.
96. Nam: I'm planning to raise a couple of rabbits at home. - Lan: ____
A. Rabbits are very fast. B. I've never seen rabbits before.
C. I've decided to raise a cat. D. That's a good idea.

37
97. Nam: Do you want me to give you a lift home? - Lan: ____
A. A lift? No, I'm afraid of height. B. Thank you. It's very kind of you!
C. I live in a flat on the eighth floor. D. My house doesn't have a lift.
98. Nam: If you like, I can check the deadline for our assignment. - Lan: ____
A. I don't really like this assignment. B. Assignments are just a waste of time.
C. Thanks, but that won't be necessary. D. I am scared of deadlines.
99. Nam: Would you mind if sometimes I called at around 10 pm to discuss our assignment? - Lan: ____
A. No, of course not. B. Yes, of course I would. C. I mind a lot. D. I like discussions.
100. Nam: Could you find all the information related to Komodo dragons? - Lan: ____
A. Komodo dragons are also vulnerable. B. Are they still living?
C. I've never heard of them. What do they look like? D. I think that'll be very difficult.
101. Lan: Do you enjoy visiting zoos? - Nam: ____
A. Zoos are places where animals are kept. B. I've visited that zoo twice.
C. Yeah, that's really fun. D. I like funny animals.
102. Lan: Have you ever visited a botanical garden or a nature park? - Nam: ____
A. There is a botanical garden in the area. B. Yes, only once when I was 12.
C. There are a lot of trees and flowers in the botanical garden.
D. Nature parks are expensive to maintain.
103. Lan: Are you concerned about animals becoming extinct? - Nam: ____
A. I'm really worried. Our biodiversity will be broken. B. When will they become extinct?
C. Which animals are endangered? D. I love keeping animals as pets.
104. Nam: What animals in our country are endangered? - Lan: ____
A. Are they endangered animals? B. Endangered animals are dangerous.
C. Endangered animals should be protected. D. Tigers and elephants are nearly extinct.
105. Lan: How can we protect endangered species? - Nam: ____
A. It is out of the question.
B. Both the governments and individuals need to help them.
C. Poachers don't care about endangered animals. D. All endangered animals are extinct.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Alligators have always been the most dangerous predators of the Florida Everglades, (106) ____ their long-held
position is now being challenged by a (107) ____ population of Burmese pythons.
The Burmese python, a giant snake measuring up to 20 feet (108) ____ and weighing up to 200 pounds, is very (109)
____ among exotic pet owners. However, as the (110) ____ snakes grow, they become more difficult to cage and handle.
To avoid dealing with the snakes, the owners irresponsibly release them into the wild. Since the Everglades is (111) ____
similar to the python's native environment of Southeast Asia, they survive and (112) ____ without difficulty.
The issue with the Burmese pythons is their (113) ____ of meals. They eat alligators and endangered birds, which
(114) ____ strain on an already fragile ecosystem. Recently a 13-foot long Burmese python was found with a 5-foot
alligator bursting from its stomach. The python died (115) ____ to eat the alligator but a larger one would have easily
won the struggle. With over 30,000 Burmese pythons now living (116) ____ the Everglades, a solution to stop this
invasive species is necessary. If the pythons are left unchecked, there is a strong possibility they will wipe out a variety of
species (117) ____ for the functioning of the Everglades ecosystem.
106. A. but B. so C. because D. since
107. A. grow B. growing C. growth D. grown
108. A. length B. lengthen C. long D. longer
109. A. popular B. famous C. typical D. scarce
110. A. dead B. died C. death D. deadly
111. A. quiet B. quite C. quit D. quietly
112. A. prospect B. protect C. prosper D. protest
113. A. choice B. choose C. chose D. chosen
114. A. makes B. gives C. gets D. creates
115. A. try B. trying C. tried D. trial
116. A. over B. under C. in D. on
117. A. necessary B. necessity C. need D. needed
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert. The Sahara is in North Africa and is as large as the United States.
Many people think that an area like this has no animals or plant life, but they are incorrect. In fact, the Sahara Desert has
many different 'ecoregions’. Each ecoregion has different plants and animals living there. The biggest ecoregion is called
the 'Sahara Desert ecoregion.' In this area, the climate is extremely dry and extremely hot. The landscape is sandy and
dusty with many high dunes. Because the Sahara Desert ecoregion is so hot and dry, there are very few plants and
animals. Scientists estimate that there are about 500 species of plants. This is not very much when thinking of how
enormous the region is. These plants include acacia trees, palms, spiny shrubs, and grasses. The Sahara is also home to 70
species of mammals. Twenty of these are large mammals. There are about 90 species of birds and around 100 reptiles.

38
 The biggest threat to plants and animals in this environment is drying up. Because of this, plants have the ability to
recover their health after their leaves have dried out completely. Animals can lose 30-60% of their body mass and still
survive. Most animals do not get their water from drinking like other ecosystems. Instead, they have adapted to get their
water through metabolic processes. This is why they can survive in a place like the Sahara Desert ecosystem.
118. What is the text mostly about?
A. Location of the Sahara Desert. B. Hot weather of the Sahara Desert.
C. How animals survive on this Desert. D. The Sahara Desert and its ecosystem.
119. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The Sahara Desert has no animals or plants. B. It is the second largest desert.
C. It is in North Africa. D. It is in the United States.
120. In paragraph 1, the word they refers to ____.
A. people B. plants C. animals D. ecoregions
121. In paragraph 2, the word estimate is closest in meaning to ____.
A. confirm B. calculate C. formulate D. participate
122. All of the following are true about the Sahara Desert EXCEPT ____.
A. there are about five hundred types of plants B. seventy species of mammals can be found there
C. it is home to about ninety species of birds D. well over 100 reptiles are found there
123. Why can animals and plants survive in the Sahara Desert?
A. They try to reduce the water intake. B. They get water from the irrigation system.
C. They get water through metabolic process. D. They don't really need water for a long time.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Amphibians are an animal group that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. These animals live in and out of
the water. The number of amphibians on our planet is declining rapidly in both local mass extinctions and population
crashes. This is a cause for concern as many scientists believe that humans are responsible.
Since the 1980s, scientists have noticed a decline in amphibian populations. Although many animals are affected by
humans, amphibians have been hit particularly hard. Some scientists believe this is because of their two-stage life cycle.
Unlike most animals, amphibians live their lives in two distinct stages. The first is aquatic and the second is terrestrial.
This means amphibians are sensitive to environmental changes in the water and on land. They also have permeable skin,
which means that toxins and chemicals can easily get into their bodies.
At first, some scientists did not believe that human pollution was the cause for changes in amphibian populations.
These scientists believed that every species on Earth goes through natural cycles and changes and that there was not
enough long-term data to prove that humans were the problem. In recent years, this has changed. Almost all biologists are
concerned about the decline in amphibian populations. They are worried not only because many amphibians may go
extinct, but also because these extinctions will affect other plants and animals in ecosystems. They believe that the
decline in amphibian populations is a warning to humans to stop polluting and clean up Earth.
124. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. Endangered reptiles B. Endangered amphibians C. Amphibian life cycle D. Amphibians and reptiles
125. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. The number of amphibians is decreasing rapidly. B. The number of amphibians is increasing.
C. The number of amphibians is going up. D. The number of amphibians staying constant.
126. In paragraph 2, the word noticed is closest in meaning to ____.
A. studied B. analysed C. become aware of D. started to work on
127. In paragraph 2, the word they refers to ____.
A. scientists B. humans C. animals D. amphibians
128. According the passage, which of the following is TRUE about amphibians?
A. First they live on land, then in the water. B. First they live in the water, then on land.
C. They mainly live in water. D. They mainly live on land.
129. In paragraph 2, the word toxins is closest in meaning to ____.
A. poisonous substances B. tonic substances C. essential minerals D. essential vitamins
130. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Amphibians contribute greatly to biodiversity. B. All amphibians will go extinct in the near future.
C. A clean environment may help to protect amphibians from extinction.
D. Protecting amphibians is the responsibility of all people on Earth.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
131. Five islands of Indonesia are home to Komodo dragons.
A. Homes are built for Komodo dragons on five islands of Indonesia.
B. Komodo dragons are the only living creatures on Indonesia's islands.
C. Komodo dragons live on five islands of Indonesia.
D. Komodo dragons prefer to live in hot countries like Indonesia.
132. Unless humans stop poaching, many rare animals will go extinct.
A. When humans stop poaching, many rare animals will become extinct.
B. If people don't stop poaching, a lot of rare animals will become extinct.
C. As soon as people stop poaching, a lot of rare animals will become extinct.
D. Provided that people stop poaching, many animals will become extinct.
39
133. People are not allowed to approach animals in safari parks.
A. People are prohibited from approaching animals in safari parks.
B. People are advised not to approach animals in safari parks.
C. Safari parks don't prohibit people from approaching animals.
D. Safari parks allow people to approach animals.
134. The more polluted the environment, the less safe it becomes for the animals.
A. If the environment is more polluted, it becomes better for the animals.
B. Animals find the more polluted environment safer.
C. Animals become less safe with a more polluted environment.
D. Animals become safer with a more polluted environment.
135. The saola and the rhino are considered endangered species in Viet Nam.
A. The saola and the rhino are dangerous animals in Viet Nam.
B. Both the saola and the rhino are considerate animals.
C. Viet Nam becomes more dangerous due to the saola and the rhino.
D. The saola and the rhino are thought to be endangered species in Viet Nam.
136. The giant panda's natural habitat is shrinking.
A. The habitat for the giant panda is getting bigger. B. The habitat for the giant panda is getting smaller.
C. The habitat for the giant panda is staying the same. D. The habitat for the giant panda is increasing.
137. Baby sea turtles are the most vulnerable when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
A. Baby sea turtles are the most unsafe when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
B. Baby sea turtles are the safest when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
C. Baby sea turtles are the happiest when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
D. Baby sea turtles really enjoy when they leave their nests and make their way to the sea.
138. He started donating to rhino conservation organizations five years ago, and now he still continues to donate.
A. He donated to rhino conservation organizations for five years.
B. He has been donating to rhino conservation organizations for five years.
C. He will have donated to rhino conservations for five years by the end of next year.
D. He used to donate to rhino conservation organizations, but he stopped last year.
139. Animals become extinct due to both habitat destruction and poaching.
A. In addition to habitat destruction, animals become extinct due to poaching.
B. Animals become extinct mainly because of habitat destruction.
C. Animals become extinct mainly because of poaching
D. Neither habitat destruction nor poaching causes animals to go
Mark the letter A, B, C. or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences.
140. People cut down trees for agricultural land. Wild animals have less natural habitat.
A. People cut down trees for agricultural land because wild animals have less natural habitat.
B. People cut down trees for agricultural land, for wild animals have less natural habitat.
C. Wild animals have less natural habitat, so people cut down trees for agricultural land.
D. Wild animals have less natural habitat because people cut down trees for agricultural land.
141. The government launches anti-poaching campaigns. Lives of many rare animals are saved.
A. Unless the government launches anti-poaching campaigns, lives of many rare animals are saved.
B. If the government launches anti-poaching campaigns, lives of many rare animals are saved.
C. If lives of many rare animals are saved, the government launches anti-poaching campaigns.
D. Unless lives of many rare animals are saved, the government launches anti-poaching campaigns.
142. People use pesticides and fertilizers. They want to increase crop production.
A. People want to increase crop production, so they use pesticides and fertilizers.
B. Unless people want to increase crop production, they use pesticides and fertilizers.
C. People want to increase crop production because they use pesticides and fertilizers.
D. People want to increase crop production, for they use pesticides and fertilizers.
143. Many elephants are poached. Their tusks are used to make valuable ivory objects.
A. As many elephants are poached, their tusks are used to make valuable ivory objects.
B. Unless many elephants are poached, their tusks are used to make valuable ivory objects.
C. Many elephants are poached because their tusks are used to make valuable ivory objects.
D. Many elephants are poached, so their tusks are used to make valuable ivory objects.
144. A Komodo is called a dragon. It looks like a big lizard.
A. A Komodo is called a dragon because it looks like a big lizard.
B. A Komodo is called a dragon, so it looks like a big lizard.
C. A Komodo is called a dragon, for it looks like a big lizard.
D. Although a Komodo is called a dragon, it looks like a big lizard.
145. Komodo dragons are not endangered. They are considered vulnerable.
A. Komodo dragons are considered vulnerable because they are not endangered.
B. Although Komodo dragons are not endangered, they are considered vulnerable.
C. Komodo dragons are not endangered, and they are considered vulnerable.
D. Not only Komodo dragons are not endangered, they are considered vulnerable.
40
 COMPARISON
I. Complete the sentences, using the structure comparative + and+ comparative.
1. The company expanded rapidly. It grew _________________ all the time. (big)
2. Cathy got _________________ in her job. In the end she left. (bored)
3. My bags seemed to get _________________ as I carried them. (heavy)
4. As I waited for my interview, I became_________________. (nervous)
5. As the day went on, the weather got _________________. (bad)
6. Health care is becoming_________________. (expensive)
7. As the conversation went on, Paul became_________________. (talkative)
8. These days _________________ people are learning English. (many)
9. The company's share price went _________________. (high)
10. Life got ________________ for boss Bob Watts as the company became _______________. (good - successful)
11. Life in the modern world is becoming _________________. (complex)
12. When I get excited, my heart beats _________________. (fast)

II. Complete the second sentences with double comparatives (the more / less/ -er … the more / less/ -er)
1. The crowd became increasingly angry at the long delay.
→ __________________ the delay (was), __________________ the crowd became.
2. The value of a picture depends on how famous the artist is.
→ __________________ an artist (is), __________________ the picture is.
3. How well I sleep depends on how late I go to bed.
→ __________________ I go to bed, __________________ I sleep.
4. I don't spend much time with my family because I work so hard.
→ __________________ I work, __________________ I spend with my family.
5. The traffic moves very slowly as more cars come into the city.
→ __________________ cars come into the city, __________________ the traffic moves.
6. How much you sweat depends on how hot you get.
→ __________________ you get, __________________ you sweat.
7. It's hard to concentrate when you are tired.
→ __________________ you are, __________________ it is to concentrate.
8. How much petrol a car uses depends on how big the engine is.
→ __________________ the engine (is), __________________ a car uses.
9. If a knife is sharp, it is easy to cut something with.
→ __________________ a knife (is), __________________ it is to cut something.
10. I became increasingly nervous about her fast driving.
→ __________________ she drove, __________________ I became.

III. Which is correct? Or both of them? Underline the correct answer(s).

1. My older / elder sister is a TV producer.
2. I'm surprised Diane is only 25. I thought she was older / elder.
3. Jane's younger sister is still at school. Her older / elder sister is a nurse.
4. 'Is your sister younger than you?' 'No, she is elder / older than me.'
5. I must ring home today and find out if there's any farther / further news about my mother and her operation.
6. Paris is farther / further north than Tokyo.
7. Ron ran farther / further than his friend did.
8. I gave my old laptop to my sister because I had no farther / further use for it.

Complete the sentences with the superlative form and appropriate prepositions.
1. I have three books. These two are quite good, but this one is ____________ all.
2. It's an important day. For many people, it is ____________ day ____________ the year.
3. Jane is very intelligent. She is ____________ the three sisters.
4. Pluto is far from the sun. In fact, it is ____________ planet from the sun ____________ our solar system.
41
5. It was a very bad experience. It was one of ____________ experiences ____________ my life.
6. That Church is very old. It is one of ____________ church ____________ the world.
7. Ann is highly skilled at dealing with difficult customers. In fact, she is ____________all the people in the company.
8. Jack is very lazy. He is ____________ student ____________ the class.
9. The last question is so difficult that nobody can answer it. I think it is ____________ all.
10. The town is very quiet. It's ____________ town ____________ Oxford.

Comment on the information using a comparative or a superlative adjective.

1. The Excalibur Hotel has over 4,000 rooms. No other hotel in the world is so large.
→ The Excalibur Hotel is ___________________________________________________________
2. India is quite a crowded country. It has 294 people per square kilometer. But Bangladesh has 763 people per square
kilometer.
→ Bangladesh is ________________________________________________________________________________
3. Telecom Tower is 180 meters tall, but Canada Tower is 250 meters tall.
→ Canada Tower is ___________________________________________________________
4. The Beatles were a very successful group. No other group in the world has been as successful.
→ The Beatles were _________________________________________________________________
5. Venus has a diameter of 12,104 km. The Earth has a diameter of 12,756 km.
→ The Earth is _____________________________________________________________________
6. The River Severn is 220 miles long. No other river in Britain is so long.
→ The River Severn is___________________________________________________________
7. Cambridge University dates from 1284, but it isn't as old as Oxford University, which dates from 1167.
→ Oxford University is ___________________________________________________________
8. The Mona Lisa is worth many millions of dollars. No other picture in the world is so valuable.
→ The Mona Lisa is___________________________________________________________

Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the previous one.
1. Couldn't you find a better hotel?
→ Is this ___________________________________________________________
2. He lost his money simply because he wasn’t careful.
→ If ___________________________________________________________
3. He has never behaved so violently before.
→ He is behaving ___________________________________________________________
4. We arrived too late to see the first part of the film.
→ We didn’t ___________________________________________________________
5. People no longer smoke so many cigarette as they used to.
→ The ___________________________________________________________
6. As television programs become more popular; they seem to get worse.
→ The more ___________________________________________________________
7. There weren’t nearly as many people there as I had expected.
→ There were far ___________________________________________________________
8. No matter how hard I tried I couldn't open the door.
→ Try ___________________________________________________________
9. My boss works better when he's pressed for time.
→ The less ___________________________________________________________
10. Though my house is cheaper than Norman's, it is bigger and more attractive.
→ Norman's house may___________________________________________________________

42
 INVERSION
Use inversion in the following sentences
1. I have never been asked to accept a bribe before
→ Never before...........................................................
2. They not only rob you but also smash everything.
→ Not only......................................................................
3. He didn’t realize that he had lost it until he got home
→ Not until.........................................................
4. I hadn’t discovered the truth until she phoned me.
→ Not until............................................................................................
5. She only realized the stress he was under then
→ Only then ..................................................................................................
6. I only realized how lovely she was when I talked to her.
→ Only when.............................................................
7. This switch can not be touched on any account.
→ On no account...........................................................
8. You can not tell them what happened on any condition
→ On no condition........................................................
9. You cannot open this door under any circumstances
→ Under no circumstances....................................................................
10. I did not give my consent to the plan at any time
→ At no time.............................................................
11. He was only able to make himself heard by shouting.
→ Only by..........................................................
12. This remedy rarely failed.
→ Rarely............................................................................
13. He became so suspicious that he didn’t want to do business with anyone.
→ So suspicious.................................................................................
14. The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
→ Such.......................................................................................
15. She is so beautiful that I cannot take my eyes off her.
→ Such .............................................................................................
16. The force of the storm was so great that many trees were uprooted.
→ Such......................................................................................
17. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
→ Such................................................................................
18. The game had scarcely started when it began to rain
→ Scarcely ..............................................................................................

43
19. You won’t find better roses than these anywhere.
→ Nowhere.........................................................................................
20. Tom is here
→ Here ......... .............................................................
21. Our bus goes there
→ There........... ....................................................
22. He is there
→ There.......................................................
23. The runners went away.
→ Away................ ......................................................
24. The plane flew around and around.
→ Around and around........................ .......................................................
25. They went away.
→ Away................ ......................................................
26. A man with a gun stood in the doorway.
→ In the doorway............... ...................................................................
27. A blue parrot sat on a perch next to him.
→ On a perch............ ..........................................................................................
28. A small village lies along the river bank.
→ Along the river bank............... ..............................................................................
29. An apple tree was outside the house.
→ Outside ................................. ....................................................................
30. A bus appeared around the corner
→ Around the corner ...........................................................................
31. Paintings by Van Gogh are hanging in this museum.
→ Hanging in this museum................. .......................................................
32. The Diamond Mall is located in the heart of the city
→ Located in the heart.............................. ........................................................................
33. Leonardo de Vinci was a great inventor.
→ a great inventor....................... .......................................................
34. Ha Long Bay is the most stunning site I have ever seen.
→ the most stunning site........ ..........................................................................................

44
 INVERSION 2

1. I have never met such an interesting man before.

Never …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. He had hardly left the house when the storm broke.
 Hardly …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. As soon as he had left the house, the storm broke.
 No sooner…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. This light must not be turned on any account.
 On …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. She rarely has any money to spare.
 Rarely …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. He hardly speaks to anyone.
 Hardly …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. The nation has never been faced with such difficulties.
 Never …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. They had hardly started playing tennis when it began to rain.
 Hardly …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. A father seldom sacrifices so much for his child.
 Seldom …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. You may not return after midnight on any account.
 On …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. He would not give up writing his satires under any circumstances.
 Under …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. He realized the danger he had been in only after he had read the newspaper the following morning.
 Only………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. They were not able to assess the damage until the floods had subsided.
 Not until…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. He only stays in bed if he is seriously ill.
 Only…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. We only then realized how much he had suffered.
 Only …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
16. He was only able to do the exercise with a great deal of effort.
 Only…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
17. He didn’t manage to get permission until she had calmed down.
 Not until…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
18. He was so anxious to start a new life that he actually changed his name.
 So…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

45
19. He could only make himself heard by shouting at the top of his voice.
 Only…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. No director has made such an intellectually challenging sci-fi movie since Kubrick’s 2001.
 Not since…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
21. He became so suspicious that he didn’t even trust his family.
 So …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
22. He laughed so much that tears rolled down his cheeks.
 So …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
23. Her business was so successful that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50.
 So …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
24. If you were less than delighted with our product, we will refund your money immediately.
 Were …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
25. If you were to accept our offer, we could avoid the costs of a court case.
 Were …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
26. If the builders were to finish their work to schedule, they would receive a bonus.
 Were …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
27. If the tickets should fail to arrive before the departure date, we would arrange to have duplicates waiting at the
airport.
 Should…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
28. If the film had been released in the summer, it would not have been so successful.
 Had …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
29. He had no money and his sister didn’t have any either.
 He …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
30. They have no intention of paying and we don’t either.
 They …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
31. I couldn’t face my father and Jane couldn’t either.
 I …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
32. Tom came in.
 In …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
33. Two large dogs jumped up.
 Up …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
34. Half a dozen apples fell down.
 Down …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
35. The drunk driver lay there.
 There…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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