Report 190 ISSN: 0889-3144

Electrospinning

Jon Stanger, Nick Tucker

and Mark Staiger

Volume 16, Number 10, 2005

Expert overviews covering the

science and technology of rubber
and plastics
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-
based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from
B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding
temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations
of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed
during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that
variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very Abstract
much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during
isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated
that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and
cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition
or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined
from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log
dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over
the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

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Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, Research Establishment.
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Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,
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Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
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Wang, Tunghai University.
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Chemical Company. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting.
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I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Ltd.
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University of Durham.
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University of Nottingham.
BRE.
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F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.
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Consultancy Network.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,

Volume 14
D.C. Wright. Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics,
Ian N. Christensen.
Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,
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Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and
Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Clariant Huningue SA.
Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex,
Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion
Polymers Institute.
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T. Pacary, Certech.
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and
Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
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J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.
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R. Mulligan, NPL.
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.
Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles,
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Roy W. Buckley.

Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers,
K.E. Kear
Khon Kaen University.
Report 167 Polyolefin Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials,
Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and University of Birmingham.
Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 168 Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current
Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants
M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre. Associates Inc.

Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon,

Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan Volume 15
University.
Report 169 Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn,
Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh,
FLD Enterprises Inc.
Huntsman Polyurethanes.
Report 170 Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture,
Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis and Roger P. Brown.
I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Report 171 PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.
Loughborough University.
Report 172 Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship,
Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV. Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 173 Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA,
Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm
Laboratories Ltd.
Report 174 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug
Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.
Report 175 Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre
Recycling Association (ETRA).
Report 176 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids,
V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.
Report 177 Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives &
Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K.
Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.
Report 178 Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic
Elastomers, P.R. Wood.
Report 179 Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK.
Report 180 Biocides in Plastics, D. Nichols, Thor Overseas Limited.

Volume 16
Report 181 New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH,
D.J. Knight, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.
Report 182 Food Contact Rubbers 2 - Products, Migration and
Regulation, M.J. Forrest.
Report 183 Adhesion to Fluoropolymers, D.M. Brewis and R.H.
Dahm, IPTME, Loughborough University.
Report 184 Fluoroplastics, J.G. Drobny.
Report 185 Epoxy Composites: Impact Resistance and Flame
Retardancy, Debdatta Ratna.
Report 186 Coatings and Inks for Food Contact Materials,
Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra.
Report 187 Nucleating Agents, Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer
Consultants.
Report 188 Silicone Products for Food Contact Applications,
Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra.
Report 189 Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers,
Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer Consultants
 Electrospinning

Jon Stanger, Nick Tucker and Mark Staiger

ISBN: 978-1-84735-091-6
 Electrospinning

Contents

1. Electrospinning Development ....................................................................................................................3

1.1 Early Electrospinning (1600-1995)..................................................................................................3
1.2 Recent History (1995-present) .........................................................................................................5

2. Background Theory ....................................................................................................................................6

2.1 Polymer Solutions ............................................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Intermolecular and Solute/Solvent Interactions in Polymers..............................................6
2.1.2 Viscoelasticity .....................................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Surface Tension...................................................................................................................7
2.1.4 Conductivity ........................................................................................................................8
2.2 External Forces ................................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Electrodynamic Force .........................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Surface Charge ....................................................................................................................9
2.2.3 Fluid Pressure......................................................................................................................9

3. Electrospinning Processes and Apparatus ...............................................................................................10

3.1 Simple Process Description ...........................................................................................................10
3.1.1 Axis Conventions ..............................................................................................................10
3.1.2 Basic Physics of Electrospinning ......................................................................................10
3.2 Process Models ..............................................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Jet Initiation.......................................................................................................................11
3.2.2 Jet Thinning.......................................................................................................................12
3.2.3 Fluid Instabilities ..............................................................................................................13
3.2.4 Bending Instability ............................................................................................................14
3.2.5 Polymer Chain Alignment ................................................................................................15
3.3 Process Parameters.........................................................................................................................15
3.3.1 Solution Parameters ..........................................................................................................16
3.3.2 Processing Variables .........................................................................................................16
3.3.3 Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................17
3.4 Core Apparatus ..............................................................................................................................17
3.5 Modifications and Additions to Core Apparatus ...........................................................................19
3.5.1 Polymer Supply Modifications .........................................................................................19
3.5.2 Electrostatic Field Modifications ......................................................................................19
3.5.3 Collector Modifications.....................................................................................................19

1
 Electrospinning

4. Applications .............................................................................................................................................20
4.1 Nanoscale Materials .......................................................................................................................20
4.2 High Tensile Strength Fibres .........................................................................................................21
4.3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio .......................................................................................................21
4.4 Medical Applications .....................................................................................................................22
4.5 Materials Applications ...................................................................................................................22
4.6 Industrial Applications ...................................................................................................................23
4.7 Electronics and Energy Applications .............................................................................................24

5. Materials ...................................................................................................................................................25

References ........................................................................................................................................................28

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database.................................................................................................35

Subject Index .................................................................................................................................................187

Company Index ..............................................................................................................................................201

Author contact details: Jon Stanger

The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
arkore@arkore.net
Nick Tucker
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
tuckern@crop.cri.nz
Mark Staiger
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
mark.staiger@canterbury.ac.nz

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those
of Smithers Rapra Technology or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility
or liability of any nature shall attach to Smithers Rapra Technology arising out of or in connection with
any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2
 Electrospinning

1 ELECTROSPINNING The next significant academic development was

achieved by John Zeleny, who published work on
DEVELOPMENT the behaviour of fluid droplets at the end of metal
capillaries in 1914 [a.3]. His work began the efforts
to mathematically model the behaviour of fluids
1.1 Early Electrospinning (1600-1995) under electrostatic forces. Between 1964 and 1969,
Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor produced the theoretical
In the late 1500s William Gilbert set out to describe the underpinning of electrospinning [a.4-a.6]. Taylor’s work
behaviour of magnetic and electrostatic phenomena. His on electrostatics was performed during his retirement
work [a.1] is an early example of what would become after a broad career including modelling of turbulent
the modern scientific method. He received funding from mixing of air at the Arctic, significant contributions
Queen Elizabeth I, whereupon he moved to London, to the fields of fluid mechanics and solid mechanics
caught bubonic plague, and passed away. He had, via work on the Manhattan Project and development
however, already distinguished between the magnetic of supersonic aircraft. Taylor’s work contributed to
forces arising from a lodestone (natural magnet) and electrospinning by mathematically modelling the shape
the electrostatic forces arising from rubbed amber. of the cone formed by the fluid droplet under the effect
One of his more obscure observations was that when of an electric field; this characteristic droplet shape is
a suitably charged piece of amber was brought near a now known as the Taylor cone. He further worked with
droplet of water it would form a cone shape and small J.R. Melcher to develop the ‘leaky dielectric model’ for
droplets would be ejected from the tip of the cone - the conducting fluids [a.7].
first recorded observation of electrospraying.
In parallel to the academic work of Zeleny and Taylor
The first description of a process recognisable as came a sequence of patents (Table 1), starting with the
electrospinning was in 1902 when J. F. Cooley filed a design by Cooley who separated the charging device
United States patent entitled ‘Apparatus for electrically from the spinning head [a.2]. In the same year, Morton
dispersing fibres’ [a.2]. In his patent (US 692631) patented a simpler low-throughput machine [a.8].
he describes a method of using high voltage power Melt spinning and air-blast assist were proposed by
supplies to generate yarn. Even at this early stage it Norton [a.9] then a sequence of constant pressure feed
was recognised that to form fibres rather than droplets high-throughput machines by Anton Formhals was
the (i) fluid must be sufficiently viscous, (ii) solvent filed between 1934 and 1944 [a.10-a.16] to produce
volatile enough to evaporate to allow regeneration of continuous fine fibres for use on standard textile
the solid polymer, and (iii) electric field strength within machinery. Gladding also proposed the use of the process
a certain range. to produce staple (discontinuous fibres) [a.17].

Table 1 Patents issued for electrospinning between 1902 and 1992.

Patent Number Date Holder Title
US 692631 February, 1902 J.F. Cooley Apparatus for electrically dispersing fluids [a.2]
US 705691 July, 1902 W.J. Morton Method of dispersing fluids [a.8]
US 745276 November, 1903 J.F. Cooley Electrical method of dispersing fluids
US 1975504 October, 1934 A. Formhals Process and apparatus for preparing artificial
threads [a.10]
US 2048651 July, 1936 C.L. Norton Method of and apparatus for producing fibrous or
filamentary material [a.9]
US 2109333 February, 1938 A. Formhals Artificial fibre construction [a.11]
US 2158415 May, 1939 A. Formhals Method of producing artificial fibres [a.13]
US 2160962 June, 1939 A. Formhals Method and apparatus for spinning [a.12]
US 2168027 August, 1939 E.K. Gladding Apparatus for the production of filaments, threads,
and the like [a.17]
US 2187306 January, 1940 A. Formhals Artificial thread and method of producing
same [a.14]
US 2185417 January, 1940 C.L. Norton Method and apparatus for forming fibrous material

3
 Electrospinning

US 2323025 June, 1943 A. Formhals Production of artificial fibres from fiber forming
liquids [a.15]
US 2338570 January, 1944 H.R. Childs Process of electrostatic spinning
US 2349950 May, 1944 A. Formhals Method and apparatus for spinning [a.16]
US 2636216 April, 1953 W.C. Huebner Method and means of producing threads or
filaments electrically
US 2908545 October 1959 J.D. Teja Spinning nonfused glass fibres from an aqueous
dispersion
US 3280229 October, 1966 H.L. Simons Process and apparatus for producing patterned
non-woven fabrics
US 3475198 October, 1969 E.W. Drum Method and apparatus for applying a binder
material to a prearranged web of unbound,
non-woven fibres by electrostatic attraction
US 3490115 January, 1970 J.E. Owens and Apparatus for collecting charged fibrous material
S.P. Scheinberg in sheet form
US 3670486 June, 1972 G.L. Murray, Jr. Electrostatic spinning head funnel
US 3689608 September, 1972 H.J. Hollberg and Process for forming a non-woven web
J.E. Owens
US 3901012 August, 1975 V. Safar Method of and device for processing fibrous material
US 3994258 November, 1976 W. Simm Apparatus for the production of filters by
electrostatic fiber spinning
US 4044404 August, 1977 G.E. Martin, Fibrillar lining for prosthetic device
I.D. Cockshott and
F.J.T. Fildes
US 4127706 November, 1978 G.E. Martin, Porous fluoropolymeric fibrous sheet and method
I.D. Cockshott and of manufacture
K.T. McAloon
US 4230650 October, 1980 C. Guignard Process for the manufacture of a plurality
of filaments
US 4323525 April, 1982 A. Bornat Electrostatic spinning of tubular products
US 4345414 August, 1982 A. Bornat and Shaping process
R.M. Clarke
US 4468922 September, 1984 P.E. McCrady and Apparatus for spinning textile fibres
R.B. Reif
US 4486365 December, 1984 B. Kliemann and M. Process and apparatus for the preparation of electret
Stoll filaments, textile fibres and similar articles
US 4552707 November, 1985 T.V. How Synthetic vascular grafts, and methods of
manufacturing such grafts
US 4618524 October, 1986 D. Groitzsch and Microporous multilayer non-woven material for
E. Fahrbach medical applications
US 4689186 August, 1987 A. Bornat Production of electrostatically spun products
US 4878908 November, 1989 G.E. Martin and Fibrillar product
I.D. Cockshott and
F.J.T. Fildes
US 4965110 October, 1990 J.P. Berry Electrostatically produced structures and methods
of manufacturing
US 5024789 June, 1991 J.P. Berry Method and apparatus for manufacturing
electrostatically spun structure
US 5088807 February, 1992 C.M. Waters, T.J. Noales, Liquid crystal devices
I. Pavey and C. Hitomi

4
 Electrospinning

1.2 Recent History (1995-present) important instability to the electrospinning process, the
bending (whipping) instability [a.22].
Electrospinning was re-discovered in 1995 in the
form of a potential source of nano-structured material Using the keyword ‘electrospinning’ for a search in a
by Doshi and Reneker who, whilst investigating scientific database (Compendex and Inspec) returns
electrospraying, observed that fibres could easily be about 3,200 papers (Search performed 25/11/08, range
formed with diameters on the nanometre scale [a.18]. 1884-2008). The term ‘electrospinning’ was first coined
Huang and co-workers noted that between 1995 and in 1995 by Doshi and Reneker. Figure 1 demonstrates
2000 fewer than 10 journal papers were published the recent strong growth in this area by plotting the
annually, but from 2000 onwards the number of papers number of scientific papers on the subject published
per year grew, reaching over 50 by 2002 and reflecting
per year. The figure also shows which countries are
the growing interest in electrospinning by, at least, the
most active in electrospinning research. Use of the same
academic community [a.19].
keyword for a search of a patent database returns about
1,460 documents at the time of writing (2006 being
Since 1995 there have been further theoretical
the last year for which complete figures are available).
developments of the driving mechanisms of the
electrospinning process. Reznik and co-workers Performing the same search limited to the years 2004-
describe extensive work on the shape of the Taylor 2008 returns about 1,000 documents. These numbers
cone and the subsequent ejection of a fluid jet [a.20]. show how the commercial environment surrounding
The work by Hohman and co-workers investigates the electrospinning process is currently something of a
the relative growth rates of the numerous proposed patent ‘storm’. Given that there are only a small handful
instabilities in an electrically forced jet once in flight of companies that produce electrospinning apparatus
[a.21]. Also important has been the work by Yarin or electrospun products, there is a need for focused
and co-workers that endeavours to describe the most electrospinning research on specific applications.

Number of papers published with the keyword

'Electrospinning' in a given year

5
 Electrospinning

Country of origin for papers containing the keyword

'Electrospinning'

Figure 1 Breakdown of journal papers with the keyword ‘Electrospinning’ broken down by
publication year and country of origin (Numbers obtained 25/11/2008)

2 BACKGROUND THEORY is simply other polymer molecules of the same type.

For a polymer solution to electrospin there must be a
sufficient degree of intramolecular interaction to cope
2.1 Polymer Solutions with the tensile forces associated with the process of
fibre drawing.
2.1.1 Intermolecular and Solute/Solvent
Interactions in Polymers 2.1.2 Viscoelasticity

A polymer molecule can be thought of as having a In order to talk about a bulk material property such as
structure analogous to a coiled ball of string. This viscoelasticity, one first needs to define the quantities
conformation (the 3D structure of a molecule) is due to of normal stress, shear stress and strain. Stress in one
the tetrahedral nature of the carbon atoms that form the dimension is the force exerted (F) divided by the area
backbone of most polymers. A collection of these balls (A) (see Equation 1). Normal stress (often shortened to
where the coils are entangled represents the amorphous simply ‘stress’) is force applied perpendicular to the face
(random molecular orientation) state of a polymer as of the material, whereas a shear stress involves a force
opposed to the crystalline state in which the molecules parallel to the face of the material. Strain is the change
are more ordered. In a solvent a polymer will open up in length per unit length (see Equation 2 where Dl is the
its coil or separate from the crystal surface, allowing change in length and l is the total length). Viscoelasticity
solvent molecules to surround the chain. The extent describes the behaviour of a material that is both viscous
to which this occurs depends on the solvent-polymer and elastic under stress, so it has properties of both
interaction. If there is poor interaction the polymer will the solid and the liquid phase. A viscous material will
not dissolve and is simply dispersed. If the interaction is undergo viscous flow to relieve the application of shear
strong then the coil will be very open due to a significant stress as described by Newton’s law (see Equation 3).
number of solvent molecules surrounding the chain. If This behaviour can be modelled with a dashpot which
the solvent-polymer interaction is equal to that of the is a loosely fitting piston in a cylinder containing a
intramolecular interaction (interaction between different fluid of viscosity H (see Figure 2). A perfectly elastic
parts of the same molecule) then the resulting solution material obeys Hooke’s law (see Equation 4 where E is
is known as an ideal solution. A polymer melt can also the elastic modulus) and hence behaves like a perfect
be thought of as an ideal solution since the ‘solvent’ spring. As such this behaviour could be modelled by a

6
 Electrospinning

perfect spring which acts as an energy storage element,

gaining energy with extension and releasing it when the Equation 3
material returns to its original shape.

Equation 4

Equation 5

2.1.3 Surface Tension

Figure 2 Diagram of a dashpot with a
A molecule in a solution is surrounded on all sides
fluid of viscosity H.
by other molecules that will normally interact with it.
When the solution exists in an equilibrium state the pull
from each of the surrounding molecules is matched by
The combination of a viscous and an elastic behaviour, the pull from another molecule on the opposite side.
as shown by polymers and polymer solutions, becomes However, consider that the molecule is on the surface
more complicated. The stress strain behaviour shows of a boundary between two fluids. On this surface there
elements that obey Hooke’s law, but unlike an elastic will be an imbalance in the forces because the force
response the viscous response acts to dissipate energy between the molecules of the two fluids will be different
as heat, resulting in hysteresis and creep. Hysteresis is from the force when the molecule is surrounded by
due to the viscous response causing the loss of energy, its native fluid. This results in a force that pulls the
meaning that the material cannot return to its original liquid in such a way as to minimise the surface area to
shape. Creep is the tendency of a material to slowly volume ratio. In the case of the air-liquid interface, air
deform under continuous stress below the yield strength has little interaction with the liquid so the force is near
in order to relieve the applied stress. its maximum. The physical meaning of surface tension
is summarised in the approximate definition shown
One of the first models of viscoelastic behaviour was in Equation 8 (Approximate definition is taken from
the Maxwell model. The Maxwell model assumes Wolfram Research’s website 'World of Physics' accessed
that the contribution to the stain from the elastic and on 16 March 2008 at http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/
viscous behaviour is additive (i.e., E = Eelast + Evisco). physics/SurfaceTension.html)
As such, mathematically it represents a spring element
in series with a dashpot element. Another early model A fluid under the forces of surface tension will adopt a
was the Voigt-Kelvin model. This model proposes that spherical shape, as this is the minimum surface area for
the applied stress is now shared between the elastic a given volume. Figure 3 shows the forces experienced
and viscous response, mathematically represented by a by fluid molecules. As there is a force acting on the outer
spring element in parallel with a dashpot element (see surface it is possible to calculate the amount of work
Equation 5, where T = HES / SS). Typically in modern required to change the shape of the fluid. Equation 6
modelling situations the Standard Linear Model is gives the energy (work) that must be either expended
used, which consists of a spring element in series with or will be generated when the surface changes its area
the Voigt-Kelvin model and a further dashpot in series. (where G is the surface tension, E is the work energy
This better represents the important features in the and DA is the change in area). It is also possible to
typical behaviour of a polymer. For a fuller treatment calculate the pressure due to the force from surface
of viscoelasticity see Cowie [a.23]. tension from Equation 7 (where P is the internal droplet
pressure and r is the radius of the droplet). In a free
droplet this pressure is the same from all sides but for
the hemispherical droplet used in electrospinning this
Equation 1 pressure would need to be matched by the fluid pressure
that supplies the droplet. It can be said that for any fluid
that has reached its equilibrium state there will need to
Equation 2 be some other force acting in order for the fluid to adopt
any shape other than that of the least surface area.

7
 Electrospinning

Figure 3 Diagram of the forces experienced by molecules in a liquid.

Equation 6 whereas a weak electrolyte will commonly vary over

all concentrations. The conductivity of a given cell
is related to the molar conductivity by Equation 10,
where K is conductivity with units of mS/cm, c is ion
Equation 7 concentration with units of mol/l and hence the molar
conductivity, , has units of Scm2/mol.

Equation 9
Equation 8

Equation 10
2.1.4 Conductivity

The conductivity of a solution is determined by the 2.2 External Forces

potential for bulk motion of ions in the solution.
When a potential difference is applied across a volume
of solution, a current will flow that is proportional
to the type of ions in solution and their respective 2.2.1 Electrodynamic Force
concentrations. Conductivity due to a particular ion
type in aqueous solutions can be seen in tables of A single electron (having a negative charge) travelling
molar conductivity (,). For very dilute solutions the in a vacuum in the presence of an electric field will
contribution to the conductivity of a solution can be experience a force given by Equation 11 (where F is the
calculated from the Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation force exerted, q is the charge and E is the electric field).
(Equation 9), where , is the molar conductivity, ,0 As it is a force, this is a vector equation and hence the
is the molar conductivity at infinite dilution, c is the electron will travel in the direction of the electric field.
ion concentration and A and B are typically taken A proton (having a positive charge) would experience a
to be 60.20 and 0.229, respectively, (see [a.24] for similar force but in the opposite direction of the electron;
a full exposition). At higher concentrations a strong all charge produces its own electric field. Like lines of
electrolyte typically has a constant molar conductivity magnetic flux (lines perpendicular to the equipotential

8
 Electrospinning

surfaces), lines of electric flux cannot cross. A negative voltage and r is the droplet radius) to Equation 7 from
charge acts as a sink for field lines and a positive charge Section 2.1.3 [a.26]. Both equations can be combined
acts as a source. All field lines must either travel from a to give Equation 14, a relationship for the total pressure
source to a sink or to the edge of infinity, which can be inside the droplet. It should be noted that this does not
either a source or sink. For further discussion of electric include the attraction due to the electric field present,
forces refer to a physics textbook [a.25]. but only the force due to surface charge repulsion, and
becomes invalid once the droplet changes shape, because
it is based on a spherical capacitor approximation.
Equation 11

Equation 12
2.2.2 Surface Charge

If two charges of the same sign are next to each other

there will be a force repelling them from one another. Equation 13
As like charges will both act as either a source or a sink
for lines of electric flux (see Figure 4), this force is
the result of the field warping to a higher energy state
because the lines of electric flux cannot cross. The force Equation 14
of this repulsion is given by Coulomb’s law (Equation
12 where F is the force, q1 and q2 are charge, d is the
distance between the charges and E0 is the permittivity 2.2.3 Fluid Pressure
of free space). Therefore, if a number of equally spaced
charges of the same sign were deposited on the surface
Pressure can be generated in a fluid in a number of ways.
of a balloon then the surface would be stretched until
Hydrostatic pressure resulting from the weight of fluid
the elastic force of the rubber was balanced with the
above a chosen point is given by Equation 15. This is
repulsion force from the charge.
also known as the head pressure. Pressure can also be
supplied by pressurising the supply tank for the fluid
The case of the droplet present at the moment the typically with an inert gas. In this case as a liquid is
electric field is applied to initiate electrospinning is typically incompressible, the pressure from the gas will
similar to the balloon example given previously. In this be directly translated to the other boundaries of the fluid.
situation, surface tension is acting like the elastic force Another common procedure in electrospinning is the use
of the rubber, trying to contract the total volume to the of a syringe pump to provide a controlled volume flow
minimum possible. As shown in Section 2.1.3 of this rate. Here, as long as the fluid pressure does not exceed
Chapter, the force from surface tension can be seen as the power of the syringe pump, the pressure will be
a pressure pointing inwards whereas the force from the related to the other forces and geometry in the system.
self-repulsion of the charge built up on the surface will be
a pressure pointing outwards. This pressure is given by a
Equation 15
similar relationship (Equation 13 where V is the applied

Figure 4 Electric flux lines from a source and a sink.

9
 Electrospinning

3 ELECTROSPINNING As with electrospraying, the feedstock for electrospinning

is connected to a high voltage power supply to raise the
PROCESSES AND APPARATUS electrostatic potential of the fluid. Polymer solutions or
melts with a minimum degree of molecular interaction
3.1 Simple Process Description can be used as the feedstock. Increasing the electrostatic
potential increases the surface charge of the liquid.
3.1.1 Axis Conventions Normally the shape of a volume of fluid is dictated by
its surface tension. However, when the fluid is charged
In order to discuss the electrospinning process in a the surface charge acts in the opposite manner to surface
concise and transparent way it is important to note the tension, resulting in the fluid changing shape, forming
common axis conventions used in models. Typically the structure known as the Taylor cone [a.4].
a cylindrical co-ordinate system is used [a.27].
This system describes a point in 3-D space given a If the surface of a conductor forms a sharp point, the
distance along a Z axis followed by an angle to rotate electric stresses will concentrate on that point. In a
around the Z axis then a distance to travel perpendicular Taylor cone, there is a sharp point at the tip of the
to the direction of the Z axis (Figure 5). The direction of cone, so this concentration of electric stresses leads to
the Z axis is chosen to be such that the maximum level the ejection of a fluid jet due to the increased electrical
of symmetry is obtained around that axis. If the axis is attraction at the tip. This fluid jet carries a charge, so it
chosen such that it passes through the centre of the first will be drawn in the direction of the local electrostatic
electrode, then through the centre of the polymer droplet field. After a certain amount of flight time this jet will
and lastly through the centre of the second electrode, become vulnerable to a number of instabilities. Careful
it often obtains the maximum symmetry possible. This control of these instabilities ensures successful fibre
axis can then be referred to as the primary axis. formation. For example, the axisymmetric Plateau-
Rayleigh* instability, which causes atomisation in the
electrospraying process, must be avoided to ensure
fibre formation. Included in the electrospinning
process is the off-axis bending instability that is largely
responsible for the narrow fibre diameter obtained
during electrospinning [a.28].

The off-axis bending instability occurs due to small

perturbations in the straight line trajectory of the
fibre, which generate a force perpendicular to the
primary axis due to the self-repulsion of the charged
jet when perfect symmetry is lost (see Figure 6). This
force is very small and is initially countered by the
viscoelastic nature of the polymer solution. The viscous
component will resist the motion generated by this
force and the elastic component will work to restore
the perturbed fibre to its original position. However, at
Figure 5 Cylindrical axis convention. some point the perturbation forces become larger than
the resistance, at which point the bending instability
begins to grow, causing additional stretching of the
3.1.2 Basic Physics of Electrospinning jet. This will continue throughout the rest of the jet’s
flight assuming the localised electrostatic repulsion
Electrospinning can be viewed as a special case of stays larger than the mechanical resistance of the
electrospraying. The latter is a method of atomising jet/fibre to stretching [a.22].
fluids that finds applications in mass spectrometry,
industrial applications (e.g., coating of automotive The high surface area of these narrow fluid jets allows
parts with complex shapes) and consumer products rapid solvent loss, leading to the conversion of the fluid
(e.g., deposition of ink by inkjet printers). jet into a solid fibre within the short flight time. It has

* Plateau-Rayleigh instability is the result of surface tension reinforcing small perturbations in a fluid column’s surface eventually leading to the
breaking up of the fluid column and the formation of droplets. For a full mathematical treatment see Lecture 7.5 of the MIT course 1.63J/2.21J
Advanced Fluid Dynamics of the Environment accessed on the 12 March 2008 from http://web.mit.edu/1.63/www/lecnote.html

10
 Electrospinning

Figure 6 Physical diagram of perturbations causing the bending instability (modified from [a.29]).
Here A, B and C represent three discrete equally charged sections of the jet where B has been
perturbed from the symmetrical axis.

been observed that polymer molecules within these the voltage at which discharge of mass begins (either
fibres can have a high degree of orientation (409). This of a smooth fluid jet or an aerosol stream).
has been explained both by the alignment of polymer
molecules due to the electrostatic field and by the high Taylor [a.4-a.6] undertook a theoretical examination of jets
draw ratio of the fibre while in flight. being initiated from a polymeric fluid on the end of metal
capillaries. Taylor described cone formation with a semi-
vertical angle of 49.3° (see Figure 7), apparently true for
any conducting fluid. The validity of this cone geometry
3.2 Process Models
has been questioned by Yarin and co-workers [a.32] and
Reznik and co-workers [a.20], who find it to be a 33°.
In the past decade, significant process model Taylor found a relationship between his initial conditions
developments have been made since the work of and the formation of his cone (Equation 16). Here H is
Zeleny [a.3] and Taylor [a.4]. Many of the proposed the distance between electrodes, L is the length of the
models have had some validation against experimental capillary tube (syringe needle), R is the radius of the tube
data and have been used to help explain experimental and G is the fluid’s surface tension (all expressed in CGS*
observations. This suggests that a good understanding
in the models, though unable to fully predict results, can
significantly reduce research and development time for
new fibre applications. Thompson and co-workers claim
in reference to Yarin and co-workers that the proposed
model is ‘the only existing model of electrospinning,
accounting for the large nonlinear perturbations,
viscoelasticity, evaporation and solidification’ [a.22,
a.30]. This would make it the most complete model
proposed at this time. The following sections expand
the discussion outlined in Section 3.1.2.

3.2.1 Jet Initiation

Jet initiation is one of the direct consequences of

exposing a fluid drop in contact with a conductor to a
strong electric field. As a result, much of the work on
jet initiation has been done in tandem with theoretical Figure 7 Taylor cone formed by a 98% glycerine and
treatments of electrospraying. Many authors [a.3, a.4, 2% of 10% NaCl solution with an exposure time
a.31] have focused on the concept of a critical voltage: of 1 ms [a.6].

* Centimetre-Gram-Second as opposed to MKS or Meter-Kilogram-Second

11
 Electrospinning

Figure 8 Critical electric Bond number versus static contact angle [a.20].

units as per the original paper). Although Taylor’s model

of electrospinning might only hold true for specific cases
Equation 16
[a.20], his simple equation negates the need for extensive
modelling and it can still be used to predict the critical
voltage required to begin jet initiation.
Equation 17
Later work by Reznik and co-workers on the evolution
of droplets on an infinite plane over time showed that
the static contact angle formed by the fluid droplets 3.2.2 Jet Thinning
was critical in predicting jet initiation. Reznik and
co-workers introduce the concept of the electric Bond Once the jet has left the Taylor cone it will begin to thin
due to the forces acting on it and the requirements of
number (see Equation 17 where Ec is the applied field,
conservation of mass, until it hits the collector electrode.
G is the surface tension and a0 is the equivalent-volume
The thinning of the jet has two different stages. The
drop radius or characteristic length) allowing the initial stage is a period of thinning as a straight jet and
description of the relative importance of electric and the later stage is a period of thinning due to the bending
capillary stresses [a.20]. For a range of contact angles, instability (see Section 3.2.4).
the critical values for the electric Bond number were
calculated (Figure 8) and hence, the critical voltage The initial thinning behaviour of the jet can be
needed to form the Taylor cone can be calculated for a described simply with the Bernoulli principle [a.33].
given polymer solution. In electrospinning, losses due to viscous flow must
be incorporated into the Bernoulli formula and
Evolution of the droplet shape can be either subcritical electrodynamic forces will replace gravity as the driving
or supercritical. If the electric Bond number is low then force. This treatment, such as that by Spivak and co-
a subcritical evolution occurs. Here the droplet adopts workers, results in one-dimensional axisymmetric
~
differential equation (Equation 18, where R and ~ z are
a partial cone shape, but the hydrodynamic forces
dimensionless lengths, NW is the Weber number, NE is
still dominate and the droplet will not evolve into a
the Euler number and NR is the Reynolds number) that
jet. If the electric Bond number is above the critical usually can be solved directly [a.34].
level then a supercritical evolution towards the typical
Taylor cone will occur because the mechanical stresses As the jet continues to thin, its surface area increases and
from the electric field dominate the droplet evolution. hence the potential for solvent loss increases. At some
Concentration of electric stress at the tip of the cone point all the solvent is lost and the jet is no longer fluid,
[a.32] will cause the continued formation of a typical becoming a material with a modulus of elasticity rather
electrospinning jet. than a viscosity, and at this point the mode of thinning

12
 Electrospinning

Equation 18

Figure 9 Plateau-Rayleigh instability where A is the stable region, B is where perturbations begin to become
visible and C is when the perturbations have become larger than the radius causing droplets to form.

changes. Solidification results in a much higher portion [a.35], the second is a similar axisymmetric instability
of the stretching force being taken up by an elastic mode caused by having a conductive jet, and the third is the
of stretching, hence a significant reduction in the rate bending or ‘whipping’ instability (section 3.2.4).
of thinning [a.19].
The Plateau-Rayleigh instability is an axisymmetric
phenomenon dependent on surface tension, and is
3.2.3 Fluid Instabilities commonly observed when water from a tap breaks up
from a stream into droplets (see Figure 9). It occurs
Fluid instabilities can be detrimental to the because surface tension draws the fluid jet into a shape
electrospinning process because they are the cause with a minimum surface area for a given volume. The
of jet break up (i.e., electrospraying) preventing surface area of a column (as of a falling stream of water)
fibre formation. However, the bending instability, is significantly reduced if the column is broken up into
according to Reneker and co-workers [a.28] is vital to
a series of spheres. When an oscillating perturbation
the electrospinning process, so the control of fluid jet
instability is what differentiates electrospinning from term is introduced into the governing equations, the
electrospraying. This control can be accomplished solution matches the observation that some of the
via solution properties, e.g., increasing the polymer wavelengths will grow rapidly and eventually result in
component, leading to an increase in inter-molecular the jet breaking up into droplets. Work by Shin and co-
interaction. Work by Hohman and co-workers [a.21] has workers and Hohman and co-workers showed that this
shown that there are typically three types of instability instability only occurs at low external electrostatic fields
that may occur in the charged electrospun jet. The first is where the electric field stresses are small compared to
the classical axisymmetric Plateau-Rayleigh instability the capillary stresses [a.21] (677).

13
 Electrospinning

Figure 10 Axisymmetric instability for a perfectly conducting fluid column where e is the electrostatic
contribution to the perturbation of the flow and u is the velocity contribution to the perturbation of
the flow due to an introduced radial perturbation [a.21].

Figure 11 Formation of a droplet being ejected from the tip of a Taylor cone
if the contact angle is above ~0.8 P radians.

The second axisymmetric instability replaces the There are other instabilities, such as the dripping mode
Plateau-Rayleigh instability at higher electric field proposed by Reznik and co-workers. This only occurs if
strengths. This instability only occurs because the jet has the surface-liquid interfacial energy for the solution and
a finite conductivity and carries an initial surface charge. the tip is high enough to generate a contact angle of above
In this case electrical stresses as a result of perturbation ~0.8 P radians; then excessive mass is ejected from the tip
waves on the surface of the jet cause shifting of the of the Taylor cone to sustain a jet (Figure 11). Reznik and
surface charge in order to maintain a constant electric co-workers propose this as an explanation for the large
field flux in the jet column. The result of this is that the droplets sometimes ejected from the Taylor cone [a.20].
perturbation is reinforced and the jet will eventually
break up into droplets. Hohman and co-workers found
through mathematical modelling that this instability
would preferentially develop rather than the desired 3.2.4 Bending Instability
bending instability, unless ‘reasonable estimates for
the surface charge density’ were included in the model Initially it was proposed by Doshi and Reneker that the
(for example: S = 9.8 x 10-8 C/m2) [a.21]. primary mechanism for production of nanofibres was

14
 Electrospinning

Figure 12 Typical representation of the bending instability.

the surface charge reaching a critical value, causing the

single jet to split into multiple jets, known as ‘splaying’ Equation 19
[a.18]. However, subsequent work with high speed
photography using an exposure time of 18 ns [a.36]
has shown that this ‘splaying’ observation is simply an
optical illusion caused by the high speed of the fibre. 3.2.5 Polymer Chain Alignment
The true instability is a fast-moving ‘whipping’ jet
that forms multiple expanding loops which eventually By calculating draw ratios, Wang and co-workers
deposit on the collector electrode. The bending demonstrated that the fibre undergoes large amounts of
instability is idealised as a series of neatly expanding stress parallel to the fibre axis during electrospinning
loops (see Figure 12). (409). Additionally, a higher degree of crystallinity
was observed as a result of the high draw ratios
This bending instability allows the jet to undergo far encountered. It was proposed that the high draw ratios
more stretching during its flight time than would be in electrospinning act like the drawing of a fibre in
allowed by a simple linear jet. By taking a localised traditional fibre processing, where the fibre is stretched
to align the polymer chains, increasing the crystallinity,
approximation of the electrostatic force between two
and hence, tensile strength of the processed fibres.
points on a curved three-dimensional fibre, Yarin and
co-workers showed that it is possible to derive an
Zhao and co-workers [a.38] demonstrated that if given
equation for the force driving the bending instability
sufficient flight time, electrospun fibre produced under a
(see Equation 19 where SS is the surface charge, L is higher potential difference, and hence a stronger electric
the characteristic length, as is the jet radius, k is the field, would result in improved crystallinity. It is possible
jet curvature and X is the co-ordinate system along that the improved crystallinity is due to additional
the central axis of the bent jet) [a.22]. The equation is stretching of the jet under the action of the stronger
sufficiently similar to the form of the equation for the electric field. However, it could be possible that the
force that drives the aerodynamic bending instability electric field encourages the alignment of the polymer
also described by Yarin [a.37], that substitution into this molecules (c.f. electrophoresis) and hence a stronger
previous work could be done. Yarin and co-workers also field would result in more molecules being aligned.
showed that the path of individual jet elements is such
that the loops formed by the bending instability grow in
radius by thinning and stretching [a.22]. Experimental 3.3 Process Parameters
observations are matched by incorporation of jet
solidification, which limits the rapid expansion of the In electrospinning, numerous parameters have been
loops. As such, the bending instability is currently a identified as affecting the final properties of the
primary concern for research into the production of electrospun fibre (548); these factors will be explored
desired electrospun fibre properties. further here. Mit-Uppatham and co-workers break

15
 Electrospinning

Table 2 Electrospinning process parameters [based on (548)].

Solution Process Environmental
Parameters Parameters Conditions
Concentration Electrostatic Potential Temperature
Viscosity Electric Field Strength Humidity
Surface Tension Electrostatic Field Shape Local Atmosphere Flow
Conductivity Working Distance Atmospheric Composition
Dielectric Constant Feed Rate Pressure
Solvent Volatility Orifice Diameter

these parameters down into three broad categories: In addition to the work done by Jarusuwannapoom and
(i) properties of the solution used as the feedstock co-workers, work by Eda and co-workers (283) and
(solution parameters), (ii) parameters associated Koski and co-workers [a.39] shows the importance of
with the design, geometry and operation of the polymer concentration in the solution. This is due to
electrospinning apparatus (processing parameters), and the requirement for a sufficient level of intermolecular
(iii) atmospheric and other local processing conditions interaction that will help to damp the fluid instabilities
(environmental parameters) (Table 2) (548). and prevent jet break-up. When the concentration is too
low, a deposition pattern occurs similar to that expected
for electrospraying. As the concentration is raised, a
bead-on-a-string morphology (680) is observed, with
3.3.1 Solution Parameters the beads slowly becoming more spindle-like and
merging into the fibre as concentration increases. At
The solution properties such as volatility, dielectric a suitable concentration a smooth fibre is obtained.
constant, solution conductivity and surface tension Directly linked to the polymer concentration is the
may be affected by additives (e.g., a surfactant will
solution viscosity noted by Megelski and co-workers
reduce surface tension). Jarusuwannapoom and co-
and Deitzel and co-workers as important in both the jet
workers provide an excellent study of the effects of
initiation and the final fibre properties (679) (656). As
using different solvents with a wide range of properties
the solution viscosity increases it has been observed
(543). When a solvent with a very low volatility is used,
wet fibres are collected (i.e., appearance of a film with that the fibre diameter increases (659).
pores rather than a fibre mat). However, if the solvent
is too volatile the Taylor cone will solidify, halting
the production of fibre. The same study also found 3.3.2 Processing Variables
that the dipole moment of the solvent and the solution
conductivity must both be of a sufficient level to enable
The operation of a typical electrospinning apparatus
electrospinning to occur.
will involve the modification of the applied electrostatic
potential, the working distance and the feed rate.
A recent theoretical study [a.30] has shown that surface Variation of the applied electrostatic potential and the
tension has almost no effect on the final properties of working distance will also cause variation of the electric
the electrospun fibre. This finding is consistent with
field strength. Typically, researchers will look at either the
the work of Hohman and co-workers and Yarin and co-
electrostatic potential (571) or the electric field strength
workers who both find that once the bending instability
(681). It has been found that increasing the electrostatic
sets in, the electric stresses are far larger than the
capillary stresses [a.21, a.22]. However, Fong and co- potential will result in thinner fibres (656).
workers show that modification of surface tension (by
surfactant or solvent mixes) can assist in the formation The working distance, together with the electrostatic
of smooth fibres (682). Introduction of additives to the potential will determine the strength of the electric
solution, often ionic salts, enable the modification of field. However, to complicate things, the working
either the solution conductivity (542) or surface tension distance also changes the total flight time available
(615). For solutions with very low conductivity, adding to the fibre. As such, in some cases increasing the
ionic salts to increase the solution conductivity has working distance results in thinner fibres [a.28] due
been shown to enable jet formation to occur, but further to more time for the bending instability to develop
addition beyond this is currently being debated. and hence more time for the jet to be stretched.

16
 Electrospinning

In other cases, increasing the working distance results Electrospinning with an atmosphere composed of a high
in thicker fibres due to a reduction of the electric field breakdown strength gas would enable much higher field
(664). However, at too long or short a distance, jet strengths to be reached. Baumgarten found that using
initiation becomes difficult due to the electric field sulfur(VI)fluoride (SF6), a gas with a high dielectric
being too strong or weak. strength and density, resulted in an increase in the fibre
diameter [a.44]. It was asserted by Ramakrishna and
Typically the electric field strength required to co-workers that ‘generally, reduction in the pressure
initiate electrospinning is a value between 0.5 and surrounding the electrospinning jet does not improve
1.5 kV/cm. If the localised electric field value exceeds the electrospinning process’ [a.29]. However, due to
the dialectic strength for the atmosphere then a corona the lower vapour pressure in a vacuum, solvent loss
will be generated, the effects of which are currently would be faster and could solve the problem of low
evaporation rate solvents. Humidity has been shown by
unknown. There are comparatively few experiments done
Casper and co-workers and Megelski and co-workers to
examining the feed rate (664) [a.40], probably due to feed
allow control over the formation of micropores on the
rate being used as a control parameter for stabilisation
surface of the individual fibre (656) (597).
of the Taylor cone. However, in the study by Yuan and
co-workers a low feed rate was shown to form very thin
and dry fibres (559). Work by Rutledge and co-workers
demonstrated that with increased feed rates the fibres 3.4 Core Apparatus
became much thicker and fibres with the characteristic
beads-on-a-string morphology were formed [a.40]. In its simplest form, an electrospinning apparatus need
not be anything more than a high voltage power supply,
The electrode geometry and addition of secondary a drop of polymer solution and an earthed electrode
(Figure 13). The often quoted 1934 patent by Formhals
electrodes can be used to control deposition patterns or
shows an apparatus not far removed from the basic
the extent of the bending instability. Work such as Teo elements required (Figure 14). A typical electrospinning
and Ramakrishna shows that the modification of the apparatus used in research, such as those produced by
electric field allows control over the fibre flight and hence Electrospinz, Blenheim, New Zealand (Figure 15),
the modification of the final fibre alignment [a.41]. In consists of a constant pressure polymer solution supply,
addition, the design consideration of the orifice diameter a high voltage electrode, a spinning head (Spinning head
for the spinning head has been examined by some authors describes either a metal capillary or some other nozzle
[a.30] (605). It was found that larger orifices resulted in or orifice through which the polymer solution or melt
thicker fibres (605). When the orifice size was very large is delivered) and a collector electrode.
it was difficult to obtain a stable Taylor cone, whereas
very small orifices become impractical as the Taylor cone The polymer is supplied to the capillary tip, forming
will dry out or the polymer will be too viscous to flow a hemispherical droplet that is the precursor of the
through [a.38]. Taylor cone. The method of supply can be either
constant volume flow rate or constant pressure. Constant
pressure is typically provided by either a gravity fed
constant head system or an air pressure system. The
3.3.3 Environmental Conditions more common constant volume flow rate is typically
supplied by a syringe pump (622).
Environmental parameters can be divided into those that
are due to the local spinning conditions or the properties The high voltage electrode is used to conduct the charge
of the atmosphere in which the spinning takes place. The to the polymer solution. It is constructed typically from
study by Kim and co-workers found that increasing the a hypodermic syringe needle (681) and is also the
spinning head. Another common method of charging
local temperature resulted in the solvent evaporating
the solution is by use of a bare wire inserted into the
faster and provided a simple solution to solvents with a
polymer solution [a.18].
low rate of evaporation (509). For excessively volatile
solvents the Taylor cone will dry out. It is possible to
Collector electrodes come in many shapes and sizes but
introduce a local flow of gas saturated with the solvent are commonly some form of flat metallic sheet (557)
around the cone to prevent evaporation at the cone [a.42]. and Norton [a.9]. This electrode is typically connected
Introduction of a dry gas has also been used to control the to ground, hence carrying the opposite charge to the
evaporation rate of the solvent in the jet (681). Controlling high voltage electrode. They are often mounted in such
the atmosphere into which the fibre is spun is the subject a way to allow their position relative to the spinning
of a patent by Andrady and co-workers [a.43]. head to be changed.

17
 Electrospinning

Figure 13 Simple elements required for electrospinning.

Figure 14 Diagram of the apparatus proposed by Formhals [a.11]

Figure 15 Electrospinz ES1 apparatus.

18
 Electrospinning

3.5 Modifications and Additions perform modifications to the collector, which will be
to Core Apparatus discussed further in Section 3.5.3. Beyond modifications
to the existing electric field, the introduction of other
external electric fields has also been proposed.

3.5.1 Polymer Supply Modifications One approach to electric field modification at

the capillary is to surround the capillary with a
Typical motivation for the modification of the polymer polyvinylchloride (PVC) tube. Yang and co-workers
supply is to increase the quantity of electrospun fibre propose that this will create a more uniform and
produced. One of the earliest modifications to the concentrated electric field leading to better control of
polymer supply mechanism is to have a supply to the fibre deposition [a.49]. Work by Kim demonstrated
multiple spinning heads [a.45]. Following a similar the use of an auxiliary electrode placed around the
line of thinking an unusual method was developed capillary that was charged from the same power supply
by Yarin and Zussman involving floating a layer of as the polymer solution in the capillary (422). It was
polymer solution on top of a layer of mineral oil found that this auxiliary electrode stabilised the initial
containing magnetic particles whereby the application straight portion of the jet.
of a magnetic field resulted in the formation of multiple
spikes in the fluid that jets can be evolved from (593). Use of an auxiliary electrode is normally the only way
to introduce a new external electric field. The work by
A recently commercialised method is to use a roller Dabirian and co-workers used a negatively charged bar
partially immersed in a bath of polymer solution. This to direct the electrospun jet towards a rotating collector
process extends the concept of a rotating cog spinning [a.50]. In the work by Gu and co-workers, an auxiliary
device first proposed by Formhals [a.10] and the use of electrode was used to create twisted nano-fibre yarns
an air-blast proposed by Norton [a.9]. The roller acts [a.51]. The introduction of two parallel bars in the
as the polymer-charging electrode and the polymer path of the electrospun fibre allowed Chuangchote and
supply is maintained on its upper surface as a thin Supaphol to collect a mat of both aligned fibres from
curved film. Volume flow rate is increased by blowing the parallel bars and a random orientated mat deposited
an air stream across the roller in a fashion reminiscent on the collector behind the bars [a.52]. Liu and Dzenis
of glass fibre spinning [a.46]. This patented process model this parallel bar set up, and demonstrate that the
can produce numerous jets from the top of the roller, level of alignment is higher that that achieved with a
allowing continuous sheets of an electrospun mat to be rotating drum collector, but the build-up of charge on
produced [a.47]. the deposited material leads to a decrease in deposition
rate and in the quality of alignment with time [a.53].
The addition of a (inert) gas flow around the capillary
delivering the polymer is also used to influence the
motion of the jet (183). A gas atmosphere saturated with
solvent will prevent a volatile polymer-solvent mixture 3.5.3 Collector Modifications
from drying out at the end of the capillary before
electrospinning can occur: the recovery of solvent by A typical motivation for the modification of the
enclosing the spinning environment was proposed by collector from a flat metal sheet is to provoke some
Gladding, but the benefit of this is more in isolating the degree of alignment in the deposited fibres. This is
worker from the solvent system because the quantities demonstrated by the widely reported use of a rotating
recovered are likely to be small [a.17]. mandrel and parallel bars to form aligned mats.
Another collector modification is the use of a cylinder-
Hollow or composite nanofibres can be produced by like collector, proposed by Jirsak and co-workers
using a nested capillary such as demonstrated by Li as a consequence of the polymer supply geometry
and Xia [a.48]. Here the centre capillary is supplied [a.47]. One interesting modification of the collector
with mineral oil and the outer capillary is supplied with by Simonet and co-workers involved the refrigeration
poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). After spinning the mineral oil of the collector, allowing the formation of ice crystals
is removed via pyrolysis, leaving a hollow fibre. as the electrospun fibre is deposited (165). These ice
crystals form a removable void template to create a
high loft porous 3D polymer mesh.
3.5.2 Electrostatic Field Modifications
A good example of the use of a rotating mandrel is
Three approaches are taken to modification of the shown in the work by Sundaray and co-workers who
electrostatic field. One is to modify the field at the used a high speed rotating mandrel to produce aligned
capillary origin of the polymer fibre. Another is to fibres [a.54]. Sundaray and co-workers also took this a

19
 Electrospinning

step further by use of an insulating mandrel with a sharp significant factor as cell behaviour is dependent on
moving pin as the counter electrode to reduce the size the local material structure. This has recently become
of the deposition area concentrating the aligned fibres more important as the field of tissue engineering
[a.54]. Teo and Ramakrishna used a similar concept has developed creating demand for nanostructured
by taking a rotating knife edged disk as their collector materials for tissue scaffolding. Similarly, due to
[a.41]. They were able to collect a mat of aligned interactions on the molecular scale becoming dominant,
hollow fibres. nanostructured composite materials are pushing the
boundaries of materials science. It has also been
Formhals (see Figure 14) described a toothed belt demonstrated that the use of nanofibres for filtration
where each tooth acted as a collector electrode [a.10]. is vastly superior to traditional filtration materials in
It was proposed that this arrangement would result in performance and operation.
the production of a continuous tow of aligned fibre that
could later be processed by standard textile means. A It has been shown in some cell culture studies that
good example of the use of parallel bars to allow the a nanostructured material can affect cell seeding,
alignment of electrospun fibre is shown in the work by attachment, and propagation. Moroni and co-workers
Li and co-workers (598). Here the parallel bars that are used unaligned fibres of polyethylene oxide terephthalate
used are gold electrodes mounted on a quartz substrate. - polybutylene terephthalate co-polymer and a cell
Under fast switching of each electrode to ground, the culture of human mesenchymal stem cells [a.56]. They
fibres will jump between the two bars, creating an demonstrate that a 10 μm fibre diameter produces the
aligned mat. This was then extended to multiple axes on best results for cell seeding and attachments. It was
the two-dimensional substrate to create layers of aligned also demonstrated that cell propagation was highest
fibres in different directions. Other examples of such when the fibre surface has a nanoporous structure.
a technique are shown in works by Li and co-workers With a nanoporous structure the cells were observed
(598) and Ajayan and co-workers [a.55]. to penetrate more deeply into the tissue scaffold within
14 days than smooth fibres; the use of smooth fibres
tended to result in cell aggregation. Bhattarai and co-
workers used unaligned fibres of a chitosan/polyethylene
oxide blend and a cell culture of human osteoblasts
4 APPLICATIONS and chondrocytes to show that cell attachment and
propagation was significantly better with electrospun
Interest in electrospinning for real world applications fibre than with a cast film of the same material [a.57]. It
is due to three aspects of the process. First, the size of was also found that cells on the electrospun fibre retained
the fibre is in the nanoscale or has a nanoscale surface their expected morphology and would propagate along
texture, leading to different modes of interaction with the fibre direction. Li and co-workers used unaligned
other materials compared with macroscale materials fibres of a polyaniline/gelatine blend and a cell culture
[a.56]. Second, due to the high draw ratio it is expected of cardiac rat myoblast cells [a.58]. They found that
that the fibres produced will have a highly orientated although after two days cell propagation was lower than
molecular structure with a low number of defects, and the control, it was significantly higher after six days. This
will hence approach theoretical maximum strength. was attributed to fibrous substrates being rougher and
Third, the fibres produced have an inherently high hence giving more room for cell propagation. It was also
surface area to volume ratio. Combinations of these three found that when large fibres were used in the scaffold,
cells would propagate along the fibres whereas when
aspects give rise to applications in filtration, cellular
smaller fibres were used the cells produced morphology
matrices, catalyst substrates, ultra-strong composites,
similar to smooth muscle. This was confirmed by
bioreactors, functional textiles, drug encapsulation,
scanning electron microscopy, showing that cells
wound dressings and stent manufacture.
preferentially grew on smaller fibre substrates.

The application of nanofibres in composites can be

4.1 Nanoscale Materials summed up in the statement by Moroni and co-workers
[a.56]; “… that using building blocks with dimensions
It has been demonstrated widely in the field of in the nano-size range makes it possible to design and
nanotechnology that when a material is formed with a create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and
nanoscale structure such as nanoparticles or nanofibres, improvements in their physical properties.” The reason
then the interaction behaviour of such materials can for this can again be summed up: “Special properties of
drastically change [a.56]. In biological systems the nanocomposite materials often arise from interaction of
micro- and nano- structure of materials becomes a very its phases at the interfaces.” This becomes so important

20
 Electrospinning

in nanomaterials because the high surface area available In the review paper by Chronakis and co-workers there
for the interfaces means a higher fraction of the material is an example cited of mechanical testing of a single
has the properties of the interfacial region rather than strand of polycaprolactone using a nanotensile tester
the properties of the bulk material. As the properties of [a.59]. This showed that for thicker fibres the mechanical
the interfacial region are usually significantly different properties were the expected low strength, low modulus
from those of the bulk material, the inclusion of and high ductility of bulk polycaprolactone. However,
nanomaterials in a composite allows greater control of thinner fibres showed a higher strength but lower
the final material properties. ductility, consistent with a high draw ratio causing a
higher degree of crystallinity in the fibre. Work by Ko
In a review of electrospun fibre composites, Chronakis and co-workers (628) used an atomic force microscope
and co-workers cite two examples of electrospun tip to measure the elastic modulus of electrospun fibre
fibre being used to improve mechanical performance. [a.62]. They found that their polyacrylonitrile fibres
The inclusion of electrospun aromatic heterocyclic behaved as if giving an elastic modulus of 66 GPa.
polybenzimidazole fibres into a rubber matrix resulted However, with the incorporation of single walled
in a 10-fold increase in the Young’s modulus and carbon nanotubes into the fibre there was a non-linear
a doubling of the tear strength. The inclusion of response to the applied force and the increase in
electrospun Nylon-6 fibres into a dental restorative elastic modulus (110 GPa for 3 wt% nanotubes) was
compound with a fibre loading of 5 wt% resulted in an significantly higher than that predicted by the theory
increase in the flexural strength, the elastic modulus of mixing. It was proposed that this was due either to
and the work of fracture, the most significant change the interaction between the carbon nanotubes and the
being the work of fracture, increasing by 42%. In polymer increasing stiffness, or to underestimation of
further discussion of the potential for electrospun
the nanotube modulus or volume fraction. Transmission
fibre, Chronakis and co-workers point out that due to
electron microscope images demonstrated that the
electrospun fibres being continuous (hence having a
carbon nanotubes were well aligned along the fibre
high aspect ratio l/d) these fibres have the potential for
axis.
homogonous dispersion in a matrix [a.59]. Due to this
homogonous dispersion, other property enhancements
that are not mechanical can be considered, such as
electrical and thermal properties. This would allow the 4.3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
combination of the flexibility and non-corrosiveness
of polymers to be applied to previously impractical The formula for the volume of a given cylinder is
areas, making electrospun fibres a valuable new tool V = Pr2l whereas the surface area of a given cylinder
in designing new materials.
assuming the end caps are excluded is A = 2Prl. For
electrospun fibres we can assume that an average fibre
diameter can be measured for a given sample and that
4.2 High Tensile Strength Fibres this fibre can be effectively represented by a cylinder.
Using these assumptions then the surface area to volume
It was shown by Feng and co-workers that during ratio can be simplified to 2/r. As this simple relationship
electrospinning the fibre typically undergoes a large is proportional to the inverse of the average fibre radius
amount of stretching [a.60]. It is expected that due then to maximse the ratio the smallest fibre diameter
to the action of the force stretching the fibres and needs to be used. The smallest electrospun fibres (3 nm
because the fibre diameter is close to the molecular claimed by Viswanathamurthi and co-workers [a.63])
scale, the polymer molecules will be highly aligned are approaching the scale of the molecules that make up
with little room for defects in the structure – as a the fibres. This effectively means that electrospinning
general proposition, the thinner the fibre, the nearer it is a method suitable for producing fibres close to the
will approach its theoretical maximum strength (628).
limit of surface area to volume ratio.
Wang and co-workers found that electrospun silk fibroin
fibres undergo a draw ratio (L = v1/v2) of above 1 x 105
(409). This draw ratio is an order of magnitude above Any process that is dependent on surface area, such
that typically achieved by a silkworm and was the as active filtration, catalysts, fibre-matrix interactions,
proposed explanation for a high degree of crystallinity bioreactor cores and chemical sensors will benefit from
observed by wide angle x-ray diffraction. Although the incorporation of nanofibres into the process. It has
some of the fibres' crystalline structure resembled the been shown by Viswanathamurthi and co-workers [a.63]
natural structure of spider or silkworm silk, the high and Li and Xia [a.87] that electrospinning can be used
draw ratio alone was not sufficient to reproduce the to produce fibres where the polymer acts as a carrier
natural structure of these silks. and a metallic precursor material [a.48, a.64].

21
 Electrospinning

4.4 Medical Applications biopolymers to be electrospun, it may be possible

to produce complete tissue. The patent by Gingras
Products aimed at the medical market are often describes a general method for making tissue scaffolds
high added-value products with small production volumes using layers of fibre electrospun from ‘biocompatible’
and hence the medical industry has been a big focus polymers [a.69]. In its simplest embodiment it describes
for the development of electrospinning applications. two films where the first film has numerous opening
This circumvents, for now, the difficulties with current for cell seeding and the second film, below the first,
technology in producing large volumes of fibre. has a number of larger cell openings connected to
These applications fall into two main groups, patient the openings in the first films for cell propagation.
consumables such as wound dressings and drug delivery, The patent by Guilak and Moutos extends the basic
and procedure consumables such as tissue scaffolds. concept, describing a tissue scaffold that has multiple
layers woven into a 3D structure to aid in the restoration
A simple example of electrospun fibre being used for of tissue that is implanted in the body [a.70]. More
wound dressings is shown in the patent by Siniaguine, complex electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds
which describes a multi-layered wound dressing [a.64]. have also been proposed such as vascular implants
This wound dressing incorporates an outer microfibre or scaffolds, including those described in the patents
layer that is hydrophobic, to repel external moisture, by Shastri and Sy [a.72] and Neuenschwander [a.71].
a middle layer that is partially water-soluble to retain Neuenschwander’s patent also describes methods for
fluids and keep the wound moist, and an inner insoluble constructing an artificial heart valve using electrospun
hydrophobic fibre layer that has large pores to encourage fibre. The applications already covered by existing
fluid to be removed from the wound. A patent by Larsen patents are wide-ranging, with patents such as that
and co-workers demonstrates a modification to standard by Lu and co-workers that describes a tissue scaffold
wound dressings where the increased surface area to for the fixation of musculoskeletal soft tissue to bone
volume ratio is used to expose blood to a coagulating [a.73], and the patent by Bertram and co-workers
enzyme, creating a haemostatic dressing [a.65]. which describes methods of using electrospun fibre
to repair, reconstruct, replace or augment organs in a
patient, primarily focused on the bladder [a.74]. Rather
Thanks to the ability of electrospun fibre to act as a
than the production of natural organs, the patent by
carrier for non-polymeric molecules, another important
Shalev describes an interesting technique of creating so
application has been to use the fibre as a drug carrier.
called ‘artificial organs’ [a.75]. This is embodied as a
Both biodegradable and permanent fibres have been
bioreactor that is separated from the natural circulatory
proposed. The patent by Kaplan and Lorenz describes
system by a membrane allowing the continuous
fibres formed by silk-fibroin that have been post-
production of compounds that are subsequently passed
processed to control the crystallinity and hence control
into the circulatory system.
the rate of drug release [a.66]. This patent proposes an
article with either a single layer or a multi-layer to allow
different therapeutic agents or concentrations to be
released over time. A similar approach was proposed by 4.5 Materials Applications
Verreck and co-workers in his paper, where model drugs
such as the antifungal itraconazole were incorporated The original intended use of the electrospinning process
into insoluble fibres and a controlled release was was for the production of textile fibres. This is embodied
observed for the water-insoluble drugs observed [a.67]. in the patents by Formhals where a high voltage electric
As an alternative to the diffusion-controlled drug- field is used to draw fibres from a cellulose acetate
release mechanism, Zeng and co-workers propose a solution [a.10]. There is also work being done to use
biodegradable polymer to encapsulate the drug [a.68]. electrospun fibre as a carrier for chemically active
In that paper, fibres are formed from polylactic acid species to create functional textiles (328). On a similar
(PLA) with a model drug encapsulated in the fibre. Once note, the paper by Ko and co-workers (628) describes a
exposed to biological conditions the fibres break down method of producing twisted yarns of nanofibres using
and release a continuous amount of the encapsulated a flow of compressed air that can then be used in more
drug with out any burst release. traditional textile processing apparatus [a.62].

A large amount of electrospinning research has One major potential application for electrospun fibre
been focused on the production of tissue scaffolds. is in the manufacture of nanocomposites. As discussed
Electrospinning is beneficial here because the fibres in Section 4.1 the incorporation of nanoscale material
produced are of a similar scale to the extracellular into a composite matrix produces different results
matrix of natural tissue. Because of the potential for from the incorporation of macro scale material.

22
 Electrospinning

The significant advantage of using electrospun fibre Briefly, the intrinsic high strength of the SWNT is not
is that the nanoscale material is continuous in nature, used to high best advantage in a composite if the mode
meaning it has a very high aspect ratio. Continuous of failure of the composite is through fibre pullout rather
fibres also offer the potential for increased safety due than fibre breakage – a short fibre is more likely to fail in
to lower potential toxicity of the nanoscale element, the former mode. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
thanks to the continuous fibre being large enough of the fibres showed an increased the crystallinity of the
as a whole to interact on a macro level. At this time PVOH phase associated with the presence of the carbon
no study on the relative toxic effects has been done. nanotubes, increasing the tensile strength of mats made
The review of nanocomposites from electrospun from the material [a.77].
fibre by Chronakis outlines the potential benefits of
the ability to produce fibrous material with a wide Belcher and Lee have produced long rod-shaped M13
range of diameters and surface textures, allowing viruses in electrospun PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone)
development of ideal fibre matrix interactions leading fibres: the ultimate aim of this work is to produce
to the maximising of the potential properties of materials with controlled electrical, mechanical or
the composite [a.59]. It is also pointed out that the magnetic properties. The viruses are still biologically
irregular void structure in fabrics and the ‘hairiness’ viable after the spinning process [a.78].
of yarns are expected to take advantage of the
mechanical interlocking mechanism of load transfer
between matrix and fibre, which would significantly
enhance the performance of a composite article. 4.6 Industrial Applications

Chronakis cites two specific examples of electrospun The first successful commercial use of electrospun
fibre composites, one using aromatic heterocyclic fibre was claimed by Donaldson Inc., for filtration
polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofibres and the other elements (http://www.donaldson.com/en/filtermedia/
using Nylon-4,6 but both reinforcing an epoxy matrix. nanofibres/ accessed on 19th July 2008). Donaldson
In the more detailed case of the PBI nanofibres, a 15 Co. Inc., have been developing electrospun nanofibre
wt% fibre loading resulted in a reinforcing effect higher filtration elements Ultra-Web® filters for dust collection,
than that of PBI fibroids (whisker length particles). The Spider-Web® filters for gas turbine air filtration, and
PBI nanofibres were also used to reinforce a rubber Donaldson Endurance™ air filters for heavy-duty
matrix resulting in a 10-fold increase in the Young’s engines since the 1970s and are probably the highest
modulus and a doubling of the tear strength. However, volume producers of nanofibre-based filtration media.
Chronakis also notes that the control and reproducibility In performance fabrics, Korean nanofibre manufacturer,
of orientation and the design and manufacture of Finetex Technology Global Limited made a distribution
processing apparatus still stands as a significant agreement with US-based Polartec, LLC in March 2008
challenge in this field [a.59]. to supply 17 million m2 of nanofibres over the next
7 years to Polartec Ltd (http://www.finetextech.com
The electrospun fibre itself can be treated as a composite accessed on 19th July 2008).
material. The paper by Li and Xia demonstrates the
method of using a co-axial electrospinning head that
Studies have shown that a low fibre diameter allows a
allows the production of a core-sheath co-axial fibre
filter element with similar operational characteristics
[a.48]. In this example both the core and sheath is made
but with much higher filtration performance. Beyond
from solid fibre. In the paper by Xu and co-workers
this there is also the potential for the incorporation of
electrospinning is done from an emulsion that results
in a similar core-sheath co-axial structure where the biologically or chemically active elements either on
core is a fluid and the sheath is solidified polymer the surface of the fibre, or intrinsic to the structure of
[a.68]. Further to this there is also work done by Ko the fibre allowing for active filtration to occur. Active
and co-workers (629) that uses the incorporation of filtration implies that the entrapment method is based
carbon nanotubes dispersed in the polymer solution on chemical attraction rather than simple physical
to reinforce the electrospun fibres to enhance their entanglement. The advantages of this method are a
performance [a.62]. lower resistance to flow across the filter element, and
the possibility of selectivity so that particular elements
Naebe and co-workers seek to overcome the inherent can be removed during filtration.
disadvantage of carbon nanotubes of short length by
incorporating single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) Using a high specific surface area as a site for chemical
into electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) nanofibres. reactions shows clear potential as a delivery technology

23
 Electrospinning

for catalysts. Due to the high surface area to volume from lower operating voltages. However, they can
ratio there would be minimal waste of catalysts that store relatively large quantities of energy for short
operate by surface reaction kinetics rather than playing periods of time. As they can be produced with a very
an active role in the chemical reaction. It has been high energy density (energy per unit mass of storage
shown by Viswanathamurthi and co-workers, and Ding medium) they have been proposed as an energy
and co-workers that it is possible to include metal salts source for electric vehicles. They could also be used
in the electrospinning solution and perform a thermal as cheap power sources for mobile appliances that are
post-treatment that removes the polymer carrier and frequently used such as cellphones or portable media
leaves a metal oxide [a.80] (640). For more complex players. This would increase the number of times they
metal catalysts the work by He and Gong (640) shows need to be charged but with low power operation this
that multiple metal salts can be incorporated, with the could only demand daily charging similar to modern
final fibre having a mixed composition [a.81]. devices.

Another important industrial application being The work by Kim and Yang has explored the possible
explored is the use of electrospun fibre as a substrate application of electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibres
for the biological element in a bioreactor. Again due to for super capacitor manufacture (65). It was found
the large surface area to volume ratio and the general that using a steam activation method on the fibre
strength of these small fibres it is possible to create membrane one could produce a suitable electrode
a substrate that allows a high density of biologically for a capacitor with a high surface area due to the
active material such as cells to be packed into a small formation of pores on the fibre structure. It was
space while still permitting the flow of nutrient. The observed that the electrode manufactured by this
higher the density of the biologically active material, method had a specific capacitance of 120 F/g while
the better the efficiency per volume that the bioreactor sustaining a discharge current of 1000 mA/g. In this
should be able to achieve. A further advantage for case the specific capacitance did vary by 18% over
the electrospinning process is the ability to form a the range from 1 to 1000 mA/g.
surface texture from small pores (597) that could act as
anchoring points for cells in the bioreactor [a.82]. Using the method of co-axial electrospinning it
would be possible to produce a core-sheath structure
that would consist of a conducting core polymer
and an insulating sheath. These fibres could then act
4.7 Electronics and Energy Applications as insulated nanowires. The same sintering process
used in the production of metal oxide fibres can also
The use of electrospun fibre in the electronics and be used to manufacture conductive gold nanowires
energy industry is a growing area, and a number of when a suitable metal salt is introduced to the polymer
interesting applications have been pursued. Work by solution as described by Pol and co-workers (65)
Kim and co-workers has been exploring the use of [a.86]. As yet the steps beyond the synthesis of the raw
electrospun fibre as one of the elements in lithium nanowire, allowing the manufacture of more complex
polymer batteries [a.82]. It was found that electrospun nanoscale electronics, are unknown to the authors.
polyvinyl di-fluoride fibres were suitable as a highly However, these nanowires may find application in
porous membrane that showed good high temperature the manufacture of cheap chemical sensors where
(60 oC) performance when used in a lithium polymer the nanowires are used to connect the sensor element
battery. The high temperature performance would to the processing circuit. It could also be possible to
enable lithium polymer batteries to operate at a higher use the electrospun fibre as the sensor element as well
discharge rate and have a better performance cycle. as the transmission medium. The patent by Han and
A patent by Best and co-workers describes a method co-workers describes a method of using electrospun
for using electrospun fibre to manufacture a flexible fibre to manufacture numerous chemical sensors for
battery that may become integral to the flexible different chemical species to be used in a device
electronics industry [a.83]. described as an ‘electronic nose’ [a.86].

The high surface specific area of electrospun fibres

may find application in the production of super
capacitors [a.84]. Super capacitors have a much larger
capacitance than those traditionally used in modern
electronics although at the time of writing they suffer

24
 Electrospinning

5 MATERIALS

Typical Processing Processing Parameter

Solvents References
Parameters Range
Synthetic Polymers
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
Water, Acetone Concentration: Concentration: [a.88-a.98],
(658) ~10% (656) 1% [a.92] – 10% (678) (682), (679),
Chloroform, Ethanol, Molecular Weight: Mw: 300,000 [a.93] – (678), (677),
N,N – Dimethylformamide ~400,000 (679) 2,000,000 (677) (656), (592),
(DMF) Voltage: Voltage: (594), (593),
(594) 10 kV – 20 kV (594) 1 kV [a.93] – 30 kV [a.94] (580), (535)
0.5 M Acetic Acid [a.88] Distance: Distance:
Water/Methanol (90:10) ~15 cm (679) 5 cm [a.94] – 40 cm (535)
[a.89] Electric Field: Electric Field:
Water/Ethanol (60:40) 0.5 kV/cm – 1 kV/cm 0.2 [a.92] – 3.2 kV/cm
[a.90] [a.91] (593)
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)
Water Concentration: Concentration: [a.99-a.106],
[a.99] ~ 8% [a.100] 4.1% [a.103] – 18% (663), (642),
Ethanol/Water (1:1) Molecular Weight: Concentration: (596), (595),
(595) ~ 80,000 [a.101] 2.8e-7 mol/l (663) (580), (571),
Aqueous Acetic Acid Voltage: – 2.9e-6 mol/l (571) (564), (435),
(369) ~ 20 kV {860262} Mw: 10,000 (595) (369)
Distance: 185,000 [a.99]
~ 10 cm [a.102] Voltage:
Electric Field: 5 kV (571) – 100 kV (595)
~ 1.5 kV/cm (369) Distance:
3.5 cm [a.104] – 25 cm
(580)
Electric Field:
0.3 kV/cm – 4 kV/cm
(571)
Polystyrene (PS)
DMF, Toluene Concentration: Concentration: [a.107, a.108],
(656) ~20% [a.107] 2.5% (283) – 35% (597) (680), (656),
Carbon Disulfide (CS2) Molecular Weight: Concentration: (597), (543),
(275) 200,000 – 300,000 (543) 1.4e-8 mol/l (283) (558), (526),
Chloroform, Voltage: – 1.7e-5 mol/l (597) (333), (283),
Tetrahydrofuran (THF), ~30 kV (275) Mw: 4,000 – 1,880,000 (275)
Methylethylketone Distance: (333)
(543) ~15 cm (333) Voltage:
Acetic Acid Electric Field: 3 kV [a.108] – 30 kV (558)
(558) ~1 kV/cm [a.108] Distance:
3 cm [a.108] – 35 cm (597)
Electric Field:
0.14 kV/cm (656)
– 3 kV/cm (275)

25
 Electrospinning

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
DMF Concentration: Concentration: [a.109-a.111],
(531) 10% [a.109] 4% (292) – 14% [a.111] (628), (531),
Molecular Weight: Concentration: (400), (372),
~75,000 [a.110] 3.8e-4 mol/l – 3.2e-3 mol/l (292)
Voltage: (400)
10-25 kV [a.109] Mw: 55,000 (400)
Distance: – 210,000 (531)
~16 cm (372) Voltage:
Electric Field: 5 kV [a.110] – 40 kV (292)
~1.7 kV/cm (628) Distance:
10 cm – 30 cm (400)
Electric Field:
0.3 kV/cm (372)
– 3 kV/cm (400)
Biopolymers
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Chloroform/Methanol (3:1) Concentration: Concentration: [a.112-a.115],
(539) ~10% (595) 5% [a.114] – 12% [a.115] (595), (539)
Toluene/Methanol (1:1), Molecular Weight: Concentration:
Dichloromethane/Methanol ~80,000 [a.112] 2.5e-4 [a.114] – 1.3e-3
(3:1), Acetone Voltage: [a.112]
(595) ~15 kV (539) Mw: 80,000 (595) –
Distance: 200,000 [a.114]
~12 cm [a.59] Voltage:
Electric Field: 12 kV (595) – 20 kV
~1 kV/cm [a.60] [a.114]
Distance:
10 cm [a.114] – 15 cm
(539)
Electric Field:
1 kV/cm (539) – 2 kV/cm
[a.115]
Polylactic acid (PLA, PLLA, PDLA)
DMF, Concentration: Concentration: [a.116], (664),
DMF/Methylene chloride ~10% (615) 3% (526) – 40% (664) (628), (615),
(664) Molecular Weight: Concentration: (526)
Dichloromethane ~109,000 (664) 4.5e-5 (526) – 4.0e-3 (664)
(526) Voltage: Mw: 48,000 (615) –
Dichloroethane, ~25 kV (628) 670,000 (526)
Chloroform Distance: Voltage:
(615) ~15 cm (664) 20 kV (664) – 41 kV
Electric Field: [a.116]
~2 kV/cm (664) Distance:
15 cm (628) – 20 cm (615)
Electric Field:
0.75 kV/cm (615) kV/cm
[a.116]

26
 Electrospinning

Cellulose Acetate (CAc)

Acetone/ Concentration: Concentration: [a.117, a.18],
Dimethylacetimide ~16% [a.118] 3% (106) – 21% (608) (596), (608),
(DMAc) (2:1) (596) Molecular Weight: Concentration: (106),
Acetone/water 30,000 [a.117] 6.0e-4 (106) – 7.0e-3 (608)
(5-20% wt water) Voltage: Mw: 30,000 (608) – 50,000
(608) ~16 kV (106) (106)
Acetic Acid Distance: Voltage:
[a.117] ~15 cm (596) 8 kV (608) – 25 kV [a.117]
DMF [a.118] Electric Field: Distance:
~1.3 kV/cm (596) 6 cm (608) – 45 cm (106)
Electric Field:
0.4 kV/cm (106)
– 2.5 kV/cm [a.117]
Gelatin
1,1,1,3,3,3 - Hexafluoro-2- Concentration: Concentration: [a.112],
propanol ~10% [a.112] 5% [a.120] – 29% [a.121] [a.119-a.122],
[a.119] Voltage: Voltage:
2,2,2 – Trifluroethanol ~15 kV [a.112] 10 kV [a.119] – 28 kV
[a.120] Distance: [a.122]
Acetic Acid, Formic Acid ~12 cm [a.120] Distance:
Electric Field: 10 cm [a.119] – 15 cm
[a.121]
~1 kV/cm [a.119] [a.121]
Electric Field:
0.8 kV/cm [a.120]
– 1.3 kV/cm [a.120]
Zein
Ethanol/Water (4:1) Concentration: Concentration: [a.123], (481),
(481) ~25% (481) 17% (63) – 50% (319) (319), (256),
Acetic Acid, Isopropyl Voltage: Voltage: (63)
Alcohol/Water (4:1), ~20 kV [a.123] 8 kV (481) – 40 kV (256)
Ethanol/Water (3:2) Distance: Distance:
(256) ~10 cm (63) 5 cm (256) – 25 cm [a.123]
DMF [a.123] Electric Field: Electric Field:
~2 kV/cm (319) 0.5 kV/cm [a.123]
– 4 kV/cm (256)
Melt Spinning
Polypropylene (PP)
Polymer Temp: Polymer Temp: [a.124], (339),
~285 OC (339) 200 OC (569) – 320 OC (569)
Molecular Weight: [a.124]
~200,000 [a.124] Mw: 14,000 – 580,000
Voltage: (569)Voltage:
~20 kV [a.124] 10 kV (339) – 30 kV (569)
Distance: ~4 cm [a.124] Distance:
Electric Field: 2 cm (569) – 7 cm (339)
~ 5 kV/cm [a.124] Electric Field:
1.4 kV/cm (339)
– 15 kV/cm (569)

27
 Electrospinning

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34
 References and Abstracts

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1 Item 4
Polimery Macromolecular Rapid Communications
53, No.7-8, 2008, p.581. 29, No.17, 1st Sept.2008, p.1455.
PREPARATION OF FIBERS FROM TERPOLY FIELD-DRIVEN SURFACE SEGREGATION OF
(ESTER-ETHER-ESTER)S BY MELT SPINNING BIOFUNCTIONAL SPECIES ON ELECTROSPUN
OR ELECTROSPINNING FROM THE SOLUTION PMMA/PEO MICROFIBERS
Zdebiak P; El Fray M Xiao-Yu Sun; Nobles L R; Borner H G; Spontak R J
Terpolymers consisting of PBTP hard segments and soft Electrospinning of polymer/peptide conjugates was
segments of dilinoleic acid residues and polyethylene used to prepare microfibres with biofunctionalised
glycol with different molec.wts. were prepared and melt surfaces. The peptide segment was selectively driven
spun or electrospun from solution into fibres. The effects to the surface due to contrasts in polarisability, giving
of polyethylene glycol molec.wt., alpha-tocopherol (heat the fibres the biofunctionalisation. In the example
stabiliser) and inorganic modifier (hydroxyapatite) on shown, a polyethylene oxide bioconjugate was blended
melt flow rate, mechanical properties and fibre-forming and electrospun with polymethyl methacrylate and
properties investigated. 20 refs. the resulting fibres were characterised using X-ray
Szczecinska,Politechnika photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND microscopy and confocal microscopy of fluorescent
Accession no.1027749 labelled fibres. 37 refs.
North Carolina,State University; Sabic; Max-Planck-
Item 2 Institut Fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.
Synthetic Metals EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
158, No.14, Aug.2008, p.577.
FABRICATION OF POLYHEXYLTHIOPHENE/ Accession no.1027594
POLYETHYLENE OXIDE NANOFIBERS USING
ELECTROSPINNING Item 5
Laforgue A; Robitaille L Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
Polyhexylthiophene-polyethylene oxide blend nanofibre 46, No.18, 15th Sept.2008 p.1903.
were produced by electrospinning from chloroform solutions. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STABLE AND
A morphological study was carried out as a function of the METASTABLE POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)UREA
processing parameters as well as the ratio between the two COMPLEXES IN ELECTROSPUN FIBERS
polymers. The influence of nanofibre alignment on electrical Yang Liu; Antaya H; Pellerin C
conductivity was examined. 55 refs. Stable (alpha) and metastable (beta) complex nanofibres
Canada,National Research Council of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and urea were prepared
CANADA
by solution electrospinning and were characterised
Accession no.1027642 using wide angle X-ray scattering, differential
scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared
Item 3 spectroscopy. Fibres of both types were highly
Polymers for Advanced Technologies crystalline and the beta complex materials showed a
19, No.9, Sept.2008, p.1150. stoichiometric ratio of PEO to urea of 3:2 and chains
PREPARATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL oriented along the fibre axis. A ribbon-like structure
STRUCTURE CONTROLLABLE NANOFIBERS was suggested for the metastable nanofibres, with urea
BY ELECTROSPINNING intercalated between PEO layers. 39 refs.
Zhang J-F; Yang D-Z; Nie J Montreal,University
CANADA
Details are given of a method of manufacturing three-
dimensional PVAL nanofibre with a modified collector. Accession no.1027580
The size of the three-dimensional structure was
controlled by process parameters. Potential applications Item 6
in bio-mimic processes and micro-motor devices are Polymer
mentioned. 8 refs. 49, No.19, 2008, p.4226-4229
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FROM A
CHINA POROUS HOLLOW TUBE
Accession no.1027601 Varabhas J S; Chase G G; Reneker D H

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 35

 References and Abstracts

Single electrospinning jets are known to have low JAPAN; SINGAPORE

production rates. A 0.1m2 nonwoven mat containing 1g of Accession no.1027547
100nm fibres may take several days to create from a single
jet. Inexpensive methods of higher production rates are
Item 8
needed for laboratory research applications. In this paper
Polymer
we present experimental results of many simultaneous
49, No.19, 2008, p.4046.
electrospinning jets from the surface of tube having a
EFFECT OF SPINNING TEMPERATURE AND
porous wall. The pores in the wall are small and resist the
BLEND RATIOS ON ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN/
flow of the polymer. Holes drilled half way into the wall
POLY(ACRYLAMIDE) BLENDS FIBERS
of the tube provide points of reduced flow resistance. A
Desai K; Kit K
polymer solution of 15wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
in ethanol is pushed by low air pressure of 1-2kPa through We report the formation of non-woven fibres without
the tube wall at the drilled holes. On the outer surface bead defects by electrospinning blend solutions of
of the tube polymer drops form at the locations of the chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAAm) with blend ratios
drilled holes. The solution is charged from 40 to 60kV to varying from 75wt% to 90wt% chitosan using a modified
electrospin the polymer. Multiple polymer jets launch from electrospinning unit wherein polymer solutions can be
the tube surface and form fibres. A 13cm long tube with spun at temperatures greater than ambient up to 100 deg.C.
20 holes can produce 0.3-0.5g/h of nanofibre. Production Electrospinning at elevated temperature leads to further
rates can easily be scaled by increasing the tube length expansion of the processing window, by producing fibres
and the number of holes. 6 refs. with fewer defects at higher chitosan weight percentage
Akron,University in the blends. Effects of varying blend ratios, spinning
USA temperatures, and molecular weights on fibre formation
Accession no.1027551 were studied and optimum conditions for formation of
uniform non-woven fibre mats with potential applications
for air and water filtration were obtained. Uniform bead-
Item 7 less fibre mats with fibre diameter as low as 307+/-67nm
Polymer were formed by spinning 90% chitosan in blend solutions
49, No.19, 2008, p.4196. at 70 deg.C. 25 refs.
STRESS-INDUCED STRUCTURAL CHANGES
Tennessee,University
IN ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYLIDENE USA
DIFLUORIDE NANOFIBERS COLLECTED
Accession no.1027530
USING A MODIFIED ROTATING DISK
Wu Aik Yee; Anh Chien Nguyen; Pooi See Lee; Kotaki
M; Ye Liu; Boon Teoh Tan; Mhaisalkar S; Xuehong Lu Item 9
Macromolecular Symposia
By attaching separate, parallel electrodes onto a rotating No.269, 2008, p.111.
disk collector, well aligned electrospun polyvinylidene NOVEL BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED COLLAGEN
difluoride (PVDF), PVDF/carbon nanotube nanocomposite NANOFIBERS RECONSTITUTED BY
and vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer ELECTROSPINNING METHOD
nanofibres are directly deposited onto flat substrates Foltran I; Foresti E; Parma B; Sabatino P; Roveri N
forming relatively large, uniform and compact fibrous thin
films. The attachments alter the electric-field distribution The fabrication of self-assembled collagen nanofibres
on the rotating disk, which fosters the fanning of the by electrospinning from an aqueous suspension of
nanofibres, while the electric field between the separate telopeptide-free collagen molecules in the absence of
electrodes and the mechanical force exerted by the organic solvents and blends with natural or synthetic
rotational disk facilitate the alignment. X-ray diffraction polymers, and their characterisation by FTIR, SEM and
and infrared spectroscopic studies show that the specific DSC, is described. The results are discussed in terms of
environment and force fields created on the modified potential applications as biomimetic reinforcements for
rotating disk cause the electrospun fibres being effectively new biomedical and surgical biomaterials. 33 refs.
stretched to form highly oriented beta-form crystallites Bologna,Universita; Opocrin SpA
with slightly reduced inter-chain distance. They also EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
lead to slight increases in crystallinity and crystal size.
A mechanism is proposed to account for the structural Accession no.1027356
alteration induced by the modified rotating disk collector.
Ferroelectricity of the aligned electrospun PVDF fibrous Item 10
thin films is also demonstrated. 26 refs. Polymer Engineering and Science
Nanyang,Technological University; Kyoto,Institute of 48, No.9, 2008, p.1848.
Technology; Singapore,Institute of Materials Research THE MORPHOLOGY, MECHANICAL
& Engineering PROPERTIES, AND FLAMMABILITY OF

36 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

ALIGNED ELECTROSPUN POLYCARBONATE EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

(PC) NANOFIBERS Accession no.1027304
Moon S; Farris R J
The electrospinning of the polycarbonate (PC) solutions Item 12
was performed for the variable electrospinning parameters Polymer International
such as polymer concentration, solvent composition, 57, No.10, Oct.2008, p.1194.
applied voltage, flow rate, and take-up velocity in order to EFFECT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
evaluate changes of morphology, mechanical properties, AND COULOMBIC INTERACTIONS
and flammability of the aligned PC nanofibres as a ON ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBER
function of the electrospinning parameters. It was found DISTRIBUTION
that the ratio of THF/DMF solvent in the electrospinning Jian-Feng Zhang; Dong-Zi Yang; Jun Nie
parameters had a major effect on the spinnability and
A method based on the electric potential and coulombic
fibre morphology. Furthermore, it was confirmed that
interactions was developed for simulation of the
the mechanical properties were dependent upon the fibre
distribution of electrospun fibres. Two different types
morphology. The spinnability of the PC solutions with
of electric field were investigated for electrospinning of
a lower THF ratio in THF/DMF solvent was poor. The
poly(ethylene oxide), and the process was interpreted by
aligned electrospun PC fibre with the best morphology means of schematics and physical equations. A simulation
was made in the range of polymer concentration of 22%, analysis based on idealised models is a convenient method
solvent ratio of 50:50 THF : DMF, applied voltage of 14 for understanding the effect of distortions of the electric
kV, flow rate of 0.050 ml/m, and a take-up velocity of 7.3 field induced by various types of collector. 10 refs.
m/s. The ultimate strength and initial modulus of the 80%
drawn 22% PC fibre were 64 + - 2 MPa (commercial 55- Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
CHINA
75 MPa) and 1.9 + - 0.1 GPa. The heat release capacity
(HRC) of the 22 and 25% PC fibre were 275 + - 27 J/g K Accession no.1027251
and 198 + - 1 J/g K. It was found that the flame resistance
of the electrospun PC nanofibre was superior to that of the Item 13
PC raw material (HRC ~360 J/g K). 16 refs. Polymer International
Massachusetts,University 57, No.10, Oct.2008, p.1188.
USA FABRICATION OF PROTEIN-DOPED PLA
Accession no.1027324 COMPOSITE NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDS FOR
TISSUE ENGINEERING
Yuan J; Shen J; Kang I K
Item 11
Polymer Engineering and Science Co-electrospinning of keratin or gelatin with polylactide
48, No.9, 2008, p.1661. (PLA) gave nanofibres that were characterised by means
ELECTROSPINNING AND ALIGNMENT OF of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, attenuated
POLYANILINE-BASED NANOWIRES AND total-reflection Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, and
NANOTUBES an electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The
Attout A; Yunus S; Bertrand P biodegradation of mats of the electrospun fibres in the
presence of trypsin solution was examined. NIH 3T3 cells
Polyaniline (PANi) nanowires and nanotubes are processed adhered better and spread more on the PLA/keratin and
by electrospinning. Nanowires are electrospinned using PLA/gelatin nanofibrous mats than on blank PLA mats.
PANi/PEO and PANi/PMMA polymer blends. The The PLA/keratin and PLA/gelatin nanofibrous mats also
morphology and composition of these nanofibres are improved the viability and proliferation of fibroblasts
determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared with PLA nanofibrous mats. 27 refs.
Nano-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Nano-SIMS).
Kyungpook,National University; Nanjing,Normal
The conductive polymer seems more homogeneously
University
distributed for the PANi/PEO than for the PANi/PMMA CHINA; SOUTH KOREA
blend nanowires, which exhibit a phase separation.
Accession no.1027250
On the other hand, pure PANi nanotubes are prepared
using PMMA nanowires as a template. The synthesis is
followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Item 14
SEM and Nano-SIMS. Moreover, a simple method based Polymer International
on electrostatic steering allows us to align these fibres on 57, No.10, Oct.2008, p.1110.
a substrate. 23 refs. NOVEL ZEIN-BASED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS
Louvain,Universite Catholique WITH THE WATER STABILITY AND STRENGTH
BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN NECESSARY FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN Xu W; Karst D; Yang W; Yang Y

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 37

 References and Abstracts

Attempts were made to improve the tenacity of zein fibres magneto-electrospinning and bubble-electrospinning. The
by electrospinning fibres containing various concentrations use of a representative non-ionic surfactant, TritonR X-100,
of zein, citric acid and sodium hypophosphite monohydrate to enhance electrospinnability was studied. The surfactant
(SHP); the SHP catalyses the crosslinking of the zein was added to an electrospun polyvinyl pyrrolidone
by citric acid. The resulting fibres showed as much as a solution, and a dramatic reduction in surface tension was
tenfold increase in wet tenacity and a 15-fold increase in observed. As a result, a moderate voltage was needed to
dry tenacity compared with normal electrospun zein fibres. produce fine nanofibres, which are commonly observed
The average diameter of the fibres was 451 nm, the smallest during the conventional electrospinning procedure only at
reported for a zein-based electrospun fibre. A mat of this elevated voltage. The novel strategy thus produced smaller
fibre retained its fibrous structure when immersed in water, nanofibres than those obtained without surfactants, and the
and the fibre retained about 70% of its tenacity after 16 minimum threshold voltage was much decreased. A simple
days at 50 deg.C and 90% relative humidity. 20 refs. theoretical prediction method for the average diameter of
Nebraska-Lincoln,University the nanofibres under different surfactant concentrations
USA was developed. 30 refs.
Accession no.1027240 Shanghai,Donghua University
CHINA

Item 15 Accession no.1027048

International Polymer Processing
23, No.4, Sept.2008, p.377. Item 17
EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON BEADS Fibers and Polymers
FORMATION IN ELECTROSPINNING OF 9, No.2, April 2008, p.140.
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON
Kadomae Y; Amagasa M; Sugimoto M; Taniguchi T; ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITILE(PAN)
Koyama K NANOFIBERS
Ji-Huan He; Yu-Qin Wan; Jian-Yong Yu
The effects of electric current on formation of beads
in electrospinning were investigated by changing the An allometrical scaling relationship between the diameter
electrical conductivity of a PVAl aqueous solution and of electrospun nanofibre and solution concentration
spinning conditions, such as applied voltage, distance was established. The scaling exponent differed greatly
between a tip of needle and a collector, and relative between different polymers and the same polymer with
humidity. From the results of experiments conducted by different molecules or the same molecules with different
changing the conductivity of PVAl aqueous solution and properties. The diameter of electrospun polyacrylonitrile
spinning conditions, it was found that bead formation was nanofibres increased approximately linearly with solution
suppressed at a lower electric current. Furthermore, when concentration. The experimental data were in agreement
the electrospinning was performed at a certain constant with the theoretical predictions. 17 refs.
electric current under various spinning conditions where Shanghai,Donghua University
the applied voltage and tip-collector distance were changed CHINA
in order to give the same constant electric current, the Accession no.1026996
resultant PVAl fibres had no beads and almost the same
distribution of fibre diameters. 30 refs.
Item 18
Yamagata,University; Japan Vilene Co.Ltd.; Japan
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Science & Technology Agency
JAPAN
Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98.
Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La.,
Accession no.1027078 6th-10th April 2008.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials:
Item 16 Science & Engineering, 2008, p.904-905, ISBN 978-0-
Polymer International 8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012
57, No.9, Sept.2008, p.1079. ELECTROSPUN COPOLYIMIDE NANOFIBERS
NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS FOR ENHANCING WITH EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
ELECTROSPINABILITY AND FOR THE PING HU; SHIULIANG CHEN; CHUYEN CHEN;
PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN GREINER A; YONGHONG LI; HAOQING HOU
NANOFIBERS JIANGXI,NORMAL UNIVERSITY;
Shu-Qiang Wang; Ji-Huan He; Lan Xu MARBURG,PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Electrospinning is widely used to produce nanofibres, but
not every polymer can be electrospun into nanofibres. To Electrospun copolyimide fibres were prepared from
enhance electrospinnability, attention has been paid to 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA),
designing new apparatus, e.g. for vibration-electrospinning, p-phenylenediamine (BPA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA)

38 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

at a BPA/ODA ratio of 4/6. The glass transition and Marburg,Philipps Universitat

decomposition temperatures of the copolyimide were EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
293 and 501 deg.C respectively. The tensile strength of a
copolyimide nanofibre belt with aligned nanofibres was Accession no.1026437
1.1 plus or minus 0.1 GPa (about twice that of the home
polyimide BPDA/PPA) but the elongation at break of the Item 21
copolymer nanofibre belt was 20.8% (compared with a E-Polymers
previously reported value of only 4.9% for high strength No.98, 2008, p.1.
polyimide mats). 12 refs. THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF THE
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN ELECTROSPINNING SILK FIBROIN/GELATIN
UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE BLEND NANOFIBERS
Accession no.1026851 Bao W; Zhang Y; Yin G; Wu J
The fabrication of nanofibres of blends of silk fibroin with
Item 19 various proportions of gelatin via electrospinning of their
Journal of Macromolecular Science B solutions of various concentrations in formic acid, and
B47, No.4, July-Aug.2008, p.735. their characterisation by SEM, DTA, FTIR, and tensile
ELECTROSPINNING OF CONTINUOUS, testing, is described. The effects of solution concentration
and composition on viscosity and spinnability, and of
LARGE AREA, LATTICEWORK FIBER
processing conditions on morphology, fibre diameter,
ONTO TWO-DIMENSIONAL PIN-ARRAY porosity and mechanical properties of the nanofibres
COLLECTORS were investigated and the results are discussed in terms
Chao Pan; Yong-Hao Han; Li Dong; Jing Wang; of potential biomedical applications as scaffolds for tissue
Zhong-Ze Gu engineering. 22 refs.
A simple approach for arraying fibres into a large Suzhou,University; China,Textile Information Centre
area two-dimensional lattice on an ordered metal rod CHINA
collector is described and applied to the fabrication Accession no.1026424
of large area latticework fibre patterns composed of
polyvinyl pyrrolidone-based sub-micron fibres having Item 22
diameters ranging from 910 to 1300 nm. These fibre Polymers for Advanced Technologies
patterns have potential applications in tissue cell culture. 19, No.7, July 2008, p.728.
18 refs. EMULSION ELECTROSPINNING:
Dalian,Fisheries University; Jilin,University; COMPOSITE FIBERS FROM DROP BREAKUP
Nanjing,Southeast University; Dalian,Nationalities DURING ELECTROSPINNING
University Angeles M; Hsin-Ling Cheng; Velankar S S
CHINA
The feasibility of electrospinning of oil-in-water type
Accession no.1026783 emulsions was examined. The emulsions had an aqueous
solution of PEO as the continuous phase, and either
Item 20 mineral oil or a PS in toluene solution as the drop phase.
E-Polymers The Taylor cones and electrified liquid jets were stable
No.111, 2008, p.1. even when the emulsion drops were as large as a few tens
of microns in diameter. The resulting electrospun PEO
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY-L-LACTIDE
fibres incorporated the dispersed phase of the emulsion
NANOFIBERS ON LIQUID RESERVOIR in the form of drops (in the case of mineral oil) or in the
COLLECTORS form of solid particles (in the case of PS). Mineral oil
Rocker T; Greiner A drops appeared to be completely encapsulated in the PEO
The fabrication of poly(L-lactide) nanofibres via fibres, whereas the PS particles were either incompletely
encapsulated or covered by only a very thin layer of PEO.
electrospinning of solutions of the polymer in
Calculations showed that, in both cases, the initially large
dichloromethane, with or without the addition of various emulsion drops were broken during the electrospinning
proportions of benzyltriethylammonium chloride as process. 15 refs.
conductivity modifier, was investigated using liquid
Pittsburgh,University
reservoir collectors with distilled water and sodium USA
chloride solutions of different concentrations as
collector liquids. The nanofibres were characterised Accession no.1026077
by optical microscopy and SEM, and the effects of
the electrical conductivity of the polymer solution and Item 23
collector liquid and of the filling level of the liquid ANTEC 2008. Proceedings of the 66th SPE Annual
collector reservoir on fibre diameter, porosity and Technical Conference held Milwaukee, Wi., 4th-8th
morphology of the nanofibres are discussed. 11 refs. May 2008.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 39

 References and Abstracts

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2008, p.513-517, PDF 0009, CD- Item 25

ROM, 012 Macromolecules
NOVEL DUAL ELECTRODE MODE 41, No.14, July 22, 2008, p.5345.
ELECTROSPINNING OF BIODEGRADABLE ALIGNED MATS FROM ELECTROSPUN
POLYMERS SINGLE FIBERS
Li M; He Y; Xin C; Li Z; Li Q; Lu C; Juang Y J Carnell L S; Siochi E J; Holloway N M; Stephens R M;
Rhim C; Niklason L E; Clark R L
A higher productivity is essential for the commercialization
of the electrospinning process. A new electrospinning By incorporating an auxiliary counter electrode to create
process, dual electrode mode electrospinning, an electric field of controlled geometry and magnitude,
was introduced in this study. In this work, both highly aligned electrospun micro- and nanoscale fibres and
positively and negatively charged nozzles existed in pseudo-woven mats were produced through electrospinning
the electric field instead of the single electrode in the of polyimide (CP2) or biodegradable poly(glycolic acid)
conventional electrospinning process. By electrospinning (PGA). The highly aligned electrospun fibres of CP2 were
polyhydroxybutyrate solution via this technique, the of the order of 10 microns in diameter, and the interfibre
structure of the electrospun fibres and the line speed were spacing in the spun mats ranged from 25 to 30 microns.
investigated and discussed. 8 refs. The electrospun aligned fibres of PGA were of the order of
China,Civil Aviation University; Beijing,University 500 nm in diameter with an interfibre spacing in the spun
of Chemical Technology; New Jersey,Institute mats of 7-10 microns. High-speed videography showed
of Technology; Taiwan,National Cheng Kung that the auxiliary electrode eliminated the jet whipping
University(SPE) and bending instability commonly associated with the
CHINA; USA electrospinning process. 30 refs.
Accession no.1025701 Durham,Duke University; Yale,University
USA

Item 24 Accession no.1025327

ANTEC 2008. Proceedings of the 66th SPE Annual
Technical Conference held Milwaukee, Wi., 4th-8th Item 26
May 2008. ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2008, p.926-930, PDF 0981, CD- Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98.
ROM, 012 Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La.,
FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURE ELASTIC 6th-10th April 2008.
MEMBRANES BY ELECTROSPINNING GLASSY Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
POLYMERS Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.602-803,
Martz T ISBN 978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703,
Penn State Erie,Behrend College CD-ROM, 012
(SPE) CONTROLLED RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE
The goal of this project is to explore elastic properties in FROM ELECTROSPUN BIODEGRADABLE
electrospun polymeric mats prepared by electrospinning BIOCOMPATIBLE FIBERS
glassy polymers. For this research sulphonated poly(ether Liu H A; Osuna H; Miller C Y; Chen J; Balkus K J
ether ketone) (sPEEK) mats were created under optimal Polylactic acid, a water-degradable hydrophobic material,
conditions using an electrospinning device. Optimal was used to encapsulate a nitric oxide donor. The polylactic
conditions pertaining to electrospinning include having acid was fabricated via electrospinning and had a fibrous
the smallest fibre diameter as well as minimal beading morphology with pores throughout the structure. A nitric
in the sample. The mats were then subjected to a series oxide releasing material (a diazeniumdiolate or a zeolite)
of heat and/or vapour treatments. To classify the results, was encapsulated within the pores of the fibres. The fibres
a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to test were fabricated into a free-standing paper which was
the electro-spun sPEEK mat samples, heat and/or vapour easily manipulated and handled in an attempt to enable
treated sPEEK mat samples, and sPEEK film samples. site specific targeting for nitric oxide release. It was shown
This allowed the stress-strain curves of each sample to be that hydrolysis of the polymeric fibrous, porous material
compared at all stages of the research. Scanning electron in an aqueous medium exposed the encapsulated nitric
microscope (SEM) images were then completed to examine oxide releasing material, leading to a more controlled and
the quality of electro-spun mats and fibre characteristics sustained release. Hydrolysis of polylactic acid generated
including average fibre diameter. 2 refs. acidic monomers which regulated the pH, resulting in a
Penn State Erie, Behrend College more controlled nitric oxide release than in an environment
(SPE) in which the pH was not regulated. Further work will be
USA done to control the thickness of the polymer fibres in order
Accession no.1025632 to provide more control for nitric oxide release. 14 refs.

40 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Texas,University at Dallas The polymer-salt-solvent interactions were characterised

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) by FTIR, and the solution viscosity, conductivity and
USA surface tension were measured in solutions with different
Accession no.1025020 salt concentrations. 29 refs.
North Carolina,State University
USA
Item 27
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Accession no.1024696
109, No.5, 5th Sept.2008, p.3390.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Item 30
OF ELECTROSPUN, BIODEGRADABLE Modern Polymeric Materials for Environmental
MEMBRANES Applications, Vol. 3. Proceedings of the 3rd
Ren J; Liu W; Zhu J; Gu S International Seminar held Krakow, 14-16 May 2008.
Microporous biodegradable membranes of polylactide Krakow, Cracow University of Technology, 2008, p.139-
and lactide-glycolide copolymers and blends were 144, ISBN 978 83 923451 6 9, 24cm, 012
fabricated through electrospinning. Structures and ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF
morphologies were investigated with SEM, DSC, ELECTROSPUN BIOPOLYMERS AND
and X-ray diffraction. Different polymer membranes, MULTISTRUCTURED MEMBRANES
incorporated with carmofur, were fabricated, and Modesti M; Roso M
their drug release profiles were investigated. Potential Padova,Universita
applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery are Edited by: Pielichowski K
mentioned. 18 refs. (Cracow,University of Technology)
Tongji,University Synthesis of silver containing multi-structured
CHINA
nanocomposite membranes incorporating electrospun
Accession no.1024755 starch based biopolymers and polylactic acid to form a
non-woven membrane, followed by electrospraying with
Item 28 a polysulphone is described. Membranes were examined
Journal of Applied Polymer Science using scanning electron microscopy, and their antibacterial
109, No.5, 5th Sept.2008, p.3337. properties were studied in-vitro against staphylococcus
PHOTOCROSSLINKED ELECTROSPUN aureus and e-coli. Potential uses include bioactive and
CHITOSAN-BASED BIOCOMPATIBLE biodegradable applications and filters. 5 refs.
NANOFIBERS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Jin Y; Yang D; Zhou Y; Ma G; Nie J
Accession no.1024650
Electrospun fibres of chitosan/PVAL were crosslinked by the
incorporation of photocrosslinking agent polyethylene glycol
dimethacrylate and hydroxyethoxyphenylmethylpropanone Item 31
photoinitiator. The photocrosslinking process of nanofibre Express Polymer Letters
was studied by FTIR and water resistance was investigated 2, No.8, 2008, p.540.
by SEM and water swelling measurements. Cytotoxicity PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
and cell adhesion on electrospin membranes were ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF NYLON 11
determined. 18 refs. Dhanalakshmi M; Jog J P
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology The fabrication of biocompatible nylon-11 nanofibre mats
CHINA by electrospinning from formic acid solution, and their
Accession no.1024748 characterisation by SEM (fibre diameter), XRD (crystalline
structure) and DSC (thermal properties and crystallinity),
Item 29 is described. The results are compared with those of
Journal of Applied Polymer Science melt-pressed and solution-cast films, and the effects of
109, No.5, 5th Sept.2008, p.2935. solution concentration on fibre diameter and morphology
ROLE OF POLYMER-SALT-SOLVENT are discussed. 34 refs.
INTERACTIONS IN THE ELECTROSPINNING Pune,National Chemical Laboratory
OF POLYACRYLONITRILE/IRON INDIA
ACETYLACETONATE Accession no.1024487
Du J; Zhang X
Iron acetylacetonate was added to a polyacrylonitrile Item 32
solution and the role of polymer-salt-solvent interactions Macromolecular Rapid Communications
in the electrospinning of ultra-fine fibres was investigated. 29, No.14, 16th July 2008, p.1231.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 41

 References and Abstracts

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER Superfine fibres, with a polyamide-6 (PA6) core and

NANOCYLINDERS FABRICATED BY an epoxy resin sheath, were prepared by coaxial
TRANSVERSE FRAGMENTATION OF electrospinning. PA6 solutions containing 2-10 wt%
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS THROUGH polymer were prepared using trifluoroethanol solvent,
AMINOLYSIS whilst the epoxy resin solution (32 wt% concentration)
Kim T G; Park T G was prepared using a mixture of butanone and propanediol
methyl ether. A core-shell structure was obtained when
Polylactic acid was electrospun to produce non-crystalline
using PA6 solutions of 8% concentration and above. The
nanofibre that were treated with amino group-containing
formation of PA6 uncoated fibres at lower concentrations
strong bases to fabricate semicrystalline polylactic acid
was attributed to the low viscosity of the PA6 solutions
nanocylinders with tunable aspect ratio. The formation of
nanocylinders was attributed to the development of stacked and the instability of electrospinning. 9 refs.
lamellae and of the transversely oriented degradation and Shanghai,Tongji,University
fragmentation of the amorphous gaps between lamellae. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
CHINA
The aspect ratio was tunable by varying the aminolysis
time and controlling nanofibre diameter. 24 refs. Accession no.1023875
Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
KOREA Item 35
Accession no.1023905 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98.
Item 33 Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La.,
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. 6th-10th April 2008.
Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials:
Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La., Science & Engineering, 2008, p.482-483, ISBN 978-0-
6th-10th April 2008. 8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES GROWN ON
Science & Engineering, 2008, p.539-541, ISBN 978-0- CARBONIZED ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012 BY PALLADIUM CATALYSIS
ESTABLISHMENT OF NANOFIBER Xiaoqing Xiong; Chuiling Lai; Greiner A; Reneker D H;
PREPARATION TECHNIQUE BY Haoqing Hou
ELECTROSPINNING Nanofibres were produced by electrospinning a solution
Miyake H; Higashiyama Y; Yamashita Y containing polyacrylonitrile and palladium acetate.
Some nanofibre electrospinning practical difficulties and Carbonisation at 400-1100 deg.C gave carbon nanofibres
their solutions are briefly discussed. Issues discussed containing palladium nanoparticles. The palladium
include: the anti-bacterial effect of titania in poly(ethylene particle size increased with increasing temperature.
terephthalate); nozzle blockage when electrospinning Carbon nanotubes were grown on the nanofibres at 800
concentrated chloroform solutions of poly(lactic acid); deg.C in an atmosphere of a mixture of toluene, ethanol
increasing output by using multiple nozzles, but which and chlorobenzene, or in pyridine. The nanotube lengths
increases the difficulty of solvent removal and nozzle increased with increasing reaction time. Coiled, tubular
cleaning; and the deposition of nonwoven fibre in nanofibres were formed when pyridine was used as the
thicknesses > 10 mm. 5 refs. carbon source. 18 refs.
Shiga Prefecture,University East China,Institute of Technology; Jiangxi,Normal
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) University; Marburg,Philipps
JAPAN CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1023887
Accession no.1023860

Item 34
Item 36
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98.
46, No.15, 1st Aug.2008, p.1611.
Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La.,
DIAMETER CONTROL OF ELECTROSPUN
6th-10th April 2008.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: POLYACRYLONITRILE/IRON
Science & Engineering, 2008, p.511-512, ISBN 978-0- ACETYLACETONATE ULTRAFINE
8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012 NANOFIBERS
COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING OF PA6/EPOXY Du J; Shintay S; Zhang X
SUPERFINE FIBERS The fabrication of ultrafine nanofibres of polyacrylonitrile
Yan Li; Wei Wang; Qianwei Xu; Jiangwei Li with various proportions of iron acetylacetonate by

42 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

electrospinning under various processing conditions from Nakaya D; Chirachanchai S

solutions in dimethyl formamide, characterised by viscosity
Polyoxymethylene (POM) nanofibres were produced
and surface tension, was investigated and the nanofibres
by electrospinning from a hexafluoroisopropanol
were analysed by FTIR and FE-SEM. The effects of
solution properties including viscosity, conductivity and (HFIP)-based solvent. The nanofibres had significantly
surface tension, and operating conditions, such as voltage, nanoporous surfaces. The presence of oxyethylene
feed rate, and spinneret-collector distance, on the structure units in the polyoxymethylene copolymer decreased
and diameter of the nanofibres were studied and the results the surface roughness and porosity of the nanofibres,
are discussed. 30 refs. leading to a significant change in the specific surface
area. A slight change in the molecular weight of the
North Carolina,State University
USA
POM after electrospinning confirmed that the nanofibre
with nanoporous POM shows hardly any degradation or
Accession no.1023786 decomposition during spinning. 30 refs.
Chulalongkorn,University; Kyoto,University of
Item 37 Technology; Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co.; Thai
Polymer Engineering and Science Polyacetal
48, No.7, 2008, p.1296. JAPAN; THAILAND
COCONTINUOUS CELLULOSE ACETATE/ Accession no.1023676
POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE NANOFIBER
FABRICATED THROUGH ELECTROSPINNING
Item 39
Tang C; Chen P; Liu H
European Polymer Journal
Cocontinuous cellulose acetate (CA)/polyurethane 44, No.7, 2008, p.1962.
(PU) composite nanofibres were obtained through STUDY OF CHARGE STORAGE IN THE
electrospinning of partially miscible CA and PU in 2:1 NANOFIBROUS POLY(ETHYLENE
N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/acetone mixture solvent. TEREPHTHALATE) ELECTRETS PREPARED
Their structures, mechanical, and thermal properties BY ELECTROSPINNING OR BY CORONA
were characterized by scanning electron microscopy DISCHARGE METHOD
(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Ignatova M; Yovcheva T; Viraneva A; Mekishev G;
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structures Manolova N; Rashkov I
and morphologies of the nanofibres were affected by
component ratio in the binary mixtures. PU component In this paper, the charge storage performance of
not only facilitated the electrospinning of CA at CA electrospun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) mats with
concentration down to 12 wt%, but reinforced the tensile high specific surface area was evaluated in comparison to
that of PET film electrets. Corona discharge method was
strength of CA/PU nanofibrous mats, while semirigid
used to charge the electrospun PET mats and PET films.
component CA in the composite nanofibres could greatly
The surface potential decay measurements revealed that
improve the rigidity and dimensional stability of CA/
the corona charged mats had higher initial values for the
PU nanofibrous mats. In a series of nanofibrous mats
normalized surface potential compared to the electret
with varied CA/PU composition ratios, CA/PU 20/80
films. A tendency for stabilisation of the electret charge
showed excellent tensile strength and Young's modulus. to one and the same value for all charged samples (mats
The residual product after selective removal of any one and films) after the 50th day was observed. The peaks at
of the components in CA/PU composite nanofibres 90 deg.C in the thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectra
by washing with proper solvent maintained the fibre of uncharged and charged in corona discharge electrospun
structure but greatly reduced the fibre size, suggesting PET mats were observed and attributed to a relaxation
CA/PU composite fibres showed a cocontinuous nanofibre of the separated space charges, the dipole disorientation
structure due to phase separation in the spinning solution or injected charges within the bulk. It was found that the
and in the course of electrospinning. 26 refs. value of the storage charge in a corona charged electrospun
Fujian,Normal University; Guangzhou,Institute of PET mats was higher than that in PET mats prepared by
Chemistry electrospinning. 22 refs.
CHINA Bulgaria,Academy of Sciences; Plovdiv,University
Accession no.1023728 BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1023521
Item 38
Macromolecules Item 40
41, No.13, 8th July 2008, p.4746. Macromolecules
ELECTROSPUN POLYOXYMETHYLENE: 41, No.12, 24th June 2008, p.4275.
SPINNING CONDITIONS AND ITS ASSOCIATIVE POLYMER FACILITATED
CONSEQUENT NANOPOROUS NANOFIBER ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERS
Kongkhlang T; Kotaki M; Kousaka Y; Umemura T; Talwar S; Hinestroza J; Pourdeyhimi B; Khan S A

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 43

 References and Abstracts

Details are given of the preparation of hydrophobically Item 43

modified associative polymers for use as an electrospinning Polymer Reviews
aid for spinning polymer solutions that lack spinability at 48, No.2, April-June 2008, p.378.
low concentrations. The model polymer used in this study ELECTROSPINNING CELLULOSE AND
was obtained from a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate- CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES
ethylene oxide copolymer. Various factors that can possibly Frey M W
influence the bead formation were investigated. 56 refs.
A review is presented on the electrospinning of cellulose
North Carolina,State University; Cornell University
USA and cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose acetate,
hydroxypropyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose, from various
Accession no.1023190
solvents, including N-methyl-morpholine N-oxide, water,
lithium chloride, DMAc and ionic liquids. Various
Item 41 electrospun fibres are illustrated. 42 refs.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. Cornell University
USA
Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La.,
6th-10th April 2008. Accession no.1022608
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2008, p.609, ISBN Item 44
978-0-8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012. Polymer Reviews
PDS/NANOHA BIOCOMPOSITE NANOFIBERS 48, No.2, April-June 2008, p.353.
BY ELECTROSPINNING: STRUCTURE- CO-AXIAL ELECTROSPINNING FOR
PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP NANOFIBER STRUCTURES: PREPARATION
Thomas V; Goli R; Zhang X; Vohra Y K AND APPLICATIONS
Fibres were prepared by electrospinning of blends of Moghe A K; Gupta B S
poly(dioxanone) with gelatine and nano-hydroxyapatite A brief introduction to conventional electrospinning is
(nano-HA) in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol. The
presented followed by a description of the basic set-up
electrospun scaffolds had a very high porosity, surface area
and process of coaxial electrospinning. The effects of
and well-interconnected pore structure, with a randomly
and requirements for different materials and process
oriented bead-free structure. The nano-HA-containing
composites showed better tensile strengths and modulus parameters to achieve uniform core-sheath structures are
than those omitting nano-HA, and the presence of gelatine discussed and the different types of co-axial structures
and nano-HA improved cell affinity. 4 refs. produced (core-sheath bicomponent nanofibres, fibres
Alabama,University at Birmingham from non-electrospinnable materials, hollow fibres, fibres
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) containing encapsulated microparticles and periodic
USA structures, are briefly reviewed. 48 refs.
Accession no.1022809 North Carolina,State University
USA

Item 42 Accession no.1022607

Textile Research Journal
78, No.6, June 2008, p.532. Item 45
EFFECTS OF POLARITY ON Polymer Reviews
ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS 48, No.2, April-June 2008, p.317.
Kilic A; Demir A A REVIEW: ELECTROSPINNING OF
The effect of polarity on nanofibre production efficiency BIOPOLYMER NANOFIBERS AND THEIR
was investigated using PVAl/water solutions electrospun APPLICATIONS
in two inversely polarised electrospinning configurations. Schiffman J D; Schauer C L
One was a conventional electrospinning setup where the A comprehensive review is presented on the electrospinning
syringe is charged positively by the power supply and the and end-use applications of biopolymers, which include
collector is grounded and the other contains a collector
polysaccharides, such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan and
polarised positively by the power supply and the collector
dextrose, proteins, such as collagen, gelatin and silk,
syringe is grounded. The inverse setups were compared in
and deoxyribonucleic acid as well as some biopolymer
terms of electrospinning efficiency and fibre morphologies,
as determined by scanning electron microscopy. 13 refs. derivatives and composites. 282 refs.
Istanbul,Technical University Drexel,University
TURKEY USA
Accession no.1022700 Accession no.1022606

44 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 46 Bellan L M; Craighead H G

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics
Using polarised Raman spectroscopy, we have recorded
Edition46, No.12, 15th June 2008, p.1193.
Raman spectra from individual electrospun Nylon-6
STUDY ON THE SHEAR VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR
nanofibres. Analysis of these single-fibre spectra,
OF KERATIN/PEO BLENDS FOR NANOFIBRE
compared to those of unoriented and oriented Nylon-6
ELECTROSPINNING
films, indicates significant molecular orientation. Because
Varesano A; Aluigi A; Vineis C; Tonin C
electrospinning produces fibres in a jet with a large strain
Polyethylene oxide was added to an aqueous sulphonated rate, this molecular orientation is expected. We present
keratin solution with the aim of enhancing electrospinnability quantitative measurements of molecular orientation in
and the rheological properties of the blend solutions a single nanofibre and compare these to those of film
investigated. Graessley's theory was employed to provide samples. Such measurements could yield information
insight into the rheological properties of the blends in about the uniformity of the electrospinning process and
electrospinning and the shear rate dependent viscosity of resulting fibres, and may also allow comparison between
the blends compared with that of pure polymer solutions. spectrally measured orientation functions and single-fibre
The characteristic time was calculated at the beginning of mechanical properties. 33 refs.
the non-Newtonian viscosity behaviour and the interaction Cornell University
between the sulphonated keratin and PEO in aqueous USA
solutions investigated by applying additive rules to zero- Accession no.1022145
shear viscosity. 32 refs.
Biella,Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
Item 49
WESTERN EUROPE Materials Letters
62, No.20, 2008, p.3555.
Accession no.1022568
ELECTROSPUN CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL
ALCOHOL MEMBRANE
Item 47 Enlong Yang; Xiaohong Qin; Shanyuan Wang
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2008. PMSE Preprints Volume 98. The electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was
performed with maleic anhydride (MA) as a cross
Preprints from a conference held New Orleans, La.,
linker to fabricate slightly soluble nanofibre membrane.
6th-10th April 2008.
The solubility, morphology and thermal behaviour
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials:
of electrospun PVA and PVA/MA membranes were
Science & Engineering, 2008, p.147-148, ISBN 978-0- characterized by water durability test, scanning electron
8412-6276-7, ISSN 1550-6703, CD-ROM, 012 microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimeter
ELECTROSPINNING SELF-STRATIFYING (DSC), respectively. Water durability test demonstrated
ADDITIVES WITH POLY(METHYL that 8% PVA/MA (20/1, mole/mole) membrane had the
METHACRYLATE) least average mass loss and standard deviation. SEM
The surface migration of hyperbranched terminally images showed that fibres in PVA/MA membrane had
perfluorinated poly(ethylene imine) in electrospun blends a larger average diameter compared to those in PVA
with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was examined membrane. DSC investigated that crystal structure was
by means of field-emission electron microscopy and x-ray formed in PVA/MA membrane. The results show that
rapid evaporation of water and high electric field during
photoelectron spectroscopy. The additive showed no
electrospinning process may promote crosslinking of PVA
significant effect on electrospinning of PMMA with regard
and MA. 15 refs.
to fibre morphology. However, the additives selectively
migrated to the surfaces of the fibres during electrospinning Shanghai,Donghua University
CHINA
to give enhanced fluorine-to-carbon ratios. Electrospun
fibres could be selectively surface functionalised during Accession no.1022066
electrospinning by incorporating functional groups in the
additives. 13 refs. Item 50
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Materials Letters
Accession no.1022257 62, No.20, 2008, p.3493.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE DISPERSION
DEGREE IN CARBON NANOFIBER/POLYMER
Item 48
AND CARBON NANOTUBE/POLYMER
Polymer
NANOCOMPOSITES
49, No.13-14, 2008, p.3125.
Luo Z P; Koo J H
MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN INDIVIDUAL
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS MEASURED VIA Quantitative measurements of the filler dispersion degree
POLARIZED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY of carbon nanofibre (CNF) and nanotube (CNT) reinforced

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 45

 References and Abstracts

polymer nanocomposites have been made by transmission SENSORS

electron microscopy. Samples were prepared by either Zhefei Li; Blum F D; Bertino M F; Chang-soo Kim
high-shear mixing or twin-screw extrusion processing.
Polyaniline was synthesised by in-situ chemical oxidation
It was found that the filler dispersion degree was largely
polymerisation of aniline using ammonium persulphate
influenced by the filler size. As the filler dimension became
as the oxidant. Polyaniline nanofibres were prepared
smaller, the dispersion parameter D0.1 largely decreased as
by exposing the precursor solution of distilled water,
quantified, which demonstrated the challenges associated
hydrochloric acid and ammonium persulphate to UV light
with improving the dispersion of smaller fillers. This work
for 30 min. SEM studies showed that fibres were laid
provided a method to quantitatively compare the dispersion
down on the substrate as a sort of porous mesh. The high
degrees of CNF/CNT polymer nanocomposites. 20 refs.
porosity and large surface area of the polyaniline produced
Texas,A & M University; Texas,University at Austin indicated that this was potentially useful for gas detector
USA
applications. Changes In conductivity were monitored
Accession no.1022065 after the materials had been exposed to different gases.
Polyaniline nanofibre thin films showed fast response times
Item 51 when exposed to chloroform vapour and the response was
Polymer reversible. 4 refs.
49, No.12, 2008, p.2924. Missouri,University of Science and Technology;
THEORY AND KINEMATIC MEASUREMENTS Virginia,Commonwealth University
OF THE MECHANICS OF STABLE (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER JETS USA
Helgeson M E; Grammatikos K N; Deitzel J M; Accession no.1021784
Wagner N J
We present a simplified approach to understanding Item 53
the mechanics of stable electrospinning jets based on Macromolecules
electrohydrodynamic theory that explicitly incorporates 41, No.11, 10th June 2008, p.3762.
the extensional rheology of polymeric fluids. Flow regimes HIGH-ELONGATION FIBER
of electrospun jets are identified by analogy to uniaxial MATS BY ELECTROSPINNING OF
extension of a fluid jet. These flow regimes predict the POLYOXYMETHYLENE
limiting kinematics of electrospinning jets and identify Lu J-W; Zhang Z-P; Ren X-Z; Chen Y-Z; Yu J; Guo Z-X
dimensionless parameters important to the control and
operation of electrospinning processes. In situ kinematic Details are given of the electrospinning of polyoxymethylene
measurements validate model assumptions and scaling solutions in hexafluoropropanol. Tensile tests were stopped
predictions, and allow the reduction of entire jet radius at various elongations to observe the change in fibre
and velocity profiles to several key parameters. The model morphology during stretching. A very high elongation
predictions are shown to hold both above and below the at break was observed with the polymer fibre mats.
entanglement concentration, as well as for solutions Morphologies were examined using SEM. 33 refs.
with added electrolyte and increased conductivity. The
Tsinghua,University
analysis also enables direct measurement of the apparent CHINA
extensional viscosity of solutions at the high extension rates
Accession no.1021706
experienced during electrospinning. Finally, dimensional
analysis of the model yields a correlation for electrospun
fibre diameter in terms of measurable fluid properties, Item 54
controlled process parameters, and measured jet variables, Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008.
demonstrating the influence of mechanics in the straight Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th
portion of the jet on ultimate fibre morphology. 51 refs. National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-
Delaware,University 10th April 2008.
USA Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
Accession no.1022017 2008, p.894-895, CD-ROM, 012
TAILORD HYDROGEN-BONDING
AND ELECTROSTATICS IN MELT
Item 52
ELECTROSPINNING FOR BIOMEDICAL
Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April
DEVICES
2008. Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from
Hunley M T; McKee M G; Karikari A S; Mather B D;
the 235th National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans,
Long T E
La., 6th-10th April 2008.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, Melt electrospinning of star shaped poly(D,L-lactides)
2008, p.558, CD-ROM, 012 (PDLLA), synthesised as described elsewhere, and
POLYANILINE NANOFIBER-BASED GAS of a well-defined phospholipids (a low molar mass

46 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

amphiphile) were described. Fibres from each material Item 57

were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and Chemistry of Materials
PDLLA and its fibres were further characterised using 20, No.10, 27th May 2008, p.3420.
size exclusion chromatography, parallel plate rheometry ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUID
and thermogravimetric analysis. Membranes were BASED POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS
biodegradable and could be hydrogen bonded, using WITH SUPERHYDROPHOBICITY
terminal hydrogen bonding units, to adenine or thymine. AND CONDUCTIVITY PRODUCED BY
This hydrogen bonding in the molten state could be used ELECTROSPINNING
Lu X; Zhou J; Zhao Y; Qiu Y; Li J
to control fibre size during melt spinning. 15 refs.
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University The fabrication of polystyrene (PS)-ionic liquid composite
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) nanofibres as films by electrospinning from a solution
USA of PS and various proportions of the ionic liquid
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in
Accession no.1021643
dimethylformamide, and their characterisation by FESEM,
FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, electrical conductivity and
Item 55 contact angle measurements, is described. The effects
Journal of Applied Polymer Science of processing conditions on the size, morphology,
109, No.2, 15th July 2008 p.951. conductivity and hydrophobicity of the electrospun
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FROM composites were investigated and the results are discussed
CROSSLINKED POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND in comparison with those for PS nanofibre films. 19 refs.
ITS FILTRATION EFFICIENCY Tsinghua,University; Dalian,Institute of Chemical
Xiao-Hong Qin; Shan-Yuan Wang Physics
CHINA
The electrospinning of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol
Accession no.1021402
(PVAl) onto a polypropylene mesh sublayer, its
characterisation by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning Item 58
calorimetry, and its use in filtration applications was Iranian Polymer Journal
described and discussed. Different area weights were 17, No.5, May 2008, p.373.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COAGULATION
laid down on the sublayer, and it was shown that filtration
BATHS AS COLLECTOR ON MORPHOLOGY
efficiency of the sublayer was significantly improved on
OF GAS-JET/ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE
the addition of the PVAl. 15 refs.
TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBRES
Donghua,University Lin Y; Chi L; Yao Y; Wu D-C
CHINA
The fabrication of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofibres
Accession no.1021450
by gas-jet/electrospinning of solutions of the polymer in
a mixture of phenol and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with
Item 56 collection of the fibres on a clean stainless steel plate or
Journal of Applied Polymer Science in three different coagulation baths using water, ethanol or
109, No.2, 15th July 2008 p.691. a mixture of water and ethanol as coagulants is described.
PREPARATION OF ALIGNED The morphology of the nanofibres was investigated using
POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER BY SEM and the effects of different coagulation baths are
ELECTROSPINNING discussed in terms of average fibre diameter and the
SungCheal Moon; JaeKon Choi; Farris R J formation of beading on the fibre surface. 20 refs.
Sichuan,University; Tianjin,Research Institute of
Solutions of 15 to 20 percent polyetherimide were
Physical and Chemical Engineering of Nuclear Industry
prepared in methyl pyrrolidone, and were examined CHINA
for their viscosity, electrical conductivity and surface Accession no.1021361
tension. Electrospinning of the solutions was carried
out and optimum spinning conditions determined and
described. Structurally oriented and unidirectionally Item 59
Iranian Polymer Journal
aligned nanofibres were obtained and these were
17, No.5, May 2008, p.333.
characterised using field emission scanning electron
CYTO-COMPATIBILITY OF
microscopy. 14 refs.
POLYETHERSULPHONE NANOFIBRES
Massachusetts,University; Chosun,University PREPARED BY GAS-JET/ELECTROSPINNING
SOUTH KOREA; USA Wei N; Wang M; Lin Y; Gong P; Yao Y-Y; Li X-Y; Lin
Accession no.1021417 Y-H; Wu D-C; Man Y

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 47

 References and Abstracts

The fabrication of nanofibre scaffolds of poly(ether A new route to high-performance electrospun polymer
sulphone) using a gas-jet/electrospinning technique from fibres was developed using a self-bundling electrospinning
solutions of the polymer in dimethylformamide and the technique combined with post-treatments such as
characterisation of their structural morphology by SEM, is stretching and annealing under conditions similar to those
described. The cytocompatibility of the nanofibre scaffolds used for conventional fibres. Self-bundled electrospun
was investigated by studies of the adhesion and proliferation PAN fibre yarns were characterised by SEM, mechanical
of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and rat osteoblasts tests, polarised FTIR spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray
and cell-matrix interactions, and the results are discussed in diffraction. The obtained results revealed that the PAN
terms of potential biomedical applications. 34 refs. nanofibre yarns possessed enhanced alignment, a higher
Sichuan,University degree of crystallinity and higher molecular orientation
CHINA after treatments, resulting in a significant improvement in
Accession no.1021357 mechanical performance, approaching the strength value
of the corresponding conventional fibres. 17 refs.
Item 60 Donghua,University; Stony Brook,University
CHINA; USA
Polymer Engineering and Science
48, No.6, 2008, p.1168. Accession no.1021099
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYAMIDES WITH
DIFFERENT CHAIN COMPOSITIONS FOR Item 62
FILTRATION APPLICATION Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Heikkilae P; Taipale A; Lehtimaeki M; Harlin A 29, No.10, 19th May 2008, p.815.
Electrospinning of several polyamides, PA6, PA66, PA612, FABRICATION OF LIGHT-GUIDING
PA614, PA1012, and PA1014, having different chain CORE/SHEATH FIBERS BY COAXIAL
compositions and lengths of diacid and diamine segments, ELECTROSPINNING
was demonstrated. Electrospinnability and fibre production Giseop Kwak; Ga Hyoung Lee; Shang-hun Shim; Keun-
rate of these polyamides were evaluated. Electrospun fibres Byoung Yoon
were characterized with regard to their use in air filtration Light-guiding core/sheath fibres were fabricated from
by measuring fibre diameter and filtration efficiency of polymers of different refractive indices by coaxial
fibre coating. Longer nonpolar chain segments of higher electrospinning. Polymers studied were polycarbonate,
polyamides could in theory indicate higher dielectricity PMMA and polyamide-66. The morphology and fibre
compared to PA6 and PA66, which would be an advantage diameter were analysed using SEM and fluorescence
in filtration applications. The solubility in polar formic acid microscopy. It was found that the diameter of the core and
and electrospinnability of higher polyamides, on the other the thickness of the sheath could be varied from 100 to 400
hand, were clearly impaired with increased length of chain nm by changing the concentration of the outer solution.
segments. Hence, PA66 is our best choice, and PA612 The incorporation of a chromophore into the inner material
and PA6 our second options for commercial filtration confirmed the uniformity of the core/sheath structure in
applications if fibre electrospinnability, production rate, long segments of the fibres. The boundary was clearly
fibre diameter, and its distribution are concerned. Filtration seen. The core diameter and the thickness of the sheath
efficiency of more than 95% of the particles having a were constant along the fibre axis in fluorescence images.
diameter of 0.16 micro m and above was achieved with The ejected beam was circular and light-guided along the
0.5 g/m2 coating of PA66 nanofibres. Further increase in fibre axis as in an optical fibre. 25 refs.
coating weight mainly increased the pressure drop to an
Kyungpook,National University
unusable range without a significant further improvement KOREA
of filtration efficiency. 49 refs.
Accession no.1021097
Tampere,University of Technology; VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN Item 63
EUROPE Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
Accession no.1021334 209, No.10, 22nd May 2008, p.1003.
ELECTROSPUN ZEIN FIBRES USING
GLUTARALDEHYDE AS THE CROSSLINKING
Item 61
REAGENT: EFFECT OF TIME AND
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
TEMPERATURE
29, No.10, 19th May 2008, p.826.
Selling G W; Woods K K; Sessa D; Biswas A
ENHANCED MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE
OF SELF-BUNDLED ELECTROSPUN FIBER Zein was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in acetic acid and
YARNS VIA POST-TREATMENTS fibres produced therefrom by electrospinning. The zein/
Xuefen Wang; Kai Zhang; Meifang Zhu; Hsiao B S; glutaraldehyde fibres were heated at temperatures from 80
Chu B to 180 degrees c for various times to provide fibres with

48 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

various degrees of insolubility. A model was developed Bar-Ilan,University

relating the extent of dissolution with the amount of ISRAEL
glutaraldehyde used and the temperature/time at which Accession no.1020817
the fibres were exposed. The effect of glutaraldehyde
derivatisation on the physical properties of the fibres was
Item 66
examined and the glutaraldehyde-modified fibres analysed
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE,
109, No.1, 15th July 2008, p.406.
IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and polarised light
PREPARATION OF POLYURETHANE
microscopy. 28 refs.
NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING
USDA; US,Agricultural Research Service Zhou H; Hu J; Chen S; Yeung L
USA
Accession no.1020849 PU fibres were prepared by electrospinning. Process
parameters including applied voltage, feeding rate, and
solution concentration were investigated. The influence of
Item 64 processing parameters on the diameter and morphology of
Chemistry of Materials the nanofibres was examined. Characterisation was carried
20, No.9, 13th May 2008, p.3085. out using SEM and DSC. 31 refs.
NANOSTRUCTURED PURE ANATASE TITANIA
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University
TUBES REPLICATED FROM ELECTROSPUN CHINA
POLYMER FIBER TEMPLATES BY ATOMIC
Accession no.1020774
LAYER DEPOSITION
Kim G-M; Lee S-M; Michler G H; Roggendorf H;
Goesele U; Knez M Item 67
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
The fabrication of pure anatase titanium dioxide 19, No.5, 2008, p.677.
submicrotubes by a template-directed method using ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-P(LLA-
electrospun polyvinyl pyrrolidone fibres as the template CL) NANOFIBERS FOR BIOMIMETIC
for coating with titanium dioxide by an atomic layer EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
deposition technique is reported. Deposition is carried Chen F; Li X; Mo X; He C; Wang H; Ikada Y
out at 70 degrees C using titanium tetraisopropyl oxide
and pure water as precursors of titanium dioxide and the The fabrication of blend nanofibres of chitosan and various
crystal structure, microstructure and optical properties of proportions of poly(L-lactic acid-co-epsilon caprolactone)
the titanium dioxide deposited layers characterised before as a biomimetic extracellular matrix by electrospinning
and after calcination. 30 refs. from solutions in a mixture of hexafluoroisopropanol and
Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle trifluoroacetic acid, and their characterisation by SEM,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; tensile testing, density, XRD and FTIR, is described. The
WESTERN EUROPE effects of blend composition on porosity, mechanical
Accession no.1020819 properties and fibroblast cell growth on the nanofibres
were investigated and the results are discussed in terms
of potential tissue engineering and drug delivery system
Item 65 applications. 31 refs.
Chemistry of Materials
20, No.9, 13th May 2008, p.3055. Shanghai,Donghua University; Nara,Medical University
CHINA; JAPAN
FABRICATION OF CONTINUOUS CONDUCTING
GOLD WIRES BY ELECTROSPINNING Accession no.1020695
Pol V G; Koren E; Zaban A
Item 68
An innovative approach for electrospinning of gold polymer
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
wires, which entails dissolving HAuCl4 salt in ethanol
19, No.5, 2008, p.635.
followed by the addition of polyacrylic acid, is described.
HYBRID NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDS FROM
The as-prepared gold polymer wires are assembled on a
ELECTROSPINNING OF A SYNTHETIC
rotating drum in between the spinneret (+ electrode) and
BIODEGRADABLE ELASTOMER AND
conducting substrate (- electrode) and are transformed
URINARY BLADDER MATRIX
to gold wires via sintering. The gold polymer wires and
Stankus J J; Freytes D O; Badylak S F; Wagner W R
gold wires are characterised by elemental analysis, X-ray
diffraction, DSC, scanning electron microscopy, energy The fabrication of a hybrid electrospun scaffold
dispersive X-ray analysis, TEM and digital camera composed of a biodegradable poly(ester-urethane)urea
photography and the conducting nature of single gold (PEUU), derived from poly(caprolactone diol) and
nanowires is confirmed by electrical conductivity and 1,4-diisocyanatobutane with chain extension by 1,4-
cyclic voltammetry measurements. 26 refs. diaminobutane, and various proportions of a porcine

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 49

 References and Abstracts

extracellular matrix scaffold (urinary bladder matrix), AIST

and its characterisation by SEM, DSC, uniaxial tensile JAPAN
testing, in-vitro weight loss in phosphate buffer saline, Accession no.1020482
cytocompatibility and subcutaneous implantation, is
described. The effects of PEUU content on mechanical
Item 71
properties, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and weight
Polymer
loss are discussed in terms of soft tissue engineering
49, No.11, 2008, p.2755.
applications. 33 refs.
CONTINUOUS POLYMER NANOFIBER
Pittsburgh,University YARNS PREPARED BY SELF-BUNDLING
USA
ELECTROSPINNING METHOD
Accession no.1020694 Wang X; Zhang K; Zhu M; Yu H; Zhou Z; Chen Y;
Hsiao B S
Item 69 Continuous polymer nanofibre yarns were manufactured
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition by self-bundling electrospinning method. Compared
19, No.5, 2008, p.623. with typical electrospinning setup, the special
CHARACTERIZATION OF NEURAL STEM difference in this method was that a grounded needle
CELLS ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON- tip was used to induce the self-bundling of polymer
CAPROLACTONE) SUBMICRON SCAFFOLDS: nanofibres at the beginning of electrospinning process.
EVALUATING THEIR POTENTIAL IN NEURAL Four kinds of polymer self-bundling yarns, poly(3-
TISSUE ENGINEERING hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV),
Nisbet D R; Yu L M Y; Zahir T; Forsythe J S; Shoichet polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)
MS and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA), were
The fabrication of three-dimensional non-woven prepared successfully by using this self-bundling
poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds by electrospinning electrospinning method. Good alignment of polymer
and their subsequent chemical modification by treatment nanofibres in self-bundled yarns was confirmed by
with ethylenediamine (ED), was investigated by SEM, SEM observation. It was found out that the conductivity
contact angle measurements, XPS and fluorescence. of the polymer solution was crucial to achieve stably
The characterisation of rat brain-derived neural stem continuous self-bundled fibre yarns. A possible
cells (NSCs) on the polymeric scaffolds was studied mechanism for the self-bundling formation of align
and the effects of treatment with ED on proliferation nanofibre yarn was proposed. 35 refs.
and differentiation of the NSCs are discussed in terms Shanghai,Donghua University; Stony
of the physical and chemical properties of the scaffolds. Brook,University
28 refs. CHINA; USA

Monash,University; Toronto,University Accession no.1020454

AUSTRALIA; CANADA
Accession no.1020693 Item 72
Textile Research Journal
Item 70 78, No.3, March 2008, p.254.
Materials Letters PREPARATION OF POLYETHYLENE
62, No.19, 2008, p.3370. OXIDE/CHITOSAN FIBER MEMBRANES BY
A NEW ELECTROSPINNING METHOD TO ELECTROSPINNING AND THE EVALUATION
CONTROL THE NUMBER AND A DIAMETER OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY
OF UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED POLYMER FIBERS Ching-Wen Lou; Jia-Horng Lin; Ko-Chung Yen;
Ishii Y; Sakai H; Murata H Chao-Tsang Lu; Chia-Yi Lee

A novel electrospinning process of uniaxially aligned Polyethylene oxide/chitosan nanofibres were prepared by
submicron fibres was developed. The number of the electrospinning of solutions of PEO and chitosan in an
fibres was precisely controlled by changing biased electric field using various solvents, volume ratios of PEO
collector, and the diameter of the fibre was varied by and chitosan and differing electric fields. The attachment
post-deposition stretching process. This method realized and migration of osteosarcoma cells on the electrospun
the formation of number-controlled aligned poly[2- fibres were investigated and the morphology of the cells
methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] cultured on the surface of the nanofibrous membranes
(MEH-PPV)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibres with studied by scanning electron microscopy.
the systematic control of the diameter ranging from Taiwan,Central University of Science and Technology;
micrometer to submicrometer. Significant improvement Feng Chia,University
of the uniformity of the fibre diameter was also observed TAIWAN
by the stretching process. 15 refs. Accession no.1020267

50 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 73 A platinum-catalysed polyelectrolyte porous membrane

Journal of Functional Polymers was prepared by electrospinning of PS and solid-state
21, No.1, March 2008, p.20. compression moulding of the electrospun PS fibres. The
CHINESE PS fibres were sulphonated with chlorosulphonic acid and
NANOFIBROUS MATS OF RIGID the surface of the sulphonated PS fibres metallised with
POLYSACCHARIDES PREPARED BY COAXIAL platinum in-situ. The compressed PS fibre membrane
ELECTROSPINNING possessed cation-selective polyelectrolyte characteristics
Yi-Jie Liu; Yan Li; Hong-Liang Jiang; Ying-Qian Hu; with ionic conductivities of up to 0.32 S/cm, indicating
Kang-Jie Zhu the potential use of the polyelectrolyte system in methanol
fuel cell applications. 47 refs.
Nanofibrous membranes of rigid polysaccharides including
Sung Kyun Kwan University
chitosan, alginate or hyaluronic acid were prepared by KOREA
coaxial electrospinning of their corresponding aqueous
Accession no.1020017
solutions and PEO solution in a DMF/water admixture
followed by removal of the outer PEO shell by extraction
of the core-shell fibres with chloroform. The fibre Item 76
structure was characterised by TEM and scanning electron Macromolecules
microscopy. The fibres displayed integrated structures after 41, No.9, 13th May, 2008, p.3144.
PEO treatment. 17 refs. CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF
China,Ministry of Education; Zhejiang,University ELECTROSPUN PB/PMP BLEND FIBROUS
CHINA MEMBRANES
Lee K H; Givens S R; Snively C M; Chase B; Rabolt J F
Accession no.1020198
Fibrous polyolefin membranes were prepared by
Item 74 electrospinning from multicomponent solvent systems.
Fibres spun from a polybutylene/poly(4-methylpent-
Macromolecular Research
1-ene) (PB/PMP) blend had a twisted-ribbon structure
16, No.3, April 2008, p.212.
with irregular twisting points along the length of the
A STUDY OF ELECTROSPUN PVDF ON PET
fibres. The crystallisation of PB was markedly affected
SHEET
by the addition of PMP to the blend. A mixture of forms
Chanunpanich N; Byungsoo Lee; Hongsik Byun
I and II was present in pure PB fibrous membranes, and
Polyvinylidene fluoride (Kynar 761) nanofibres the thermodynamically metastable form II gradually
were prepared by electrospinning under various transformed into form I with ageing at room temperature.
conditions and the effects of processing parameters, However, this transformation did not occur in the PB/
such as voltage, travelling distance, flow rate and PMP blends because of stabilisation of PB form II in the
polymer concentration, on the morphology and blend. Pure PMP fibres and fibres made from the PB/PMP
diameter distribution of the nanofibres investigated by blend both contained PMP in crystal form I, showing that
scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. the crystallisation behaviour of PMP was unaffected by
Optimum conditions for electrospinning in a DMAc/ blending with PB. 30 refs.
acetone solution were established and the nanofibres Delaware,University; Dupont
electrospun onto a PETP sheet using a rotating drum USA
as an electrically grounded collector. Both straight and Accession no.1019860
aligned nanofibres were obtained through manipulation
of the collector. 33 refs.
Item 77
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Macromolecular Symposia
Bangkok; Keimyung,University No.264, 2008, p.80.
KOREA
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN CONDUCTING
Accession no.1020018 POLYMER BLEND FIBERS AND THEIR
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES
Item 75 Chuangchote S; Sagawa T; Yoshikawa S
Macromolecular Research Ultrafine poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-
16, No.3, April 2008, p.204. phenylene-vinylene)(MEH-PPV)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone
PLATINUM-CATALYZED AND ION-SELECTIVE blend fibres with average diameters ranging from 625 nm
POLYSTYRENE FIBROUS MEMBRANE to 1.46 micrometers were prepared by electrospinning of
BY ELECTROSPINNING AND IN-SITU blend solutions using a mixed solvent of chlorobenzene
METALLIZATION TECHNIQUES and methanol. The effects of applied electrical potential,
Seung-Hee Hong; Sun-Ae Lee; Jae-Do Nam; Young- collection distance and MEH-PPV composition on fibre
Kwan Lee; Tae-Sung Kim; Sungho Won diameter were examined. The UV vis absorption and

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 51

 References and Abstracts

fluorescence characteristics of the electrospun fibres A systematic investigation was carried out into the effects
with various blend compositions and electrospun fibres of flow rate and the distance between the nozzle and target
with polyvinyl pyrrolidone removed therefrom by on the operating conditions during the electrospinning of
Soxhlet extraction were also investigated and compared. an aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide. The electric
23 refs. (2nd International Conference on Advances in field strength at the nozzle was calculated to establish
Petrochemicals and Polymers, (ICAPP 2007), Bangkok, steady operating conditions and high speed images were
Thailand, 25th-28th June) used to capture the jet path during electrospinning. The
results obtained revealed that limited fibre diameter did not
Kyoto,University
JAPAN occur at the lowest flow rate but was affected by the electric
force per unit mass and evaporation. The electric field
Accession no.1019623
required to maintain steady spinning at a short distance was
markedly influenced by evaporation and was significantly
Item 78 affected by the flow rate at a large distance between the
Journal of Polymer Engineering nozzle and target. 30 refs. (2007 International Symposium
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.119. on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)
APPLICATION OF SIROFIL TECHNOLOGY TO Tsinghua,University; shenzhen,Graduate School
ELECTROSPINNING CHINA
Ji-Huan He Accession no.1019557
The use of nano-sirospinning using bubble-electrospinning
to produce microcomposite yarns from thousands of Item 81
nanofibres is proposed. The cyclone mechanism is utilised Journal of Polymer Engineering
to create a novel cyclone spinning process. 16 refs. 28, No.1-2, 2008, p.55.
(2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, THE PRINCIPLE OF BUBBLE
Shanghai, China, October) ELECTROSPINNING AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL
Donghua,University; China,Ministry of Education VERIFICATION
CHINA Yong Liu; Ji-Huan He; Lan Xu; Jian-Yong Yu
Accession no.1019561 Nanofibres were produced from an aerated PAN solution
by bubble electrospinning and their morphological
Item 79 properties investigated by scanning electron microscopy.
Journal of Polymer Engineering The principles of bubble electrospinning were analysed
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.115. with the aid of a high-speed camera and the transient
motion of jets ejected from the bubbles captured. Small
PAN/PVP MICRO COMPOSITE FIBERS USING
bubbles were formed on the surface with small surface
ELECTROSPINNING
tension. 35 refs. (2007 International Symposium on
Da-Hua Shou; Ji-Huan He
Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)
A simple and facile one-step method for the preparation Donghua,University; China,Ministry of Education
of microcomposite fibres from mixtures of PAN and CHINA
polyvinyl pyrrolidone by electrospinning is described. Accession no.1019556
The microcomposite fibres are characterised by optical
microscopy and considered potential candidates for tissue
Item 82
engineering, wound dressings, drug release and sound
Journal of Polymer Engineering
absorption. 7 refs. (2007 International Symposium on
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.43.
Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, October)
ELECTROSPUN OIL SORPTIVE FIBER BASED
Donghua,University; China,Ministry of Education ON EPDM
CHINA
Yan-Ping Liu; Mei-Hua Zhou
Accession no.1019560
Ultrafine EPDM fibres were prepared by electrospinning
of EPDM in a solution of THF and cyclohexane and
Item 80 crosslinked by microwave radiation. The structure of the
Journal of Polymer Engineering fibres before and after crosslinking was characterised
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.67. by FTIR spectroscopy and the morphology of the fibres
THE EFFECTS OF FLOW RATE AND THE investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The swelling
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE NOZZLE AND THE behaviour of the fibres in kerosene, toluene and chloroform
TARGET ON THE OPERATING CONDITIONS was evaluated and kinetics of swelling determined. The
OF ELECTROSPINNING fibres produced possessed diameters ranging from 400
Ying Yang; Zhidong Jia; Jianan Liu; Liming Wang; nm to 1.8 micrometers, formed non-woven mats with
Zhicheng Guan abundant capillary channels and exhibited rapid swelling

52 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

behaviour and improved oil absorption ability. 10 refs. ALLOMETRIC SCALING LAW BETWEEN
(2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, AVERAGE POLYMER MOLECULAR
Shanghai, China, October) WEIGHT AND ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER
Donghua,University DIAMETERZhongfu Ren; Baozhi Liu; Zhuyan Shao;
CHINA Ji-Huan He
Accession no.1019555 The development of a mathematical model for describing
polymer solution viscosity is reported. An allometric
Item 83 scaling law between average molec.wt. and solution
Journal of Polymer Engineering viscosity is obtained and the scaling relationship
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.33. between electrospun fibre diameter and average molec.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ODPA-ODA wt. derived using He Chengtian's interpolation. 26 refs.
POLYIMIDE NON-WOVEN MEMBRANES (2007 International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics,
PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING Shanghai, China, October)
Hong-Wei Duan; Yan Wang; Yu-Jun Zhang; Lin Geng Jining,Medical College; Donghua,University
CHINA
Non-woven polyimide membranes were prepared by
electrospinning a solution of a polyamic acid obtained Accession no.1019552
from 4,4'-oxydiphthalic anhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline
at room temperature for about 4 h followed by thermal Item 86
imidisation. The surface morphology and crystallinity Journal of Polymer Engineering
of the polyimide precursor and polyimide membranes 28, No.1-2, 2008, p.5.
were characterised by scanning electron microscopy FABRICATION, MORPHOLOGY, AND
and X-ray diffraction, respectively, and the mechanical STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSPUN PAN-BASED
properties of the membranes determined by tensile testing. CARBON NANOFIBERS
The diameter of fibres produced by imidisation at 300 Saiyasombat C; Maensiri S
degrees C decreased by 500 nm and possessed a shrunken,
Carbon nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning a
twisted and ribbon-shaped structure. The membranes
PAN precursor/DMF solution and carbonisation of the
were considered suitable for insulation. 10 refs. (2007
resulting nanofibres in either argon or nitrogen at 1000
International Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics,
degrees centigrade. The effects of PAN concentration
Shanghai, China, October)
and applied voltage on the morphology of the nanofibres
Harbin,Northeast Forestry University; Harbin,University and nanofibre diameter were investigated and optimal
of Science & Technology; Harbin,Institute of parameters for producing nanofibres with narrow particle
Technology size distributions and without bead formation along
CHINA
the fibres established. The effect of carbonisation on
Accession no.1019554 the structure and purity of the carbon nanofibres was
investigated and temperatures of possible decomposition
Item 84 and crystallisation of the nanofibres determined by
Journal of Polymer Engineering TGA-DTA. Nanofibre morphology was characterised by
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.27. scanning electron microscopy. 29 refs. (2007 International
DRUG-LOADED PBS MICRO SPHERES WITH Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China,
CHINESE DRUG BY ELECTROSPINNING October)
LAN Xu; Zhongfu Ren Khon Kaen,University
THAILAND
Drug-loaded polybutylene succinate microspheres for
wound treatment were prepared by electrospinning using, Accession no.1019551
as the drug, Yunnan Baiyo, and characterised by scanning
electron microscopy. The diameter and number of the Item 87
microspheres were controlled by tuning of the voltage Journal of Polymer Engineering
during electrospinning. 18 refs. (2007 International 28, No.1-2, 2008, p.1.
Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, ELECTROSPINNING: A PROMISING
October) TECHNOLOGY FOR DISCONTINUOUS AND
Donghua,University; Jining,Medical CollegeCHINA CONTINUOUS NANOFIBERS
Accession no.1019553 Ji-Huan He
A brief discussion is presented on the electrospinning
Item 85 of nanofibres, focusing upon mimicking of the spider-
Journal of Polymer Engineering spinning process in electrospinning and theoretical
28, No.1-2, 2008, p.19. aspects of electrospinning. (2007 International

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 53

 References and Abstracts

Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics, Shanghai, China, Item 90

October) 16 refs. Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008.
Donghua,University Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th
CHINA National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-
Accession no.1019550 10th April 2008.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2008, p.454-455, CD-ROM, 012
Item 88 CROSSLINKABLE POLYELECTROLYTES FOR
Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine POROUS, ELECTROSPUN ANTIMICROBIAL
19, No.2, Feb.2008, p.827. SCAFFOLDS
ENCAPSULATION AND CONTROLLED Hunley M T; Layman J M; Long T E
RELEASE OF LYSOZYME FROM
Photocrosslinkable polydimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON-
with cinnamate groups was synthesised through the
CAPROLACTONE)/POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)
alkylation of the tertiary amine. Polydimethylaminoethyl
NON-WOVEN MEMBRANES BY FORMATION
methacrylate with cinnamate was electrospun and
OF LYSOZYME-OLEATE COMPLEXES
crosslinked to generate insoluble fibres. Characterisation
Yan Li; Hongliang Jiang; Kangjie Zhu
was undertaken using SEM and proton NMR. 13 refs.
Lysozyme was incorporated into electrospun poly- Virginia,Polytechnic Institute
epsilon-caprolactone/polyethylene glycol non-woven (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
membranes using the concept of hydrophobic ion pairing. USA
The solubility of lysozyme in an organic solvent was Accession no.1019375
enhanced through the formation of lysozyme-sodium
oleate complexes which were directly loaded into the
Item 91
membranes through the electrospinning process. The
Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008.
electrospun non-woven membranes were investigated by
Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th
scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements
National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th-
and DSC and the release behaviour of lysozyme from the
10th April 2008.
membranes examined. The biological activity of lysozyme
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
released from the membranes was also investigated and 2008, p.410-411, CD-ROM, 012
compared with that of the native one. 23 refs. ANTIMICROBIAL NANOSCALE FIBERS
Zhejiang,University FROM ELECTROSPINNING ZWITTERIONIC
CHINA COPOLYMERS
Accession no.1019464 Huyck R H; Hunley M T; Allen M H; Long T E
Details are given of the synthesis of a series of low-
Item 89 Tg copolymers with zwitterions content through
Polymer Preprints. Volume 49, Number 1, April 2008. incorporation of either a sulphobetaine methacrylate of
Polymer Chemistry Division Preprints from the 235th sulphobetaine methacrylamide monomer. The effects of
National ACS Meeting, held New Orleans, La., 6th- zwitterions content and structure on electrospun fibre
10th April 2008. diameter and morphology were explored. Characterisation
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, was carried out using proton NMR, SEM and steady shear
2008, p.365-366, CD-ROM, 012 experiments. 9 refs.
PREPARATION OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMER Virginia Tech
NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNING OF (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
POLYARYLSILYLENE PRECURSORS USA
Choi J; Ner Y; Sotzing G A Accession no.1019355
Details are given of the formation of polybithiophene
nanofibres via spinning of solution-processable Item 92
polybithienylsilylene precursors. Electrochemical and Polymer Engineering and Science
chemical solid-state oxidative conversion were performed. 48, No.5, 2008, p.934.
Characterisation was carried out using SEM and cyclic EFFECT OF HOT-PRESS ON ELECTROSPUN
voltammetry. 7 refs. POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)
Connecticut,University MEMBRANESNa H; Zhao Y; Zhao C; Zhao C; Yuan X
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was electrospun into
USA ultrafine fibrous membranes from its solutions in a mixture
Accession no.1019432 of N,N-dimethylformamide and acetone (9:1, v/v). The

54 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

electrospun membranes were subsequently treated by CORE-SHEATH FUNCTIONAL POLYMER

continuous hot-press at elevated temperatures up to 155 NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY CO-
degree C. Changes of morphology, crystallinity, porosity, ELECTROSPINNING
liquid absorption, and mechanical properties of the Yi Xin; Zonghao Huang; Wenwen Li; Zijiang Jiang;
membranes after hot-press were investigated. Results of Yanbin Tong; Cheng Wang
scanning electron microscopy showed that there were no
Core-sheath polymer nanofibres with optoelectronic
significant changes in fibrous membrane morphology when materials as the sheath and easily spinnable polymer
the hot-press temperature varied from room temperature to as the core were prepared by co-electrospinning. Three
130 degree C, but larger pores were formed because of fibres prototypical systems of polystyrene/poly(p-phenylene
melting and bonding under higher temperatures. Analyses vinylene) (PS/PPV), poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(p-phenylene
of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter vinylene) (PVA/PPV) and polystyrene/tris(8-quinolinolato)
exhibited that the crystalline form of PVDF could transfer aluminium ( PS/Alq3) were investigated. The fluorescence
from beta-type to alpha-type during hot-press at temperatures microscopy images showed that the resulting nanofibres
higher than 65 degree C. Tensile tests suggested that the with uniform morphologies exhibited outstanding
mechanical properties of the electrospun PVDF membranes emission properties. The core-sheath structures of these
were remarkably enhanced from 25 to 130 degree C, whereas nanofibres were observed by TEM investigation. The
the porosity and the liquid absorption decreased. The hot- photoluminescence spectra indicated that the fluorescent
press at 130 degree C was optimal for the electrospun PVDF properties of these functional core-sheath nanofibres could
membranes. The continuous hot-press post-treatment could be influenced by the interaction between core and sheath
be a feasible method to produce electrospun membranes, not materials. 30 refs.
limited to PVDF, with suitable mechanical properties as well
China,Northeast Normal University
as good porosity and liquid absorption for their applications CHINA
in high-quality filtrations or battery separators. 21 refs.
Accession no.1018814
Tianjin,University; Beijing,University of Technology &
Business
CHINA Item 95
Accession no.1019171 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago,Il., 25th-
Item 93 29th March 2007.
Polymer Composites Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
29, No.5, 2008, p.579. Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.276-277,
COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING OF PC(SHELL)/ ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012
PU(CORE) COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS FOR ELECTROSPINNING OF CERAMIC
TEXTILE APPLICATION NANOFIBERS
Han X; Huang Z; He C; Liu L; Wu Q Elick B M; Youngblood J P
To develop a novel functional composite material for A novel approach for preparing ceramic fibres at a much
textile application, a coaxial electrospinning technique was smaller scale than is currently available by commercial
investigated to electrospin two different polymer solutions processes was described. Preceramics were co-spun with
into core-shell structured nanofibres in which polyurethane PS because of its ability to be crosslinked by UV light. In
and polycarbonate were used as core and shell materials, this novel approach, the UV cure step kept the fibres from
respectively. The resultant nanofibres were subsequently flowing during the pyrolysis step. The fibres appeared to
characterized by means of scanning electron microscope, be continuous and without pores. Field emission SEM and
transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform TEM techniques of the fully ceramic fibres showed that
infrared spectroscopy, and tensile mechanical test. the average fibre diameter was about 50 nm. The fibres
Furthermore, water vapour transmission rate and pliability were crystalline. 5 refs.
of the resulting nonwoven mats were also measured. The Purdue,University
preliminary results indicated that it is feasible to attach (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
composite nanofibres, with possible fictionalization on the USA
shell material, onto a substrate fabric. 20 refs. Accession no.1018576
Tongji,University
CHINA
Item 96
Accession no.1019134
Journal of Materials Science
43, No.5, March 2008, p.1664.
Item 94 YBCO NANOFIBERS SYNTHESIZED BY
European Polymer Journal ELECTROSPINNING A SOLUTION OF
44, No.4, 2008, p.1040. POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) AND METAL NITRATES

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 55

 References and Abstracts

Greenberg Y; Lumelsky Y; Silverstein M S; Zussman E spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The results obtained
indicated that a condensation reaction occurred between
A versatile approach to the synthesis of YBCO (high the hydroxyl groups of the PDMS and TEOS. The hybrid
temperature superconductor ceramics) nanofibres via fibres possessed excellent high temperature stability and
electrospinning of a polymer precursor solution was fibre diameters which increased with increasing PDMS
developed. The aqueous polymer precursor solution content. 7 refs.
consisted of polyacrylic acid and a mixture of yttrium
Hefei,University of Technology
nitrate, barium nitrate and copper nitrate. The conductivity CHINA
of the polymer precursor solution at 27.1 deg C was 14.70
mS/cm, its zero shear viscosity was 52.00 cP, and its pH Accession no.1017580
was 1.88. Typical YBCO nanofibres were 50-100 nm
in diameter and around 10 micrometres in length. The Item 99
nanofibres also contained relatively small amounts of Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
yttrium oxide and copper yttrium oxide. 29 refs. 209, No.5, 5th March 2008, p.508.
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology GLYCIDYL-METHACRYLATE-BASED
ISRAEL ELECTROSPUN MATS AND CATALYTIC
Accession no.1017876 SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Semir M M; Ugur G; Gulgun M A; Menceloglu Y Z
Item 97 The fabrication of poly(acrylonitrile-co-glycidyl
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition methacrylate) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) fibre
19, No.3, 2008, p.373. mats coated with monodisperse silver nanoparticles by
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIMYCOTIC a combination of electrospinning and electroless plating
ACTIVITY OF A CROSS-LIKED ELECTROSPUN via surface hydrazination and redox reaction of the
POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE hydrazine groups with silver nitrate is described. The
COMPLEX AND A POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)/ products were characterised by FTIR, TGA, TEM and
POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE SEM, and the catalytic activity of the silver nanoparticles
COMPLEX was investigated using a model redox reaction between
Ignatova M; Markova N; Manolova N; Rashkov I methylene blue and sodium borohydride. 37 refs.
The preparation of photocrosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone Izmir,Institute of Technology; Sabanci,University
and PEO/polyvinyl pyrrolidone electrospun nanofibrous TURKEY

mats containing complex-bound iodine is described Accession no.1017145

and the characterisation of the mats and complexes
by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Item 100
mapping and FTIR spectroscopy is reported. Also Materials World
reported are the antibacterial and antimycotic activities 16, No.4, April 2008, p.26.
of the iodine complex-containing mats and scanning BOTTOM-UP MATERIALS FROM DOWN
electron microscopy observations of the mats inhibiting UNDER
adhesion of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The mats are
Tucker N
considered promising for various biomedical applications,
including wound dressings. 37 refs. Electrospinz of Blenheim, New Zealand, has started
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia,Institute of to make laboratory scale electrospinning machines for
Polymers; Sofia,Institute of Microbiology research organisations to make ultrafine and nanoscale
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE fibres. The data used in the machine design comes from
Accession no.1017668 a Crown Research Institute, the New Zealand Institute
for Crop and Food Research. Crop and Food Research
scientists are testing the potential of electrospun proteins
Item 98 and polysaccharides as industrial raw materials. They
Polymer Materials Science and Engineering are interested in how the materials perform as filters
24, No.1, Jan.2008, p.47. or structural elements. There are a number of national
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION initiatives under way to exploit crop origin industrial
OF PDMS/SIO2 HYBRID ELECTROSPINNING materials. Aside from limited production of polylactic
FIBERS acid and the import of significant quantities of Cargill-
Hua-Zhong Yang; Tie-Jun Shi; Lin-Feng Zhai
Dow NatureWorks, the main producer of biopolymer
Polydimethyl siloxane/silica hybrid fibres were prepared materials in New Zealand is Blenheim-based Potatopak.
by sol-gel technology and electrospinning and their The company has developed a viable production route for
morphologies and thermal properties investigated by food packaging trays made from potato starch. The starch
field emission scanning electron microscopy, FTIR is sourced from potato processing waste.

56 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

New Zealand,Crop and Food Research Centre Item 103

NEW ZEALAND European Polymer Journal
Accession no.1017023 44, No.3, 2008, p.615.
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER-STABILIZED
MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AND
Item 101
FABRICATION OF NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
THEREOF USING ELECTROSPINNING
Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96.
Mincheva R; Stoilova O; Penchev H; Ruskov T;
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago,Il.,
Spirov I; Manolova N; Rashkov I
25th-29th March 2007.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Polymer-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles were
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.102, ISBN obtained using two biocompatible polyelectrolytes:
978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012 N-carboxyethylchitosan (CECh) and poly(2-acrylamido-
CHARACTERIZING ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF 2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS). The size of
POLY(ETHER) IMIDE SOLUTIONS BY RELATION the particles (mean diameter 10 or 30nm, respectively)
TO THEIR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES and the stability of the dispersions could be effectively
Mills K C; Franzek E; Hinestroza J P controlled depending on the polyelectrolyte nature.
The presence of polyelectrolyte shell was proved by
Solutions of different amounts of poly(ether) imide
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies and
in mixed solvents (DMAC with THF and DMF with
confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses. Depending
THF) of different compositions were prepared.
on the polyelectrolyte nature the magnetic nanoparticles
Dielectric spectroscopy measurements of tan delta and
existed in different magnetic states - superparamagnetic
conductivity were used to map the optimum region
or intermediate state between superparamagnetic and
of solution parameters for electrospinning uniform
ferrimagnetic one, as evidenced by the measurements of
nanofibres. Through digital mapping of the predictor
the magnetisation and Mossbauer analyses. Fabrication
variables (conductivity measurements, tan delta and
of nanocomposite magnetic fibres with mean diameter in
fibre diameter), it was possible to ascertain the spinnable the range 100-500nm was achieved using electrospinning
region of solution components. 2 refs. of the system CECh/ferrofluid/non-ionogenic polymer.
Cornell University 42 refs.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Bulgaria,Institute for
USA
Nuclear Research & Nuclear Energy
Accession no.1016775 BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1016084
Item 102
COMPOSITES: ENABLING A NEW ERA IN CIVIL Item 104
AVIATION. Proceedings of the American Society for European Polymer Journal
Composites:Twenty-second Technical Conference, 44, No.3, 2008, p.602.
held University of Washington, Seattle, Wa., 17th- ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF
19th Sept.2007. POLYFERROCENYLSILANES WITH
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2007, Paper DIFFERENT SUBSTITUENTS AT SILICON
162, CD-ROM, ISBN 978-1-932078-70-1 Wang J J; Dai L X; Gao Q; Wu P F; Wang X B
ELECTROSPUN NANO FIBERS WITH WOOL
KERATION AND PEO The strained silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophane
Yi Li; Junyan Hu; El-Kamy D; Lin Li; Ko F Fe(eta-C 5 H 4 ) 2 ) SiBuMe was prepared via a facile
chloride substitution reaction at the bridging atom of
Nano wool keratin crystals were mixed with PEO a readily available SiMeCl-bridged [1]ferrocenophane
and nanocomposite fibres fabricated therefrom by precursor. Thermal ring-opening polymerisation of
electrospinning. The effects of keratin and PEO Fe(eta-C 5 H 4 ) 2 SiBuMe and Fe(eta-C 5 H 4 ) 2 SiMe 2
concentrations on fibre diameter were investigated afforded polyferrocenyldimethylsilane (PFDMS) and
and the chemical structures and morphology of the polyferrocenylbutylmethylsilane (PFBMS), respectively.
nanocomposite fibres characterised by FTIR spectroscopy Polyferrocenylsilane nanofibres were fabricated
and scanning electron microscopy. The regenerated by electrospinning polymer solutions in 90wt%
wool fibres were considered potential candidates for tetrahydrofuran and 10wt% N,N-dimethylformamide at
biomedical and non-biomedical applications. 27 refs. room temperature. The effect of processing parameters
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University; such as concentration of polyferrocenylsilanes
Drexel,University; British Columbia,University solution, applied voltage, and working distance on the
(American Society for Composites) diameter and morphology of resulting nanofibres were
CANADA; CHINA; HONG KONG; USA investigated. Electron diffraction patterns from polymer
Accession no.1016732 nanofibres revealed that PFS fibres exhibit different

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 57

 References and Abstracts

orientation owing to variance of the side groups at Submicron fibres with bactericidal properties were
silicon. 30 refs. prepared from electrospinning of blends containing
Soochow,University cellulose acetate (CA) as a polymer base, chlorhexidine
CHINA (CHX) as a bactericidal agent, and organic titanate
Accession no.1016082 Ty z o r ® T E ( T T E ) a s a c r o s s - l i n ke r. A s m a l l
amount of high molecular weight poly(ethylene
oxide) (PEO) was incorporated into the blends to
Item 105 facilitate the electrospinning, and its effect on the
European Polymer Journal extensional properties and spinnability of the N,N-
44, No.3, 2008, p.566. dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions were evaluated.
NOVEL ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON- The CHX-containing fibre meshes were cured by TTE
CAPROLACTONE)-BASED BICOMPONENT in the presence of water vapour, which created covalent
NANOFIBERS POSSESSING SURFACE links between the CA and CHX. The immobilisation of
ENRICHED IN TERTIARY AMINO GROUPS CHX on or within the fibres was confirmed by FTIR,
Paneva D; Bougard F; Manolova N; Dubois P; Raman and XPS measurements. The resulting fibre
Rashkov I meshes exhibited bactericidal properties on contact,
For the first time preparation of electrospun poly(epsilon- due to the CHX immobilised on the fibres, and within a
caprolactone) (PCL) based nanofibres possessing surface zone of inhibition (ZoI), due to the release of unbound
CHX. The relationship of ZoI for the gram-negative
enriched in tertiary amino groups is shown. For that
Escherichia coli and the gram-positive Staphylococcus
purpose the pair PCL and poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-
epidermidis to the amount of unbound CHX in the
b-poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PCL-
fibres is described by a simple diffusion model. The
b-PDMAEMA) diblock copolymers was used. PCL-
contact bactericidal capacity against both E. coli and
b-PDMAEMA copolymers were synthesised using a
S. epidermidis was assayed after complete removal of
combination of ring-opening polymerisation and atom
unbound CHX from the fibres. A post-spin treatment to
transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). Nanofibres
attach CHX onto CA-PEO fibres via TTE linkers was
with mean diameters ranging from 400 to 800nm
also shown to be effective. 48 refs.
were obtained. Their morphology was evaluated by
scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopy Massachusetts,Institute of Technology
USA
(AFM). It was found that the morphology of the fibres
depended on the weight ratio between the partners and Accession no.1016031
the length of the PDMAEMA-block in the copolymers.
The enrichment of the fibre surface in tertiary amino Item 107
groups was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Composites Science and Technology
(XPS). Increasing the copolymer content and the length 68, No.3-4, 2008, p.987.
of the PDMAEMA-block led to increase of the amount INHOMOGENEOUS TOUGHENING OF
of tertiary amino groups on the fibre surface. The AFM CARBON FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITE
analyses of the mechanical properties of the fibre surface USING ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE
showed that increasing the copolymer content led to NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES BY IN SITU
decrease of the surface stiffness. The increase of the PHASE SEPARATION
copolymer content led also to decrease of the melting Gang Li; Peng Li; Chen Zhang ; Yunhua Yu; Haiyang
temperature and the crystallinity degree in respect to Liu; Shen Zhang; Xiaolong Jia; Xiaoping Yang;
PCL from the (co)polymer as determined by differential Zhongmin Xue; Ryu S
scanning calorimetry. 30 refs. A novel approach for toughening carbon fibre/epoxy
Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Mons Hainaut,University composite using electrospun polysulphone (PSF)
BELGIUM; BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EU; EUROPEAN nanofibrous membranes was performed. As-received
COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE;
membranes were composed of nanofibres with random
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL orientation, and were directly electrospun onto layers of
carbon fibre/epoxy prepregs to toughen the composites.
Accession no.1016079
According to the random dispersed nanofibres in the
membranes, the inhomogeneous phase separation of
Item 106 polysulphone, which was generated in situ along the
Polymer nanofibres direction during the curing of epoxy matrix,
49, No.5, 2008, p.1266. was proposed. Owing to the aligned PSF spheres,
ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE ACETATE excellent mechanical properties of composites were
FIBERS CONTAINING CHLORHEXIDINE AS A obtained. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC)
BACTERICIDE increased 158%, 261% and 281% by loading 1 wt%,
Liang Chen; Bromberg L; Hatton T A; Rutledge G C 3 wt% and 5 wt% nanofibrous membranes, which was

58 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

far higher than those of the same content PSF films Item 110
toughened composites. DMTA tests revealed good ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
compatibility between nanofibrous membranes and Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96.
epoxy matrix. And the flexural properties increased Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-
slightly compared to untoughened composite. 32 refs. 29th March 2007.
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Beijing,Research & Design Institute; Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.466, ISBN
Chungnam,National University 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012
CHINA; KOREA PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
Accession no.1016000 ULTRAFINE FIBER FROM ELECTROSPINNING
OF BPDA-ODA POLY(AMIC ACID) SOLUTION
Jieyu Liu; Nantao Hu; Chunhai Chen; Ce Wang
Item 108
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Electrospinning of solutions of a polyamic acid consisting
108, No.2, 15th April 2008, p.1191. of oxydianiline (ODA) and biphenyltetracarboxylic
MULTISCALE MECHANICAL PHENOMENA dianhydride (BPDA), followed by imidisation resulted in
IN ELECTROSPUN CARBON NANOTUBE an ultrafine polyimide fibre. Polymaic acid solutions of
COMPOSITES various concentrations were evaluated, and it was observed
Agic A that fibre diameter depended on solution concentration.
Addition of dichloromethane to the polyamic acid
Mechanical properties of electrospun BR elastomer solution resulted in thick fibres when low polyamic acid
reinforced with carbon nanotubes were analysed by a concentrations were used. Fibres were characterised using
multiscale method. Nanofibres diameter dependence on scanning electron microscopy. 6 refs.
electric field and solution concentration was estimated
Jilin,University
from experimental data. Fibre microscale effective
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
properties were determined by homogenisation procedure CHINA
using modified shear-lag model. Random fibrous network
Accession no.1015574
was generated according experimentally determined
stochastic quantifiers. The influence of carbon nanotubes
reinforcement on elastic modulus of electrospun sheet Item 111
on macroscopic level was determined by finite element ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
method. 26 refs. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 25th-
Zagreb,University
CROATIA 29th March 2007.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Accession no.1015663
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.315-316,
ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012
Item 109 MICROPHASE SEPARATION OF BLOCK
Journal of Applied Polymer Science COPOLYMERS UNDER CYLINDRICAL
108, No.2, 15th April 2008, p.969. CONFINEMENT: ELECTROSPUN FIBRES WITH
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYVINYL INTERNAL STRUCTURE
ALCOHOL NANOFIBER MATES. A REVISIT Minglin Ma; Krikorian V; Jian H Yu; Thomas E L;
Supaphol P; Chuangchote S Rutledge G C
Electrospinning was used to fabricate mats of PVAL Electrospinning of core-shell fibres where the core is
nanofibres from PAL solutions in reverse osmosis a block copolymer such as poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-
water. The effects of solution concentration, applied styrene) and the shell is a random polymer of methyl
electric potential, sonication, and collection distance methacrylate and methacrylic acid is described and
on morphological appearance and diameters of the discussed. Fibres were annealed to induce long range order,
fibre mats were investigated by SEM. The effect of the and in this process only the core was affected due to the
distance from the centre of the as-spun fibre mat on high glass transition temperature of the shell. Two-fluid
morphological appearance and diameters of the fibre was coaxial spinning was used to form the fibres. Fibres were
also investigated. The mechanical integrity of the PVAL characterised using transmission electron microscopy,
fibre mats was also investigated. The use of sonication and glass transition temperatures were determined by
to prepare a PVAL solution caused the viscosity of the differential scanning calorimetry. 12 refs.
solution to decrease. 22 refs. Massachusetts,Institute of Technology
Chulalongkorn,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
THAILAND USA
Accession no.1015635 Accession no.1015526

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 59

 References and Abstracts

Item 112 from tetrahydrofuran. The surface structures and

Macromolecular Bioscience wettabilities of the composite films could be tuned simply
8, No.2, 11th Feb.2008, p.153. by controlling the concentrations of the polymers. By
ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN-COATED FIBERS choosing the correct proportion of each polymer, the
OF POLY(L-LACTIDE) AND POLY(L-LACTIDE)/ wettability of the surface could be switched between
POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL): PREPARATION superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity by changing
AND CHARACTERIZATION the temperature from 20 degC to 50 degC. 25 refs.
Spasova M; Paneva D; Manolova N; Radenkov P; Beijing,Chinese Academy of Sciences
Rashkov I CHINA

The fabrication of novel micro fibrous and nanofibrous Accession no.1015356

non-woven textiles by electrospinning poly(L-lactide)
(PLLA) or PLLA/poly(ethylene glycol) solutions followed Item 115
by coating the resulting mats with chitosan and subsequent ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde, is described. Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE
The products were characterised by SEM and fluorescence Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference
microscopy, and the haemostatic and antibacterial activity held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.
of the materials are discussed in terms of potential wound- Washington, D. C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
healing applications. 34 refs. Materials: Science and Engineering, 2007, p. 555-556,
Sofia,Institute of Polymers; Sofia,Technological ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012
University PREPARATION OF POLY(STYRENE-CO-
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE) (SMA) HYDROGEL
Accession no.1015469 NANOFIBER BY ELECTROSPINNING
Haiqing Liu; Chunyi Tang; Shuhai Ye
Item 113 Electrospinning of nanofibres of styrene-maleic anhydride
Material Matters copolymer (PSMA) by electrospinning from acetone,
3, No.1, 2008, p.19. dimethylformamide (DMF) or their mixtures was
ELECTROSPINNING: AN ENABLING examined. Because of the rapid solidification of PSMA
TECHNIQUE FOR NANOSTRUCTURED when spun from acetone, the resulting fibres had large
MATERIALS diameters, whereas ultrafine fibres, with diameters as small
Xie J; Xia Y as 180 nm, were obtained by electrospinning from DMF/
acetone mixtures, because the fibres could be stretched to a
The technique of electrospinning is reviewed in terms
greater degree before solidification occurred. The diameter
of the fabrication of nanofibres of natural and synthetic
of the fibres decreased with increasing proportions of DMF
polymers, nanocomposites and inorganic fibres via
in the solvent mixture. Hydrolysed PSMA containing
sol-gel processes, and core-sheath, porous fibres and
18% maleic acid was insoluble in water, whereas those
nanotubes, and their characterisation by SEM. Biomedical
with a maleic acid content of 32 or 48% was soluble in
applications of electrospun nanofibres and non-woven
water. Crosslinking of PSMA fibres with diethylene glycol
nanofibre mats of biodegradable and biocompatible
followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide in ethanol
polymers such as poly(L-lactic acid) or poly(L-lactide-co-
gave water-swellable hydrogel nanofibres. 4 refs.
epsilon-caprolactone), such as tissue engineering, vascular
grafts and bone regeneration, are discussed. 28 refs. Fujian,Normal University
CHINA
St.Louis,Washington University
USA Accession no.1015332
Accession no.1015427
Item 116
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
Item 114
Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference
29, No.6, 19th March 2008, pp.485.
held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.
LOW-COST, THERMORESPONSIVE
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
WETTABILITY OF SURFACES: POLY(N-
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.700-702,
ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE)/POLYSTYRENE
ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012
COMPOSITE FILMS PREPARED BY
PREPARATION OF ALIGNED
ELECTROSPINNING
POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER BY
Nu Wang; Yong Zhao; Lei Jiang
ELECTROSPINNING
Low-cost thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/ SungCheal Moon; HeeSun Kim; JaeKon Choi;
polystyrene blend films were prepared by electrospinning Farris R C

60 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

The preparation of polyether imide fibres by electrospinning (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
using both a stationary grounded target and a rotating USA
grounded target is described. The effect of solution Accession no.1015217
concentration and applied voltage on fibre diameter is
examined. The influence of applied voltage and take-up Item 119
speed on the alignment and molecular orientation of the ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
generated fibre is also studied. 14 refs. Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE
Massachusetts,University; Chosun,University Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007.
KOREA; USA Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Accession no.1015245 Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.622-623,
ISBN 978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012
CONTROLLED RELEASE OF LOW
Item 117
MOLECULAR WEIGHT CATIONIC
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
MOLECULES FROM ELECTROSPUN WEAK
Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 96.
POLYELECTROLYTE FIBERS
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il.,
Chunder A; Sarkar S; Yingbo Yu; Lei Zhai
25th-29th March 2007.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Ultrathin fibres comprising two oppositely charged weak
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.672, ISBN polyelectrolytes polyacrylic acid and polyallylamine
978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012 hydrochloride are fabricated using electrospinning. The
LIPASE-IMMOBILIZED ELECTROSPUN fibres are capable of controlling methylene blue release
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBROUS through pH change. The fibre release properties are tuned
MEMBRANE by depositing different coatings onto the fibre surface.
Jyh-Ping Chen; Sheng-Feng Li; Wen-Teng Wu Such fibres may be used for drug delivery devices and
other controlled release applications. 8 refs.
Polyacrylonitrile is electrospun into nanofibrous
Central Florida,University
membranes. The electrospun membrane is used for the (ACS,DIV.OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGNG.)
immobilisation of lipase. The properties of polyacrylonitrile USA
nanofibrous membranes and the activity of immobilised
Accession no.1015207
lipase are investigated. 3 refs. Chang Gung,University;
Cheng Kung,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Item 120
TAIWAN Polymer International
Accession no.1015230 57, No.4, April 2008, p.632.
CONTROLLING NUMBERS AND SIZES OF
BEADS IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
Item 118
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Yong Liu; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu; Hong-Mei Zeng
Engineering. Spring Meeting 2007. PMSE The effects of solvent, weight concentration and salt
Preprints Volume 96. Proceedings of a conference additive on the number and morphology of beads in the
held Chicago, Il., 25th-29th March 2007. electrospinning process are systematically studied. Either
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric a suitable weight concentration or a suitable salt additive
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.647, ISBN can completely prevent the occurrence of beads in the
978-0-8412-7436-5, CD-ROM, 012 electrospinning process; solvents can affect the number
ELECTROSPUN PCL/CNF SCAFFOLDS WITH of beads and the morphology of electrospun fibres. Beads
CONTROLLED SURFACE CHEMISTRY are mainly caused by lower surface tension. With a higher
Deshpande H; Jose M V; Thomas V; Clem W C; surface tension, the size and number of beads in electrospun
Chowdhary S; Dean D R; Nyairo E products are smaller and fewer respectively. 33 refs.
A study of the cytocompatibility of polycaprolactone Shanghai,Donghua University
carbon nanofibre composite scaffold is presented. CHINA
Mesenchymal stem cells are successfully grown on the Accession no.1015193
scaffold suggesting the attachment of these cells to the
scaffold. Carbon nanofibres in the scaffold increase Item 121
the electrophoretic deposition of nano-hydroxyapatite. Polymer
8 refs. 49, No.6, 2008, p.1651.
Alabama,University at Birmingham; Alabama, VISCOELASTIC ELECTROSPUN JETS: INITIAL
State University STRESSES AND ELONGATIONAL RHEOMETRY

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 61

 References and Abstracts

Han T; Yarin A L; Reneker D H effects of various surface morphologies on the surface

wettability. Chemical groups with lower binding energy
A novel method of characterisation of viscoelastic
were enriched on the fibre surface due to the high voltage of
longitudinal stresses in electrospun jets of semi-dilute and
the electrospinning process, and a surface erosion pattern
concentrated polymer solutions and melts is introduced.
The measured longitudinal stresses at the beginning of was detected in the degradation of electrospun PDLLA
the thin jet region in the jets of a 6wt% aqueous solution fibres, which was quite different from the bulk degradation
of polyethylene oxide (Mw=400kDa) were of the order of pattern for other forms of PDLLA. Contributed by
100 kPa, which is two orders of magnitude larger than in the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) segments, the
any other free viscoelastic jets issued from nozzles and degradation of electrospun PELA fibres with hydrophobic
orifices. This is attributed to elongation-driven stretching surface followed a pattern different from surface erosion
of polymeric liquids in the transition zone, between the and typical bulk degradation. 29 refs.
preceding modified Taylor cone zone and the beginning Chengdu,Southwestern Jiaotong University
of the thin jet region, where the stretching rates are of the CHINA
order of 100-1000s-1. The Rouse relaxation times found Accession no.1015117
were in the range of 3-8ms, and the moduli of elasticity
were of the order of 100Pa. A novel explanation of the
Item 123
reasons for the formation of the straight sections in the
Polymer Degradation and Stability
electrospun jets is proposed. The straight sections are
93, No.3, 2008, p.618.
stabilised by the high initial longitudinal stresses in the
SELF-ACCELERATED BIODEGRADATION OF
jet generated due to strong electrically driven stretching
ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-
in the transition zone. The further electrically driven
POLY(L-LACTIDE) MEMBRANES BY LOADING
stretching in the jet (after the transition zone) is relatively
PROTEINASE K
weak, and viscoelastic Rouse relaxation prevails. The
Li X; Zhang H; Li H; Tang G; Zhao Y; Yuan X
relaxation distance of the longitudinal stresses along the jet
increases with the applied voltage (which generates higher Proteinase K was successfully loaded inside ultrafine
initial stresses in the transition zone) and thus the length fibres of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lactide) (PELA) by
of straight section of the jet should increase as the applied emulsion electrospinning. A core/shell fibre structure was
voltage increases. The results also point at an opportunity formed and verified by a transmission electron microscope.
to develop an elongational rheometer for concentrated In vitro biodegradation of electrospun PELA membranes
polymeric systems with stretching rates of the order of containing proteinase K (PELA-P) was examined in Tris-
100-1000s-1. The proposed rheometer employs excitation HCl buffer solution at pH 8.6 and 37 deg.C in comparison
of electrically driven jets by single lateral pulses, and with electrospun PELA membranes without proteinase K.
observation of the pulse propagation and widening along During biodegradation, mass loss, water absorption, pH
the jet. This reveals the level of the longitudinal stresses value of the incubated buffer, fibrous morphology and
along the jet and allows evaluation of the viscoelastic thermal properties were monitored. Results suggested
Rouse relaxation time, modulus of elasticity and the that PELA-P membranes degraded significantly faster
elongational viscosity in the jet. 21 refs. than PELA membranes. A significant drop in pH value
Akron,University; Chicago,University of Illinois of the buffer after incubation of PELA-P membranes for
USA 1d was observed, and after 7d, PELA-P membranes lost
Accession no.1015137 their fibrous appearance and masses almost completely.
In contrast, electrospun PELA membranes did not show
any obvious changes. The obtained electrospun PELA-P
Item 122
Polymer Degradation and Stability membranes exhibited self-accelerated biodegradability
93, No.3, 2008, p.731. and could benefit drug controlled release and tissue
DEGRADATION PATTERNS AND SURFACE regeneration. 36 refs.
WETTABILITY OF ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS Tianjin,University
MATS CHINA
Cui W; Li X; Zhou S; Weng J Accession no.1015106
Degradation profiles and surface wettability are critical
for optimal application of electrospun fibrous mats Item 124
as drug carriers, tissue growth scaffolds and wound Journal of Materials Chemistry
dressing materials. The effect of surface morphologies 18, No.8, 28th Feb.2008, p.859.
and chemical groups on surface wettability, and the SOLVENT-RESISTANT ANTIBACTERIAL
resulting matrix degradation profiles were firstly assessed MICROFIBERS OF SELF-QUATERNIZED
for electrospun poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) and poly(d,l- BLOCK COPOLYMERS FROM ATOM
lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PELA) fibres. The air TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION AND
entrapment between the fibre interfaces clarified the ELECTROSPINNING

62 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Fu Guo-Dong; Yao Fang; Li Zhigang; Li Xinsong Conjugate electrospinning with coupled spinnerets
was used to prepare continuous nanofibre yards from a
Diblock copolymers of poly(((2-dimethylamino)
composite solution of polylactide and beta-tricalcium
ethyl methacrylate)-co-(glycidyl methacrylate))
phosphate. In essence, two composite solutions were
(P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)) and P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-
kept at opposite charges and the spinnerets to each were
poly(pentachlorophenyl acrylate) (PPCPA) were synthesised spinning in opposite directions. The two filaments, each
by consecutive atom transfer radical polymerisation. with an opposite rotation, were then wound up together.
Microfibres were prepared by electrospinning of The system was easily expanded and yarns were prepared
P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-poly(pentachlorophenyl with three pairs of oppositely charged spinnerets producing
acrylate) from a solution in THF and DMF and solvent- a six filament yarn. Nanofibre yarns were characterised
resistant fibres obtained by subsequent treatment with using scanning and transmission electron microscopies
1,6-hexanediamine. Microfibres with high antibacterial and tensile testing. Biocompatibility of yarns was also
activity were produced by combining the hydrophobic evaluated in vitro, and a potential application could be for
interaction of PPCPA and electrostatic interaction of use as scaffold materials. 16 refs.
quaternary ammonium salts from the self-quaternisation Nanjing,Southeast University
of P(DMAEMA-c-GMA)-b-poly(pentachlorophenyl CHINA
acrylate) and the antibacterial effect of the crosslinked Accession no.1014526
microfibres assayed with E coli and Staphylococcus aureus
cultures. 33 refs.
Item 127
Nanjing,Southeast University Journal of Applied Polymer Science
CHINA
107, No.6, 15th March 2008 p.3681.
Accession no.1014721 STRUCTURE FOR ELECTRO-SPUN SILK
FIBROIN NANOFIBERS
Item 125 Kawahara Y; Nakayama A; Matsumura N; Yoshioka T;
Polymer Materials Science and Engineering Tsuji M
23, No.6, Nov.2007, p.244. Structure of silk fibroin nanofibres, prepared by
PREPARATION OF ULTRA-FINE FILAMENT electrospinning in hexafluoropropanol solvent, was
NON-WOVEN COMPOSITE FABRICS WITH characterised by polarised optical microscopy, scanning
MULTI-SPINNERET ELECTROSPINNING electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction
Yong Xu; Xin-Sheng Zhu; Qiang Gao; Si Cheng analysis obtained using transmission electron microscopy.
Collection of nanofibres was by either parallel electrodes
The effects of solidification distance and voltage on the
or by a dish type collector filled with ethanol. Differences
electrospinning of solutions of blends of PVAl with soluble in fibre structure and crystallinity using the different
starch and chitosan were investigated and the fabrication collectors, and under the influence of water or ethanol
of ultra-fine fibre non-woven composite fabrics by multi- were discussed. 13 refs.
jet electrospinning attempted. The morphology, structure
Gunma,University; Kyoto,Institute of Technology;
and mechanical properties of the composite fabrics
Kyoto,University
were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, IR JAPAN
spectroscopy, DSC and tensile testing. The effect of solvent
Accession no.1014516
volatilisation on composite mat morphology and properties
was examined and the mechanical properties and degree
of crystallinity of nanofibre mats immersed in ethanol Item 128
investigated. 9 refs. Journal of Applied Polymer Science
107, No.6, 15th March 2008 p.3535.
Suzhou,University STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION
CHINA
AND DYNAMIC WATER ADSORPTION
Accession no.1014682 OF ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE6/
MONTMORILLONITE NANOFIBERS
Item 126 Qi Li; Qufu Wei; Ning Wu; Yibing Cai; Weidong Gao
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Solution mixing and electrospinning were used to
107, No.6, 15th March 2008, p.3756. prepare nanocomposite fibres of polyamide-6 (PA6) and
CONJUGATE ELECTROSPINNING OF montmorillonite clay. Viscosity and surface tension of
CONTINUOUS NANOFIBER YARN OF the spinning solution were measured and it was observed
POLY(L-LACTIDE)/NANOTRICALCIUM that the addition of nanoclay reduced both. Fibres
PHOSPHATE NANOCOMPOSITE were characterised using scanning and transmission
Xinsong Li; Chen Yao; Fuqian Sun; Tangying Song; electron microscopies, atomic force microscopy and
Yunhui Li; Yuepu Pu water absorption measurements. Fibres of smaller

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 63

 References and Abstracts

diameter but with a rougher surface were produced by Item 131

the nanocomposite. Water adsorption was increased by Journal of Physics D
nanoclay addition. 10 refs. 41, No.2, 21st Jan.2008, Paper 025308, pp.8
Jiangnan,University MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
CHINA SINGLE HIGH-STRENGTH ELECTROSPUN
POLYIMIDE NANOFIBRES
Accession no.1014499
Chen F; Peng X; Li T; Chen S; Wu X-F; Reneker D H;
Hou H
Item 129
The ultimate tensile strength and axial tensile modulus of
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
single high-strength polyimide nanofibres, fabricated by
19, No.2, Feb.2008, p.124.
annealing electrospun nanofibres of the precursor poly(amic
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
acid) derived from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic
OF ELECTROSPUN PMMA, PVC, NYLON 6,
dianhydride and p-phenylenediamine, were determined
AND NYLON 6,6
using a novel micro-tensile testing method. The tensile
Carrizales C; Pelfrey S; Rincon R; Eubanks T M; Kuang
failure mechanisms of the polyimide nanofibres such as
A; McClure M J; Bowlin G L; Macossay J chain scission, pull-out and chain bundle breakage were
The fabrication of nanofibres of poly(methyl investigated by fractographic analysis using TEM, and
methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), nylon-6 and nylon- chain alignment along the nanofibre axis was studied by
6,6 by electrospinning, and the characterisation of their XRD. 64 refs.
morphology by SEM, thermal properties by TGA and Jiangxi,Normal University; Nebraska-
DSC, and mechanical properties by tensile testing, is Lincoln,University; Akron,University
described. The effects of electrospinning on thermal CHINA; USA
stability, glass transition temperature, crystallinity, water Accession no.1014306
absorption and mechanical properties of the polymers are
discussed. 32 refs. Item 132
Texas,Pan American University; Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Virginia,Commonwealth University 108, No.1, 2008, pp.491.
USA ELECTROSPINNING OF DEGRADABLE
Accession no.1014374 ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBERS WITH VARIOUS
MORPHOLOGY AND THEIR INTERACTION
WITH HUMAN FIBROBLASTS
Item 130
Borg E; Frenot A; Walkenstrom P; Gisselfalt K;
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
Gretzer C; Gatenholm P
19, No.2, 2008, p.245.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN Artelon, a degradable poly(urethane urea) elastomer,
CORE/SHELL POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE)/ was electrospun into scaffolds for tissue engineering.
POLY(L-LACTIDE-CO-EPSILON- Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the
CAPROLACTONE) FIBROUS MEMBRANES AND diameter of the electrospun fibres ranged from 100 nm
THEIR CYTOCOMPATIBILITY IN VITRO to a few microns, with an average diameter of 750 nm.
Li S; Sun B; Li X; Yuan X The molar mass of the polymer had a marked effect on
the morphology of the scaffold. Ageing of the polymer
The fabrication of ultrafine fibrous membranes of solution caused changes in viscosity (as measured by
core-shell poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/poly(L-lactide-co- stress sweeps, between 13.5-942 Pa) that also affected
epsilon-caprolactone) by coaxial electrospinning and the morphology. The electrospun Artelon mats showed
their characterisation by SEM and TEM (structural elongations to break that exceeding 200%. An in vitro
morphology), water absorption, tensile strength, study showed that human fibroblasts not only adhere to
elongation at break and Young's modulus, is described. the surface, but also migrate, proliferate, and produce
Cell adhesion, cell viability and morphology of the components of an extracellular matrix. 32 refs.
fibrous membranes were investigated by in-vitro studies Sweden,Institute for Fiber and Polymer Research;
and the results are discussed in comparison with those Chalmers,University of Technology; Artimplant AB
for poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) and chitosan EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;
membranes prepared by traditional electrospinning WESTERN EUROPE
processes in terms of potential biomedical applications. Accession no.1014247
27 refs.
Tianjin,University Item 133
CHINA Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Accession no.1014351 108, No.1, 2008, pp.308.

64 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN cells by the addition of sulphonated carbon nanofibres.

NYLON-6 NANOFIBERS AS A FUNCTION OF Increases in proton conductivity were compared with
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND PROCESSING Nafion. Filled membranes showed improved thermal
PARAMETERS stability and mechanical properties. 22 refs.
Ojha S S; Afshari M; Kotek R; Gorga R E CSIC
The effects of the molecular weight (30,000, 50,000, or EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
63,000 g/mol) and the electrospinning process conditions
(solution concentration, voltage, tip-to-collector distance, Accession no.1013768
and flow rate) on the morphological and mechanical
properties of nylon-6 nanofibres were examined. Scanning Item 136
electron microscopy studies of nylon-6 nanofibres showed Journal of Applied Polymer Science
that the diameter of the electrospun fibre increased with 107, No.5, 5th March 2008, p.3023.
increasing molecular weight and increasing solution ALIGNMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF NYLON
concentration. Increasing the molecular weight increased 6 NANOFIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING
the density of chain entanglements in solution for a constant Bazbouz M B; Stylios G K
polymer concentration. The morphology of electrospun
Details are given of the production of nonwoven
fibres also depended on the tip-to-collector distance and
electrospun nylon 6 nanofibres with formic acid under
the applied voltage concentration of the polymer solution.
different concentrations. The effects of the solution
The tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing
properties, electric field, spinneret-to-collect distance on
molecular weight. 40 refs.
the fibre uniformity, morphology and average diameter
North Carolina,State University were established. Alignment and stretching of the fibres
USA
were derived by the electrostatic interactions between
Accession no.1014224 the positive electrode on the spinneret and the grounded
disks. The gap between the disks and collection time were
Item 134 varied to study the degree of alignment and the density of
Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe the collected nylon 6 fibres. 49 refs.
15, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2007, p.30. Heriot-Watt University
PREPARATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE) NANOFIBERS
VIA ELECTROSPINNING Accession no.1013710
Yong Liu; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu
Polybutylene succinate nanofibres were prepared by Item 137
electrospinning using different weight concentrations of Materials Letters
the polymer in chloroform solutions and various needle 62, No.3, 2008, p.511.
orifice diameters. The morphology of the electrospun fibres NOVEL CARBON FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITE
was studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermal TOUGHENED BY ELECTROSPUN
properties and crystallisation behaviour of the fibres POLYSULFONE NANOFIBERS
investigated by DSC and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Gang Li; Peng Li; Yunhua Yu; Xiaolong Jia; Shen
The hydrolytic degradation of the fibres immersed in Zhang; Xiaoping Yang; Seungkon Ryu
sodium hydroxide solution was also studied using scanning Novel carbon fibre/epoxy composite toughened by
electron microscopy. 30 refs. electrospun polysulphone (PSF) nanofibres was prepared
Donghua,University to enhance fracture toughness of the composite, and
CHINA compared the morphology and toughness to those of
Accession no.1013938 composite toughened by PSF films prepared by solvent
method. Polysulphone nanofibres with the average
diameter of 230 nm were directly electrospun onto carbon
Item 135
fibre/epoxy prepregs to toughen the composite. SEM
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
observations of the polysulphone nanofibres toughened
29, No.3, 1st Feb.2008, p.234.
composite revealed that polysulphone spheres with uneven
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTON CONDUCTING
sizes presented uniform dispersion through interleaves
POLYMER MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
of the composite, which was different from those of
USING SULFONATED CARBON NANOFIBRES
composite toughened by PSF films. Mode I fracture
Barroso-Bujans F; Verdejo R; Arroyo M; Lopez-
toughness (G"I"C) of the nanofibres toughened composite
Gonzalez M D M; Riande E; Lopez-Manchado M A
was 0.869 kJ/m^2 for 5.0 wt.% polysulphone nanofibres
Details are given of a new strategy for improving the content, which was 140% and 280% higher than those
performance of EPDM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel of PSF films toughened and untoughened composite

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 65

 References and Abstracts

due to the uniform distribution of polysulphone spheres. Hunley M T; Long T E

18 refs.
Recent advances in electrospun fibres for functional
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; applications are reviewed with particular attention to the
Chungnam,National University advantages these non-woven fibre scaffolds and proposed
CHINA; KOREA
technologies for their manufacture. Electrospinning, in
Accession no.1013571 which a strong electric potential is applied to a polymer
solution or melt to produce nano-scale fibres, has grown
Item 138 from a niche process to a technique that is widely used for
Polymer International fibre production. These nanofibres form non-woven textile
57, No.2, Feb.2008 p.203. mats, oriented fibrous bundles, or even three-dimensional
TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTROSTATIC SPINNING structured scaffolds; all these constructions have large
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYURETHANE surface areas and high porosities. Among the applications
TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS of electrospun membranes are tissue engineering,
Andrews K D; Hunt J A; Black R A controlled drug delivery, sensing, separations, filtration,
catalysis and nanowires. 32 refs.
Investigation of electrostatic spinning, as opposed to
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
electrospinning, for the preparation of microfibres of USA
polyurethane for use in scaffolds was reported. Effects
Accession no.1013374
of different spinning parameters such as flow rate, spray
distance, grid and mandrel voltages and traverse speed
on spun fibre scaffold properties were investigated using Item 141
scanning electron microscopy and statistical analysis. It Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
was shown that scaffold structure could be controlled by 46, No.5, 1st March 2008, p.460.
appropriate selection of conditions. 44 refs. SOLVENT AND CONCENTRATION EFFECTS
Liverpool,University ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)
EUROPE NANOFIBER MATS
Accession no.1013543 Veleirinho B; Rei M F; Lopez Da Silva J A
The preparation and characterisation of nanofibrous mats
Item 139 obtained by electrospinning poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Journal of Materials Science (PET) solutions in trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane is
43, No.1, Jan.2008, p.212. described. Special attention is paid to the effect of polymer
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF concentration and solvent properties on the morphology,
A BOEHMITE NANOPARTICLE IMPREGNATED structure and mechanical and thermal properties of the
ELECTROSPUN FIBER MEMBRANE FOR electrospun nonwovens. Results show that the spinnable
REMOVAL OF METAL IONS concentration of PET solution is above 10 wt%. Mats have
Hota G; Kumar B R; Ng W J; Ramakrishna S nanofibrous morphology with fibres having an average
diameter in the range of 200-700 nm and an interconnected
The fabrication of nanocomposite fibre membranes by pore structure. Higher solution concentrations favour the
electrospinning from solutions of hydrophilic nylon-6 in formation of uniform fibres without beads and with higher
hexafluoropropanol, or hydrophobic poly(caprolactone) in diameter. Morphology and fibre assembly change with
chloroform/methanol, containing boehmite nanoparticles, and solvent properties. Mechanical properties and thermal
their characterisation by SEM, TEM and XRD, is described. properties are studied for the PET electrospun nanomats
The sorption of heavy metal ions such as cadmium(II) by and compared with those of the original polymer. Solvent
the nanocomposite membranes from aqueous solution was effects on fibre crystallinity are not significant but a
investigated by AAS and the results are discussed. 19 refs. complex effect is observed on the mechanical properties
Rourkela,National Institute of Technology; of the electrospun mats as a consequence of the different
Singapore,National University structural organisation of the fibres within the mat network.
INDIA; SINGAPORE 32 refs.
Accession no.1013507 Aveiro,Universidade
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
PORTUGAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 140
Polymer International Accession no.1013203
57, No.3, 2008, pp.385.
ELECTROSPINNING FUNCTIONAL Item 142
NANOSCALE FIBERS: A PERSPECTIVE FOR European Polymer Journal
THE FUTURE 44, No.1, 2008, p.1.

66 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

NOVEL MECHANISM FOR SPINNING also showed that the addition of TiO"2 nanoparticles
CONTINUOUS TWISTED COMPOSITE can increase the thermal insulating performance of the
NANOFIBER YARNS electrospun fibrous materials. 17 refs.
Bazbouz M B; Stylios G K Hong Kong,Polytechnic University; Shanghai,
Highly aligned and twisted composite Nylon 6 nanofibres Donghua University
CHINA; HONG KONG
incorporating multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
were successfully electrospun, using a novel mechanism. It Accession no.1013062
has been found that; ultrasound combined with high speed
shearing is the simplest and most convenient method to Item 144
improve the dispersion of MWCNTs into a polymer matrix ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
with a certain loading. Scanning electron microscopy Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints
(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held
conducted to characterize the morphology of nanofibres, Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.
the dispersion of MWCNTs and their alignment inside the Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
fibre body. By manipulating the electrical forces during Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.53-54,
electrospinning and applying mechanical stretching to the CD-ROM, 012
electrospun nanofibres, high polymer chain orientation and INITIAL AND SEQUENTIAL SURFACE
better alignment of the MWCNTs particles along the fibre MODIFICATION OF ELECTROSPUN NANO/
axis was achieved. Twist was applied to the nanofibres MICROFIBERS
for providing the required inter fibre lateral cohesion Xiao-Yu Sun; Qing Peng; Boerner H G; Parsons G N;
interaction and friction thus, spinning a continuous twisted Spontak R J
composite yarn. SEM images show twisted yarns with
diameters ranging between 5 and 10 micrometer. The twist The surface modification of electrospun nano/microfibres
effect of the parallel bundle was investigated by controlling was described. Using the initial surface modification
the twist per unit length using a motor speed controller at approach, a novel hybrid diblock copolymer containing
values of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 rpm. The paper also PEO as the anchor block and an oligopeptide as the
provides a comprehensive review of various yarn spinning functional block was mixed with the bulk PEO polymer
mechanisms of electrospun nanofibres. 72 refs. in aqueous solution. During electrospinning, the
Heriot-Watt University peptide functional groups of the copolymer migrated
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN on to the fibre surface, leading to surface enrichment
EUROPE of the biofunctional peptide blocks. Sequential surface
Accession no.1013107 modification of electrospun PVAL or peptide filaments
at the sub-micron and nanoscale level was carried out
by atomic layer deposition of aluminium oxide. The
Item 143 substrate was removed by calcination in air at 400 deg.C.
Materials Letters This procedure successfully controlled the thickness of
62, No.6-7, 2008, p.828. the tube wall. 5 refs.
THERMAL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROSPUN SUPERFINE FIBROUS PVA North Carolina,State University; Max-Planck-Institut
FILMS fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.
Huijun Wu; Jintu Fan; Xiaohong Qin; Guoge Zhang (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
This paper reports on an experimental investigation of USA; WESTERN EUROPE
the thermal radiative properties of electrospun superfine Accession no.1012849
fibrous PVA films containing or without containing TiO"2
nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Item 145
was used to measure the spectral transmission of the
Macromolecules
superfine fibrous PVA films, from which the Rosseland
41, No.1, 8th Jan.2008, p.128.
extinction coefficients and thermal radiative conductivities
ELECTROSPINNING AND SOLUTION
of the samples were then calculated. The results showed
PROPERTIES OF NAFION AND POLYACRYLIC
that electrospun fibrous PVA and PVA/TiO"2 films had
ACID
significantly greater Rosseland extinction coefficients
Chen H; Snyder J D; Elabd Y A
and lower thermal radiative conductivities than the
conventional polymer foams (e.g. PE and PU). The field The electrospinning performance and solution properties
emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of Nafion PTFE and its blend with polyacrylic acid were
showed that the electrospun PVA fibres had the diameters investigated. Attempts to electrospin pure Nafion at
in range of 150-300 nm. The super fineness of the fibres various polymer concentrations, solvents, neutralisation,
in the PVA films is believed to be the main reason for the and electrospinning conditions resulted in electrospraying
reduction of thermal radiative conductivity. The study rather than electrospinning. Dynamic light scattering on

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 67

 References and Abstracts

pure Nafion solutions in various solvents revealed large (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
aggregates of various sizes due to polymer backbone and USA
ionic interactions. The addition of polyacrylic acid to Accession no.1012153
Nafion modified the ionic strength of the solvent resulting
in suppressed aggregate formation, increased viscosity,
Item 148
and subsequently enhanced polymer chain entanglement.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
Thermal treatment enhanced water stability of the
Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints
electrospun blend fibres. 31 refs.
Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held
Drexel,University Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.
USA
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Accession no.1012549 Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.904, CD-
ROM, 012
Item 146 COUPLED ELECTROSPINNING OF
Materials Letters CONTINUOUS POLY(VINYLIDENEFLUORIDE-
62, No.4-5, 2008, p.699. CO-HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) NANOFIBER
AFM-BASED VOLTAGE ASSISTED YARNS
NANOELECTROSPINNING Tangying Song; Xinsong Li
Yiquan Wu; Johannes M S; Clark R L
Coupled electrospinning is used to fabricate poly(vinylidene
This paper describes an atomic force microscope (AFM) fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) continuous nanofibre
based voltage-assisted electrospinning technique. Single yarns which may have potential applications for knitting
nanofibres on substrates are prepared via simultaneous to prepare protective clothing. Solution concentration and
preparation and deposition. In this work, an AFM- distance between the two spinnerets are found to be the
based electrospinning process is developed to generate main factors influencing the morphology of the yarns. The
polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymeric single fibres with morphological and mechanical properties are presented.
nanometre scale diameters. The results demonstrate the 5 refs.
feasibility of this developed approach for assembling Nanjing,Southeast University
nanofibres at predetermined positions. This work (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
represents a promising advancement in nanomanufacturing CHINA
of one-dimensional nanostructured materials for micro-
Accession no.1012122
and nanoscale devices. 23 refs.
Duke,University
USA Item 149
Accession no.1012448 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
46, No.3, 1st Feb.2008, p.305.
UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED CARBON NANOFIBERS
Item 147 DERIVED FROM ELECTROSPUN PRECURSOR
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and YARNS
Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Okuzaki H; Takahashi T; Hara Y; Hu Yan
Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held
Boston, Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007. Poly(p-xylenetetrahydrothiophenium chloride) was
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric electrospun into centimetre-long yarns vertically on the
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.966-967, surface of an electrode and parallel to the electric field
CD-ROM, 012 and the yarns carbonised at 600 to 1000 degree C to
ELECTROSPINNING AND SURFACE PROPERTIES give uniaxially aligned carbon nanofibres with average
OF CHITOSAN/PEO NANOFIBERS diameters of 1257 to 184 nm. The effects of concentration,
Desai K; Kit K; Jiajie Li; Zivanovic S; Davidson P M spinning rate and viscosity of the polymer solution and
applied voltage on yarn diameter were investigated and
The formation of uniform sized electrospun fibres in
changes in the morphology and microstructures of the
different size ranges of chitosan blends with polyethylene
carbonised yarns examined by Raman spectroscopy.
oxide is described. Fibre formation and size is influenced
22 refs.
by blend ratio, polymer concentration and solvent. Heating
the polymer solution during spinning helps improve Yamanashi,University
JAPAN
spinnability. TGA analysis confirms the presence of
both polymer sin the fibres and their blend ratio remains Accession no.1011856
unaltered. High molecular weight chitosan blend fibres
show the highest surface activity with higher metal binding Item 150
capacity. 3 refs. ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Tennessee,University at Knoxville Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97.

68 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th- by electrospinning of PAN solution using DMF as solvent.
23rd Aug.2007. Morphology of the nanofibres for varying concentration
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric and applied voltage was investigated by field emission
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.452-453, SEM. The thermal properties and structural changes
CD-ROM, 012 during the oxidative stabilisation process were primarily
ELECTROSPUN ENZYME-CARRYING investigated by DSC, TGA, and FTIR and Raman
POLYURETHANE NANOFIBERS FOR USE IN spectroscopy. The nanofibre diameters increased as the
BIOSENSORS applied voltage was increased and they also increased
Narayanan R; Songtao Wu; Reneker D H; Ping Wang with an increase in the concentration of the polymer
solution. It was also concluded that the electrospun fibres
A method of electrospinning polyurethane-enzyme
displayed a very sharp exothermic peak at 297.34 deg C. A
solutions to give high loadings of an enzyme (glucose
transition temperature observed by FTIR and Raman was
oxidase) on the spun nanofibres was demonstrated. Fibres
were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, approximately 300 deg C, which was closely consistent
and it was shown that fibre morphology was very with the results of DSC and TGA studies. It was also found
dependent on concentration of spinning solution. Enzyme that oxidative stabilisation in air was accompanied by a
loading on fibres with respect to spinning time was also change in colour of nanofibre webs. 39 refs.
investigated, but enzyme activity was found not to be very Zhongyuan,University of Technology; North
dependent on enzyme loading. 5 refs. China,Institute of Science and Technology
CHINA
Minnesota,University; Akron,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Accession no.1011122
USA
Accession no.1011630 Item 153
Advanced Materials
Item 151 19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3707.
Advanced Materials FIBER-ORIENTED LIQUID CRYSTAL
19, No.23, 3rd Dec.2007, p.4244. POLARIZERS BASED ON ANISOTROPIC
MAGNETICALLY ANISOTROPIC COBALT AND ELECTROSPINNING
IRON NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNING Yingfang Yao; Zhong-Ze Gu; Jizhong Zhang; Chao Pan;
Graeser M; Bognitzki M; Massa W; Pietzonka C; Yiyun Zhang; Hongmei Wei
Greiner A; Wendorff J H A novel fibre-oriented scattering polariser was prepared
The fabrication of cobalt and iron nanofibres with by infiltrating liquid crystal into an aligned-fibre film,
ferromagnetic properties via electrospinning from which was fabricated by using an optimised strategy of
solutions of poly(vinyl butyral)(PVB) as matrix polymer anisotropic electrospinning. PMMA was chosen for the
in the presence of cobalt nitrate or iron(III) nitrate, and fibre fabrication and the liquid crystal was SLC-100. The
post-treatment by thermal annealing of the nanocomposite liquid crystal molecules were efficiently oriented, resulting
fibres in a hydrogen atmosphere leading to quantitative in a polarising efficiency as high as 0.92. The new-style
degradation of PVB, is described. The metal nanofibres polariser had a high polarising efficiency, was simple
were characterised by EDX, TEM, WAXS and SQUID to fabricate and had uniform and controllable optical
magnetometry, and the results are discussed in terms of characteristics. It could be used in flat-panel displays,
anisotropy of magnetisation. 37 refs. antiglare sunglasses, photography filters or optical
instruments. 27 refs.
Marburg,Philipps Universitat; Marburg,Zentrum fuer
Materialwissenschaften Nanjing,Southeast University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; CHINA
WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.1011096
Accession no.1011564
Item 154
Item 152 Advanced Materials
Journal of Polymer Research 19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3702.
14, No.6, Dec.2007, p.467. FABRICATION OF ALIGNED FIBROUS ARRAYS
CHARACTERIZATION ON OXIDATIVE BY MAGNETIC ELECTROSPINNING
STABILIZATION OF POLYACRYLONITRILE Dayong Yang; Bo Lu; Yong Zhao; Xingyu Jiang
NANOFIBRES PREPARED BY
A facile and effective method was developed for the
ELECTROSPINNING
generation of well-aligned polymeric micro- and nanofibres
Wang-xi Zhang; Yan-zhi Wang; Chun-feng Sun
over large areas. Electrospinning of magnetic nanoparticle-
Ultrafine PAN fibres, as a precursor of carbon nanofibres, doped polymers under the influence of a magnetic field
with diameters in the range of 220-760 nm were obtained was shown to produce aligned arrays of fibres over large

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 69

 References and Abstracts

areas. The polymer used was PVAl and the magnetic Sheffield,University
nanoparticles were of Fe"3O"4. These nanofibres could EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
be transferred onto the surfaces of other substrates. They
could also be stacked into multilayer grids. The embedded Accession no.1011085
magnetic nanoparticles did not affect the morphology of
the fibres. 44 refs. Item 157
China,National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology; Chinese Journal of Polymer Science
Peking,University; Beijing,Institute of Chemistry; 26, No.1, Jan.2008, p.63.
Beijing,Graduate School CONTROL OF DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
CHINA AND DEGRADATION RATE IN ELECTROSPUN
Accession no.1011095 COMPOSITE SCAFFOLDS COMPOSED OF
POLY(D,L-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) AND
Item 155 POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE)
Advanced Materials Yi-Jie Liu; Hong-Liang Jiang; Yan Li; Kang-Jie Zhu
19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3664. Fibres were prepared by electrospinning blends of
PATTERNING OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly-epsilon-
USING ELECTROCONDUCTIVE TEMPLATES caprolactone and the effect of blend composition on the
Daming Zhang; Jiang Chang morphology, shrinkage and degradation behaviour in a
Electrospun mats with complex ordered architectures were phosphate buffer solution of the fibres investigated using
fabricated by using patterned conductive collectors. The various methods, including scanning electron microscopy,
effects of the diameter of the web wires and the protrusions DSC, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy.
on the formation of the patterns of the fibrous materials It was found that degradation rate could be modulated
were determined and woven structures that were generated by blend composition and that meshes containing 20%
by a time-dependent control of the arrangement of the poly-epsilon-caprolactone exhibited stable dimensional
protrusions in the collector were observed. The material morphology with degradation. 25 refs.
used was D,L-poly(lactic acid) dissolved in a mixture of Zhejiang,University
DMF and THF. The technique is expected to be of use in CHINA

the fabrication of patterned and woven structured fibrous Accession no.1010874

mats for industrial and biomedical applications. 16 refs.
Shanghai,Institute of Ceramics Item 158
CHINA Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
Accession no.1011092 20, No.5, Dec.2007-Jan.2008, p.437.
THE STUDY ON ELECTROSPINNING OF
Item 156 NANOFIBERS FROM SODIUM ALGINATE AND
Advanced Materials THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CO-SOLVENTS
19, No.21, 5th Nov.2007, p.3544. ON ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER
ELECTROSPINNING PH-RESPONSIVE BLOCK SOLUTION
COPOLYMER NANOFIBERS Safi S; Ghiaci M; Morshed M; Hosseni A K
Linge Wang; Topham P D; Mykhaylyk O O; Howse J R; The electrospinnability of sodium alginate was investigated
Bras W; Jones R A L; Ryan A J using different organic solvents and surfactants. In order to
Ultrafine fibres of a pH-responsive triblock copolymer improve polymer solubility in organic solvents, ammonium
with different diameters, alignment, and microdomain alginate and alginic acid were used instead of sodium
order were prepared via electrospinning in THF/DMF alginate. Electrospinning was achieved by blending
and solvent-vapour annealing in THF. The monodisperse sodium alginate with PEO. Interactions between sodium
block copolymer was poly(methyl methacrylate)-b- alginate and PEO were examined by FTIR spectroscopy
poly(2-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-b-poly(methyl and the morphology and diameter of the fibres investigated
methacrylate). Fibrous samples displayed much quicker by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
response times than the corresponding films owing to the Measurement of solution properties showed a marked
increase in external surface area. The fibrils of annealed, dependence of spinnability and fibre morphology on
aligned, electrospun fibres showed a dramatic apparent solution viscosity and alginate to PEO blend ratio. 26
'one-dimensional' pH-induced size-change during the refs.
experiment. The results were of importance in the Isfahan,University of Technology
development of responsive macromolecular actuators. IRAN
29 refs. Accession no.1010791

70 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 159 diisocyanate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate, with

Journal of Applied Polymer Science the addition of a copolymer of hydroxylvalerate and
107, No.3, 5th Feb.2008, p.1954. hydroxylbutyrate added as a process aid, is described.
ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE Fibres had good thermal and solvent stability, and
CELLULOSE FIBERS AND FABRICATION were characterised using Fourier transform infrared
OF POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, solvent
BIOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED BY THEM absorption and thermogravimetric analysis. 35 refs.
Han S O; Son W K; Youk J H; Park W H Donghua,University; Dresden,University of Technology
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Electrospinning conditions for ultrafine cellulose fibres GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
was studied and polybutylene succinate biocomposites
Accession no.1010567
reinforced by the ultrafine cellulose fibres were fabricated.
The cellulose fibres were electrospun from cellulose
solutions in methyl morpholine oxide. Melt processability, Item 162
thermal resistance and chemical resistance were examined. ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
23 refs. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97.
Korea,Institute of Energy Research; Chungnam,National Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-
University; Inha,University 23rd Aug.2007.
KOREA Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Accession no.1010691 Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.609-610,
CD-ROM, 012
PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN
Item 160 CELLULOSE MEMBRANE FOR EAPAP
Journal of Applied Polymer Science ACTUATOR
107, No.4, 15th Feb.2008 p.2211. Eun-Hee Lee; Hye-Mi Kim; Kwang-Sok Kim;
ENHANCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF In-Joo Chin
MULTILAYER NANO-COATED ELECTROSPUN
NYLON 6 FIBERS VIA A LAYER-BY-LAYER Preparation of a nanofibre cellulose membrane for
SELF-ASSEMBLY application in electroactive paper actuator applications
Jong Hoon Park; Byoung Suhk Kim; Yeon Chun Yoo; was described and discussed. Effects of fibre alignment
Myung Seob Khil; Hak Yong Kim and crystallinity were investigated. Scanning electron
microscopy, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction and
Electrospun polyamide-6 mats were coated by displacement measurements by laser sensors when
polystyrenesulphonate and polyallylamine hydrochloride electroactivated were used to examine the fibres. It
polyelectrolytes using a layer by layer self assembly was observed that fibre alignment was in the stretching
technique involving multiple dipping. Nanofibre mats direction, with bending displacement characteristics
were characterised using scanning electron microscopy improved compared to randomly oriented membranes.
and tensile testing. Coated polyamide fibres exhibited a 14 refs.
more uniform and smooth appearance, and mechanical Inha,University
properties were improved significantly compared to the (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
uncoated electrospun mats. Reasons for the improvements KOREA
were discussed. 30 refs. Accession no.1010538
Chonbuk,National University; Sogang,University
KOREA
Item 163
Accession no.1010576
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97.
Item 161 Proceedings of a conference held Boston, Ma., 19th-
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23rd Aug.2007.
107, No.4, 15th Feb.2008 p.2142. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
FABRICATING NOVEL THERMAL Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.522-523,
CROSSLINKED ULTRAFINE FIBERS VIA CD-ROM, 012
ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPINNING OF THIOLATED
Tian-He Dai; Hao Yu; Kai Zhang; Mei-Fang Zhu; Yan- POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/WHEAT GLUTEN
Mo Chen; Adler H-J FIBRES
Jing Dong; Parnas R; Asandei A D
Electrospinning of polyester macromers from
dichloromethane solution, followed by thermal crosslinking Electrospinning of composites of thiolated polyvinyl
was used to prepare ultrafine fibres. Synthesis of the alcohol, wheat gluten and with or without dithiothreitol
polyester macromer from a diol polymer, isophorone was achieved and the resulting fibres were characterised

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 71

 References and Abstracts

by scanning electron microscopy. Spinning solutions condensation therefore contributes to the control of
consisted of mixed solutions of the three ingredients, and the mean interfibre distance and the resulting porosity.
the effects of different concentrations of wheat gluten This simple and well accessible use of ice crystals
and dithiothreitol on spinning and the morphology of as void templates gives access to the preparation of
the resulting fibres were investigated. Solubility of the biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds with an up to
wheat gluten was improved by polymer addition but no four times higher porosity if compared to conventional
by dithiothreitol addition. 10 refs. fibre electrospinning. The successful application of
Connecticut,University low-temperature electrospinning using polyesters or
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) polyurethanes suggests a broad, material independent
USA applicability of the process for the preparation of highly
Accession no.1010513 porous polymer structures. 46 refs.
ETH Zurich
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 164
Polymer Engineering and Science Accession no.1010410
47, No.12, 2007, p.2065.
EXPLOITATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD IN Item 166
CONTROLLING OF NANOFIBER SPINNING Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
PROCESS 23, No.5, Sept.2007, p.167/173
Heikkilae P; Soederlund L; Uusimaeki J; Kettunen L; THE INFLUENCE OF PASS SOLUTION
Harlin A CHARACTERISTIC ON THE SOLUTION
ELECTROSPINNABILITY AND MORPHOLOGY
Nanofibres can be prepared from a polymer solution
OF THE NANOFIBERS
utilizing electrospinning, a method exploiting an
Gang Zhang; Heng-Mei Huang; Xiao-Jun Wang; Xiao-
electrostatic field. In this work the electric field of
the electrospinning process was modelled for better Chuan Zhao; Jie Yang; Guang-Xian Li
understanding and controllability of the fibre deposition Polyarylene sulphide sulphone (PASS) solutions were
in the electrospinning process. The model of the electric prepared using a mixed solvent system (phenol/1,1,2,2-
field was compared with experimental observations. The tetrachlorothane and the effects of dynamic viscosity,
model of the electric field explained many phenomena in conductivity and surface tension of the solutions on
electrospinning, but did not provide an exclusive control electrospinning, bead formation and average nanofibre
tool for the process. 39 refs. diameter investigated. 6 refs.
Tampere,University of Technology Sichuan,University
EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; CHINA
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1009944
Accession no.1010416

Item 167
Item 165 Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
Polymer Engineering and Science 23, No.5, Sept.2007, p.132.
47, No.12, 2007, p.2020. EFFECT OF HIGH VALENCE METAL IONS ON
ULTRAPOROUS 3D POLYMER MESHES BY THE ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLY(VINYL
LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING: ALCOHOL) AQUEOUS SOLUTION
USE OF ICE CRYSTALS AS A REMOVABLE De-Tao Xu; Xin-Sheng Zhu; Yong Xu; Wei-Jian Gao
VOID TEMPLATE
Simonet M; Schneider O D; Neuenschwander P; The electrospinning of various PVAl aqueous solutions was
Stark W J investigated and the electrical conductivity, surface tension
and viscosity of the solutions examined as a function
While electrospinning provides an excellent preparation of PVAl concentration. The effects of ethylene diamine
method for the manufacturing of polymer fibres with tetraacetic acid and calcium chloride on electrospinning
defined diameter, controlling the overall porosity of were evaluated and the metal content of the samples
the resulting fibre assemblies has remained elusive, studied by elemental analysis. 9 refs.
particularly at higher porosities. In this study, the use
Suzhou,University
of a low-temperature fibre collection device in air CHINA
with controlled humidity allowed the simultaneous
deposition of polymer fibres and ice particles from Accession no.1009935
condensing humidity. The ice particles were intimately
embedded within the polymer fibres and served as a pore Item 168
template thus defining the mesh porosity after drying Advanced Functional Materials
of the collected fibre assemblies. The amount of water 17, No.17, 23rd Nov.2007, p.3650.

72 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

ELECTROSPINNING: A FACILE METHOD be applied to other combinations of polymers and salts.

TO DISPERSE FLUORESCENT QUANTUM Fibres were illustrated using scanning electron microscopy.
DOTS IN NANOFIBERS WITHOUT FORSTER 5 refs.
RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER North Carolina,State University
Minjie Li; Junhu Zhang; Hao Zhang; Yifei Liu; Chunlei (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Wang; Xiang Xu; Yue Tang; Bai Yang USA

Fluorescent CdTe quantum dots were dispersed into PVAl Accession no.1009674
solid nanofibres by electrospinning of a quantum dot/PVAl
blend solution and the resulting materials characterised Item 171
by fluorescence spectroscopy, TEM, scanning electron ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints
quantum dots were well separated in the nanofibres and Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held
no Forster resonance energy transfer occurred even when Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.
multi-colour quantum dots were incorporated. 22 refs. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Jilin,University Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.705-706,
CHINA CD-ROM, 012
Accession no.1009873 ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYISOBUTYLENE
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS
Taghizadeh S N; Faust R; Mead J
Item 169
Journal of Applied Polymer Science The effects of process parameters on the properties of
107, No.3, 5th Feb.2008, p.1547. nonwoven mats of styrene-isobutylene-styrene triblock-
MATERIALS SELECTION AND RESIDUAL copolymer based electrospun from tetrahydrofuran solution
SOLVENT RETENTION IN BIODEGRADABLE were examined. Fibres made from a 12 wt% solution had
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS reasonable fibre diameters, but because of the presence of
Nam J; Huang Y; Agarwal S; Lannutti J significant beading of the fibres, this concentration was not
suitable for the preparation of mats of uniform nanofibres.
Details are given of the development of a method to Fibres made from 20 wt% solution electrospun at 8-12 kV
quantify hexafluoropropanol sterilizing agent retention and tip-to-target distances of 10-15 cm showed a relatively
following electrospinning of gelatin, polycaprolactone, uniform fibre morphology but rather large fibre diameters.
and polycaprolactone-gelatin blends using electro-spray Typically, high solution concentrations produced large
mass spectroscopy. The acetone content of acetone-spun pore diameters in the nanofibre mats. 6 refs.
polycaprolactone was also examined. Potential uses in
Lowell,Massachusetts University
tissue engineering are mentioned. 48 refs.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Ohio,State University USA
USA
Accession no.1009496
Accession no.1009822
Item 172
Item 170 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97.
Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th-
Proceedings of a conference held Boston,Ma., 19th- 23rd Aug.2007.
23rd Aug.2007. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.657-658,
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.762-763, CD-ROM, 012
CD-ROM, 012 PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN
SALT-INDUCED ELECTROSPINNING METHOD MEMBRANE FOR LOW-FOULING ULTRA-
FOR PRODUCING POROUS NYLON 6 FILTRATION
NANOFIBERS Park C-H; Kirn K-S; Chin I-J
Afshari M; Gupta A; Zhang X; Tonelli A; Khan S;
A low-fouling ultrafiltration membrane was produced by
Kotek R
combining a UV-curable polyurethane and an electrospun
Production of nanoscale porous fibres of polyamide-6 poly(acrylonitrile)/poly(ether sulphone) membrane and
(PA6) from a Lewis acid based complex of PA6 and the polyurethane-coated membrane was characterised
gallium trichloride, by electrospinning, is described. by means of scanning electron microscopy and contact-
Removal of the gallium trichloride after spinning resulted angle measurements. In filtration tests under crossflow
in uniform porosity. The method proved an economical conditions, the double-layered membrane showed an oil
route for preparation of porous nanofibres and could retention of over 99% and an oil concentration of less

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 73

 References and Abstracts

than 10 mg/L in the filtrate. The polyurethane-coated CANADA

electrospun PAN/PES membrane is suitable for the Accession no.1009457
treatment of oil-contaminated wastewater. 6 refs.
Inha,University; Small Business Training Institute Item 175
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Polymer International
SOUTH KOREA
57, No.1, Jan.2008, p.77.
Accession no.1009472 PRODUCTION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
POLYMER FIBERS WITH EMBEDDED
Item 173 PARTICLES USING THE ELECTROSPINNING
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and TECHNIQUE
Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Menini R; Farzaneh M
Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held
Polymer mats made of polystyrene and
Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007.
poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-(vinylidene fluoride)-co-
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
propylene) (PTVFP) are prepared by electrospinning. They
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.655-656,
are found to show highly hydrophobic properties with a
CD-ROM, 012
water contact angle between 130 and 150 deg. A dual fibre-
ALIGNMENT OF MWNTS USING
bead microstructure is observed. Superhydrophobicity is
ELECTROSPUN MWNT-G-PLLA NANO-FIBERS
reached when PTVFP mats are electrospun from a polymer
Jang Y-W; Park C-H; Chin I-J
solution containing dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene
Oxidised multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were (PTFE) nanoparticles. Using AFM imaging protruding
treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and then covalently nanosized asperities are observed on fibre and bead
functionalised with L-lactide by ring-opening polymerisation. surfaces and this structure leads to superhydrophobic
The PEG and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were shown to be properties. Materials prepared from a high-viscosity
covalently bonded to the MWNTs. PLLA/MWNT composite PTVFP/ethyl acetate solution with PTFE particles, show an
nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning. Scanning improvement in hydrophobicity compared to the materials
and transmission electron microscopy showed that well- obtained from a particle-free polymer solution. 34 refs.
oriented electrospun fibres and MWNT arrays were obtained.
Quebec,University; Hydro-Quebec
Electrospinning of mixtures of PLLA and MWNT-g-PLLA CANADA
was shown to be a flexible approach for aligning MWNTs
Accession no.1009334
within the PLLA nanofibres. 10 refs.
Inha,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Item 176
SOUTH KOREA Journal of Functional Polymers
Accession no.1009471 19-20, No.3, Sept.2007, p.277.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
PLLA/BETA-TCP HYBRID MEMBRANE VIA
Item 174 ELECTROSPINNING
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Yun Zhou; Xiao-Ping Yang; Yun-Hua Yu; Peng Li; Xu-
Engineering. Fall Meeting 2007. PMSE Preprints Liang Deng; Guo-Qiang Chen
Volume 97. Proceedings of a conference held
Boston,Ma., 19th-23rd Aug.2007. beta-Tricalcium phosphate/poly(L-lactic acid) hybrid
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric membranes for bone tissue regeneration were prepared
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2007, p.630-631, by electrospinning and the structural and morphological
CD-ROM, 012 properties of the beta-tricalcium phosphate particles
ELECTROSPINNING OF SELF-ASSEMBLED investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
INCLUSION COMPLEXES OF POLY(ETHYLENE TEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects
OXIDE) WITH UREA of process parameters on fibre morphology was studied
Liu Y; Pellerin C by scanning electron microscopy and the mechanical
properties of the membranes investigated. 26 refs.
Micro-sized fibres of inclusion complexes of poly(ethylene
oxide) in urea were prepared by electrospinning and Beijing,University of Chemical Technology;
characterised by means of IR spectroscopy and wide- Peking,University; Tsinghua,University
CHINA
angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). WAXD showed the
presence of a high degree of molecular orientation; this Accession no.1008976
explains the high relative thermal stability of the inclusion
complexes. 9 refs. Item 177
Montreal,University Journal of Adhesion
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) 83, No.7-9, July-Sept.2007, p.785.

74 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

ROLE OF CHAIN ENTANGLEMENTS IN THE in dimethylacetamide and subsequent selective removal

ELECTROSPINNING OF WHEAT PROTEIN- of PVP, and their characterisation by SEM (surface
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) BLENDS morphology), DSC (crystallinity), FTIR and WAXD
Woerdeman D L; Shenoy S; Breger D (crystalline structure), nitrogen adsorption isotherms and
mercury porosimetry (porosity), is described. The effects
An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether
of PVDF/PVP blend ratio on pore and crystal structure
the rapid solvent removal evaporation occurring during
of the nanofibres were investigated and the results are
electrospinning enabled gluten protein and PVAl chains
discussed. 21 refs.
to remain at least partially entangled in the solid state.
Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to Tokyo,Institute of Technology; Kochi,Women's
compare the thermal characteristics of electrospun non- University; Kanazawa,Institute of Technology
JAPAN
woven fibrous sheets comprising 100% commercial wheat
gluten, 100% PVAl and a 75/25 wheat gluten/PVAl blend. Accession no.1008557
The elemental compositions of the individual fibres with
those of the spherical domains found in the non-woven Item 180
fibrous sheets were compared using energy dispersive Journal of Applied Polymer Science
spectroscopy. Both scanning electron microscopy and 106, No.4, 15th Nov.2007, p.2363.
energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the inorganic SELECTIVE CHEMICAL ABSORBANCE IN
constituents existed as spherical, micrometer-sized ELECTROSPUN NONWOVENS
domains in the final products. 33 refs. Chunhui Xiang; Frey M W; Taylor A G; Rebovich M E
Drexel,University; Philip Morris USA The absorbance of liquids and dyes with various degrees
USA
of hydrophilicity into electrospun fabrics (cellulose and
Accession no.1008844 poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with comparable fibre diameters
and pore spacings between the fibres) and conventional
Item 178 woven cotton and PETP fabrics was studied. The cotton
Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers and PETP fabrics had pore spacings between the fibres
22, No.5, Sept.2007, p.508. which were 10-20 times larger than those of the electrospun
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS SURFACE fabrics. The absorbance of liquids and dyes with various
MODIFIED WITH FLUORESCENT PROTEINS degrees of water/octanol solubility on to hydrophobic
Choi J S; Yoo H S (PETP and PLA) and hydrophobic (cellulose and cotton)
fabrics was compared. The dyes used were a direct dye
The fabrication of nanofibres of blends of poly(epsilon- (Rit Scarlet 5), a disperse red dye (005 Spectrasperse
caprolactone) and various proportions of amine-terminated Rubine 3BA) and a fluorescent dye (D-820 Savannah
poly(ethylene glycol-b-epsilon-caprolactone) block Yellow). The decreased fibre size and pore size found
copolymer by electrospinning, and their characterisation in electrospun PLA and cellulose nonwoven fabrics led
by FESEM and surface amine groups, is described. The to increased absorbency. Also, the small fibre size and
effects of blend composition on the immobilisation and pitted surface morphology of the PLA electrospun fabrics
release properties of fluorescent-labelled proteins from resulted in greater hydrophobicity than that reported for
the swollen nanofibres were investigated by FESEM and bulk PLA materials. The affinity for both the dye and
confocal laser scanning microscopy and the results are the bath liquid affected the absorbance of the dyes from
discussed in terms of biocompatibility and potential tissue aqueous baths. 17 refs.
engineering applications. 38 refs. Cornell University
Kangwon,National University USA
KOREA
Accession no.1008184
Accession no.1008640
Item 181
Item 179 Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Polymer Journal (Japan) 106, No.4, 15th Nov.2007, p.2177.
39, No.10, 2007, p.1060. ELECTROSPUN HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL
PREPARATION OF POROUS PVDF NANOFIBER CELLULOSE PHTHALATE (HPMCP)/
FROM PVDF/PVP BLEND BY ELECTROSPRAY ERYTHROMYCIN FIBERS FOR TARGETED
DEPOSITION RELEASE IN INTESTINE
Nasir M; Matsumoto H; Minagawa M; Tanioka A; Meng Wang; Linge Wang; Yong Huang
Danno T; Horibe H
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP)/
The fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) erythromycin fibre mats with various diameters were
nanofibres with porous structures by electrospray deposition prepared by electrospinning. When the drug was added,
from blends of PVDF and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) the morphology of the fibres changed from a columnar

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 75

 References and Abstracts

to a tape-like shape. No drug was found aggregated on the effects of these on fibre diameter and properties was
the surface of the erythromycin-containing mats, which determined. Reducing solution concentration resulted
indicated that the drug was embodied or encapsulated in reduced fibre diameter, but mixed bead fibres were
inside the fibres. Because HPMCP is pH-sensitive, easily formed. Optimum spinning conditions were
erythromycin was released from the fibre mats by determined and described, and fibres were characterised
a slow diffusion process in artificial gastric juice, using scanning electron microscopy. 45 refs.
whereas in artificial intestinal juice with a pH higher
Sichuan,University
than that of the artificial gastric juice, it was released CHINA
in nearly first-order kinetics because of the first-order
Accession no.1007877
kinetics dissolution of the HPMCP fibres in the artificial
intestinal juice. The rate of erythromycin release in the
artificial intestinal juice was more than 2.5 times faster Item 184
than that in artificial gastric juice. The rate and the total Macromolecular Rapid Communications
amount of drug released both in stomach and intestine 28, No.22, 16th Nov.2007, pp. 2159.
decreased with increasing average fibre diameter. POLYMORPHISM CONTROL OF
30 refs. POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) THROUGH
Chinese Academy of Sciences ELECTROSPINNING
CHINA Zheng J; He A; Li J; Han C C
Accession no.1008163
The polymorphism of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)
was controlled by electrospinning. Fibrous membranes of
Item 182 PVDF with a fibre diameter in the range from 100 nm to
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia several micrometers were prepared by electrospinning,
17, No.3, July-Sept. 2007, p.206. which permitted a simultaneous adjustment of the
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN crystal phase of the electrospun PVDF fibres. PVDF
ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS USING fibrous membranes containing mainly alpha-, beta- or
DIFFERENT PAN/DMF CONCENTRATIONS gamma-phase PVDF could be produced successfully
Gomes D S; Da Silva A N R; Morimoto N I; Mendes L by selecting the electrospinning parameters, such as the
T F; Furlan R; Ramos I solvent, temperature, feeding rate, and tip-to-collector
An electrospinning process for the production of fibres distance. 17 refs.
for use in nanosensor applications was extensively Beijing,Chinese Academy of Sciences
investigated using precursor solutions with different CHINA
concentrations of PAN diluted in a fixed amount of Accession no.1007728
dimethyl formamide. The effects of solution viscosity,
applied voltage and distance between the needle tip
and collector plate on fibre properties, including fibre Item 185
diameter, fibre shape, fibre length and morphology, were Polymer
examined and the behaviour of the electrical current, 48, No.22, 2007, p.6617.
monitored during the deposition process, correlated with NEW SOLVENT FOR POLYAMIDES AND ITS
fibre characteristics. 17 refs. APPLICATION TO THE ELECTROSPINNING
EPUSP; FATEC; Puerto Rico,University OF POLYAMIDES 11 AND 12
BRAZIL Behler K; Havel M; Gogotsi Y
Accession no.1008119 Polyamides with long hydrocarbon chains, e.g. PA11
and PA12, are generally dissolved in phenolic or
Item 183 fluoric solvents that prevent these polymers from being
Journal of Applied Polymer Science electrospun and used in many applications because
107, No.2, 15th Jan.2008 p.909. of their high boiling point and/or prohibitive cost.
PREPARATION OF POLY(ETHER We demonstrate that a mixture of formic acid and
SULFONE) NANOFIBERS BY GAS-JET/ dichloromethane can lead to the dissolution of various
ELECTROSPINNING polyamides enabling their subsequent electrospinning.
Yi Lin; Yongyi Yao; Xiaozhan Yang; Na Wei; Xuqing Nanofibres and nanoribbons of 130 nm and greater in
Li; Ping Gong; Ruixi Li; Dacheng Wu average diameter were obtained and characterised using
Synthesis of polyethersulphone nanofibres from scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
dimethylformamide solution by gas jet electrospinning 23 refs.
is described and discussed. Parameters such as solution Drexel,University
concentration, applied voltage, tip to collector distance, USA
gas flow rate and needle inner diameter were varied and Accession no.1007446

76 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 186 The effects of tacticities on the characteristics of PVAL

Polymers in Defence and Aerospace Applications. nanowebs prepared by an electrospinning technique were
Proceedings of an international conference held investigated. The influence of changing initial polymer
Toulouse, France, 18th-19th September 2007. concentration, applied voltage and tip-to-collector
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007, distance on the formation of PVAL webs with uniform
Paper 7, pp.10, ISBN 9781847350190, 29 cm, 012 nanofibres is discussed. Characterisation was undertaken
CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOFIBERS using SEM, proton NMR, DSC and X-ray diffraction.
OBTAINED BY ELECTROSPINNING 38 refs.
Robitaille L; Laforgue A Yeungnam,University; Daegu,Gyeongbuk Institute of
Non-woven mats of poly(3-hexylthiophene) fibres Science and Technology;
KOREA
with diameters down to 500 nm were produced by
electrospinning of poly(3-hexylthiophene) solutions Accession no.1007035
containing a small amount of a high molec.wt. PEO.
The morphology of the nanofibres was investigated Item 189
by scanning electron microscopy and the electrical Journal of Applied Polymer Science
conductivity of the nanofibres was determined after 106, No.5, 5th Dec.2007, p.3171.
iodine vapour doping for at least 48 hours. The structure/ MULTIJET ELECTROSPINNING OF
properties relationships were assessed as a function CONDUCTING NANOFIBERS FROM
of processing parameters and ratio of conducting and MICROFLUIDIC MANIFOLDS
spinnable polymers. 36 refs. Srivastava Y; Marquez M; Thorsen T
Canada,National Research Council Details are given of a method for the electrospinning
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.) of conducting polymeric composite nanofibres using
CANADA
a PDMS-based microfluidic device. Nanofibres of
Accession no.1007156 polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its composite with polypyrrole
were prepared using one-step and two-step microfluidic
Item 187 electrospinning. The effect of processing variables on
Macromolecular Rapid Communications the morphology of the nanofibres using this device were
28, No.21, 1st Nov.2007, p.2062. also studied. Morphologies were examined using SEM.
PHOTOCROSSLINKABLE LIQUID CRYSTAL 42 refs.
MAIN-CHAIN POLYMERS. THIN FILMS AND MIT; INEST Group; Arizona,State University; NIST
ELECTROSPINNING USA
Krause S; Dersch R; Wendorff J H; Finkelmann H Accession no.1007022
Details are given of a method of preparing thin films and
aligned fibres of main-chain liquid crystalline oxybenzoic Item 190
acid chloride polymers for use in mechanical actuators. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
Polymer mechanical properties were investigated and 472, 2007 p.571.
data for temperature-dependent changes in length and ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE/
nonlinear stress-strain relationships are presented. TETRAPYRAZINOINDOLOPORPHYRAZINE
Electrospinning was used to obtain fibres from solution COMPOSITE FIBERS
with in situ UV curing. 21 refs. Il Woong Baek; Jae Yun Jaung; Seong Hun Kim;
Freiburg,Albert-Ludwigs University; Marburg,Philipps Heejoon Ahn
University Electrospinning was used to prepare composite fibres of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; a polycarbonate and tetrapyrazinoindoloporphyrazine to
WESTERN EUROPE
determine whether the optical and electronic properties
Accession no.1007073 of the filler were retained after processing with a
polymer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet
Item 188 visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy
Journal of Applied Polymer Science were used in the analysis, and it was confirmed that
106, No.5, 5th Dec.2007, p.3282. properties of the filler were very largely retained.
EFFECTS OF THE TACTICITIES OF Two different solvents were used in electrospinning,
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON THE STRUCTURE chloroform and cyclohexanone, with differences
AND MORPHOLOGY OF POLYVINYL observed in fibre morphology observed in each case.
ALCOHOL NANOWEBS PREPARED BY 21 refs.
ELECTROSPINNING Hanyang,University
Lim H J; Lee S J; Bae H J; Noh S K; Lee Y R; Han S KOREA
S; Jeon H Y; Park W H; Lyoo W S Accession no.1006970

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 77

 References and Abstracts

Item 191 Electrospinning of a silk fibroin to prepare a three

E-Polymers dimensional scaffold was described, and the structures
No.133, 2007 p.1. were characterised using scanning electron microscopy.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Scaffolds were evaluated for cell adhesion using mouse
OF PVA/BORON POLYMER PRODUCED BY AN fibroblast cells. The scaffold was shown to be similar to
ELECTROSPINNING TECHNIQUE a natural extracellular matrix, and would be expected
Uslu I; Dastan H; Altas A; Yayli A; Atakol O; to perform similarly with the porous structure allowing
Aksu M L cell growth within the scaffold structure. 24 refs.
Crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) by boron, Seoul,National University; Yonsei,University
using different blend concentrations of PVAl and boric KOREA

acid, and electrospinning resulted in PVAl/boron blend Accession no.1006834

fibres of different diameters from 0.3 to 4 micron. Fibres
were characterised using Fourier transform infrared Item 194
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electrical Journal of Applied Polymer Science
conductivity and differential scanning calorimetry. 106, No.6, 15th Dec.2007 p.3648.
Fibre thermal stability increased with boron addition, ALIGNMENT OF ELECTROSPUN
as did fibre diameter compared to spinning of PVAl POLYSTYRENE WITH AN ELECTRIC FIELD
under similar conditions. Boron oxide and the formation
Chanunpanich N; Hongsik Byun
of boron-oxygen-carbon bonds were identified in the
structure of the electrospun fibres. 9 refs. Alignment of polystyrene fibres in an electrospun
Selcuk,University; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; polystyrene mat, and the conditions for achieving this,
Ankara,University; Gazi,University was investigated and described. A solution concentration
TURKEY of 20 percent polystyrene in a 75/25 solvent mixture
Accession no.1006932 of tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide was used
for electrospinning, and use of a voltage stabiliser
assisted in fibre alignment. Fibres and fibre alignment
Item 192 was examined using scanning electron microscopy. 31
Macromolecules refs.
40, No.21, 16th Oct.2007 p.7689.
King Mongkut's Institute Of Technology North
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL
INVESTIGATIONS OF POROUS STRUCTURE Bangkok; Keimyung,University
KOREA; THAILAND
FORMATION IN ELECTROSPUN FIBERS
Dayal P; Jing Liu; Kumar S; Thein Kyu Accession no.1006801

Electrospinning of amorphous polymers, such as

polymethyl methacrylate from methylene chloride Item 195
solution, or polystyrene from tetrahydrofuran, can result Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers
in fibres with a porous structure. Development of this 22, No.4, July 2007, p.379.
porous structure was studied using scanning electron COMPOSITION-GRADED FILMS OF
microscopy, and by theoretical modelling treating FLUOROAPATITE/PHB FABRICATED
polymers as beads connected by Maxwell elements in VIA ELECTROSPINNING FOR TISSUE
a cylindrical coordinate system. The simulation method ENGINEERING
revealed real time formation of pores along the spinning Zhao D M; Wang Y X; Xu R W; Wu G; Zhang L Q;
direction forming as changes take place in solution Yu D S; Cui F Z; Chen D F; Tian W
concentration during electrospinning. Experimental and The fabrication of gradient composition films of
theoretical results were compared. 37 refs. fluoroapatite and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
Akron,University; Georgia,Institute of Technology hydroxybutyrate) via electrospinning from solutions
USA of the components, and their characterisation by SEM
Accession no.1006915 (surface morphology), XRD, DSC (thermal properties),
tensile testing (mechanical properties) and cell culture
Item 193 (biocompatibility), is described. The results are
Journal of Applied Polymer Science discussed in terms of potential applications as scaffold
106, No.6, 15th Dec.2007, p.3922. materials for tissue engineering. 30 refs.
ELECTROSPUN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SILK Beijing,University of Chemical Technology; Tsing
FIBROIN NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLD Hua,University; Beijing,Research Institute of
Chang Seok Ki; Jong Wook Kim; Jin Ho Hyun; Ki Traumatology and Orthopaedics
Hoon Lee; Hattori M; Dong Kyun Rah; CHINA
Young Hwan Park Accession no.1006769

78 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 196 scanning electron microscopy, TEM and X-ray diffraction.

Journal of the Textile Institute The nanotubes were aggregated heavily in the fibres
98, No.3, 2007, p.237. obtained by traditional electrospinning while nanotubes
MANIPULATION OF THE ELECTRIC were well distributed and aligned in the PAN fibres
FIELD OF ELECTROSPINNING SYSTEM produced by vibration-electrospinning. 19 refs.
TO PRODUCE POLYACRYLONITRILE Donghua,University
NANOFIBER YARN CHINA
Dabirian F; Hosseini Y; Hosseini Ravandi S A Accession no.1005983
The fabrication of twisted uniaxially aligned
polyacrylonitrile nanofibre yarn by electrospinning from Item 199
a solution of the polymer in dimethylformamide, using Polymer International
a negatively charged bar in the electric field to form an 56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1361.
electrostatic multipolar field, is described. The yarns APPARATUS FOR PREPARING
were characterised by SEM (diameter and morphology), ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: DESIGNING
XRD (crystallinity) and mechanical properties, and the AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS FOR
results are discussed in comparison with those for yarns NANOFIBER FABRICATION
produced by conventional electrospinning. 14 refs. SuA Park; Koeun Park; Hyeon Yoon; JoonGon Son;
Isfahan,University of Technology; Tehran,Sharif Teijin Min; GeunHyung Kim
University of Technology A review is presented on how interactions between
IRAN
processing conditions and electrical and rheological
Accession no.1006749 properties of electrospun nanofibres can be controlled
using a range of nozzle types, target electrodes and guiding
Item 197 electrodes. 48 refs.
Macromolecules Korea,Institute of Machinery & Materials
40, No.22, 30th Oct.2007, p.7973. KOREA
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE Accession no.1005982
SOLUTIONS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Chi Wang; Huan-Sheng Chien; Chia-Hung Hsu; Yin-Chi Item 200
Wang; Cheng-Ting Wang; Hsin-An Lu Polymer International
The effects of needle diameter, solution properties and 56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1349.
processing variables on electrospun polyacrylonitrile EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
(PAN) fibres are systematically investigated. Decreasing REGENERATED:TISSUE ENGINEERING VIA
PAN concentration and/or increasing solution temperature ELECTROSPUN BIOMIMETIC NANOFIBERS
result in a progressive reduction in fibre diameter. The Sell S; Barnes C; Smith M; McClure M; Madurantakam
dominant processing variable in determining the fibre P; Grant J; McManus M; Bowlin G
diameter is the applied electric field. Results suggest that A review is presented on the role of electrospinning in
high temperature electrospinning is an effective approach the engineering of various tissues and applications (skin/
to significantly reducing fibre diameter through solution wound healing, cartilage, bone, vascular tissue, urological
property manipulation. High temperature electrospinning tissue, nerve and ligament). Its potential role in the future
is shown to be an effective approach in producing ultrathin is also considered. 125 refs.
PAN fibres with a diameter lower than 100 nm. 50 refs. Virginia,Commonwealth University
National Cheng Kung University USA
TAIWAN
Accession no.1005981
Accession no.1006519
Item 201
Item 198 Polymer International
Polymer International 56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1340.
56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1367. ENGINEERING ELECTROSPUN
CARBON NANOTUBE-REINFORCED NANOFIBRILLAR SURFACES FOR SPINAL
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS BY CORD REPAIR: A DISCUSSION
VIBRATION-ELECTROSPINNING Meiners S; Ahmed I; Ponery A S; Amor N; Harris S L;
Yu-Qin Wan; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu Ayres V; Yuan Fan; Qian Chen; Delgado-Rivera R; Babu
AN
Polyacrylonitrile/multiwalled carbon nanotube fibres were
electrospun by traditional electrospinning and vibration- An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether
electrospinning and characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, unmodified or peptide-modified polyamide nanofibres

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 79

 References and Abstracts

incorporated into an over-hemisection spinal cord model Donghua,University

would allow axonal regrowth in-vivo following central CHINA
nervous system injury. The nanofibres were visualised Accession no.1005978
using atomic force microscopy and their biocompatibility
assessed. The unmodified nanofibres supported modest
Item 204
axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord whereas the
AATCC Review
modified nanofibres enhanced the ability of the nanofibres
to facilitate axonal regrowth. However, random orientation 7, No.3, March 2007, p.40.
of the fabric folds impeded the forward movement of PRODUCTION AND SELECTED PROPERTIES
axons. 41 refs. OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBRES
New Jersey,University of Medicine and Dentistry;
Phaneuf M D; Bide M J; Bachuwar A; Mignanelli M;
Michigan,State University; Rutgers,University
USA Brown P J
Accession no.1005980 Polyethylene terephthalate nanofibres were prepared by
electrospinning from solution using unmodified PETP
Item 202 and PETP modified with ethylenediamine. Several
Polymer International polymeric additives, including cellulose acetate, PEO
56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1330. and polyethylene glycol, were also added to the spinning
SOME FASCINATING PHENOMENA IN solution. The nanofibres obtained were structurally
ELECTROSPINNING PROCESSES AND characterised by scanning electron microscopy and their
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN tensile strengths, elongation at break and dye uptake
NANOFIBERS behaviour investigated. The results obtained indicated that
Songting Tan; Xianwei Huang; Bolin Wu the nanofibres were potentially suitable for the manufacture
of topical and/or implantable medical devices. 15 refs.
Some fascinating phenomena associated with the
remarkable features of nanofibres in electrospinning BioSurfaces; Rhode Island,University;
processes are briefly reviewed under the headings of Clemson,University
USA
jet instability in the electrospinning process, control
of chemical composition, modification of electrospun Accession no.1005927
nanofibres, control of secondary structures, alignment
of electrospun nanofibres, multi-jet electrospinning, Item 205
branching and electrode polarity. Progress being made in Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August
applications, including filtration applications, electrical 2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held
applications, optical applications, sensors and biomedical Washington, D.C., August 2005.
applications, of electrospun nanofibres is also covered. Washington, D.C., ACS, Div. of Polymer Chemistry,
117 refs.
2005, p.599-600, CD-ROM, 012
Xiangtan University ELECTROSPINNING
CHINA
NANOFIBER MEMBRANES OF
Accession no.1005979 POLY(BIS(TRIFLUOROETHOXY)
PHOSPHAZENE)
Item 203 Singh A; Steely L; Allcock H R
Polymer International The fabrication of highly hydrophobic nanostructured
56, No.11, Nov.2007, p.1323.
fibrous mats of poly(bis(trifluoro ethoxy)phosphazene) via
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
electrospinning is reported. The dimensions of the polymer
CONTINUOUS ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
fibres are varied from 80 nm to 1.4 micrometres by altering
AND ELECTROSPUN NANOPOROUS
the electrospinning conditions. The surface properties of
MICROSPHERES
these mats are characterised by water contact angle and
Ji-Huan He; Lan Xu; Yue Wu; Yong Liu
XPS measurements. 10 refs.
A brief review of mathematical models for electrospinning Pennsylvania,State University
and their applications is presented. Sections are included (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
on the one-dimensional model, Spivak-Dzenis Model, USA
Wan-Guo-Pan model, allometric model, electrospinnability
Accession no.1005564
and vibration electrospinning, electrospinning dilation and
electrospun nanoporous microspheres, the nano-effect in
electrospinning, spider-spun fibre and Siro-spinning and the Item 206
E-infinity theory, a potential theory for dealing with quantum- Polymer
like properties and nano-effect on the nanoscale. 72 refs. 48, No.21, 2007, p.6384.

80 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

REDUCING ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER study shows that electrospinning is a promising technology

DIAMETER AND VARIABILITY USING for the production of high performance nanoparticle filters.
CATIONIC AMPHIPHILES 32 refs.
Lin K; Kian-Ngiap Chua; Christopherson G T; Lim S; Hiroshima,University; St.Louis,Washington University;
Hai-Quan Mao Japan Vilene Co.Ltd.
JAPAN; USA
One major limitation of the electrospinning technique for
generating polymer fibres is the large average diameter Accession no.1005422
and the broad diameter variability of electrospun fibres.
Improved methods of controlling fibre diameter and Item 208
variability will have implications for many applications Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August
ranging from filtration to cell and tissue engineering. Here 2005. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held
we report an effective method of reducing the diameter Washington, D.C., August 2005.
and variability of fibres prepared from three different Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
polymers, poly(ethersulphone), poly(caprolactone), 2005, p.880-881, CD-ROM, 012
and poly(caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphoester), ELECTROSPUN POLY(L-LACTIC ACID-
by doping polymer solutions with a positively CO-SUCCINIC ACID-CO-1,4-BUTANE DIOL)
charged amphiphile, octadecyl rhodamine (R18) or FIBROUS MEMBRANES
octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) at 5000:1 Hun Sik Kim; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Jin San Yoon
to 20:1 of polymer to amphiphile weight ratio. This is due
to the combined effect of field-driven surface partitioning Synthesis of fibrous membranes consisting of a copolymer
of positively charged amphiphiles and surface tension of lactic acid, succinic acid and butane diol (PLASB)
reduction. This method of diameter reduction can be by electrospinning is described. Membranes were
applied easily without modifying the electrospinning setup characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
or changing the polymer-solvent system. 34 refs. gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning
calorimetry, tensile measurements and field emission
Johns Hopkins University; Singapore,National
scanning electron microscopy. PLASB was prepared by
University
SINGAPORE; USA
direct condensation polymerisation. Membrane properties
indicated potential use as a tissue substitute. 8 refs.
Accession no.1005466
Inha,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Item 207 KOREA
Chemical Engineering Science Accession no.1005059
62, No.17, 2007, p.4751.
NANOPARTICLE FILTRATION BY
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBERS Item 209
Yun K M; Hogan C J; Matsubayashi Y; Kawabe M; Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August
Iskandar F; Okuyama K 2005. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held
Washington, D.C., August 2005.
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres with mean diameters in 270- Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
400 nm range were prepared by electrospinning for use 2005, p.736-737, CD-ROM, 012
as a filter media. Compared to commercial filters made of ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER OF MULTI-
polyolefin and glass, the fibres of electrospun filters were WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE AND
more uniform in diameter. The performance of electrospun POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)
filters was evaluated by measuring the penetration of COMPOSITES
monodisperse NaCl nanoparticles (below 80 nm in size) Hyun Suk Kim; Jun Hee Sung; Hyoung Jin Choi; In-Joo
through the filters. It was found that electrospun filters Chin; Hyoung-Joon Jin
could be made which had nanoparticle penetration values
comparable to commercial filters but with substantially less Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were incorporated
filter mass. The penetration of nanoparticles through the into polymethyl methacrylate using an in-situ bulk
electrospun filter media could be reduced by increasing polymerisation method and the resulting nanocomposite
the filter thickness, which is controlled by the collection was electrospun to produce nanofibres with embedded and
time during the electrospinning process. Nanoparticle aligned nanotubes. Composites were characterised using
collection by electrostatic forces was found to be negligible field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission
for electrospun filters. Filter quality factors and single fibre electron microscopy and electrical conductivity
collection efficiencies were found to be independent of measurements. 14 refs.
filter thickness for electrospun filters, and the penetration Inha,University
of nanoparticles through electrospun filters was in better (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
agreement with theoretical predictions than was the KOREA
measured penetration through a commercial filter. This Accession no.1005006

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 81

 References and Abstracts

Item 210 The electrospinning process uses electrical force to

Polymer Engineering and Science produce nanofibres. A charged droplet acquires a conical
47, No.10, 2007, p.1530. shape known as the Taylor cone and then becomes
HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE HIGHLY unstable. A charged jet emerges from the vertex and
ORIENTED YARNS OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS? develops a spiral path due to the electrically driven
Moon S; Farris R J bending instability, which makes it possible, in a small
space, for the jet to elongate by a large amount and produce
Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibres onto a stationary
nanofibres. Evaporation and the associated solidification
grounded target produces a nonwoven mat-like material.
are identified as important factors that affect the diameter
Using a rapidly rotating grounded target in the form of a
of electrospun nanofibres. In this study, the evaporation
wheel or belt, it is possible to produce significant lengths
rate and solidification of the charged jet are controlled
of highly oriented yarns of electrospun filaments. This
by varying the relative humidity during electrospinning
observation is difficult to explain when one compares the
of poly(ethylene oxide) from aqueous solution. As the
calculated velocity of an electrospun monofilament with
relative humidity increases, the solidification process
the surface velocity of the grounded target. This study
becomes slower, allowing elongation of the charged jet
was undertaken to attempt to answer this question. Are
to continue longer and thereby to form thinner fibres. As
the calculated fibre velocities correct. Is the collected
the relative humidity increases from 5.1% to 48.7%, the
electrospun filament really a monofilament. Does the
diameter of the solidified fibre decreases from 253nm
electrospun filament split into multiple filaments or do
to 144nm. As the relative humidity increases above
fibres loop in an oriented manner on the collection wheel.
50%, beads formed on the thinner fibres, indicating that
3 refs.
the capillary instability occurs before the jet solidified.
Massachusetts,University The vapour concentration of solvent is an effective
USA
electrospinning process control parameter of fibre
Accession no.1004775 diameter that also produces a systematic change in the
development of beads on the fibres.18 refs.
Item 211 Akron,University
Advanced Materials USA
19, No.18, 17th Sept.2007, pp. 2480. Accession no.1004497
NOVEL BIOHYBRID MATERIALS BY
ELECTROSPINNING: NANOFIBERS OF
Item 213
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) AND LIVING
Journal of Power Sources
BACTERIA
172, No.2, 2007, p.863.
Gensheimer M; Becker M; Brandis-Heep A; Wendorff J
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER MEMBRANE
H; Thauer R K; Greiner A
ACTIVATED WITH ROOM TEMPERATURE
Fibres of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) containing living IONIC LIQUID: NOVEL POLYMER
bacteria were prepared by electrospinning from aqueous ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES
dispersions of Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus Cheruvally G; Kim J K; Choi J W; Ahn J H; Shin Y J;
bacteria with PEO. Whereas E. coli and M. luteus bacteria Manuel J; Raghavan P; Kim K W; Ahn H J; Choi D S;
survived the electrospin-ning process, E. coli did not Song C E
survive dry storage in nonwoven PEO fabric at 20 deg.C
A new class of polymer electrolytes (PEs) based on an
for more than 1 h. In contrast, M. luteus survived at least
electrospun polymer membrane incorporating a room-
250 h of dry storage at 20 deg.C in electrospun PEO
temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) has been prepared and
nonwoven fabrics. 20 refs.
evaluated for suitability in lithium cells. The electrospun
Marburg,Philipps University; Marburg,Max Planck poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)
Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology P(VdF-HFP) membrane is activated with a 0.5M
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
solution of LiTFSI in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (BMITFSI) or a
Accession no.1004692
0.5M solution of LiBF4 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF4). The resulting PEs have an
Item 212 ionic conductivity of 2.3x10-3 Scm-1 at 25 deg.C and anodic
Polymer stability at greater than 4.5V versus Li+/Li, making them
48, No.19, 2007, p.5742. suitable for practical applications in lithium cells. A Li/
EFFECT OF EVAPORATION AND LiFePO4 cell with a PE based on BMITFSI delivers high
SOLIDIFICATION OF THE CHARGED JET IN discharge capacities when evaluated at 25 deg.C at the
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE 0.1C rate (149mAhg-1) and the 0.5C rate (132mAhg-1).
OXIDE) AQUEOUS SOLUTION A very stable cycle performance is also exhibited at these
Tripatanasuwan S; Zhenxin Zhong; Reneker D H low current densities. The properties decrease at the

82 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

higher, 1C rate, when operated at 25 deg.C. Nevertheless, as jet radius and fluid velocity in the region of the Taylor
improved properties are obtained at a moderately elevated cone and stable portion of the electrospinning jet and the
temperature of operation, i.e. 40 deg.C. This is attributed assumptions underlying electrohydrodynamic models of
to enhanced conductivity of the electrolyte and faster steady electrospinning jets validated. 22 refs.
reaction kinetics at higher temperatures. At 40 deg.C, a Delaware,University
reversible capacity of 140mAhg-1 is obtained at the 1C (SAMPE)
rate. 32 refs. USA

Gyeongsang,National University; Sung Kyun Kwan Accession no.1003997

University
KOREA Item 216
Accession no.1004398 SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Item 214 Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Polymer Journal (Japan) Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
39, No.8, 2007, p.878. 2007, Paper 69, pp.11, CD-ROM. 012
CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFABRICS
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS WITH RHEOLOGY OF Lingaiah S; Shivakumar K N; Sadler R; Sharpe M
LINEAR POLYACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION Polyacrylonitrile, polybenzimidazole and polyamide-6,6
Vetcher A A; Gearheart R; Morozov V N based nanofabrics were produced by electrospinning in
The morphology of nanofibres produced by electrospinning various solvents on stationary and rotating target collectors
aqueous solutions of linear polyacrylamides having and characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The
mechanical properties of the electrospun polyamide-6,6
different molec.wts. was investigated over a broad range
fabrics were tested in tension at room temperature and the
of concentrations and the relationship between specific
char yield of the PAN fibres determined. 24 refs.
viscosity and morphology of the nanofibres examined.
Atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy revealed North Carolina,A & Tech.State Univ.
that electrospinning generated uniform fibres when the (SAMPE)
USA
polyacrylamide concentration exceeded the entanglement
concentration and that the average diameter of the fibres Accession no.1003995
was independent of molec.wt. but proportional to (C/
entanglement concentration). 33 refs. Item 217
Manassas,George Mason University; Russian Academy SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
of Sciences; Pushchino,Institute of Theoretical & World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Experimental Biophysics Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
RUSSIA; USA Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
Accession no.1004130 2007, Paper 68, pp.13, CD-ROM. 012
PROCESSING OF BIOCIDAL ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBERS
Item 215
Deitzel J; Sun Z; Herson D; Veleva A; Lamba N
SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held Nanofibre textiles were produced by electrospinning of
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007. different types of PU functionalised to varying degrees
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, with quaternary ammonium compound-based biocidal
2007, Paper 71, pp.14, CD-ROM. 012 moieties grafted to the PU backbone. The morphology of
KINEMATIC STUDIES OF POLYMER the electrospun materials was characterised by scanning
ELECTROSPINNING USING IN SITU electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis
MEASUREMENTS and the influence of the functionalised moieties on the
Helgeson M E; Grammatikos K N; Deitzel J M; processing variables, such as solution conductivity,
Wagner N J viscosity and polymer/solvent interactions, and the
Aqueous solutions of PEO seeded with colloidal PU resultant effects on fibre morphology investigated. The
particles were electrospun under various operating antimicrobial properties of the electrospun nanofibres were
conditions and recorded using a CCD camera at frame also investigated and compared with those of solution cast
rates of 2000 fps. The kinematics of the electrospinning films. 11 refs.
jets were investigated using particle tracking velocimetry Delaware,University; North Carolina,State University;
and high-speed videography and the electrospun fibres CCL Biomedical Inc.
and tracer particles imaged by means of field emission (SAMPE)
scanning electron microscopy. The in-situ measurements USA
were utilised to directly determine internal variables, such Accession no.1003994

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 83

 References and Abstracts

Item 218 Yuan-yuan Duan; Jun Jia; Shao-hai Wang; Wei Yan; Lei
SAMPE '07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the Jin; Zhong-yi Wang
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Zirconium phosphate particles (63.7 nm diameter),
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
containing 3.6% silver, were dispersed in 2,2,2-
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
trifluoroethanol, followed by the addition of poly(epsilon-
2007, Paper 67, pp.12, CD-ROM. 012
caprolactone), such that the particle content was 1
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER
wt% of the polymer content. Nanofibres, containing
REINFORCEMENT OF TRANSPARENT
uniformly dispersed nanoparticles, were prepared by
POLYMER MATERIALS
electrospinning. The fibres exhibited good antimicrobial
Zaicheng Sun; Deitzel J M; Krauthauser C; O'Brien D J
properties and no fibre staining. Cell proliferation
The scale up of electrospun PU (Estane 4714) nanofibre studies confirmed the biocompatibility of the fibres,
production using multiple jets and production of transparent and they were considered suitable for wound dressing
PMMA composites from the elastomeric nanofibres applications. 41 refs.
are described. The morphology of the composites is Xian,Fourth Military Medical University; Xian
characterised by scanning electron microscopy and Jiaotong,University
TEM and the mechanical and optical properties of the CHINA
composites are determined. The composites exhibit a high Accession no.1003705
degree of transparency below fibre volume fractions of
11% and enhanced toughness through the mechanism of
crack arrest. 12 refs. Item 221
E-Polymers
Delaware,University; US,Army Research Laboratory No.105, 2007, p.1.
(SAMPE) ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYAMIDE 6/
USA
MODIFIED-KERATIN BLENDS
Accession no.1003993 Zoccola M; Montarsolo A; Aluigi A; Varesano A;
Vineis C; Tonin C
Item 219 The fabrication, by electrospinning from formic acid
Journal of Applied Polymer Science solutions, of blend nanofibres of polyamide-6 with
106, No.2, 15th Oct2007, p.1337. various proportions of modified keratin derived by
PREPARATION OF ATACTIC POLY(VINYL chemical-free steam explosion of wool, and their
ALCOHOL)/SODIUM ALGINATE BLEND characterisation by SEM, FTIR, DSC, polarised optical
NANOWEBS BY ELECTROSPINNING microscopy and moisture absorption, is described. The
Lee Y J; Shin D S; Kwon O W; Park W H; Choi H G; results are discussed in comparison with those for cast
Lee Y R; Han S S; Noh S K; Lyoo W S films of the blends, and the effects of protein content on
Nanofibres were produced by electrospinning using filament diameter were also studied. 36 refs.
aqueous solutions containing rigid sodium alginate (SA) CNR; Torino,Politecnico
blended with flexible atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAl) in EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
various proportions. Uniform fibres of fine structure were
obtained using pure PVAl. The blends gave a mixture of Accession no.1003672
fibres and large beads, the bead content increasing with
increasing SA content. The SA content of the fibres was Item 222
confirmed by the strong absorption band at 1610 cm^-^1 Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
and by the endothermic peak obtained by differential 292, No.8, 9th Aug.2007, p.949.
scanning calorimetry. The tensile strength of the spun fibre MASS RATIO OF CDS/POLY(ETHYLENE
decreased with increasing SA content. 33 refs. OXIDE) CONTROLLED
Yeungnam,University; Chungnam,National University PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF ONE-
KOREA DIMENSIONAL HYBRID FIBERS BY
Accession no.1003721 ELECTROSPINNING
Cheng Wang; Eryun Yan; Zhiyao Sun; Zijiang Jiang;
Yanbin Tong; Yi Xin; Zonghao Huang
Item 220
Journal of Applied Polymer Science One-dimensional high-quality CdS/PEO hybrid
106, No.2, 15th Oct2007, p.1208. nanoparticle-polymer fibres were fabricated by an
PREPARATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL electrospinning method, followed by self-assembly
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) technologies with co-fed H"2S atmosphere at 60 deg
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS CONTAINING C. Structural and spectral data on the resulting hybrid
SILVER-LOADED ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE nanofibres was obtained by field emission SEM,
NANOPARTICLES TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray

84 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

diffractometry. The diameters of CdS/PEO hybrid Item 225

nanofibres ranged from 90 to 200 nm and the average Journal of Applied Polymer Science
dimension of CdS nanoparticle within fibres from 4 to 106, No.1, 5th Oct.2007, p.255.
12 nm. An interesting aspect of the CdS/PEO nanofibres FABRICATION AND ELECTRICAL
shown in photoluminescence spectra and fluorescence CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN
images was that the fluorescence peaks of CdS/PEO POLYACRYLONITRILE-DERIVED CARBON
were shifted with change in the mass ratio of CdS/PEO, NANOFIBERS
and consequently the size and phase of nanocrystal Agend F; Naderi N; Fareghi-Alamdari R
CdS. 40 refs. Carbon nanofibres were produced from a polyacrylonitrile/
China,Northeast Normal University; DMF precursor solution by an electrospinning process
Heilongjiang,University; Daqing,Normal College and pyrolysis. The morphological structure of the
CHINA nanofibres was studied using SEM. Thermal properties
Accession no.1003310 were studied with TGA. An indirect four-point-probe
method was used for the measurement of conductivity
of nanofibres mats. 13 refs.
Item 223
Tehran,Malek Ashtar University of Technology;
Polymer Preprints. Volume 48. Number 1. March
Tehran,University
2007. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held IRAN
Chicago, Il., 25th-30th March 2007.
Accession no.1002903
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymer
Chemistry, 2007, p.215-216, CD-ROM, 012
FORMATION AND MECHANICS OF Item 226
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER JETS Macromolecules
Helgeson M E; Grammatikos K N; Deitzel J M; 40, No.14, 10th July 2007, p.4823.
Wagner N J AMPHIPHILIC POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
HYBRIDS AND ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
High speed videography and particle tracking velocimetry INCORPORATING POLYHEDRAL
measurements of stable electrospinning polymer OLIGOSILSESQUIOXANE
jets demonstrated the validity of a slender body Chul-Ki Kim; Byoung-Suhk Kim; Sheikh F A; Un-Soo
electrohydrodynamic model in the jet stretching Lee; Myung-Seob Khil; Hak-Yong Kim
regime. Analysis of the model showed that the transient
Hybrids of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) linked with a
extensional viscosity of the polymer solution governed
urethane group between the hydroxyl groups on the
the morphology of the electrospun fibres. Results were
PVAl and isocyanate group of a polyhedral oligomeric
presented for the electrospinning of aqueous PEO
silsesquioxanes (POSS) were synthesised. Changes to
solutions across a wide range of experimental conditions
the POSS content affected the degree of hydrophobicity
which validated the correlation. 12 refs. of the hybrid, increasing it with POSS content. Hybrids
Delaware,University were characterised using Fourier transform infrared and
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, differential
USA scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and
Accession no.1003114 wide angle X-ray scattering. Addition of POSS modified
the properties of PVAl in both the solid and in solution,
and the solid morphology appeared to consist of two
Item 224
crystalline phases. Nanofibres, electrospun from the
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
hybrid and examined using scanning electron microscopy
106, No.1, 5th Oct.2007, p.475.
and water absorption, showed enhanced water resistance,
BEAD-TO-FIBER TRANSITION IN
with fibres simply swelling rather than dissolving as was
ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE found with pure PVAl nanofibres. 33 refs.
Eda G; Shivkumar S
Chonbuk,National University
The bead-to-fibre morphological transition of electrospun KOREA
PS was investigated. THF and DMF were used as Accession no.1002738
solvents to examine the effect of solvent properties on the
morphological variations. The effect of polymer molecular
Item 227
weight and solvent properties on the morphology of beads Macromolecules
and fibres was determined. 34 refs. 40, No.17, 21st Aug.2007 p.6283.
Worcester,Polytechnic Institute CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY AND
USA POLYMORPHIC PHASE TRANSITIONS IN
Accession no.1002933 ELECTROSPUN NYLON-6 NANOFIBERS

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 85

 References and Abstracts

Yi Liu; Li Cui; Fangxiao Guan; Yi Gao; Hedin N E; Yuanxiang Gu; Dairong Chen; Xiuling Jiao
Lei Zhu; Hao Fong
Hollow LiNiO"2 fibres were prepared using a capillary
Crystalline morphology and polymorphic phase spinneret electrospinning technique combined with the sol-
transitions in electrospun unconfined nylon-6 nanofibres, gel method, and the possible mechanism for the fabrication
and nanofibres confined in a polyimide, were studied of the hollow fibres was examined. The xerogel fibres and
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential those calcined at different temperatures were characterised
scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X-ray scattering. by techniques such as TGA, X-ray diffraction, FTIR
Fibres showed a predominantly metastable gamma- spectroscopy, TEM and SEM. The addition of polyvinyl
crystal form with the crystal axis parallel to the fibre pyrrolidone(PVP) to the precursor sol was shown to affect
axis. Annealing the fibres converted the crystals from the morphology and microstructure of the hollow LiNiO"2
gamma to a stable alpha form with a release of surface fibres. The PVP molecules led to the decrease of the liquid
tension. In confined fibres the melt recrystallisation and surface energy of the LiNiO"2 sol and rapid formation of
surface tension release was considerable reduced, and the rigid skin, which avoided the collapse of the fibres
Brill transitions were at some 20 degrees centigrade during the surface shrinkage of the fibres and resulted in
higher than in the unconfined fibre. Complete melting of the formation of the tubular structure of the fibres during
the nanofibres at temperatures higher than the polymer the calcination process. 23 refs.
melting point, and recrystallisation at lower temperatures
resulted only in alpha-form crystals. 47 refs. Shandong,University
CHINA
South Dakota,School Of Mines & Technology;
Accession no.1002274
Connecticut,University
USA
Accession no.1002703 Item 230
Polymer Journal (Japan)
39, No.6, 2007, p.622.
Item 228
Polymer ELECTROSPUN GELATIN FIBERS: EFFECT
48, No.18, 2007, p.5202. OF SOLVENT SYSTEM ON MORPHOLOGY
ELECTROSPINNING OF THERMO- AND FIBER DIAMETERS
REGULATING ULTRAFINE FIBERS BASED Choktaweesap N; Arayanarakul K; Aht-Ong D;
ON POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL/CELLULOSE Meechaisue C; Supaphol P
ACETATE COMPOSITE The electrospinning of gelatin, a naturally-occurring
Chen C; Wang L; Huang Y biopolymer, was studied. Gelatin solutions were
Ultrafine fibres of polyethylene glycol/cellulose acetate (PEG/ prepared in either single solvent system, i.e. glacial
CA) composite in which PEG acts as a model phase change acetic acid(AA), or mixed solvent system, i.e. AA/2,2,2-
material (PCM) and CA acts as a matrix, were successfully trifluoroethanol(TFE), AA/DMSO, AA/ethylene
prepared as thermo-regulating fibres via electrospinning. glycol(EG), and AA/formamide(F). The electrospinning
The morphology observation from the electrospun PEG/CA was carried out under a fixed electrostatic field strength
composite fibres revealed that the fibres were cylindrical of 7.5 kV/7.5 cm and the polarity of the emitting
and had a smooth external surface. PEG was found to be electrode was positive. The effects of these solvent
both distributed on the surface and within the core of the systems on morphology and/or size of the electrospun
fibres. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to materials were observed by SEM. Electrospinning
characterise the thermal properties of the composite fibres. of 15-29% w/v gelatin solutions in AA produced
The results indicated that the fibres imparted balanced thermal beads, beaded fibres, and smooth fibres, depending
storage and release properties for their thermo-regulating on the concentration range. Only smooth fibres were
function and the thermal properties were reproducible after observed in the concentration range of 21-29% w/v,
100 heating-cooling cycles. 32 refs. with their average diameter ranging from 214 to 839
Guangzhou,Institute of Chemistry; Beijing,Graduate nm. The addition of TFE as a co-solvent or another
School; Beijing,Institute of Chemistry modifying liquid of DMSO, EG or F helped improve
CHINA the electrospinnability of the resulting gelatin solution.
Accession no.1002374 Among the three modifying liquids, DMSO and EG
contributed to the formation of smooth gelatin fibres
Item 229 with reduced diameters when compared with those
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology obtained from the solution in pure AA. 31 refs.
43, No.2, Aug.2007, p.245. Chulalongkorn,University;
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION Ramkhamhaeng,University
OF HOLLOW LINIO"2 FIBERS VIA SOL- THAILAND
ELECTROSPINNING METHOD Accession no.1002190

86 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 231 Electrospinning of blend solutions of polyethylene

Journal of Polymer Research terephthalate and chitosan or chitin was used to prepare
14, No.4, Aug.2007, p.277. nanofibre mats with antibacterial activity. Surfaces of the
IMPROVEMENT OF THE mats were characterised using field emission scanning
ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLYVINYL electron microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical
ALCOHOL VIA DIALYSIS AND analysis, atomic force microscopy and wettability
COMPLEXATION PRETREATMENT measurements. Fibre diameter was determined, and
Xinsheng Zhu; Qiang Gao; Detao Xu; Yong Xu antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus and
klebsiella pneumoniae was examined in vitro. Compared
An investigation was carried out into the effects of di- to a PET nanofibre control, the blend fibre mats showed
and tri- valent metal ions and degree of saponification improved antibacterial activity with better cell adhesion
on the electrospinning of aqueous PVAl solutions. The to the mat. 23 refs.
solution properties and microstructure of the PVAl
Kyungpook,National University; Kyungil,University;
were determined and electrospinnability after dialysis
Daegu,University; Raleigh,NC State University
and complexation with ethylene diamine tetraacetic KOREA; USA
acid examined. Both di- and trivalent metal ions were
Accession no.1000736
found to interact with the hydroxyl groups of PVAl,
especially at high degrees of saponification, resulting
in the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular Item 234
crosslinks and deterioration in electrospinnability. Polymer
Complexation altered surface tension, giving rise to 48, No.16, 2007, p.4814.
enhanced electrospinnability. 8 refs. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF
Soochow,University POLYMORPHISM IN ELECTROSPUN
CHINA NANOFIBRES OF PA6 AND PA6/CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITE
Accession no.1001783
Kim G M; Michler G H; Ania F; Calleja F J B

Item 232 Polymorphism found in nanofibres of polyamide 6 (PA6)

Journal of Applied Polymer Science and PA6/clay nanocomposite (PA6-NC), prepared by
an electrospinning process, was studied by transmission
105, No.6, 15th Sept.2007, p.3618.
electron microscopy (TEM) and variable-temperature
FABRICATION OF GOLD/PVP NANOFIBER
wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and compared with
COMPOSITES BY ELECTROSPINNING
the polymorphic changes occurring in the pre-electrospun
Wang Y; Li Y; Sun G; Zhang G; Liu H; Du J; Yang S;
bulk materials. TEM results, concerning morphology
Bai J; Yang Q
and dispersion of the nanoclays, reveal that the produced
Details are given of the dispersion of gold nanoparticles electrospun nanofibres have an average diameter of 50nm,
in polyvinyl pyrrolidone nanofibres. Optical properties and nanoclays are much more uniformly dispersed in
of gold nanoparticles before and after electrospinning the electrospun PA6-NC fibres than in the pristine PA6-
were measured by UV vis spectroscopy. The morphology NC. According to WAXS measurements, both types of
and distribution of gold nanoparticles in polyvinyl electrospun nanofibres predominantly consist of gamma-
pyrrolidone nanofibres were observed by TEM. form crystals of PA6. Upon heating, from room temperature
The influence of the amount of gold added to to the melting point, a number of successive transitions are
and the concentration of polyvinyl pyrrolidone in observed for both systems, namely, crystalline gamma to
electrospinning solution over the morphology of the alpha', alpha' to alpha and alpha to the ''amorphous'' delta-
nanofibres were studied. 22 refs. form due to breakage of hydrogen bonds. On subsequent
Jilin,University cooling, it has been observed, for the first time, that the
CHINA development of crystalline forms for both systems is quite
different from each other. The molten electrospun pure PA6
Accession no.1001711
fibres first crystallize in the high temperature alpha'-form,
and then they show the room temperature alpha-form. For
Item 233 these nanofibres, during a temperature cycle of heating and
Journal of Applied Polymer Science cooling, the initial gamma-form crystals completely turn
105, No.5, 5th Sept.2007, p.2816. into the alpha-form crystals as in bulk PA6. In contrast, for
PREPARATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL the electrospun nanofibres of the PA6-NC, the gamma-form
ACTIVITY OF PET/CHITOSAN NANOFIBROUS crystals are preserved after completing a thermal cycle
MATS USING AN ELECTROSPINNING down to room temperature. The present findings on the
TECHNIQUE evolution of polymorphism in the electrospun nanofibres of
K-H Jung; M-W Huh; W Meng; J Yuan; S H Hyun; both systems provide useful information regarding their use
J-S Bae; Hudson S M; I-K Kang as reinforcing elements in polymer composites. 54 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 87

 References and Abstracts

Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat the nanotubes the fibre diameter was dramatically reduced

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; compared to spinning the polymer alone. Reasons for this
WESTERN EUROPE
observation were discussed. Nanotubes were seen to be
Accession no.1000429 aligned in the fibre direction. 36 refs.
North Carolina,State University
Item 235 USA
Polymer Accession no.999900
48, No.16, 2007, p.4675.
CATALYTIC HYDROLYSIS OF
Item 237
P-NITROPHENYL ACETATE BY ELECTROSPUN
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
POLYACRYLAMIDOXIME NANOFIBERS
105, No.3, 5th Aug.2007, p.1351.
Chen L; Bromberg L; Hatton T A; Rutledge G C
IN SITU SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE
Modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by hydroxylamine NANOPARTICLES ON POLY(ETHYLENE
resulted in polyacrylamidoxime (PANOx), the oxime OXIDE) NANOFIBERS THROUGH AN
groups of which are nucleophilic and capable of ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS
hydrolyzing esters. PANOx fibre mats with submicrometer Sharifi-Sanjani R F M; Sharifi-Sanjani N
fibre diameters ranging from tens to 300nm were produced
Electrospinning of an aqueous solution of polyethylene
by electrospinning a suspension of PANOx blended
oxide containing ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate in
with PAN (1:1 by weight) in a mixture of N,N-dimethyl
a gaseous ammonia atmosphere resulted in nanofibres
formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)
coated with iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanofibres were
(85:15 by weight). Catalytic properties of the PANOx
characterised using transmission electron microscopy,
nanofibres were tested by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl
differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric
acetate (PNPA), which mimics toxic organophosphate
analysis and X-ray diffraction. Results were compared
nerve agents and insecticides. The presence of PANOx
to spinning of similar solutions in an air atmosphere
fibres significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of PNPA
and X-ray diffraction peaks indicated that results were
compared to its spontaneous hydrolysis. The rate constants
different. 25 refs.
for the hydrolysis (k"1) and the deacetylation (k"2)
reactions for the fibres were obtained using a proposed Tehran,University
IRAN
kinetic model. The effect of the fibre size on reaction rate
indicated that intra-fibre diffusional resistances might limit Accession no.999862
the accessibility of the oxime catalytic sites in the fibres
and affect their catalytic activity. 42 refs. Item 238
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Journal of Applied Polymer Science
USA 105, No.3, 5th Aug.2007 p.1127.
Accession no.1000416 MELT-ELECTROSPINNING OF
POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) AND
Item 236 POLYALIRATE
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Ogata N; Shimada N; Yamaguchi S; Nakane K;
105, No.3, 5th Aug.2007 p.1668. Ogihara T
DEVELOPMENT, OPTIMIZATION, AND Samples of polyethylene terephthalate of three different
CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN intrinsic viscosities and one sample of polyalirate suitable
POLY(LACTIC ACID) NANOFIBERS for electrospinning were prepared, and the effects of
CONTAINING MULTI-WALLED CARBON different electrospinning conditions on the morphology,
NANOTUBES crystallinity and crystalline orientation of the fibres
McCullen S D; Stano K L; Stevens D R; Roberts W A; produced using this process were evaluated. Scanning
Monteiro-Riviere N A; Clarke L I; Gorga R E electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry
Electrospinning of polylactic acid fibre nanocomposites and X-ray diffraction were used in the examination
containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes was evaluated to and it was observed that increased laser output power
determine optimum spinning parameters, solution strength gave a reduction in fibre diameter in all cases. Intrinsic
and nanotube content for development of scaffolds for use viscosity of the polymer had an effect on fibre diameter,
in tissue engineering. Scanning and transmission electron but the minimum average fibre diameter was not affected.
microscopies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Minimum diameter achieved was in the order of 1 micron.
current voltage characteristics and tensile measurements 10 refs.
were used in the analysis, with statistical analysis package Fukui,University
used to evaluate results. Preferred solvent systems and JAPAN
spinning parameters were reported, and in the presence of Accession no.999836

88 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 239 It is widely recognised that molecular weight distribution

Rubber Chemistry and Technology (MWD) is an important factor affecting the rheological
80, No.2, May-June 2007, p.231. behaviour of polymer solutions. In this contribution,
FIBER STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL the effects of MWD on the formation of electrospun
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN BUTYL polystyrene fibres in THF have been studied. The results
RUBBER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF are compared with the monodisperse system. The
CARBON BLACK importance of chain entanglements attributed to high
Threepopnatkul P; Murphy D; Mead J; Zukas W molecular weight component within the polydisperse
system has been acknowledged. Concentrations for the
The fabrication of carbon black-filled butyl rubber incipient as well as stable fibre formation in a polydisperse
non-woven mats as fibrous membranes with controlled system may be predicted. 7 refs.
porosity and surface area by electrospinning, and their
characterisation by SEM, density, solution electrical Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
(SPE)
conductivity and tensile properties is described. The USA
effects of carbon black structure and particle size on
Accession no.999360
morphology and mechanical properties of the products
were investigated and the results are discussed in terms
of fibre diameter. 25 refs. Item 242
Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual
Systems Center conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.
USA Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.785-794, PDF 0285, CD-
Accession no.999812 ROM, 012
EFFECT OF POLARITY ON
ELECTROSPINNING POLYCAPROLACTONE
Item 240 TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS
ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual Lippincott H; Crugnola A M
conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.1067-1071, PDF 0215, Electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fabric was affected
CD-ROM, 012 by the electrospinning voltage polarity. The tensile test
breaking strain and breaking stress of negative polarity
ASPECTS OF ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS
spun samples was half that of positive polarity samples.
CONTROL FROM FUNDAMENTAL
The differences were investigated using XRD, DSC,
MECHANISMS
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury
Stanger J J; Tucker N; Larsen N; Staiger M; Reeves R
porosimetry. XRD found a peak of a different magnitude,
For large-scale application of electrospinning technology, but DSC found no significant differences in crystallinity.
it is important to know how to maximise and control the The SEM show few differences, but the porosimetry shows
deposition rate of spun fibre. Driving polarity, substrate a different distribution. Recent articles by P. Supaphol
material and current flow were examined to quantify their (2), (3) challenged the assumption that there is no effect
effect on fibre deposition rate. Conductivity of the substrate of high voltage polarity on the electrospinning (Espin)
and polarity of driving electric charge were found to affect process and product. This study examined the effect of
the mass deposition rate. Higher deposition rates were the polarity on the mechanical and physical properties and
result of the production of thicker fibres and an increase processing of Espun polycaprolactone (PCL) in acetone.
in deposition speed. 17 refs. The ultimate tensile test results were startling: the negative
Christchurch,Crop & Food Research; polarity samples broke at one half the elongation, 28% vs.
Canterbury,University 60%, and only achieved a UTS of 0.23 MPa, one half the
(SPE) positive polarity's 0.51 MPa. While the total porosity of
NEW ZEALAND the samples was insignificantly different (74.5%+/-1.3%
positive and 77.4% +/-1.8% negative), the distribution
Accession no.999407
of pore sizes determined by mercury porosimetry was
less uniform for Positive samples ,with a strong peak
Item 241 at 5 micrometre. The Espin process differed also: more
ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual (39%) of the PCL was attracted to the target and its edges
conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007. when the polarity was positive vs. only 31% when the
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.795-800, PDF 0451, CD- polarity was negative. However, the negative polarity put
ROM, 012 more PCL onto the front of the target, 45% vs. 39% for
EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT positive, leaving the front samples of similar thicknesses
DISTRIBUTION ON THE FORMATION OF and average porosities. These properties of the fabric were
FIBERS OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE significantly different in ways that may affect its use as a
Xiaoshu Dai tissue engineering scaffold. 4 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 89

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts,University Item 245

(SPE) Polymer
USA 48, No.14, 2007, p.3974.
Accession no.999359 PREPARATION OF WATER-STABLE
SUBMICRON FIBERS FROM AQUEOUS
LATEX DISPERSION OF WATER-INSOLUBLE
Item 243
POLYMERS BY ELECTROSPINNING
Macromolecules
Stoiljkovic A; Ishaque M; Justus U; Hamel L; Klimov
40, No.5, 6th March 2007, p.1693.
E; Heckmann W; Eckhardt B; Wendorff J H; Greiner A
EVIDENCE FOR MOLECULAR ORIENTATION
AND RESIDUAL CHARGE IN THE Submicron polystyrene (PS) fibres were prepared by
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(BUTYLENE electrospinning of an aqueous dispersion of PS latex and a
TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBERS small amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and subsequent
Catalani L H; Collins G; Jaffe M extraction by water. Depending on particle size, surfactant,
ratio of PS:PVA, and applied voltage fibres of different
PBTP electrospun fibres were analysed by a thermally
morphology and water stability were obtained. Analysis
stimulated current method. The fibres showed unexpected
of latex fibres by TEM revealed hexagonal packaging of
molecular and crystalline orientation. This orientation may
particles within the fibres. 30 refs.
have resulted from electrostatic forces which operated
during the formation of the non-woven fibre structure. Marburg,Philipps Universitat; BASF
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Relative to the ground plate take-up, the electrospun mat WESTERN EUROPE
was polarised which showed that electrostatic forces
Accession no.999097
during electrospinning could affect the development
of the solid polymer microstructure. In the absence of
an electric field, a spontaneous current was released Item 246
near the glass transition, indicating a dipole relaxation Colloid and Polymer Science
process. A monotonic increase in current generated by 285, No.8, May 2007, p.855.
dissipation of residual charge was observed with increasing PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN CHITOSAN/
temperature below the melting point. A peak in the charge POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) MEMBRANES
dissipation current near the melting point indicated that a Yuanyuan Zhang; Xiaobo Huang; Bin Duan; Lili Wu;
considerable amount of residual charge was trapped within Shuo Li; Xiaoyan Yuan
or at the interface of the crystalline phase. The molecular Chitosan fibres were produced by electrospinning of
orientation was studied by birefringence analysis. Chitosan solutions in 2% aqueous acetic acid using PVAl
Electrospun fibres showed a high level of birefringence as a "guest" polymer and structurally characterised by
which was extinguished on melting. 16 refs. scanning electron microscopy, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy
New Jersey,Institute of Technology and X-ray diffraction. The effects of polymer concentration,
USA chitosan/PVAl mass ratio and processing parameters, such
Accession no.999347 as voltage, capillary-to-collector distance and flow rate,
on the electrospinnability of the fibres were investigated
Item 244 The water uptake of the fibres was also investigated and
Smart Materials and Structures the potential use of the fibres as wound dressings briefly
16, No.3, June 2007, p.575. considered. 29 refs.
ELECTROSTATICALLY TUNABLE BENDING Tianjin,University
STIFFNESS IN A GFRP-CFRP COMPOSITE CHINA
BEAM Accession no.998236
Bergamini A; Christen R; Motavalli M
The stiffness of a GRP sandwich beam was modified Item 247
to suppress vibrations due to resonance by applying an ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual
electric field between the main element of the structure conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.
and additional stiffening elements (CFRP) applied to Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.27-31, PDF 0721, CD-
its surface, thereby coupling the latter to the former by ROM, 012
transfer of shear stresses and the bending stiffness of the INTERFACIAL ADHESION BETWEEN
beam investigated. The effect of electrostatic tuning of the HYDROXYAPATITE AND POLY(E-
bending stiffness is demonstrated and the discrete character CAPROLACTONE) AND THEIR ELECTROSPUN
of stiffness increase postulated. 7 refs. COMPOSITE TOUGHNESS
Wong S C; Baji A
EMPA
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE The interfacial adhesive strength between hydroxyapatite
Accession no.999158 (HAP) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) were

90 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

determined using T-peel tests. Their composite fracture Item 250

toughness was determined using essential work of fracture Synthetic Metals
concept. Electrospinning techniques were employed 157, No.6-7, 2007, pp.276.
to obtain nanometer scale PCL fibres with and without ELECTROSPUN POLYALKYLTHIOPHENE/
HAP reinforcements which also create micrometer-scale POLYETHYLENEOXIDE FIBERS: OPTICAL
porosity in the structure. The effects of HAP morphology CHARACTERIZATION
and HAP content on mechanical properties were evaluated. Bianco A; Bertarelli C; Frisk S; Rabolt J F; Gallazzi M
14 refs. C; Zerbi G
Akron,University Fibres were produced by electrospinning of
(SPE) blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(3-
USA dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) from chloroform solution.
Accession no.997384 The diameter of the fibres was approximately 1 micron,
and both polymer components were present as separated
phases in the fibres. The PEO matrix was completely
Item 248
removed by washing the fibres with acetonitrile to give
Polymer Materials Science and Engineering long homogeneous P3DDT fibres. The morphology
23, No.2, March 2007, p.149. and structure of these fibres was examined by scanning
STUDY ON DISPERSION MORPHOLOGY electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal fluorescence
AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF microscopy, which confirmed that the fibres were
ELECTROSPUN NYLON 66 NANOFIBER homogeneous. IR spectroscopy was used to check
MEMBRANES for removal of the PEO matrix and to elucidate the
Tie-Jun Shi; Lin-Feng Zhai; Yu-Bo Zhou conformation of the polythiophene chains and their
The effects of solution concentration, voltage and distance orientation in the fibres. Polarized infrared spectroscopy
between electrodes on the dispersion morphology showed that the polythiophene chains were generally
and diameter of polyamide-66 nanofibre membranes aligned along the fibre axis. 44 refs.
were investigated by field emission scanning electron Delaware,University; Milan,Polytechnic
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;
microscopy. The effects of solution concentration and
WESTERN EUROPE
voltage on the crystallisation behaviour of the fibres were
also investigated by means of X-ray diffraction. 9 refs. Accession no.996628

Hefei,University of Technology
CHINA Item 251
Accession no.997006 Future Materials
June 2007, p.12
ROBOTS CLIMBING THE WALLS
Item 249
Proceedings of the American Society for Composites. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have
Twenty-first Technical Conference. Proceedings of a engineered a robot that can scale glass walls and cross
ceilings. The robot has two triangular wheel-like legs,
conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-20th Sept.2006.
each with three sticky footpads, and a tail. The spring-
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, Paper 28,
loaded tail provides a preload force, pressing the footpads
CD-ROM, ISBN 1932078606, 012
against the surface. The robot currently uses a dry
ELECTROSPINNING OF QUANTUM DOT
elastomer adhesive to cling to walls, but the scientists are
NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS
fabricating a nanofibre system that will give it a gecko-
Yand H; Li H; Shih W-H; Ko F
like grip. Geckos are able to cling to surfaces thanks to
Fluorescent nanocomposite nanofibres consisting of very fine hair-like structures, called setae, on their feet.
cadmium selenide (quantum dots) and PEO were fabricated The attractive forces that hold geckos to walls are weak
by electrospinning and characterised by field emission molecular van der Waals interactions between the finely
scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and divided setae and the surfaces themselves. CMU's team
optical microscopy. The nanofibres exhibited strong is working on synthetic fibres that are twice as æsticky' as
fluorescent properties over several months without those on a gecko's feet.
photobleaching at room temperature. They are considered Carnegie-Mellon University
suitable for a wide range of applications, including sensors, USA
drug delivery, scaffolds for tissue engineering, camouflage Accession no.996465
and damage detection of composite structures. 38 refs.
(American Society for Composites; Michigan- Item 252
Dearborn,University) Advanced Materials
Accession no.996969 19, No.4, 19th Feb.2007, p.521.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 91

 References and Abstracts

POLYDIACETYLENE SUPRAMOLECULES wide angle X-ray diffraction and DSC. Although the
IN ELECTROSPUN MICROFIBERS: electrospun fibres and the solvent cast film were both
FABRICATION, MICROPATTERNING, AND crystallised from the same polymer solution, different
SENSOR APPLICATIONS crystalline modifications were observed. This was
Sang Kyun Chae; Hyunwook Park; Jaewon Yoon; thought to result from different solvent evaporation rates
Cheol Hee Lee; Dong June Ahn; Jong-Man Kim and stresses induced on the charged polymer solution
during electrospinning. For the electrospun fibrous
Polymer microfibres encapsulating polydiacetylene(PDA)
membrane, mixed crystalline structures of forms I and
supramolecules were prepared by using the electrospinning
II existed at an early stage. The metastable form II was
technique. PEO and PMMA were selected as representative
gradually transformed into the thermodynamically stable
matrix polymers. Randomly distributed diacetylene
form I. The transformation was accelerated by heat
monomers were found to self-assemble during fibre
treatment. A solvent cast film, however, showed a mixture
formation and enable the generation of blue-coloured
PDA-containing polymer fibres upon UV irradiation. of forms I' and III in which form III was the dominant
Micropatterned colour and fluorescence images from a crystalline structure. 31 refs.
single electrospun fibre were obtained by fluorescence Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research
generation upon specific ligand-receptor interactions, and & Development
USA
the feasibility of a fibre-based sensor was demonstrated.
33 refs. Accession no.995307
Hanyang,University; Korea,University
KOREA Item 255
Accession no.996233 Macromolecular Symposia
No.249/250 2007, p.289.
Item 253 ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(ETHYLENE
Advanced Materials OXIDE) WITH BACTERIAL CELLULOSE
19, No.9, 7th May 2007, p.1228. WHISKERS
TENSILE MECHANICS OF ELECTROSPUN Won-Il Park; Minsung Kang; Hun-Sik Kim; Hyoung-
MULTIWALLED NANOTUBE/POLY(METHYL Joon Jin
METHACRYLATE) NANOFIBERS Bacterial cellulose whiskers were synthesised by acid
Liu L-Q; Tasis D; Prato M; Wagner H D hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose microfibrils and were
The fabrication of multi-walled carbon nanotube blended in water with polyethylene oxide. The resulting
(MWNT)-reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) mixed solution was electrospun into nanofibres, and these
nanofibres by electrospinning and the characterisation fibres were characterised using atomic force microscopy,
of their morphology, MWNT distribution, orientation scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and
and stress-strain properties by TEM, ESEM and tensile tensile studies on the electrospun mats. Incorporation
testing is described. The effects of reinforcement by of the whiskers into nanofibres of PEO was confirmed
MWNT on the properties of the nanofibres are discussed microscopically, and tensile properties of the composite
in comparison with those for electrospun PMMA were improved compared to plain PEO nanofibre mats.
nanofibres. 27 refs. 12 refs.
Weizmann Institute of Science; INSTM; Inha,University
KOREA
Patras,University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE; Accession no.994974
ISRAEL; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.995732 Item 256
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
Item 254 208, No.9, 4th May 2007, p.1002.
Macromolecules IMPACT OF SOLVENT ON ELECTROSPINNING
40, No.7, 3rd April 2007, p.2590. OF ZEIN AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTING
TIME-DEPENDENT TRANSFORMATION OF AN FIBERS
ELECTROSPUN ISOTACTIC POLY(1-BUTENE) Selling G W; Biswas A; Patel A; Walls D J; Dunlap C;
FIBROUS MEMBRANE Wei Y
Keun-Hyung Lee; Snively C M; Givens S; Chase D B;
The fabrication of zein fibres by electrospinning from
Rabolt J F
solutions in a range of solvents including acetic acid,
Isotactic poly(1-butene) fibrous membranes were prepared aqueous methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone was
from polymer solutions via electrospinning using mixed investigated and the fibres were characterised by FTIR,
solvents. The crystalline transformation of these fibres Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and SEM. The
was studied by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and by results are discussed in terms of the effects of solvent on

92 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

fibre morphology, size distribution, birefringence and Virginia,Commonwealth University; Philip Morris USA
orientation. 34 refs. USA

US,Dept.of Agriculture,Agricultural Res.Service; Accession no.994520

Drexel,University; Du Pont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.
USA
Item 259
Accession no.994917 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
311, No.1, 2007, p.529.
Item 257 CONTROLLABLE POROUS POLYMER
Polymer Engineering and Science PARTICLES GENERATED BY
47, No.5, May 2007, p.707. ELECTROSPRAYING
AN APPLICABLE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS Yiquan Wu; Clark R L
FOR FABRICATING A MECHANICALLY In this paper, an electrospraying technique was applied
IMPROVED NANOFIBER MAT to prepare polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer particles
Kim G H; Han H; Park J H; Kim W D with a different microstructure. The PCL particles can be
Engineered polymer scaffolds play an important role controlled to have a porous microstructure by tailoring the
in tissue engineering. An ideal scaffold should have evaporation of solvents during the electrospraying process.
good mechanical properties and provide a biologically The effect of various concentrations on the morphology
functional implant site. Considering their large surface and microstructure of PCL particles was investigated.
area and high porosity, nanofibres have good potential as The experiment has demonstrated the versatile capability
biomimetic scaffolds. However, the main shortcomings of the electrohydrodynamic atomization process for
of scaffolds consisting of nanofibres are their mechanical preparing polymer PCL porous particles and fibres.
inability to sustain a stress environment for neotissues The thermally induced and evaporation-induced phase
and shape-ability to form a variety of shapes and separations are proposed as the main mechanisms for the
porous microstructure formation. The results demonstrate
sizes. In this study, we produced design-based poly
that the electrospraying method is a simple, innovative
(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibre mats using an
and cost-effective method for preparing polymer particles
electrospinning method with various auxiliary electrodes
with controllable microstructures. 32 refs.
and an x-y moving system. To achieve stable initial
solution at a nozzle tip of the electrospinning, various Durham,Duke University
USA
types of auxiliary electrodes were introduced. To
characterize the effect of the electrodes in the electric- Accession no.994409
field distribution near the nozzle tip, we calculated the
electric field concentration factor and compared it with the Item 260
experimental results. The nanofibre mat produced using Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
the moving x-y target system demonstrated orthotropic 23, No.1, Jan.2007, p.250.
mechanical properties due to the fibre orientation, and TENTATIVE STUDY ON ELECTROSPINNING
human dermal fibroblasts seeded on the structure tended OF POLY(ARYLENE SULFIDE SULFONE)
to grow according to nanofibre orientation. 14 refs. NANOFIBERS
Korea,Institute of Machinery & Materials Heng-Mei Huang; Xiao-Jun Wang; Bin Yu; Jie Yang;
KOREA Guang-Xian Li
Accession no.994755 Polyarylene sulphide sulphone dissolved in a mixed
solvent of phenol and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, was
Item 258 electrospun into fibres and the effects of the solution
Macromolecular Rapid Communications components, environmental temperature, applied
28, No.9, 2nd May 2007, p.1034. voltage and tip-screen distance on the morphology of
BIASED AS ELECTROSPINNING OF ALIGNED the nanofibres investigated. 4 refs.
POLYMER NANOFIBERS Sichuan,University
Sarkar S; Deevi S; Tepper G CHINA

A new method for minimising the inherent fibre instability Accession no.993834
in the electrospinning process is reported. Biased AC
electrospinning employs a combination of DC and AC Item 261
potentials and results in a highly aligned mat of polymer Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
or composite polymer fibres. The relationship between 23, No.1, Jan.2007, p.112.
specific processing variables and magnitude of the DC MORPHOLOGY AND IN VITRO DEGRADATION
offset is investigated and related to fibre uniformity and STUDIES OF ELECTROSPUN PLLA/MWNTS/HA
stability. 26 refs. HYBRID NANOFIBER SCAFFOLDS

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 93

 References and Abstracts

Min-Li Zhao; Gang Sui; Xiao-Ping Yang; Xu-Liang a calcium phosphate based sol. The sol was prepared by
Deng; Xiao-Yang Hu reacting triethyl phosphite and calcium nitrate and was
directly added to an aqueous solution of PVA. This mixture
Poly(L-lactic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/
was electrospun at a voltage of 20 kV. The results indicate that
hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffolds having high porosity
the sol was distributed uniformly in the PVA fibres, whose
and well-controlled pore structure were produced by
diameter was on the order of 2 micrometer. This electrospun
electrospinning and the surface degradation behaviour,
structure was calcined at 600 deg.C for 6 h to obtain a residual
viscosity-average molec.wt., weight loss, water uptake and pH
inorganic, fibrous network, with fibre diameters between 200
of the fibre mats as a function of degradation time investigated.
and 800 nm. The fibrous structure consists predominantly of
The alkaline nanotube/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were
hydroxyapatite with an average crystal size of almost 10 to
found to slow down degradation rate. 9 refs.
30 nm. A variety of structures including non-woven mats of
Beijing,University of Chemistry and Technology; solid or micro-porous hydroxyapatite fibres and highly porous
Beijing,University scaffolds could be obtained by varying the polymer molecular
CHINA
weight and the sol volume fraction. These structures can
Accession no.993807 have many potential uses in the repair and treatment of bone
defects, drug delivery and tissue engineering. 19 refs.
Item 262 Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
European Polymer Journal USA
43, No.5, 2007, p.1609. Accession no.993546
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(VINYL
PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE COMPLEX AND Item 264
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)/POLY(VINYL Journal of Applied Polymer Science
PYRROLIDONE)-IODINE COMPLEX - A 104, No.5, 5th June 2007, p.3245.
PROSPECTIVE ROUTE TO ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY OF ELECTROSPINNING OF SODIUM
WOUND DRESSING MATERIALS ALGINATE, BLENDED SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM
Ignatova M; Manolova N; Rashkov I ALGINATE/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND
New nanofibres containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-iodine SODIUM ALGINATE/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
complex (PVP-iodine) were obtained by electrospinning Safi S; Morshed M; Ravandi S A H; Ghiaci M
in order to prepare materials suitable for wound dressings. It was shown that the addition of various polymers,
Different approaches were used: a one-step method based including polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) or polyethylene
on electrospinning of PVP-iodine or poly(ethylene oxide)/ oxide (PEO) to sodium alginate solution allowed the
PVP-iodine solutions and a three-step method based on electrospinning of the blend into ultrafine nanofibres,
electrospinning of PVP or poly(ethylene oxide)/PVP something not possible with sodium alginate solution
mixed solutions followed by photo-mediated crosslinking alone. A blend solution incorporating both PVAl and
of the obtained nanofibres and subsequent complexation PEO was used for optimum results and nanofibres were
with iodine. The average diameters of the fibres were in the characterised using scanning electron microscopy and
range 150-470nm depending on the composition and on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Viscosities
applied field strength (AFS) and increased with increasing of spinning solutions were measured to determine the
the amount of PEO in the spinning solutions. Higher AFS effects of polymer addition, and it was noted that solution
resulted in greater fibre diameter and in size distribution viscosity had an effect on fibre morphology. 29 refs.
broadening. Photo-mediated crosslinking in the presence Isfahan,University of Technology
of 4,4'-diazidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid disodium salt IRAN
successfully stabilised the electrospun PVP and PEO/PVP Accession no.993515
nanofibres against water and water vapour. 27 refs.
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE Item 265
Polymer
Accession no.993590
48, No.9, 2007, p.2720.
BIS-GMA/TEGDMA DENTAL COMPOSITES
Item 263 REINFORCED WITH ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6
Materials Letters NANOCOMPOSITE NANOFIBERS CONTAINING
61, No.13, 2007, p.2735. HIGHLY ALIGNED FIBRILLAR SILICATE
ELECTROSPINNING OF HYDROXYAPATITE SINGLE CRYSTALS
FIBROUS MATS Ming Tian; Yi Gao; Yi Liu; Yiliang Liao; Riwei Xu;
Xiaoshu Dai; Shivkumar S Hedin N E; Hao Fong
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with an average molecular weight The objective of this research was to study the reinforcement
between 40,500 and 155,000 g/mol was electrospun with of electrospun nylon 6/fibrillar silicate nanocomposite

94 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

nanofibres on Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental composites. HUANG; CHENG WANG; QIDONG ZHAO;

The hypothesis was that the uniform distribution of nano- HAIZHU SUN; DEJUN WANG
scaled and highly aligned fibrillar silicate single crystals
Ultrafine polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/poly[2-methoxy-
into electrospun nylon 6 nanofibres would improve the
5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-
mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite
PPV) composite fibres were successfully prepared by
nanofibres, and would lead to the effective reinforcement
electrospinning of PVP/MEH-PPV blend solutions in
of dental composites. The nylon 6/fibrillar silicate
solvent mixtures of 1,2-dichloroethane/chlorobenzene.
nanocomposite nanofibres were crystalline, structurally
Composite polymer fibres with smooth surface were
oriented and had an average diameter of approximately
obtained using solutions in which MEH-PPV's concentration
250 nm. To relatively well distribute nanofibres in dental
was 1.0 wt%. Compared with the MEH-PPV solution and
composites, the nanofibre containing composite powders
bulk, PVP/MEH-PPV fibres show a significant blue shift,
with a particle structure similar to that in interpenetration
a stronger intensity of fluorescence and a higher surface
networks were prepared first, and then used to make the
photovoltage (SPV). The morphology of fibres has been
dental composites. The results indicated that small mass
characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
fractions (1% and 2%) of nanofibre impregnation improved
fluorescence microscopy. 20 refs.
the mechanical properties substantially, while larger mass
factions (4% and 8%) of nanofibre impregnation resulted China,Northeast Normal University; Jilin,University
CHINA
in less desired mechanical properties. 23 refs.
Accession no.993158
South Dakota,School of Mines & Technology;
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
CHINA; USA Item 268
Accession no.993205 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
45, No.7, 1st April 2007, p.766.
ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAHIGH-
Item 266
MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE
Materials Letters
NANOFIBERS
61, No.11-12, 2007, p.2556.
Rein D M; Shavit-Hadar L; Khalfin R L; Cohen Y;
FABRICATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR
Shuster K; Zussman E
NANOSTRUCTURES ON THE OUTER
SURFACES OF POLYACRYLONITRILE The electrospinning method was employed to fabricate,
NANOFIBERS BY IN-SITU ELECTROSPINNING for the first time, ultrafine nanofibres of UHMWPE with
Fengxia Dong; Zhenyu Li; Huiming Huang; Fan Yang; a mixture of solvents of different dielectric constants and
Wei Zheng; Ce Wang conductivities. These nanofibres could be an advanced
source material for subsequent drawing to form strong
In this paper, in-situ electrospinning method was presented
nanofibres. The morphological, structural and mechanical
to directly fabricate semiconductor (Ag"2S or Cu"2S)
properties of the nanofibres were studied. The possibility
nanostructures on the outer surfaces of polyacrylonitrile
of producing highly oriented nanofibres from UHMW
(PAN) nanofibres. PAN/metallic salt composite fibres
polymers indicated new ways of fabricating ultra-strong,
were electrospun firstly as precursors, after UV irradiation
porous, and single-component nanocomposite fibres with
photoreduction and the treatment of H"2S gas, Ag"2S or
improved properties. 43 refs.
Cu"2S nanostructures can be obtained on the outer surface
of PAN nanofibres. The interactions between the polymer Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
ISRAEL
and metallic ions are believed to be the main factor in
determining the position of metallic ions based on the Accession no.993021
electrospun nanofibres. Transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) are used to Item 269
characterize the products. 33 refs. Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Jilin,University 28, No.5, 1st March 2007, p.651.
CHINA COLOR CHANGE OF ELECTROSPUN
Accession no.993163 POLYSTYRENE/MEH-PPV FIBERS FROM
ORANGE TO YELLOW THROUGH PARTIAL
DECOMPOSITION OF MEH SIDE GROUPS
Item 267
Chuangchote S; Srikhirin T; Supaphol P
Materials Letters
61, No.11-12, 2007, p.2159. The electrospinning of PS/poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-
PREPARATION OF PVP/MEH-PPV COMPOSITE ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)(MEH-PPV)
POLYMER FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING fibres with average diameters ranging from 0.165 to 1.190
AND STUDY OF THEIR PHOTOELECTRONIC micrometres from 7.5:1 w/w solutions of PS/MEH-PPV
CHARACTERQIANG ZHAO; ZONGHAO in 1,2-dichloroethane was studied. With the addition of

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 95

 References and Abstracts

pyridinium formate(PF), a volatile organic salt, to the Centre; Sung Kyun Kwan University; Samsung
PS/MEH-PPV solution, the electrospinnability of the Advanced Institute of Technology
resulting solution was enhanced significantly. Both the KOREA
fibre diameters and the number of fibres were found Accession no.992979
to increase, while the number of beads was found to
decrease with increasing applied electrical potential,
Item 271
the addition of PF, and increasing ageing period of
Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
the spinning solution after PF addition. FTIR analysis
464, 2007, p.647.
showed that about 15% of the MEH side groups was
EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE IN ELECTROSPUN
removed from the MEH-PPV component in the fibres
PEO/TIO"2 COMPOSITE FIBERS
obtained from the solution that was left to age for 1
Hooi-Sung Kim; Mi-Ra Kim; Hyo-Jin Kang; Jin-Kook Lee
month after PF addition, which corresponded well to
the loss of mass of about 7% as observed by TGA. As The effect of lithium perchlorate and titanium dioxide
a result, partial decomposition of the MEH side groups particles on electrospinning of PEO was studied with the
should be responsible for the observed yellow emission aim of fabricating titanium dioxide electrodes for dye-
colour of the PS/MEH-PPV fibres obtained from the sensitised solar cells. Fibres were analysed using optical
same solution. 22 refs. microscopy and SEM. The optimum amount of salt content
Chulalongkorn,University; Mahidol University induced stable fibre formation, while too high a salt content
THAILAND induced an increase of diameter and non-continuous fibre
Accession no.993014 formation. Fibre combining was observed during the
electrospinning process from the samples containing 10
mmol or more of salt. 9 refs. (Korea-Japan Joint Forum
Item 270
2005, Daejeon, Korea, Oct.2005)
Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
464, 2007, p.719. Oregon Medical Laser Center; Pusan,National
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS University
KOREA; USA
OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL
METHACRYLATE) NANOFIBERS Accession no.992975
CONTAINING MULTI-WALLED CARBON
NANOTUBES Item 272
Dong Ouk Kim; Jae Do Nam; Dai Hoe Lee; Jun Young Polymers for Advanced Technologies
Lee; Jong-Jin Park; Jong Min Kim 18, No.3, March 2007, p.180.
The electrospinning process was used to embed multi- EFFECT OF NEEDLE DIAMETER ON
walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) in electrospun NANOFIBER DIAMETER AND THERMAL
nanofibres of PMMA for anisotropic alignment PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN
and effective dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)
transparent polymer substrate. The morphology of Macossay J; Marruffo A; Rincon R; Eubanks T;
MWNT-incorporated electrospun nanofibres was Anxiu Kuang
markedly influenced by the type of solvent and the The effect of needle diameter on the resulting electrospun
content of carbon nanotubes, and exhibited various PMMA average nanofibre diameter was evaluated for
forms of beads, undulated fibres or uniform fibres. In three different needle gauges. The resulting nanofibres
the fibrous forms of electrospun PMMA, the MWNTs were observed and analysed by SEM, suggesting a lack of
were mostly attached on the surface of polymer by correlation between the needle diameter used and the resulting
physical interlocking. When the bead-shaped PMMA
average nanofibre diameter. TGA indicated an increase in the
was produced by the electrospinning process, however,
thermal stability of PMMA nanofibres when compared with
most of the MWNTs were embedded in the PMMA
powdered PMMA, while DSC studies evidenced lower Tgs
matrix without being exposed on the polymer surfaces.
for PMMA nanofibres in the first heating cycle. 26 refs.
Using the oxygen plasma treatment for cutting-off the
polymer-rich surface layer of the beads, the embedded Texas,Pan American University
USA
MWNTs were exposed out of the beads and subsequently
an urchin-shaped structure was obtained. The protruded Accession no.992939
MWNTs of the urchin-shaped beads could stabilise
the polymer beads by the steric stabilisation in the Item 273
solution state and provide facile electronic pathway and High Performance Polymers
percolation in the condensed solid state. 15 refs. (Korea- 19, No.2, April 2007 p.147.
Japan Joint Forum 2005, Daejeon, Korea, Oct.2005) PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
Sung Kyun Kwan,Advanced Institute of CORE-SHELL STRUCTURED NANOFIBERS BY
Nanotechnology; Samsung SDI Corporate R & D COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING

96 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Xiaojian Han; Zhengming Huang; Chuanglong He; was studied with a high speed camera (2000 frames/s).
Ling Liu The structure of the electrospun polymer was examined
with a scanning electron microscope. The results
Coaxial electrospinning of two polymer solutions was
indicate that jet breakdown with THF and chloroform
used to prepare functional core-shell nanofibres with a
entailed significant extensional flow, followed by
polyurethane shell and a polyamide-6 core. Core-shell
ratio could be varied by variation of solution concentration. the onset of instabilities, leading to the formation of
Non-woven mats of the nanofibres were applied to cotton numerous secondary jets under steady-state conditions.
fabrics and the water vapour transmission properties and By comparison, the solution jets with DMF and NMP
pliability of the treated fabrics was assessed. Nanofibres exhibit extensive whipping and splaying to produce
were characterised using scanning and transmission a cloud of jets. In this case, few secondary jets were
electron microscopy, tensile testing and Fourier transform observed under steady-state conditions. A highly refined
infrared spectroscopy. 20 refs. structure was observed in the electrospun polymer
for NMP and DMF, in accordance with the extensive
Tongji,University
CHINA
instabilities observed during jet breakdown. Limited
jet instability observed with CS"2 solution suggests
Accession no.992399
the significant effect of solvent evaporation. Typical
primary jet velocities were measured to be on the order
Item 274 of 2-5 m/s. 31 refs.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
USA
104, No.3, 5th May 2007 p.1640.
POLY(LACTIDE) NANOFIBERS PRODUCED BY Accession no.992051
A MELT-ELECTROSPINNING SYSTEM WITH A
LASER MELTING DEVICE Item 276
Ogata N; Yamaguchi S; Shimada N; G Lu; Iwata T; European Polymer Journal
Nakane K; Ogihara T 43, No.4, 2007, p.1112.
Carbon dioxide laser melting of a solid rod of a polylactide NOVEL ANTIBACTERIAL FIBERS
was used in the melt-electrospinning of nanofibres. OF QUATERNIZED CHITOSAN AND
The system was developed and described, and physical POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE) PREPARED BY
properties of the nanofibres produced from it were ELECTROSPINNING
characterised using scanning electron microscopy, gel Ignatova M; Manolova N; Rashkov I
permeation chromatography, differential scanning The preparation of continuous defect-free fibres from
calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that quaternised chitosan derivative (QCh) has been achieved
fibres of less than 1 micron could be formed, with fibre by electrospinning of mixed aqueous solutions of QCh
diameter reduced as laser power was increased. Increasing with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The average fibre
laser power resulted in a decrease in molecular weight diameter significantly decreases from 2800 to 1500
and melting point of the polylactide. As-spun fibres were nm on increasing the polyelectrolyte content. In order
amorphous, but on annealing crystallisation occurred. to impart to QCh/PVP electrospun fibres stability to
14 refs. water and water vapour, the fibres have been crosslinked
Fukui,University by incorporation of photo-crosslinking additives
JAPAN into QCh/PVP spinning solutions and subsequent
Accession no.992342 UV irradiation of the electrospun fibres. Photo-
crosslinked QCh-containing electrospun mats show
Item 275 high antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive
European Polymer Journal bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative
43, No.4, 2007, p.1154. bacteria Escherichia coli. 23 refs.
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON JET EVOLUTION Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
DURING ELECTROSPINNING OF SEMI- BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
DILUTE POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS Accession no.992047
Eda G; Liu J; Shivkumar S
Linear polystyrene with a weight average molecular Item 277
weight of 393400 g/mol was used with various solvents Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
including tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform, carbon 16, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2006, p.286.
disulphide (CS"2), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), ELECTROSPINNING OF AQUEOUS
and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to produce SOLUTIONS OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
solutions, corresponding to a Berry number of about 9. Guerrini L M; Branciforti M C; Bretas R E S; De
The jet breakdown behaviour of each of these solutions Oliveira M P

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 97

 References and Abstracts

Polyvinyl alcohol was synthesised by solution Item 280

polymerisation of vinyl acetate and nanofibres obtained Journal of Polymer Research
by electrospinning in aqueous solution with and 14, No.1, Feb.2007, p.53.
without aluminium chloride. Nanofibre morphology ELECTROSPUN METHACRYLATE-BASED
was studied by scanning electron microscopy and COPOLYMER/INDOMETHACIN FIBERS AND
the degree of crystallinity determined by DSC and THEIR RELEASE CHARACTERISTICS OF
wide angle X-ray diffraction. The effects of electrical INDOMETHACIN
voltage and aluminium chloride on the morphology Pornsopone V; Supaphol P; Rangkupan R;
and average diameter of the fibres were investigated Tantayanon S
and the crystallinity of the nanofibres with and without Three methacrylate-based copolymers, i.e. poly
salt compared with that of isotropic polyvinyl alcohol. (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)(E-L1OO),
29 refs. poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Hexion Quimica trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride)(E-RLPO)
Ind. e Com.SA and poly(butyl methacrylate-co(2-dimethylaminoethyl)
BRAZIL methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)(E-EPO), were
Accession no.991540 successfully electrospun into fibres, using ethanol
as the spinning solvent. Electrospinning of these
methacrylate-based copolymers and indomethacin, a
Item 278
non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, at 10% by weight
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
of the copolymer, was only successful, however, when
104, No.2, 15th April 2007, p.1368.
an equivolume of ethanol and ethyl acetate was used
EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE CONTENT OF
as the co-solvent system. The drug-loaded as-spun
POLYETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ALCOHOL ON
copolymeric fibres appeared to be flat, with size ranging
DIAMETERS OF FIBERS PRODUCED BY MELT- from 1.2 to 2.5 micrometres. At 24 h, the amount of
ELECTROSPINNING the drug released from these drug-loaded as-spun
Ogata N; Lu G; Iwata T; Yamaguchi S; Nakane K; copolymer fibres was about 55%, 30% and 18% for
Ogihara T drug-loaded as-spun E-EPO, E-L1OO and E-RLPO
Details are given of the fabrication of fibres from EVOH fibres, respectively. 14 refs.
copolymers with different ethylene contents using a melt- Chulalongkorn,University
electrospinning system equipped with a carbon dioxide- THAILAND
laser melting device. The influence of ethylene content Accession no.990769
on fibre diameter and moisture regain were investigated.
Physical properties are also discussed. 13 refs.
Item 281
Fukui,University; Beijing,University of Chemical E-Polymers
Technology No.26, 2007, p.1.
CHINA; JAPAN
CONSTRUCTION OF AN ARRANGED
Accession no.991535 NANO-FIBROUS STRUCTURE BY SELF-
ORGANIZATION OF A DESIGNED
Item 279 AMPHIPHILIC PEPTIDE BASED ON BETA-
Journal of Applied Polymer Science STRAND
104, No.2, 15th April 2007, p.863. Hattori M; Hayashi S; Yokoi H; Tanaka M; Kinoshita T
ELECTROSPINNING OF KERATIN/ The fabrication of beta-sheet monolayers by an amphiphilic
POLYETHYLENE OXIDE BLEND NANOFIBERS peptide having an alternate sequence of hydrophobic and
Aluigi A; Varesano A; Montarsolo A; Vineis C; Ferrero charged amino acid residues via the Langmuir-Blodgett
F; Mazzuchetti G; Tonin C method at an air-water interface and its transfer to a mica
substrate with or without compression was investigated
Wool keratin/polyethylene oxide nanofibres were
by FTIR, AFM and surface pressure-area isotherms. The
electrospun from aqueous solutions of polymer blends
results are discussed in terms of self-organisation with
under different operating conditions. The filaments were
formation of an arranged nano-fibrous structure. 21 refs.
characterised with SEM, FTIR and DSC and compared
with films of the same materials produced via casting. Nagoya,Institute of Technology; Menicon Co.Ltd.
JAPAN
Structural changes due to the electrospinning process were
investigated. 45 refs. Accession no.990271
CNR; Torino,Politecnico
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; Item 282
WESTERN EUROPE Polymer
Accession no.991468 48, No.6, 2007, p.1459.

98 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF POLYETHYLENE We have found a simple method to prepare poly(phenylene

OXIDE-ZNO COMPOSITE ELECTROSPUN vinylene) (PPV) nanofibres via electrospinning PPV
FIBERS precursor alcohol solution under annealed at 180 deg.C
Xiaomeng Sui; Changlu Shao; Yichun Liu in a N"2 atmosphere. The nanofibres are uniform in
diameter and long in decimetre magnitudes with resistance
Polyethylene oxide-ZnO (PEO-ZnO) composite fibres
in decay, which makes them have potential applications
were prepared by electrospinning technique. The structural
in optical and electronic devices. The morphology can
and optical properties were investigated using scanning
be better controlled by blend PPV precursor solution
electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared
with poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution. The
(FT-IR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL).
fluorescence spectrum of PPV/PVA nanofibres exhibited
Results indicated that PEO passivated the interface defects
appreciable blue shift, which made it possible to fabricate
and quenched the visible emission of ZnO quantum dots
nanofibres with fluorescence from yellow-green to blue.
by forming O-Zn bonds with ZnO nanoparticles. To
14 refs.
investigate the influence of electrospinning voltage on the
PL of the composite fibres, the electrospinning voltage China,Northeast Normal University; Jimei,Middle
was adjusted from 12 to 18 kV. It was shown that the School; Heilongjiang,University
CHINA
passivation effect of PEO could be enhanced by increasing
the electrospinning voltage, and the fibres prepared at Accession no.989957
higher voltage exhibited more intense ultraviolet emission.
25 refs. Item 285
China,Northeast Normal University Journal of Physics D
CHINA 40, No.4, 21st Feb.2007, p.1068.
Accession no.990024 GROWTH OF SUB-MICRON FIBRES OF PURE
POLYANILINE USING THE ELECTROSPINNING
TECHNIQUE
Item 283
Cardenas J R; De Franca M G O; De Vasconcelos E A;
Materials Letters
De Azevedo W M; Da Silva E F
61, No.7, 2007, p.1451.
FLIGHT PATH OF ELECTROSPUN The formation of pure polyaniline fibres by the
POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS: EFFECTS OF electrospinning method was studied. The fibres exhibited
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATION diameters ranging from hundreds of nanometres to a few
Eda G; Liu J; Shivkumar S micrometres and had lengths of hundreds of micrometres.
The fibres were collected on silica/silicon and silicon wafer
The behaviour of the solution jet during electrospinning is
pieces in the form of isolated fibres. The implementation of
a consequence of the balance between electrical, surface
an acetone bath was of key importance for the formation of
tension, and viscoelastic forces. Solution rheology, which
fibres. The flux of the polymeric solution and the electric
is known to have a significant effect on the structure of
field between the spinneret and the grounded collector
the electrospun polymer, may also affect jet evolution and
were also important. Morphological characterisation by
breakdown. In this study, the effect of polymer molecular
SEM showed smooth fibre surfaces and lack of failure
weight and concentration on the behaviour of polystyrene
effects such as necking and fibrillation. The current-voltage
solution jet was investigated using high speed camera
characteristics were linear and the conductivity values
(2000 frames/s). The results indicate that the degree of
varied in the range usually observed for partially doped
elongational flow, bending instability, and jet branching
polyaniline. 25 refs.
depends on polymer molecular weight and concentration.
It was observed that jet thinning and solidification may Pernambuco,Universidade Federal
BRAZIL
occur at different distances from the capillary when the
rheological conditions are varied. 14 refs. Accession no.989649
Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
USA Item 286
Accession no.989992 International Fiber Journal
22, No.1, Feb.2007, p.36.
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN MELTSPINNING
Item 284
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR NONWOVENS
European Polymer Journal
Wilkie A E; Shuler B F
43, No.3, 2007, p.802.
PREPARATION AND STUDY OF PPV/PVA Hills Inc.'s multi-component fibre technology for
NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNING PPV manufacture of non-woven fabrics is described and its
PRECURSOR ALCOHOL SOLUTION use for development of a polymer distribution plate
Wen Zhang; Eryun Yan; Zonghao Huang; Cheng Wang; manufacturing system similar to printed circuit board
Yi Xin; Qiang Zhao; Yanbin Tong technology is considered. Melt blowing, spunbond and

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 99

 References and Abstracts

staple processes are discussed. It is shown that ultra-fine BONE SCAFFOLDS FROM
fibres down to nanofibre size can be produced via splitting ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATS OF
and new melt blowing methods and that new additives, POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE),
such as antimicrobials, phase change materials and fire POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-
retardants, can be added to the polymers. HYDROXYVALERATE) AND THEIR BLEND
Hills Inc. Sombatmankhong K; Sanchavanakit N; Pavasant P;
USA Supaphol P
Accession no.989621 In the present contribution, electrospinning was used to
fabricate ultrafine fibre mats from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Item 287 (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-2-hydroxyvalerate)
Polymer Materials Science and Engineering (PHBV), and their 50/50w/w blend for potential use as
22, No.6, Nov.2006, p.229. bone scaffolds. Cytotoxicity evaluation of these as-spun
STUDY ON A PREPARATION OF NOVEL NANO/ fibre mats with human osteoblasts (SaOS-2) and mouse
fibroblasts (L929) indicated biocompatibility of these
SUBMICRON-FIBER CATALYST
materials to both types of cells. The potential for use of
Hong-Tao Wang; Tai-Qi Liu
these fibre mats as bone scaffolds was further assessed in
A nano/submicron-fibre catalyst was prepared from PVP vitro in terms of the attachment, the proliferation, and the
and nano-titanium dioxide particles by electrospinning alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of SaOS-2 that were
and the effect of nanoparticle content on fibre diameter seeded or cultured at different times. The cells appeared to
investigated. The fibres were characterised by FTIR adhere well on all types of the fibrous scaffolds after 16h
spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM and scanning of cell seeding. During the early stage of the proliferation
electron microscopy. The fibres were found to exhibit period (i.e., from ~24 to 72h in culture), the viability of the
high efficiency for the photocatalytic degradation of cells increased considerably and appeared to be unchanged
CH2O. 10 refs. with further increase in the time in culture. In comparison
Beijing,Institute of Petrochemical Technology; with the corresponding solution-cast film scaffolds, all of
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology the fibrous scaffolds exhibited much better support for cell
CHINA attachment and proliferation. Lastly, among the various
Accession no.989468 fibrous scaffolds investigated, the electrospun fibre mat of
the 50/50w/w PHB/PHBV blend showed the highest ALP
activity. These results implied a high potential for use of
Item 288 these electrospun fibre mats as bone scaffolds. 28 refs.
Advanced Materials Chulalongkorn,University
19, No.1, 8th Jan.2007, p.87. THAILAND
FIELD-DRIVEN BIOFUNCTIONALIZATION
Accession no.988887
OF POLYMER FIBER SURFACES DURING
ELECTROSPINNING
Sun X-Y; Shankar R; Borner H G; Ghosh T K; Spontak Item 290
RJ Advanced Functional Materials
16, No.18, 4th Dec.2006, p.2393.
The fabrication of peptide-functionalised poly(ethylene FABRICATION OF ELECTROSPINNING-
oxide) microfibres by electrospinning from a solution of DERIVED CARBON NANOFIBER WEBS FOR
poly(ethylene oxide) containing a peptide-poly(ethylene THE ANODE MATERIAL OF LITHIUM-ION
oxide) conjugate obtained via solid-phase-supported SECONDARY BATTERIES
peptide synthesis followed by atom transfer radical Chan Kim; Kap Seung Yang; Masahito Kojima; Kazuto
polymerisation is described. The products were Yoshida; Yong Jung Kim; Yoong Ahm Kim; Morinobu
characterised by SEM, AFM and XPS, and the effects Endo
of solution concentration and composition on the
biofunctionalisation of the fibre surfaces are discussed. A carbon nanofibre-based electrode, exhibiting a large
44 refs. accessible surface area (derived from the nanometer-
sized fibre diameter), high carbon purity (without
Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.; binder), relatively high electrical conductivity, structural
North Carolina,State University integrity, thin web macromorphology, a large reversible
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE capacity (about 450 mA h g-1) and a relatively linearly
inclined voltage profile, was fabricated by nanofibre
Accession no.989147
formation via electrospinning of a polyacrylonitrile
solution in DMF and its subsequent thermal treatment.
Item 289 It was envisaged that these characteristics of this
Polymer carbon material would make it an ideal candidate for
48, No.5, 2007, p.1419. the anode material of high-power lithium-ion batteries

100 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

(where a high current was critically needed), owing to the Item 293
highly reduced lithium-ion diffusion path within the active Journal of Applied Polymer Science
material. 29 refs. 103, No.6, 15th March 2007 p.3840.
Chonnam,National University; Shinshu,University ELECTROSPINNING OF HIGH-MOLECULE
JAPAN; KOREA PEO SOLUTION
Accession no.988457 Yu-Q Wan; Ji-Huan He; Jian-Yong Yu; Yue Wu
Electrospinning of polyethylene oxide (PEO)
Item 291 solution, where the molecular weight of the PEO was
Macromolecules 3,000,000 was achieved using a vibrational method and
40, No.4, 20th Feb.2007, p.997. demonstrated. Fibres were characterised using scanning
MORPHOLOGICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND electron microscopy. 13 refs.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION Donghua,University
OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER MATS CHINA
CONTAINING MULTIWALLED CARBON Accession no.988128
NANOTUBES
McCullen S D; Stevens D R; Roberts W A; Ojha S S;
Item 294
Clarke L I; Gorga R E
Macromolecules
Details are given of the development of electrically 40, No.3, 6th Feb.2007 p.608.
conducting porous nanocomposite structures by the HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPINNING
incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into OF POLYETHYLENE MICROFIBERS FROM
electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibres. Electron SOLUTION
microscopy confirmed the presence of individual aligned Givens S R; Gardner K H; Rabolt J F; Chase D B
multiwalled carbon nanotubes encapsulated within the Electrospinning of linear low density polyethylene fibres
fibres. The influence of conductance on percolation from solutions of p-xylene was demonstrated. Because of
properties was determined. Tensile properties of the propensity to crystallisation of LLDPE, the process
electrospun fibrous mats were investigated. 64 refs. was carried out with the solution at elevated temperature.
North Carolina,State University Fibres were characterised using field emission scanning
USA
electron microscopy, EDAX, Raman and Fourier transform
Accession no.988197 infrared spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction and differential
scanning calorimetry, and structure and morphology
Item 292 of fibres were found similar to fibres produced by
Journal of Applied Polymer Science conventional melt spinning technology. Presence of
103, No.6, 15th March 2007, p.3865. a salt, tetrabutylammonium bromide, in the polymer
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALTS solution was necessary to allow sufficient conductivity
ON ELECTROSPINNING OF for electrospinning. 21 refs.
POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) POLYMER Delaware,University; DuPont
SOLUTION USA
Xiao-Hong Qin; En-Long Yang; Ni Li; Shan-Yuan Accession no.988052
Wang
Addition of salts to improve the electrospinning of Item 295
polyacrylonitrile (PAN), by reducing the insulating Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers
ability of the solution, was explored using lithium 22, No.1, Jan.2007, p.62.
chloride, sodium nitrate, calcium chloride or sodium PREPARATION OF PLLA/PEG NANOFIBERS
chloride. Improvement of conductivity was in the order BY ELECTROSPINNING AND POTENTIAL
of the salts listed, and it was noted that shear strength APPLICATIONS
and viscosity of the spinning solutions were slightly Spasova M; Stoilova O; Manolova N; Rashkov I
affected by salt addition. Concentration of PAN had The effects of solution concentration and composition
greatest effect on solution viscosity. Fibre diameter on the fibre diameter, morphology and hydrophilicity
followed a similar sequence to conductivity, with of poly(L-lactide)/poly(ethylene glycol) micro- or
greatest diameter given by the lithium chloride. Fibres nano-fibrous mats fabricated by electrospinning from
were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. solutions of mixtures of the polymers were investigated
13 refs. by SEM and contact angle measurements. The tissue
Donghua,University compatibility of the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds
CHINA was studied using human dermal fibroblast and
Accession no.988132 osteoblast-like cell models and the results are discussed

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 101

 References and Abstracts

in terms of potential tissue engineering applications. aqueous solution into nonwoven webs and then treating
21 refs. the webs by heat or UV radiation. Through SEM, TEM,
Sofia,Institute of Polymers and XPS analyses, it was observed that the silver (Ag)
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE nanoparticles were generated and existed in the near
Accession no.988008 surface of the electrospun nanofibres. It was found that
heat treatment as well as UV radiation reduced the Ag+++
ions in the electrospun PVA/AgNO3 fibre web into the
Item 296 Ag nanoparticles. Also the heat treatment improved the
Macromolecular Rapid Communications crystallinity of the electrospun PVA fibre web and so it made
28, No.2, 23rd Jan.2007, p.215. the web unsolved in moisture environment. Therefore, it
PREPARATION OF THE ULTRA-LOW was concluded that the only heat treated electrospun PVA/
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT POLYIMIDE AgNO3 fibre web was a good material as wound dressings
FIBER MEMBRANES ENABLED BY because it had structural stability in moisture environment
ELECTROSPINNING as well as excellent antimicrobial ability and, quick and
Liu J; Min Y; Chen J; Zhou H; Wang C continuous release of the effectiveness. 13 refs.
The synthesis of ultra-low dielectric constant polyimide California,University at Davis
fibre membranes by electrospinning and thermal imidisation USA
of poly(amic acid) precursor fibre membranes is described. Accession no.987889
The products were characterised by SEM, FTIR, dielectric
constant, capacitance and surface resistivity and the results
Item 299
are discussed in terms of packaging applications for the
Materials Letters
electronic industry. 27 refs.
61, No.6, 2007, p.1319.
Jilin,University SYNDIOTACTIC 1,2-POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS
CHINA
PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING
Accession no.987962 Hao X; Zhang X
Syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (s-PB) is a typical
Item 297 thermoplastic elastomer with various applications because
Macromolecular Rapid Communications of its high reactivity. In the past, it is difficult to form s-PB
28, No.2, 23rd Jan.2007, p.205. fibres with a diameter below 10 micrometre because of the
FABRICATION OF HIGHLY limitation of the conventional method such as melt spinning.
PHOTOLUMINESCENT TIO2/PPV HYBRID Here, we report for the first time on the production of s-PB
NANOPARTICLE-POLYMER FIBERS BY nanofibres by using a simple electrospinning method.
ELECTROSPINNING Ultrafine s-PB fibres without beads were electrospun from
Wang C; Yan E; Huang Z; Zhao Q; Xin Y s-PB solutions in dichloromethane and characterized by
The synthesis of highly photoluminescent titanium dioxide- environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM),
poly(phenylene vinylene)(PPV) hybrid nanoparticle- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray
polymer fibres by electrospinning a PPV precursor added diffraction (XRD). At 4 wt.% concentration of s-PB, the
to a titanium dioxide sol-gel solution followed by annealing average diameter of s-PB was about 130 nm. We found
is described. The fibres were characterised by fluorescence that dichloromethane was a unique suitable solvent for
microscopy, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, photoluminescence the electrospinning of s-PB fibres, and the structure of
and FTIR spectroscopy, and the results are discussed in syndiotactic was changed through the electrospinning
comparison with those for PPV fibres. 22 refs. process. 17 refs.
Changchun,Northeast Normal University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin,University
Heilongjiang,University CHINA
CHINA Accession no.987782
Accession no.987960
Item 300
Item 298 Macromolecules
Polymer Engineering and Science 39, No.26, 26 Dec.2006, p.8886.
47, No.1, 2007, p.43. HIGHLY ORIENTED ELECTROSPUN
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF FIBERS OF SELF-ASSEMBLED INCLUSION
ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/ COMPLEXES OF POLY(ETHYLEN OXIDE) AND
SILVER FIBER WEB AS WOUND DRESSINGS UREA
Hong K H Yang Liu; Pellerin C
A novel wound dressing material was prepared by Electrospinning was used to prepare highly oriented, well-
electrospinning poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/AgNO3 aligned fibres of the self-assembled inclusion complex of

102 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

urea and high molecular weight (400 000 g/mol) PEO. The of polymer solution composition on physical properties
inclusion complex was prepared by cocrystallisation and were studied, and uptake of lithium hexafluorophosphate
the resulting 20% w/v suspension was electrospun under a electrolyte solution was investigated by electrochemical
17 kV potential difference on to a target consisting of two and spectroscopic methods. 30 refs.
metallic counter electrodes separated by a 5 cm gap. The Texas,University at Austin; SKC Co.Ltd.;
orientation functions for the PEO-urea inclusion complex Korea,Institute of Science & Technology; Lawrence
electrospun fibres were calculated assuming that all the Berkeley National Laboratory
fibres were perfectly aligned during wide angle X-ray KOREA; USA
diffraction measurements, but cross-polarised optical Accession no.987095
microscopy observations showed that this was not the case.
The values obtained were therefore low estimates of the
molecular orientation. In order to obtain more accurate Item 303
results, attempts will be made to determine the orientation Polymer
of single fibres. 16 refs. 48, No.2, 2007, p.512.
MORPHOLOGY, POLYMORPHISM BEHAVIOR
Montreal,University
CANADA AND MOLECULAR ORIENTATION OF
ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYLIDENE
Accession no.987389
FLUORIDE) FIBERS
Wu Aik Yee; Kotaki M; Ye Liu; Xuehong Lu
Item 301
Journal of Applied Polymer Science The morphology, polymorphism behaviour and
103, No.5, 5th March 2007, p.3105. molecular orientation of electrospun poly(vinylidene
INVESTIGATION ON PROCESS PARAMETERS fluoride) (PVDF) fibres have been investigated. We
OF ELECTROSPINNING SYSTEM THROUGH found that electrospinning of PVDF from its N,N-
ORTHOGONAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN dimethylformamide/acetone solutions led to the formation
Cui W; Li X; Zhou S; Weng J of beta-phase. In contrast, only alpha- and gamma-phase
was detected in the spin-coated samples from the same
Orthogonal experimental method was used to investigate solutions. In the aligned electrospun PVDF fibres obtained
qualitative and quantitative correlations between using a rotating disk collector, the beta-phase crystallites
polylactide fibre characteristics and processing and had a preferred orientation along the fibre axis. The
material parameters. Results of statistical analysis showed degree of orientation did not, however, vary significantly
that influences were observed for polymer molecular with the speed of the rotation disk collector, and the
weight and solution concentration on fibre diameters beta-phase was also not significantly enhanced with the
and effects of polymer molecular weight, solution increase in the rotation speed or the decrease in the size
concentration and solvent system on fibre morphologies. of spinnerets. These facts indicated that the orientation
Solution concentration and polymer molecular weight, and was likely to be caused by Columbic force rather than
polymer molecular weight and solvent system were found the mechanical and shear forces exerted by the rotating
to have interaction effects. Experimental values of fibre disk collector and spinnerets. The Columbic force may
size and beads percent were correlated with calculated induce local conformational change to straighter TTTT
values. 17 refs. conformation, and hence promote the beta-phase. The
Southwest Jiaotong,University addition of 3wt.% of tetrabutylammonium chloride
CHINA (TBAC) into the polymer solutions effectively improved
Accession no.987231 the morphology of the electrospun fibres, and led to
almost pure beta-phase in the fibres. With spin coating,
Item 302 PVDF-TBAC did not, however, show any strong beta-
Chemistry of Materials phase diffraction peak. The synergistic beta-enhancement
19, No.1, 9th Jan.2007, p.104. effect of TBAC and electrospinning is possibly due
CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN to the fact that while TBAC could induce more trans
PVDF FIBER-BASED POLYMER conformers, electrospinning promotes parallel packing,
ELECTROLYTES and hence inter-chain registration. 32 refs.
Choi S W; Kim J R; Ahn Y R; Jo S M; Cairns E J Nanyang,Technological University; Singapore,Institute
of Materials Research & Engineering
The fabrication of porous poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibre- SINGAPORE
based membranes with a three-dimensional network
Accession no.986693
structure, high porosity, large electrolyte solution uptake,
and adequate mechanical properties via an electrospinning
technique from various mixed-solvent compositions, and Item 304
their characterisation by XRD, FT-Raman spectroscopy, Polymer
tensile testing and FE-SEM, is discussed. The effects 48, No.2, 2007, p.448.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 103

 References and Abstracts

THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION PROPERTIES Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research &

ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ULTRAFINE Development
ELECTROSPUN EGG ALBUMEN-PEO (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
COMPOSITE FIBERS USA
Wongsasulak S; Kit K M; McClements D J; Yoovidhya Accession no.986262
T; Weiss J
Biocompatible composite fibres suitable for food Item 306
and medical applications were electrospun from egg Reactive and Functional Polymers
albumen (EA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at a flow 66, No.12, 2006, p.1559.
rate of 1.8mL/min, at an applied voltage of 22kV and ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/
a capillary to target distance of 15cm. The ratio of EA GLUCOSE OXIDASE BIOCOMPOSITE
to PEO dispersed in formic acid was varied from 1:0 to MEMBRANES FOR BIOSENSOR APPLICATIONS
1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.6 and 0:1. The influence of dispersion Guanglei Ren; Xinhua Xu; Qiang Liu; Juan Cheng;
properties such as viscosity, surface tension and Xiaoyan Yuan; Lili Wu; Yizao Wan
electrical conductivity on the morphology of electrospun A novel technique for enzyme immobilisation on the
fibres was investigated. As the ratio of PEO increased, surface of the Au electrode for designing amperometric
viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity decreased. biosensor by electrospinning poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Electrospun fibres had diameters of 188+/-21, 289+/-33, and glucose oxidase (GOD) is presented in this paper.
470+/-32 and 202+/-20nm for EA-PEO composite ratios The immobilised GOD remained active inside the
of 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.6, and 0:1, respectively. Pure EA electrospun PVA fibrous membranes. The membranes
did not form fibres, but was deposited as beads instead. are promising candidates for immobilisation of enzymes
Results were attributed to increasing entanglement because of their high specific surface area and porous
of the two polymers as the concentration of PEO in structure. The infrared spectrum, the UV-Vis spectrum,
the solution increased leading to larger diameters of and the scanning electronic microscopy of the membranes
electrospun fibres. Compositional analysis of fibres spun showed that the enzyme had been immobilised inside the
from mixed dispersions using FTIR and TGA indicated PVA membranes. Chronoamperometric measurements
that fibres were composed of both EA and PEO, but that demonstrated that electrospun fibrous enzymatic
fibres contained larger concentrations of PEO than the electrodes exhibited a rapid response (1 s) and a higher
original dispersions. Investigation of thermal properties response current (muA level) to glucose in the normal
by DSC showed the absence of a melting point in 1:0.1 and diabetic level. The linear response range (from 1
and 1:0.3 EA-PEO fibres. At an EA-PEO ratio of 1:0.6, to 10 mM) and the lower detection limit (0.05 mM) of
a melting point characteristic of PEO was identified the sensor are satisfying. The electrospun method makes
but enthalpy was significantly smaller than that of pure it convenient and efficient to prepare the enzymatic
PEO which could possibly be attributed to molecular electrode for biosensors. 12 refs.
interactions between the two polymers. 39 refs. Tianjin,University
King Mongkut's University Of Technology Thonburi; CHINA
Tennessee,University; Accession no.985674
THAILAND; USA
Accession no.986686
Item 307
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
Item 305 17, No.11-12, Nov.-Dec.2006, p.902.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. BIOPOLYMER-HYDROXYAPATITE
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a COMPOSITE COATINGS PREPARED BY
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006. ELECTROSPINNING
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Bishop A; Balazsi C; Yang J H C; Gouma P I
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.614-615,
Polymer-based composites were prepared
CD-ROM, 012
by electrospinning hydroxyapatite(HA) with a
ALIGNMENT AND MOLECULAR
biocompatible polymer for the development of a
ORIENTATION IN POLYETHYLENE OXIDE
structurally-stable casing for prosthetic devices. The
(PEO) NANOFIBERS VIA ELECTROSPINNING
morphology and structure of electrospun polymer-HA
Kakade M; Givens S; Chase B; Rabolt J
mats were studied. Electrospun mats were calcinated at
PEO nanofibres were oriented by electrospinning on to two the phase transformation temperature of HA, revealing
electrically charged aluminium plates which had a gap of pure HA wires with diameters just under a micrometre
1.4 cm between them. Not only were the fibres aligned by and lengths of the order of 10 to 50 micrometres. The
this technique, but the PEO backbones were also oriented results obtained indicated a dispersion mechanism
along the fibre axis at the molecular level. 7 refs. of HA electrospun with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and

104 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

cellulose acetate in varying solvents to determine the Item 310

effects of acidic additives and electrospinning on the Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
production of HA wires. 8 refs. (8th International 17, No.9, 2006, p.1039.
Symposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies ELECTROSPUN MAT OF TYROSINE-DERIVED
2005 (PAT 2005), Budapest, Sept.2005) POLYCARBONATE FIBERS FOR POTENTIAL
New York,State University; Budapest,Research Institute USE AS TISSUE SCAFFOLDING MATERIAL
for Technical Physics and Materials Science Meechaisue C; Dubin R; Supaphol P; Hoven V P; Kohn J
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; USA
Details are given of the use of desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine
Accession no.985318 ethyl ester and desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine as monomers
for the synthesis of two tyrosine-derived slow- and fast-
Item 308 degrading polycarbonates. Ultrafine fibres were fabricated
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. by electrospinning. The effects of solution and process
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a parameters on morphological appearance and diameters
conference held at Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March of the fibres were investigated using SEM. A qualitative
2006. assessment of an as-spun mat of the polycarbonate fibres
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric as tissue scaffolding materials using a variety of different
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.544-545, cultured cell lines is discussed.27 refs.
CD-ROM, 012 Rutgers,University; Chulalongkorn,University;
ELECTROSPUN LINEAR Ramkhamhaeng,University
POLYETHYLENEIMINE/SUCCINIC THAILAND; USA
ANHYDRIDE SCAFFOLDS FOR CELL GROWTH Accession no.984918
Khanam N; Mikoryak C; Draper R; Balkus K
Polyethyleneimine/succinic anhydride was used to Item 311
fabricate an electrospun nanofibre scaffold for cell growth. Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
The fibre mesh scaffold was electrospun on to glass cover 17, No.9, 2006, p.969.
slips. The scaffold promoted cell contact, while improving MECHANO-MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES
the overall cell morphology. Human fibroblast cells were OF ALIGNED NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLDS
found to attach and grow well even after nine days of cell OF POLYCAPROLACTONE FABRICATED BY
culturing. 5 refs. ELECTROSPINNING
Texas,University at Dallas Thomas V; Jose M V; Chowdhury S; Sullivan J F; Dean
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) D R; Vohra Y K
USA Mechanical and morphological studies of aligned
Accession no.985196 nanofibrous meshes of polycaprolactone for bone tissue
scaffold applications are reported. The morphological
Item 309 characterisation of the nanofibres was undertaken using
Polymer Journal (Japan) SEM, X-ray diffraction and DSC. The influence of
38, No.11, 2006, p.1137. different collector rotation speeds on fibre morphology
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL and mechanical properties is discussed. 45 refs.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN Alabama,University
BLENDS OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) AND USA
POLY(GLYCOLIC ACID) Accession no.984917
Ramdhanie L I; Aubuchon S R; Boland E D; Knapp D
C; Barnes C P; Simpson D G; Wnek G E; Bowlin G L Item 312
Blends of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid were Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
electrospun into fibres intended for tissue engineering 17, No.6, 2006, p.631.
scaffolds and characterised by scanning electron PREPARATION OF PVA/PEI ULTRA-FINE
microscopy, tensile testing, DSC and phase contrast FIBERS AND THEIR COMPOSITE MEMBRANE
microscopy. The results are discussed in terms of fibre WITH PLA BY ELECTROSPINNING
diameter, tensile modulus, strain at break, Tg, melting Dong C; Yuan X; He M; Yao K
temperature, crystallisation, crystallinity, miscibility and Details are given of the preparation of ultra-fine fibres
phase separation. 16 refs. of PVAL/polyethylene imine by electrospinning of
Virginia,Commonwealth University; TA Instruments- their blend solutions in water. The effects of PVAL.
Waters LLC; Case Western Reserve University PEI mass ratio and the polymer concentration on the
USA fibre morphology were discussed by analysis of SEM.
Accession no.985106 A composite membrane of PVAL/PEI with polylactide

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 105

 References and Abstracts

was also produced by co-electrospinning in DMF. Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat

The membrane was characterised using FTIR, X-ray EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Potential uses as drug delivery carriers and tissue Accession no.984644
engineering scaffolds are mentioned. 25 refs.
Tianjin,University Item 315
CHINA Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Accession no.984912 103, No.3, 5th Feb.2007, pp.1473.
ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE-BASED
NANOFIBERS
Item 313
Frenot A; Henriksson M W; Walkenstrom P
Smart Materials and Structures
15, No.6, Dec.2006, p.N152. Nanofibres of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC),
ELECTROSPUN NANOSCALE hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose
POLYACRYLONITRILE ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE (MC), and enzymatically treated cellulose were prepared by
Samatham R; Park I-S; Kim K J; Nam J-D; Whisman N; electrospinning, and their microstructures were characterised
Adams J by scanning electron microscopy. Four different CMC
derivatives with different molecular weights (Mw), degrees
The fabrication of polyacrylonitrile nanofibres by
of substitution, and substitution patterns were electrospun in
electrospinning from solution in dimethylformamide
mixtures with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to give a range
is described, and the effects of pH on the diameter and
of nanofibres. The nature of the CMC-based nanostructures
phase transitions of the nanofibres were investigated using
(nonwoven sheets and individual nanofibres) was independent
ESEM, AFM and DSC. The results are discussed in terms
of the Mw and degree of substitution, but was markedly
of potential applications as fast actuating artificial muscle
dependent on the substitution pattern. The nonwoven sheets
and linear actuators. 24 refs.
varied in homogeneity, and beads appeared on individual
Nevada,University; Sung Kyun Kwan University fibres. Extraction of PEO gave pure CMC nanostructures
KOREA; USA
with varying appearances, indicating that the distribution of
Accession no.984752 PEO and CMC in the nanofibres also varied. Two different
HPMC derivatives with different degrees of substitution were
Item 314 electrospun into nanofibres to give homogeneous nonwoven
Journal of Applied Polymer Science sheets containing nanofibres of a similar appearance that
103, No.3, 5th Feb.2007, pp.1860. was independent of the degree of substitution of the HPMC
THERMAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC sample. Preliminary fibres were obtained from enzymatically
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL treated cellulose dissolved in a solvent system based on
POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) lithium chloride dissolved in dimethyl acetamide. 33 refs.
SUBMICROMETER FIBERS PREPARED BY IFP Research AB
ELECTROSPINNING EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
EUROPE
Kim G-M; Michler G H; Henning S; Radusch H-J
Wutzler A Accession no.984598

Submicrometer fibres of microbially synthesised

ultra-high-molecular weight poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Item 316
(PHB) were produced by electrospinning (ES) from a Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
chloroform solution and characterised by differential 291, No.11, 9th Nov.2006, p.1307.
scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) CORE-SHEATH STRUCTURE IN ELECTROSPUN
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and NANOFIBERS FROM POLYMER BLENDS
transmission electron microscopy. The diameters of Ming Wei; Bongwoo Kang; Changmo Sung; Mead J
the electrospun fibres were in the range 400-1000 nm. Core-sheath nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning
Thermal analysis showed that the electrospun fibres of polymer blends, including polybutadiene/PS, PMMA/
contained both helical (alpha form) and trans-zigzag PS, polybutadiene/PMMA, polybutadiene/polycarbonate,
(beta form) crystals, whereas solution-cast PHB films polyaniline/polycarbonate and PMMA/polycarbonate.
consisted mainly of the helical structure. The crystallinity These core-sheath structures offered potential in a number
of the electrospun PHB fibres was higher than that of of applications, including nanoelectronics and functional
solution-cast PHB films as a result of conformational nanotubes. Formation of core-sheath structures was shown
changes resulting from the high extensional flow in the to be dependent on both thermodynamic and kinetic
ES jets. Polarised FTIR measurements showed that the factors. It was found that polymer blends with lower
PHB molecules were oriented parallel to the fibre axis molec.wt. tended to form core-sheath structures rather
and, as a result, the electrospun fibres showed a strong than co-continuous structures, as a result of their higher
birefringence under polarised light. 29 refs. molecular mobility. 27 refs.

106 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Lowell,Massachusetts University Crosslinked zein fibre mats were prepared by

USA electrospinning solutions of zein fibre in aqueous ethanol
Accession no.984252 to give a nanofibre mat, followed by crosslinking by
immersion in a solution of hexamethylene diisocyanate in
tetrahydrofuran. Conditions of spinning were optimised
Item 317
to obtain fibre with a diameter of about 500nm, and mats
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
were characterised using scanning electron microscopy,
Fall Meeting 2006. Volume 95. Proceedings of a
tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry and
conference held San Francisco, Ca., 10th-14th Sept.2006.
thermogravimetric analysis. Tensile strength of mats was
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
increased significantly by crosslinking. 12 refs.
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.567-568,
CD-ROM, 012 Nanjing,Southeast University
CHINA
AQUEOUS MEDIA ELECTROSPINNING OF
WHEAT GLUTEN FIBERS Accession no.983650
Jing Dong; Dicharry R; Parnas R; Asandei A D
Wheat gluten fibres were prepared by electrospinning Item 320
from a water/1-propanol solution and the morphologies Macromolecules
of the fibres analysed by environmental scanning electron 39, No.25, 12th Dec.2006, p.8553.
microscopy. Flat, ribbon-like fibres with diameters less ELECTROSPINNING IN NEAR-CRITICAL CO2
Zhihao Shen; Thompson B E; McHugh M A
than 1 micrometer and with limited bead formation were
obtained. 11 refs. The application of near-critical carbon dioxide as an
Connecticut,University electrospinning processing aid to create polyvinyl
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) pyrrolidone (PVP) fibres from dichloromethane solution
USA with novel morphology readily varied by adjusting
Accession no.984056 the operating pressure and temperature is described.
The formation of PVP fibres is directly related to the
dichloromethane-carbon dioxide phase behaviour. When
Item 318 spinning into a carbon dioxide rich bath, an open-cell
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. fibre morphology is created with features that correlate
Fall Meeting 2006. Volume 95. Proceedings of a with the operating pressure. 18 refs.
conference held San Francisco, Ca., 10th-14th Sept.2006.
Philip Morris USA; Virginia,Commonwealth
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
University
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.480-481, USA
CD-ROM, 012
Accession no.983509
ULTRA-FINE FIBERS FROM
ELECTROSPINNING OF THERMOSET EPOXY
RESIN Item 321
Yan Li; Changming Wang; Guojian Wang; Zehua Qu; Polymers and Polymer Composites
Jun Qiu; Zhengming Huang 14, No.8, 2006, p.755.
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON THE
Ultra-fine fibres of epoxy resin were prepared by MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN ATACTIC
electrospinning of epoxy 609 using a mixture of MEK POLYSTYRENE
and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as solvent. Dong Soo Shin; Se Geun Lee; Won Seok Lyoo
The morphology of the fibres was investigated by
scanning electron microscopy and the effect of solution Electrospun atactic polystyrene webs of particles and fibres
concentration on the morphology and average diameter of with various dimensions were successfully prepared using
the fibres examined. solutions of atactic polystyrene of different concentrations.
The samples were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, N,
Tongji,University
N-dimethylformamide and chloroform with tetrahydrofuran
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
CHINA and N, N-dimethylformamide as co-solvents. The effect of
solvent properties such as viscosity and boiling points on the
Accession no.984019
morphologies of the electrospun polymers were investigated.
The forms of bead, bead-onto-fibre and fibre were prepared
Item 319 under various processing conditions. The results of
Journal of Applied Polymer Science varying type and concentration of solvent are discussed,
103, No.1, 5th Jan.2007 p.380. and attributed mostly to differences in evaporation rates
ELECTROSPINNING AND CROSSLINKING OF and viscosities. It is concluded that it is possible to obtain
ZEIN NANOFIBER MATS polystyrene webs with fine morphologies by control of the
Chen Yao; Xinsong Li; Tangying Song processing parameters during Electrospinning. 27 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 107

 References and Abstracts

Yeungnam,University FOR PROTEIN SEPARATION VIA MOLECULAR

KOREA RECOGNITION
Accession no.983439 Yang Q; Wu J; Li J-J; Hu M-X; Xu Z-K
The fabrication of nanofibres from two glycopolymers,
Item 322 poly(acrylonitrile-co-(alpha-allyl glucoside)) and
Journal of Materials Science poly(acrylonitrile-co-(D-gluconamidoethyl
41, No.19, Oct.2006, p.6453. methacrylate)), containing cyclic and linear glucose
POLY(L-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) residues respectively, by electrospinning under various
BIODEGRADABLE MICROFIBERS AND processing conditions is described. The nanofibres were
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FOR NERVE characterised by SEM, and the effects of copolymer
TISSUE ENGINEERING: AN IN VITRO STUDY composition on the separation of mixtures of the proteins,
Bini T B; Shujun Gao; Shu Wang; Ramakrishna S concanavalin A and bovine serum albumin, by selective
adsorption was investigated. 31 refs.
The feasibility of using biodegradable poly(l-lactide-co-
glycolide) having different microstructures as scaffolds Zhejiang,University
CHINA
for nerve tissue engineering was investigated. The
scaffolds were fabricated from poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) Accession no.982717
microfibres and nanofibres produced by electrospinning
and in-vitro studies performed on the microfibres and Item 325
nanofibres using C-17.2 nerve stem cells, which were ANTEC 2006. Proceedings of the 64th SPE Annual
seeded and cultured on the scaffolds. The scaffolds were conference held Charlotte, NC., 7th-11th May 2006.
characterised by scanning electron microscopy. 21 refs. Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2006, p.1381-5, PDF 103834,
Singapore,National University CD-ROM, 012
SINGAPORE BEAD AND FIBER MORPHOLOGIES DURING
Accession no.982996 ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENE
Eda G; Shivkumar S
Item 323 The cumulative effects of polymer molecular weight
Journal of Applied Polymer Science and concentration on the structure of electrospun fibres
102, No.6, 15th Dec.2006 p.5692. and beads were investigated. A significant change in
ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITOSAN/ fibre diameter and shape was observed as the molecular
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/ACRYLIC ACID weight was varied keeping Berry number constant. Below
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS the entanglement concentration, various types of beads
Yingshan Zhou; Dongzhi Yang; Jun Nie including wrinkled beads, cups, dishes and toroids were
produced. 16 refs.
Electrospinning of aqueous solutions of chitosan,
polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) and acrylic acid was carried Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
out at different blend ratios and solution concentrations. (SPE)
USA
At low acrylic acid concentration, spinning of 80/20
mass ratio blends of chitosan and PVAl was possible Accession no.982340
but at high acrylic acid concentrations the equivalent
blend ratio for fibre formation was 95/5. Fibre diameter, Item 326
as measured using scanning electron microscopy, ANTEC 2006. Proceedings of the 64th SPE Annual
decreased and diameter distribution was reduced as conference held Charlotte, NC., 7th-11th May 2006.
PVAl concentration increased. Fibre mats were also Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2006, p.1366-70, PDF 103857,
prepared by electrospinning, and the effects of viscosity CD-ROM, 012
and conductivity of the blend on mat morphology was ELECTROSPUN PVA FIBERS AS PRECURSOR
reported. 30 refs. TO SYNTHESIZE HYDROXYAPATITE
Wuhan,University; Beijing,University of Chemical Dai X; Shivkumar S
Technology
CHINA
PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) with various molecular weights
(Mw) were electrospun with a Calcium Phosphate
Accession no.982890 based sol. Fibres on the order of 2 mum with uniformly
distributed sol particles were obtained. Electrospinning
Item 324 process may be facilitated with high molecular weight
Macromolecular Rapid Communications polymers. The distribution of sol in the electrospun
27, No.22, 24th Nov.2006, p.1942. structure may depend on polymer/sol ratio. XRD
NANOFIBROUS SUGAR STICKS results indicate that the fibres after calcination consisted
ELECTROSPUN FROM GLYCOPOLYMERS predominantly of hydroxyapatite. 20 refs.

108 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Worcester,Polytechnic Institute The effects of processing conditions, such as solution

(SPE) concentration, voltage, take-over distance and spinneret
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; diameter, on the electrospinning of precursory
WESTERN EUROPE
poly(phenylene vinylene), synthesised from p-xylylene
Accession no.982337 dichloride and tetrahydrothiophene, were investigated.
After heating, the resulting nanofibres were characterised
Item 327 by diameter and morphology using SEM and the results
High Performance Plastics are discussed. 13 refs.
Aug.2006, p.7 Changchun,Northeast Normal University;
ELECTROSPUN MATERIAL FOR VASCULAR Heilongjiang,Provincial Chemical Engineering Institutes
GRAFT CHINA
Accession no.981822
This small article reports briefly on research being carried
out by scientists at Virginia Commonwealth University in
the USA. They have developed a novel biocomposite from Item 330
a blend of polydioxanone and elastin (a natural polymer) European Polymer Journal
that has the potential to be used for vascular grafts in 42, No.10, 2006, p.2205.
patients having coronary artery graft surgery. SINGLE LIGHT EMITTERS IN ELECTROSPUN
POLYMER NANOFIBERS: EFFECT OF LOCAL
Virginia,Commonwealth University; DuPont
USA CONFINEMENT ON RADIATIVE DECAY
Tomczak N; Gu S; Han M; Van Hulst N F; Julius
Accession no.982081
Vancso G
The fabrication of light emitting polymer nanofibres
Item 328
by electrospinning of polymer solutions containing
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
either fluorescent organic dye molecules or luminescent
27, No.19, 2nd Oct.2006, p.1637.
semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) is presented.
PREPARATION OF CORE-SHEATH
The fluorescence spectra and lifetime of the embedded
COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS BY EMULSION
emitters, down to the level of single molecules were
ELECTROSPINNING
investigated. While the average fluorescence lifetime of
Xu X; Zhuang X; Chen X; Wang X; Yang L; Jing X
single molecules embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate)
Uniform core-sheath nanofibres were prepared by fibres appears independent of the fibre diameter, the
electrospinning of a water-in-oil emulsion in which the single molecule approach reveals a significant broadening
aqueous phase consists of a polyethylene oxide solution of the fluorescence lifetime distribution for fibres with
in water and the oily phase is a chloroform solution of diameters below the wavelength of light. 35 refs.
an ethylene glycol-lactic acid copolymer. The fibres Twente,University; Singapore,National University;
were composed of a PEO core and a copolymer sheath. Singapore,Institute of Materials Research &
The overall fibre size and the relative diameters of Engineering
the core and the sheath were changed by adjusting EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
the emulsion composition and the emulsification NETHERLANDS; SINGAPORE; WESTERN EUROPE
parameters. A mechanism is proposed to explain the Accession no.981417
process of transformation from the emulsion to the core-
sheath fibres. Potential applications in the fabrication Item 331
of nanofibres containing water-soluble drugs are Polymer Journal (Japan)
mentioned. 15 refs. 38, No.9, 2006, p.961.
Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin,University ELECTROSPINNING OF STYRENE-ISOPRENE
CHINA COPOLYMERIC THERMOPLASTIC
Accession no.982055 ELASTOMERS
Chuangchote S; Sirivat A; Supaphol P
Item 329 Thermoplastic elastomers based on multi-armed
Pigment and Resin Technology poly(styrene-b-isoprene) and linear poly(styrene-b-
35, No.5, 2006, p.278. isoprene-styrene) were subjected to electrospinning using
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION, VOLTAGE, either 1,2-dichloroethane or chloroform as solvent. The
TAKE-OVER DISTANCE AND DIAMETER effects of solution concentration, solvent, applied electrical
OF PINHEAD ON PRECURSORY potential, molecular structure of the block copolymers
POLY(PHENYLENE VINYLENE) and solution flow rate on the morphology and/or size of
ELECTROSPINNING the spun copolymers were investigated and the surface
Wang C; Zhang W; Huang Z H; Yan E Y; Su Y H morphology of the fibres briefly discussed. 18 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 109

 References and Abstracts

Chulalongkorn,University Lu J W; Zhu Y L; Guo Z X; Hu P; Yu J

THAILAND
Another natural biopolymer, sodium alginate, has
Accession no.981115
been electrospun from aqueous solution by blending
with a non-toxic, biocompatible, synthetic polymer
Item 332 poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The interaction between
Advanced Functional Materials sodium alginate and PEO has been evidenced by FTIR
16, No.16, 20th Oct.2006, p.2110. and conductivity change, which is thought to be the main
CONTROLLED ENCAPSULATION OF reason for the successful electrospinning. The solution
HYDROPHOBIC LIQUIDS IN HYDROPHILIC properties of sodium alginate/PEO blends have been
POLYMER NANOFIBERS BY CO- measured, including viscosity, conductivity and surface
ELECTROSPINNING tension. The morphology and mechanical properties of
Diaz J E; Barrero A; Marquez M; Loscertales I G the electrospun mats have been investigated. Smooth
The fabrication of beaded microfibres and nanofibres fibres with diameters around 250nm are obtained from
with a hydrophobic fluid (oil) encapsulated within the 3% solutions of varied alginate/PEO proportions ranging
beads by co-electrospinning of a hydrophilic polymer, from 1:1 to 0:1. Tensile strength around 4MPa is found
such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and a hydrophobic with smooth fibre mats. The anti-water property of the
fluid, such as an industrial oil, is described. The beads electrospun mats has been improved by a combination
are regularly distributed along the fibres and their size of hexamethylene diisocyanate and aqueous calcium
exhibits a mono- or bimodal distribution, depending on chloride cross-linkings. 32 refs.
the operating conditions, mainly inner liquid flow rate. Tsinghua,University
Optical and scanning electron microscopy images of the CHINA
polyvinyl pyrrolidone-oil nanofibres are illustrated and Accession no.980734
discussed. 13 refs.
Malaga,University; Yflow SL; Sevilla,Universidad; Item 335
Arizona,State University; Philip Morris USA Polymer
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE 47, No.23, 2006, p.8019.
PREPARATION OF ELECTROSPUN
Accession no.980953
NANOFIBERS OF CARBON NANOTUBE/
POLYCAPROLACTONE NANOCOMPOSITE
Item 333 Saeed K; Park S Y; Lee H J; Baek J B; Huh W S
Macromolecules
Multiwalled carbon nanotube/polycaprolactone
39, No.22, 31st Oct.2006, p.7662.
SCALING LAWS IN ELECTROSPINNING OF nanocomposites (MWNT/PCL) were prepared by in
POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS situ polymerisation, whereby functionalised MWNTs
Chi Wang; Chia-Hung Hsu; Jian-Hua Lin (F-MWNTs) and unfunctionalised MWNTs (P-MWNTs)
were used as reinforcing materials. The F-MWNTs
By tuning the processing variables and solution properties were functionalised by Friedel-Crafts acylation, which
using four different solvents polystyrene fibres are prepared introduced the aromatic amine (COC"6H"4-NH"2) groups
by electrospinning to study the effects of these governing on the side wall. The F-MWNTs were chemically bonded
parameters on the morphological changes of the charged with the PCL chains in the F-MWNT/PCL, as indicated by
cone jet as well as the diameter and birefringence of the fibres the appearance of the amide II group in the FT-IR spectrum.
collected. The rheological properties of PS solutions with The TGA thermograms showed that the F-MWNT/PCL
various compositions are measured to reveal the minimum had better thermal stability than PCL and P-MWNT/PCL.
concentration for chain entanglements. Their influence on The PCL and the nanocomposite nanofibres were prepared
the electrospun fibres is discussed. The solution conductivity by an electrospinning technique. The nanocomposites that
also plays a key role in determining fibre spinnability. Simple contain more than 2wt% of MWNTs were not able to be
scaling laws are derived which are helpful in guiding the electrospun. The bead of the F-MWNT/PCL nanofibre
preparation of electrospun fibres. 47 refs. was formed less than that of the P-MWNT/PCL. The
Taiwan,National Cheng Kung University nanocomposite nanofibres showed a relatively broader
TAIWAN diameter than the pure PCL nanofibres. The MWNTs were
Accession no.980797 embedded within the nanofibres and were well oriented
along the axes of the electrospun nanofibres, as confirmed
Item 334 by transmission electron microscopy. 44 refs.
Polymer Kyungpook,National University; Chungbuk,National
47, No.23, 2006, p.8026. University; Soongsil,University
ELECTROSPINNING OF SODIUM ALGINATE SOUTH KOREA
WITH POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) Accession no.980733

110 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 336 Item 338

Polymer ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
47, No.20, 2006, p.7095. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
STUDIES ON THE CONTROLLED conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
MORPHOLOGY AND WETTABILITY Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
OF POLYSTYRENE SURFACES BY Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.388-389,
ELECTROSPINNING OR ELECTROSPRAYING CD-ROM, 012
Zheng J; He A; Li J; Xu J; Han C C EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN ELECTROSPINNING
Chun Lu; Ping Chen; Yujun Zhang; Xiangdong Liu
Polystyrene (PS) surfaces with various morphologies have
been produced by electrospinning or electrospraying, The effects of using different solvents during the
such as beads with different sizes and shapes, bead- electrospinning of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, in
on-string structures with different aspect ratios of the an attempt to increase jet instability in the preparation of
beads and fibres with different diameters and shapes. nanofibres, was examined using viscosity, temperature
Both the solution properties and the electrospinning and scanning electron microscopy studies. Solvents used
conditions affected the PS surface morphology obtained. were a mixture of isopropyl alcohol with water, and
The results of water contact angle (CA) measurement dimethylacetamide. Fibre diameter was greater from
indicated that the surface morphology could affect the water/alcohol mixture, due to the hydrogen bonding
the wettability distinctively. It was found that CA between polymer and water, therefore for smaller fibres,
values of PS surfaces comprised merely fibres were less interaction between polymer and solvent is required.
in the range of 140 deg.-150 deg.. The CA values of It was also reported that fibre diameter and diameter
PS surfaces comprised bead-on-string structures were distribution reduced as electric field strength increased.
usually about 150 deg.. However, the CA values of PS 28 refs.
surfaces consisted of particles could reach up to 160 Dalian,University of Technology; Harbin,Institute of
deg., which shows a superhydrophobic property. A Technology; South Vehicle Group
bilayer fibres-on-beads surface was verified to be stable (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
and superhydrophobic. 19 refs. CHINA

Beijing,Institute of Chemistry Accession no.979823

CHINA
Accession no.980641 Item 339
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Item 337 102, No.4, 15th Nov.2006, pp. 3430.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. DEVELOPING PROTECTIVE TEXTILE
MATERIALS AS BARRIERS TO
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
LIQUID PENETRATION USING MELT-
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
ELECTROSPINNING
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Lee S; Obendorf S K
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.405-407,
CD-ROM, 012 Webs and laminates of polypropylene fibre, potentially
PCL/HA NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS BY useful in protective clothing for agricultural workers,
ELECTROSPINNING: STRUCTURE-PROPERTY were produced by melt electrospinning. Electrospun
RELATIONSHIP polypropylene webs were produced with two different
Thomas V; Jagani S; Johnson K; Jose M V; Dean D; thicknesses and were laminated on non-woven fabric
Vohra Y K; Nyairo E substrates to examine the effect of lamination on protective
ability and thermal comfort. Barrier performance was
Electrospinning of a solution of polycaprolactone sonically
evaluated by using two pesticide mixtures covering a
mixed with nanoparticles of hydroxyapetite was carried out
range of surface tensions and viscosities. Penetration
to produce a composite material for use as biodegradable testing showed that the electrospun polypropylene webs
scaffolds, and having a pore structure with enhanced showed an excellent barrier performance against liquids
mechanical properties. The composite scaffolds were with a high surface tension, whereas laminated fabrics
characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray of electrospun polypropylene webs exhibited 90-100%
diffraction, and by their stress-strain properties. Compared resistance to liquids with various surface tensions.
to the electrospun pure polymer, scaffolds incorporating up Thermal comfort was assessed by examining the effect
to 20 percent hydroxyapetite showed a significant increase of web thickness and lamination on air permeability
in both tensile modulus and tensile strength. 16 refs. and water vapour transmission. The air permeability of
Alabama,University; Alabama,State University electrospun polypropylene webs decreased by 20% as
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) a result of lamination and the web thickness, but was
USA still higher than most of the materials currently in use
Accession no.979833 for protective clothing. The water vapour transmission

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 111

 References and Abstracts

of electrospun polypropylene webs was reduced by up Georgia,Institute of Technology

to 12% as a result of lamination and web thickness, but (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
remained similar to that of other woven work-clothing CHINA; JAPAN; USA
fabrics. 16 refs. Accession no.978646
Cornell University
USA
Item 342
Accession no.979541 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
Item 340 conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
Journal of Membrane Science Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
283, No.1-2, 2006, p.84. Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.77-78, CD-
ION EXCHANGER USING ELECTROSPUN ROM, 012
POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS OPTIMIZATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC
An H; Shin C; Chase G G SURFACES GENERATED BY
ELECTROSPINNING
Polymer nanofibre ion exchangers (PNIE) are produced by Simsel E; Yordem O S; Menceloglu Y Z; Papila M
electrospinning from solutions of dissolved polystyrene
followed by sulphonation processes. A polystyrene Depending on spinning conditions and polymer/solution
nanofibre cation exchanger was developed for high ion concentrations, electrospinning produces anything from
exchange capacity, and rapid ion exchange velocity. In a bead only morphology, through beads on a string,
this paper, new experimental results investigating the to filaments. The transition between these conditions,
performance of PNIE are presented in relation to the and the hydrophobicity of the films or mats prepared
relevant parameters (ion exchange capacity (IEC), water from the various states were investigated using contact
uptake, and surface morphology). The ion exchange angle measurements and response surface methodology
capacity (IEC) and water uptake of the PNIE depend that incorporated experimental design and regression
upon the sulphonation time. The PNIE sample with analysis with two variables, solution concentration and
30min sulphonation time showed the maximum IEC of applied voltage during electrospinning. It was shown
3.74mmol/g and maximum water uptake of 0.77gH"2O/ that, whilst solution concentration is the main criterion
g-dry-PNIE at 40min sulphonation time. 13 refs. determining hydrophobicity, voltage can also be effective
Chungju,National University; Akron,University at high concentration. The experimental work utilised
KOREA; USA a copolymer of acrylonitrile and perfluoroalkylethyl
Accession no.979270 acrylate. 10 refs.
Sabanci,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Item 341 TURKEY
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Accession no.978644
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Item 343
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.81-82, CD- ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
ROM, 012 Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
ELECTROSPUN POLY(ACRYLONITRILE) conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE FIBERS Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
FOR SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODES Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.76, CD-
Tong Wang; Kumar S ROM, 012
PREPARATION OF NAOPOROUS NANOFIBER
High surface area carbon electrodes were prepared for
MATS OF FLUOROPOLYMERS BY
use in supercapacity electrodes by electrospinning of a
ELECTROSPINNING
copolymer of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polystyrene
Fuqian Sun; Xinsong Li
(PS), followed by ablation of the styrene acrylonitrile
domains. Samples filled with either 1 percent single wall An electrospinning-phase separation-leaching method
carbon nanotubes, or 5 percent multiwall carbon nanotubes was used and described for preparing nanoporous
were prepared and the resulting electrodes were compared nanofibre mats from copolymers of vinylidene fluoride
to controls produced from PAN alone by conventional and hexafluoropropylene. Mats were spun with different
methods, using scanning electron microscopy, surface area ratios of polyvinyl pyridine (PVP) and then the PVP was
and electrical capacitance measurements. The porosity removed by leaching with water. Mats were characterised
introduced by burning out of the SAN gave increased using field emission scanning electron microscopy and
capacitance, and carbon nanotube addition improved the tensile property measurements, and the effects of the
power density of electrodes. 7 refs. different PVP/copolymer ratios were observed. 4 refs.

112 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Nanjing,Southeast University Item 346

(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
CHINA Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
Accession no.978643 conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.69,
Item 344
CD-ROM, 012
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
ELECTROSPINNING COAXIAL NANOFIBERS
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
FOR CARBON NANOFIBERS AND NANOTUBES
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
Diaz J E; Lallave M; Marquez M; Barrero A;
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Loscertales I G
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.74-75,
CD-ROM, 012 Electrospinning of coaxial nanofibres with a shell of
ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE polyethylene oxide and a core of polyethylene oxide and
ACETATE/POLY(ETHYLENE OXID) a shell of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyridine, lignin
BICOMPONENT FIBERS or PASA was carried out from various solvents with the
Lifeng Zhang; You-Lo Hsieh objective of effective extrusion of non-spinnable precursors
into fibres and direct nanotube formation. Samples were
The effects of electrospinning conditions on the fibre microscopically characterised. 5 refs.
formation and properties of bicomponent fibres prepared
Yflow SL; Seville,University; INEST Group;
from a solution of cellulose acetate and polyethylene oxide.
Malaga,University
Conditions altered were the concentration and component
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
ratio of solutions and the electrospinning potential. Fibres EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA;
were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, WESTERN EUROPE
differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform Accession no.978638
infrared spectroscopy, and the reaction to treatment by
water was examined. It was confirmed that fibres were
phase separated, with PEO fibres showing a larger size Item 347
after water treatment. 7 ref. ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
California,University
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
USA
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.26,
Accession no.978642 CD-ROM, 012
CONJUGATE ELECTROSPINNING:
Item 345 CONTINUOUS YARNS FROM OPPOSITELY
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. CHARGED NANOFIBERS
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a Xinsong Li; Chen Yao; Fuqian Sun; Tangying Song
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006. The use of electrospinning to produce continuous yarns
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric from oppositely charged nanofibres was described. The
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.73, CD- process was known as conjugate electrospinning was
ROM, 012 used with several polymers including polylactic acid,
ELECTROSPINNING AND CROSSLINKING OF polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile and a copolymer of
ZEIN NANOFIBER MATS vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Yarns were
Chen Yao; Xinsong Li; Tangying Song illustrated photographically and using scanning electron
Zein, a corn protein was dissolved in ethanol aqueous microscopy. 7 refs.
solutions in high concentrations. Solutions were Nanjing,Southeast University
electrospun to form nanofibre mats which were crosslinked (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
by immersing in hexamethylene diisocyanate solution in CHINA
toluene. Both uncrosslinked and crosslinked mats were Accession no.978615
characterised using scanning electron microscopy and
tensile testing. Crosslinking significantly increased the Item 348
strength and elongation of the mats whilst reducing the ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Young's modulus. 5 refs. Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
Nanjing,Southeast University conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
CHINA Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.25,
Accession no.978641 CD-ROM, 012

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 113

 References and Abstracts

ELEVATED TEMPERATURE an oligopeptide resulted in surface enrichment of the

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE fibre by the biofunctional peptide blocks. The surface
MICROFIBERS: MANIPULATION OF was characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
SOLUTION PROPERTIES and scanning electron microscopy. Increasing block
Givens S R; Keun-Hyung Lee; Chase D B; Rabolt J F copolymer concentration leads to formation of beads
during electrospinning. The effect of the block copolymer
Solution electrospinning of polyethylene, rather than
on solution viscosity and conductivity was also examined,
the more common melt electrospinning, was shown to
with increases in block copolymer content increasing
reduce processing temperatures and form smaller fibres.
conductivity but reducing viscosity. 4 refs.
The process was demonstrated using both low density
polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene, and North Carolina,State University; Max-Planck-Institut
fibres were illustrated using scanning electron microscopy. fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.
Various other analytical techniques were used but results (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
were not detailed in this paper. 5 refs. USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Delaware,University Accession no.978612
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
Accession no.978614 Item 351
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
Item 349 conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.20-21,
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006. CD-ROM, 012
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric SELF ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES IN
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.23-24, ELECTROSPUN PS-B-PI FIBERS
CD-ROM, 012 Kaira V; Kakad P A; Mendez S; Kamperman M; Yong
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER CUPS: FORMATION Lak Joo
MECHANISM
Jing Liu; Rasheed A; Dadmun M D; Kumar S Structure formation during nanofibre formation of
electrospun fibres prepared from diblock copolymers of
Preparation of polymer particles with different shapes polystyrene and polyisoprene, with two different volume
using the electrospinning process is discussed. Polymers fractions of PI, was examined using transmission electron
used included polymethyl methacrylate and a random microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. Effects of
copolymer of styrene and vinyl phenol. Particle shape elongational deformation during forming, and of annealing,
was examined using scanning electron microscopy. were studied by comparing the structure to that of films
Qualitatively, particle shape was seen to depend on solvent prepared from the same copolymers. Microphase separation
types and evaporation rates. By control of these parameters in the nanofibres was observed, but domains were not well
and electrospinning conditions the desired morphology of ordered due to the effects of solvent evaporation. Domain
particles could be produced. 14 refs. structure was improved by annealing. 7 refs.
Georgia,Institute of Technology; Tennessee,University Cornell University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA USA
Accession no.978613 Accession no.978611

Item 350 Item 352

ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006. conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.22, Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.17-18,
CD-ROM, 012 CD-ROM, 012
FIELD-DRIVEN SURFACE BIOFUNCTION- SUPRESSION OF THE RAYLEIGH INSTABILITY
ALIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS IN AN ELECTROSPINNING JET
Xiaoyu Sun; Shankar R; Ghosh T K; Borner H G; Jian H Yu; Fridrikh S V; Rutledge G C
Spontak R J
Onset of Rayleigh instability, where a sun jet breaks up
Electrospinning of solutions of bulk polyethylene oxide into droplets due to surface tension, can be retarded by
(PEO) mixed with diblock copolymers of PEO and having elasticity in the spinning solution which increases

114 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

stress on the jet. Having a sufficiently high stress allows (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
uniform fibres to be obtained, or beads-on-a-string at lower USA
jet stresses. A theoretical critical stress was calculated Accession no.978607
over which the Rayleigh instability will be completely
suppressed. The system was illustrated using polyethylene
Item 355
oxide and polyethylene glycol blended solutions with
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
polymers of different molecular weights and blend ratios,
102, No.3, 5th Nov. 2006, pp. 2454.
and solution viscosities and elasticity's were determined
ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF
using rheometric testing. 5 refs.
BENZENE ON ELECTROSPUN-DERIVED
Massachusetts,Institute of Technology POROUS CARBON NANOFIBERS
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Shim W G; Kim C; Lee J W; Yun J J; Jeong Y I; Moon
USA
H; Yang K S
Accession no.978609
The adsorption properties were examined of polyacrylonitrile
(PAN) carbon nanofibres prepared by using an electrospinning
Item 353
route. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms showed
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
that PAN carbon nanofibres are highly microporous with
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a
small amounts of mesoporous regions. Equilibrium sorption
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006.
of benzene was examined at 343.15, 383.15 and 423.15
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
K and pressures up to 4 kPa: the results correlated well
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.16, CD-
with the Toth isotherm equation. The adsorption affinity
ROM, 012
and isostearic enthalpy of adsorption were determined by
MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN
using this isotherm model. Although PAN carbon nanofibres
MACROSCOPICALLY ALIGNED
have a heterogeneous surface, they appear to be more
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS
homogeneous than commercial carbon fibres. Shallow pores
Rabolt J F
contained in PAN carbon nanofibres may be effective in
The electrospinning process was discussed and described adsorbing toxic compounds. 22 refs.
with respect to quantities of materials required, scaling Chonnam,National University
up and down, biopolymers and synthetic polymers and SOUTH KOREA
fibre alignment. Macroscopically aligned fibre sheets
Accession no.978421
with high molecular chain alignment have been prepared,
with potential applications in tissue engineering. Fibre
and molecular chain alignment was confirmed using Item 356
spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. 4 refs. Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Delaware,University 27, No.18, 22nd Sept.2006, p.1533.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) PORPHYRINATED NANOFIBERS
USA VIA COPOLYMERIZATION AND
Accession no.978608 ELECTROSPINNING
Ling-Shu Wan; Jian Wu; Zhi-Kang Xu

Item 354 The synthesis of acrylonitrile copolymers with porphyrin

ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. pendants and the electrospinning of the resultant
Spring Meeting 2006. Volume 94. Proceedings of a copolymers into nanofibres is presented. Vinyl porphyrin
conference held Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th March 2006. monomers are synthesised and polymerised through
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric solution polymerisation. Polymers are characterised by
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2006, p.15, CD- FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, UV vis spectroscopy and
ROM, 012 fluorescence spectroscopy. Preliminary quantum chemical
ELECTROSPINNING: A VIEW FROM INDUSTRY calculations are carried out to reveal the activity of the
H Young Chung vinyl porphyrin. Electrospun fibres are characterised
by SEM and a number of uses for these nanofibres are
A brief historical revue of the electrospinning process,
discussed. 35 refs.
and this companies developments in electrospinning
of nanoscale fibres for filtration systems, is presented. Zhejiang,University
CHINA
Fundamental questions on the process which would be
ideal for academic study are asked, including what makes Accession no.978165
the process work, what is the importance of tacticity
and stereo specificity, what is the true morphology of Item 357
electrospun fibres. 0 refs. Polymer
Donaldson Filtration Solutions 47, No.21, 2006, p.7497.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 115

 References and Abstracts

THE THERMAL EFFECTS ON dispersion of HA particles throughout the CA/HA scaffold.

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYLACTIC ACID A similar result was observed using acetic acid as a solvent
MELTS for the PVP/HA electrospun mats. The increase in HA
Huajun Zhou; Green T B; Joo Y L dispersion suggested that there would be an improvement
in the overall mechanical stability of both PVP and CA
We demonstrate that melt electrospinning can be a
casings. 6 refs.
feasible way to produce sub-micron scale polylactic
acid (PLA) fibres in this paper. This solvent-free New York,State University; Hungary,Engineering
approach to produce sub-micron scale fibres is more Physics & Materials Science Institute
(IUPAC)
environmentally benign than common solution
USA
electrospinning processes, and has a potential to increase
the production rate significantly. Our experimental Accession no.977907
results show that temperatures at the spinneret and in
the spinning region are critical to produce sub-micron Item 359
sized fibres: a high-speed photographic investigation SAMPE '06: Creating New Opportunities for the
reveals that when spinning temperature is below glass World Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a
transition temperature, whipping of the jet is suppressed conference held Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th
by fast solidification in the spinning region, leading May 2006.
to a larger jet diameter. Both thermal and mechanical Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
degradations of PLA in melt electrospinning can be 2006, Paper 139, pp.6, CD-ROM, 012
significant but no change in chemical composition is ELECTROSPINNING OF COMPOSITE
found. Due to rapid solidification, melt electrospun NANOFIBERS WITH SIC CORES AND EPOXY
PLA fibres are mostly amorphous, and the small SHELLS
presence of beta crystals is noted in the sub-micron Ling Liu; Zheng-Ming Huang; Chuang-Long He; Xiao-
scale PLA fibres by XRD studies. The highly oriented Jian Han
structure of PLA fibres gives rise to cold crystallisation
at around 95 deg.C, and the degree of crystallinity of Nanofibres with an epoxy shell and silicone carbide core
fibres increases with increasing the degree of annealing. were produced by coaxial electrospinning and the effects of
Finally, PLA nanofibres have directly been electrospun processing parameters and silicone carbide concentration
onto cellulose filter media, and a drastic enhancement in on the microstructure and mechanical properties of
collection efficiency of sub-micron sized dust particles the nanofibres investigated by TEM, scanning electron
is presented. Melt electrospun PLA nanofibre mats with microscopy and tensile testing. 9 refs.
no residual solvent may serve as better filter media Tongji,University
and tissue scaffolds than those obtained from solution (SAMPE)
electrospinning processes. 33 refs. CHINA

Cornell University; United Air Specialists Inc. Accession no.977573

USA
Accession no.978144 Item 360
SAMPE '06: Creating New Opportunities for the
Item 358 World Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a
8th International Symposium on Polymers for conference held Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th May
Advanced Technologies. Proceedings of a conference 2006.
held Budapest, Hungary, 13th-16th Sept.2005. Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
Eindhoven, e-polymers, 2005, Paper 216, pp.3, 2006, Paper 122, pp.9, CD-ROM, 012
012. Available from:http://www.e-polymers.org/ IMPROVEMENT OF DELAMINATION
PAT2005ePolymers/proceedings.htm RESISTANCE IN LAMINATED COMPOSITES
HYDROXYAPATITE BIOCOMPOSITE WITH ELECTROSPUN NANO-INTERLAYERS
COATINGS PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING Sangwook Sihn; Kim R Y; Wansoo Huh; Roy A K
FOR ADVANCED PROSTHETICS Polycarbonate nanofibres were fabricated by electrospinning
Bishop A; Balazsi C; Gouma P and employed as interlayers in laminated composites. The
Polymer-based composites were prepared by electrospinning microcrack and delamination resistance of the composites
hydroxyapatite(HA) with a biocompatible polymer with and without the interlayers were investigated by
for the development of a structurally stable casing for uniaxial tensile testing. The interlayers were found to
prosthetic devices. The results outlined demonstrated the increase the ultimate strength of the composites and to
dispersion mechanism of hydroxyapatite electrospun with suppress both microcracking and delamination damage
polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) and cellulose acetate(CA). by reducing interlaminar stress concentration at the free
Using acetone as a dispersing agent, the amorphous state edges of the composites. 1 ref.
could be achieved for HA as well as a more efficient Dayton,University,Research Institute

116 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

(SAMPE) Han X; Huang Z; He C; Liu L; Wu Q

USA
Functional core-shell structured composite nanofibres
Accession no.977561
can be fabricated through electrospinning of two
polymer solutions in a coaxial, two-capillary spinneret
Item 361 system. Composite nanofibres, polycarbonate (PC,
SAMPE '06: Creating New Opportunities for the shell)/polyurethane (PU, core), have been developed
World Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a by this technique. Morphological, structural, infrared
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th spectroscopy, and mechanical performance are conducted
May 2006. for the developed nanofibres. Their applications as textile
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office, materials have been explored. 13 refs.
2006, Paper 121, pp.11, CD-ROM, 012 Tongji,University
POLYACRYLONITRILE-BASED CHINA
CARBON NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY Accession no.977171
ELECTROSPINNING
Lingaiah S; Shivakumar K N; Sadler R; Sharpe M
Item 364
Polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibres were prepared by Journal of Applied Polymer Science
electrospinning using stationary and rotating target 102, No.2, 15th Oct.2006, pp. 1285.
collectors at different voltages, flow rates and distances FILTRATION PROPERTIES OF
between the needle and collector. The electrospun fibres ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBERS
were stabilised by heating at 280C for 1 hr in air and Xiao-Hong Qin; Shan-Yuan Wang
characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The
stabilised nanofibres were carbonised at 700C in an The filtration properties of electrospun nanofibres of
inert atmosphere and the char yield of the nanofibres poly(vinyl alcohol) were examined. Nanofibres layers
determined. 23 refs. with different area weights were electrospun onto spun-
bonded or melt-blown sub-layers. The fibre diameters, pore
North Carolina,Agricultural & Tech.State Univ.
diameters, filtration efficiency, and filtration resistance
(SAMPE)
USA
of nanofibre webs and sub-layers were measured. The
diameter of the nanofibres was much smaller than that of
Accession no.977560
sub-layers. The pore diameter of the nanofibres web and its
coefficient of variation were also much smaller than those
Item 362 of the sub-layers. The filtration efficiency and filtration
Journal of Applied Polymer Science resistance of the sub-layers were lower than those of the
102, No.1, 5th Oct.2006, p.39. nanofibre webs. 14 refs.
PREPARATION OF CORE/SHELL PVP/ Donghua,University
PLP ULTRAFINE FIBERS BY COAXIAL CHINA
ELECTROSPINNING Accession no.977073
Sun B; Duan B; Yuan X
Details are given of the process feasibility and stability Item 365
of core/shell structured bicomponent ultrafine fibres Journal of Applied Polymer Science
of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polylactide by coaxial 102, No.2, 15th Oct.2006, pp. 1023.
electrospinning. Morphologies were studied using SEM, ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYACRYLONITRILE
TEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Tensile NANOFIBERS
properties were investigated for a core/shell membrane Wang T; Kumar S
and compared with an electrospun polylactide membrane.
Potential applications in loading bioactive molecules for The electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in
tissue generation are mentioned. 22 refs. dimethylformamide was examined as a function of the
electric field, solution flow rate, and polymer concentration
Tianjin,University
CHINA
(C). The fibre diameter increased from 30 nm to 3.0
microns with increasing C. The fibre diameter increased
Accession no.977369 with increasing flow rate and decreased when the electric
field was increased by a change in the working distance,
Item 363 but did not change significantly when the electric field was
Polymer Composites varied by changing the voltage at a given working distance.
27, No.4, 2006, p.381. Fibres with a diameter of less than 350 nm contained beads,
COAXIAL ELECTROSPINNING OF PC(SHELL)/ whereas those with higher diameters were free of beads.
PU(CORE) COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS FOR For PAN with a molecular weight of 100,000 g/mol, the
TEXTILE APPLICATION fibre diameter scaled as C1.2 for C = 5.1-16.1 wt% and

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 117

 References and Abstracts

as C7.5 for C = 17.5-22.1 wt%. Both these concentration the PEG-PDMS-PEG solutions in the presence of PEO
ranges were in the semidilute entangled regime, where was thought to be due to the increase in the viscosity
the specific viscosity scaled as C4.4. Microscopic or of the resulting solutions. The average diameter of the
nanoscopic particles rather than fibres were obtained in fibres obtained ranged between 2.3 and 2.8 micrometre.
the semidilute unentangled regime (0.5-3.1 wt%), where Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy measurements
the viscosity scaled as C1.3. 55 refs. confirmed the existence of the copolymer within the as-
Georgia,Institute of Technology spun blend fibres. 10 refs.
USA King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang;
Accession no.977043 Naresuan University; Chulalongkorn,University
THAILAND
Accession no.976865
Item 366
Materials Letters
60, No.24, 2006, p.2969. Item 368
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/TRIS(8- European Polymer Journal
QUINOLINOLATO) ALUMINUM HYBRID 42, No.9, 2006, p.2031.
POLYMER FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR MULTI-JETS
Eryun Yan; Zonghao Huang; Yi Xin; Qiang Zhao; ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS MODIFIED
Wen Zhang WITH A CYLINDRICAL ELECTRODE
Kim G; Cho Y S; Kim W D
Ultrafine polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/tris(8-quinolinolato)
aluminium (Alq3) hybrid fibres were prepared by Nanosize fibres were fabricated using an extra-cylindrical
electrospinning PVP/Alq3 solutions in solvent mixtures electrode connected with single and multiple nozzles of an
of ethanol/chloroform. Hybrid polymer fibres with smooth electrospinning process to stabilize the initial spun jets. To
surface were obtained using the solutions in which the Alq3 predict stability of spun jets, an electric field concentration
concentration was from 0.5 to 2.0 wt% and the average factor (EFCF), which could be defined as a degree of a
diameter of the smallest PVP/Alq3 fibres was 481 nm. The convergence of jets to a spinning axis, was introduced. The
fluorescence peak position of PVP/Alq3 fibres was the proposed parameter EFCF is utilized for the comparison
same as that of Alq3 in solutions. The morphology of fibres of the experimental results for single and multi-nozzles
has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy electrospinning process. To consider the mass productivity
(SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. 16 refs. of the multi-nozzles electrospinning supported by an
auxiliary electrode, the weight of nanofibres that were
Changchun,Northeast Normal University spun to a rectangular shape target plate during 40min
CHINA was measured. The result indicates that the modified
Accession no.976868 electrospinning technique shows a possibility as a useful
method for increasing the production rate of nanofibre
manufacturing. 18 refs.
Item 367
Materials Letters Korea,Institute of Machinery & Materials
KOREA
60, No.24, 2006, p.2920.
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE Accession no.976784
GLYCOL)-POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE-
POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) TRIBLOCK Item 369
COPOLYMER/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) European Polymer Journal
BLEND FIBERS 42, No.9, 2006, p.2013.
Tungprapa S; Jangchud I; Ngamdee P; Rutnakornpituk A NANOFIBROUS COMPOSITE MEMBRANE
M; Supaphol P OF PLGA-CHITOSAN/PVA PREPARED BY
In the present contribution, successful preparation of ultrafine ELECTROSPINNING
fibres of poly(ethylene glycol)-polydimethylsiloxane- Duan B; Yuan X; Zhu Y; Zhang Y; Li X; Zhang Y; Yao K
poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PDMS-PEG) triblock Tissue engineering scaffolds produced by electrospinning
copolymer in its blends with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) feature a structural similarity to the natural extracellular
via electrospinning process was reported for the first time. matrix. In this study, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and
Chloroform was used as the solvent, the compositional chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were simultaneously
weight ratios between the copolymer and PEO were electrospun from two different syringes and mixed on
80/20, 70/30, and 60/40 and the total concentration the rotating drum to prepare the nanofibrous composite
of the solutions was either 4 or 6% w/v. While pure membrane. The composite membrane was crosslinked
PEG-PDMS-PEG solutions in chloroform were not by glutaraldehyde vapour to maintain its mechanical
electrospinnable into fibres, the solutions that contained properties and fibre morphology in wet stage. Morphology,
PEO were. The improvement in the electrospinnability of shrinkage, absorption in phosphate buffered solution (PBS)

118 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

and mechanical properties of the electrospun membranes the surface morphology of the nanofibre non-woven mat
were characterized. Fibroblast viability on electrospun obtained examined. The enzymatic degradability of the
membranes was discussed by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- non-woven mats was also investigated using proteinase
2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and cell K as the enzyme and compared with that of poly(L-lactic
morphology after 7days of culture. Results indicated acid) films. 6 refs.
that the PBS absorption of the composite membranes, no Osaka,University; Kumoh,National Institute of
matter crosslinked or not, was higher than the electrospun Technology
PLGA membrane due to the introduction of hydrophilic (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
components, chitosan and PVA. After crosslinking, the JAPAN; SOUTH KOREA
composite membrane had a little shrinkage after incubating Accession no.976271
in PBS. The crosslinked composite membrane also showed
moderate tensile properties. Cell culture suggested that
electrospun PLGA-chitosan/PVA membrane tended to Item 372
promote fibroblast attachment and proliferation. It was Polymer Engineering and Science
assumed that the nanofibrous composite membrane of 46, No.7, 2006, p.954.
electrospun PLGA-chitosan/PVA could be potentially used ELECTRIC CURRENT AS A CONTROL
for skin reconstruction. 36 refs. VARIABLE IN THE ELECTROSPINNING
PROCESS
Tianjin,University; Tianjin,Hospital Samatham R; Kim K J
CHINA
Accession no.976782 In the electrospinning process submicron-diameter polymer
fibres can be produced when a high potential difference is
applied to a polymer drop suspended at the tip of a capillary.
Item 370 The electrospinning process is affected by a wide range of
Macromolecular Rapid Communications parameters, because of which controlling the properties
27, No.16, 23rd Aug.2006, p.1341. of the fibres is difficult. This is the major hurdle in the
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS MODIFIED development of practical applications of electrospun fibres
WITH PHOSPHOLIPID MOIETIES FOR along with its low productivity. Here we are proposing to
ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION use the electric current in the electrospinning process to
Xiao-Jun Huang; Zhi-Kang Xu; Ling-Shu Wan; control the "quality of the fibres". Electrospinning of a
Innocent C; Seta P solution of polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide (PAN/
Phospholipid-modified nanofibres were fabricated DMF) was done by applying a programmed variable flow
from poly(acrylonitrile-co-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl rate at different constant voltages. The electric current
phosphorylcholine))s by electrospinning and the in the process was measured in real time. Four types
morphologies of the nanofibres characterised by field of jet regimes were observed, electric current and the
emission scanning electron microscopy. Lipase was morphology of the fibres corresponding to these regimes
immobilised on the surface of the nanofibres by physical were analyzed. A relation between the electric current, type
adsorption and the catalytic efficiency and activity of the of jet and morphology of the fibres has been established.
immobilised enzyme evaluated. 34 refs. The mechanical properties of electrospun fibre mats were
Zhejiang,University; CNRS-UMR also measured by a tensile testing method. 18 refs.
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Nevada,University
FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE USA
Accession no.976308 Accession no.976044

Item 371 Item 373

Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005. Composites Science and Technology
Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San 66, No.14, 2006, p.2436.
Diego, Ca., March 2005. ELECTROSPUN NANOCOMPOSITE FIBER
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, MATS AS GAS SENSORS
2005, p.305-306, CD-ROM, 012 Luoh R; Hahn H T
PREPARATION OF RAPIDLY DEGRADABLE
Electrospinning was used to spin nanocomposite fibre
POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) NANOFIBER NON-
mats from polymer solutions containing nanoparticles.
WOVEN MAT VIA ELECTROSPINNING
The base polymer was polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and the
Osanai Y; Oh Heyong Kwon; Uyama H
nanoparticles included iron oxide, antimony tin oxide and
The electrospinning of poly(L-lactic acid) using 1,1,1,3,3,3- zinc oxide with diameters ranging from 10 to 70nm. The
hexafluoro-2-propanol as solvent was investigated and the electrospun nanocomposite fibre mats were characterized
effects of electrospinning conditions, including voltage, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning probe
type of needle and rotating rate of the collector drum, on microscopy (SPM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 119

 References and Abstracts

spectroscopy. The average fibre diameter was found to Item 376

decrease from 200nm for neat PAN fibres to 50-150nm for Journal of Applied Polymer Science
nanocomposite fibres. The porosity increased from 70% 101, No.4, 15th Aug.2006, p.2333.
for PAN fibre mat to an average of 86% for nanocomposite FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
fibre mats. The fibre mats were used as a sensor in OF ELECTROSPUN POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS
conjunction with FTIR spectroscopy to detect CO"2 gas. CROSSLINKED BY UV IRRADIATION
The absorbance spectra showed a higher sensitivity with Choi S-S; Hong J-P; Seo Y S; Chung S M; Nah C
a fibre mat, regardless of its type, than without, indicating
Crosslinked electrospun polybutadiene fibres were
gas adsorption on the fibre mat. The highest sensitivity was
obtained by UV irradiation of electrospun polybutadiene
obtained with PAN/Fe"2O"3 fibre mat. As the underlying
fibres containing a photoinitiator and a crosslinker. The
mechanism is physisorption rather than chemisorption,
crosslinked electrospun polybutadiene fibres retained
the response time was short and the sensor could be used
the fibre morphology at room temperature whereas
repeatedly. 22 refs.
uncrosslinked electrospun fibres did not. The crosslink
California,University at Los Angeles density and glass transition temperature of the crosslinked
USA
fibres increased with increasing content of crosslinking
Accession no.975774 agent. The tensile properties improved with increasing
crosslinker content. 24 refs.
Item 374 Korea,Sejong University; Chonbuk,National University
Materials Letters KOREA
60, No.23, 2006, p.2858. Accession no.975167
SELF-ASSEMBLED ULTRA FINE CARBON
COILS BY WET ELECTRO-SPINNING Item 377
Ali A A Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Electro-spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/dimethylformamide 101, No.6, 15th Sept.2006, p.4350.
(DMF) polymer solution has been found to produce coil FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AFFECTING
like structures. Two heat treatment steps (stabilization and ELECTROSPINNING OF PAN NANOFIBERS AS
carbonization) have been used to enhance their mechanical UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED FIBERS
and electrical properties. The relationship between coil Jalili R; Morshed M; Ravandi S A H
morphology and processing conditions is discussed. Electrospinning with a collector consisting of two pieces
Raman analysis after carbonisation showed peaks at 1360 of electrically conductive substrates separated by a gap
and 1580 cm^-^1 for the D and G bands, respectively. The was used to prepare uniaxial aligned polyacrylonitrile
crystallite size of the carbonized coils was found to be nanofibres. The effects of width of the gap and applied
within the same range as those in commercial PAN-based voltage on degree of alignment were investigated using
HMS4 carbon fibres. 7 refs. image-processing technique by Fourier power spectrum
Zagazig,University method. A comparison was made between the crystallinity
EGYPT and mechanical properties of post-treated and untreated
Accession no.975707 fibre bundles. 21 refs.
Isfahan,University of Technology
Item 375 IRAN
Polymer Accession no.974954
47, No.15, 2006, p.5630.
ELECTROSPUN BOMBYX MORI GLAND SILK Item 378
Putthanarat S; Eby R K; Kataphinan W; Jones S; Naik Journal of Applied Polymer Science
R; Reneker D H; Farmer B L 101, No.6, 15th Sept.2006, p.3835.
Solutions of Bombyx mori gland silk can be electrospun CE-INDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION
with the addition of some polyethylene oxide (PEO). OF METHACRYLIC ACID ON ELECTROSPUN
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) can also be incorporated POLYSULPHONE NONWOVEN FIBER
and electrospun without apparent phase separation from MEMBRANE
the silk. The dimensions of the fibres with and without Ma Z; Ramakrishna S
the GFP are qualitatively similar. The results indicate the The cerium-induced graft copolymerisation of methacrylic
possibility of making fibres with uniform non-linear optical acid on polysulphone surface was studied. After pre-
properties. 6 refs. treatment either by formaldehyde solution or by air glow
Akron,University; US,Air Force Research Laboratory discharge plasma, the polysulphone fibre membrane
USA was immersed in methacrylic acid solution with cerium.
Accession no.975541 The influence of pre-treatment on the degree of graft

120 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

copolymerisation was investigated. Membrane surfaces measuring hysteresis in water contact angle compressing
were examined using FTIR and X-ray photoelectron drops between two superhydrophobic surfaces. Films were
spectroscopy. The effect of the graft copolymerisation also examined using scanning electron microscopy. Water
on the membrane's structure and water permeability was contact angles generally greater than 170 degrees, and
studied. 25 refs. sliding angles less than 2 degrees were obtained. 14 refs.
Singapore,National University Sabanci,University
SINGAPORE (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Accession no.974885 TURKEY
Accession no.974772
Item 379
Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March Item 381
2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held Macromolecules
San Diego, Ca., March 2005. 39, No.13, 27th June 2006, p.4276.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, SPONTANEOUS FORMATION OF POLY
2005, p.513-514, CD-ROM, 012 (P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE) NANOFIBER
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROCHROMIC YARNS THROUGH ELECTROSPINNING OF
CONDUCTIVE POLYMERIC NANOFIBRES A PRECURSOR
Sung-Yeon Jang; Myung-Seob Khil; Seshadri V; Okazuki H; Takahashi T; Miyajima N; Suzuki Y;
Marquez M; Mather P T; Sotzing G A Kuwabara T
Preparation, and characterisation of electrochromic C e n t i m e t r e s l o n g n a n o fi b r e s w e r e p r e p a r e d
polythiophene nanofibres is described. A customised by electrospinning a solution of poly(p-
electrospinning unit was used and fibres were crosslinked xylenetetrahydrothiophenium chloride), (a precursor
using solid state oxidative crosslinking. Fibres were of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV)) containing
characterised using scanning electron microscopy, and different amounts of methanol. The precursor yarn was
polymers by gel permeation chromatography, nuclear formed using methanol contents between 40 and 90%,
magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning corresponding to a precursor concentration between
calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Non woven 0.15 and 0.025%. The average diameter of the precursor
mats were prepared on indium tin oxide coated glass, and yarn and the spinning rate depended on the methanol
showed colour changes from white before crosslinking content, concentration of the precursor and the viscosity
to blue after crosslinking and orange after reduction. of the solution. The precursor yarns were converted to
Switching speed was approximately 2 seconds. 8 refs. PPV yarns by heat treatment at 250 deg.C for 12 h in
Connecticut,University; Case Western Reserve a vacuum. The fibres preserved their morphology even
University; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Kraft after the elimination reaction with an average diameter
Foods of 150 nm and more than 25% of fibres were finer than
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) 100 nm. The PPV fibres were uniaxially aligned along
USA the axis of the yarn where about 70% of the fibres had a
Accession no.974832 tilt angle within 30 degrees. 11 refs.
Yamanashi,University
JAPAN
Item 380
Accession no.974008
Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March
2005. Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held
San Diego, Ca., March 2005. Item 382
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, Revista de Plasticos Modernos
2005, p.399-400, CD-ROM, 012 91, No.600, June 2006, p.551.
GENERATION OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMERIC
SURFACES BY ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS NANOFIBRES
Acatay K; Simsek E; Ow-Yang C; Menceloglu Y Z Carretero Gonzalez J; Barroso Bujans F; Rivas M L;
Barrero A; Gonzalez Loscertales I; Lopez Manchado
Preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces, based on
MA
perfluoroalkylethylacrylate (PFA) and acrylonitrile
copolymers or acrylonitrile and dimethyl isopropyl benzyl A comprehensive report on the electrospinning of
isocyanate, by electrospinning is described. The effects of polymeric nanofibres is presented. 97 refs.
the polymer solution viscosity, and of molecular weight of CSIC; Es Ingenieros de Sevilla; ETS Ingenieros
copolymer, during electrospinning on water contact angle Industriales de Malaga
measurements and sliding angle were evaluated. Solution EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
viscosities were recorded with a cone and plate viscometer. WESTERN EUROPE
Stability of superhydrophobic state was determined by Accession no.973832

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 121

 References and Abstracts

Item 383 A coaxial electrospinning method for producing ultrafine

Macromolecules fibre mats with a core shell structure, in which the shell
39, No.16, 8th Aug.2006, p.5453. material was polylactic acid and the core material was
SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES IN tetracycline hydrochloride, is described. Fibres were
ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE-BLOCK- characterised using scanning and transmission electron
ISOPRENE FIBERS microscopies, differential scanning calorimetry and
Kalra V; Kakad P A; Mendez S; Ivannikov T; tensile evaluation. The mats were evaluated for their
Kamperman M; Joo Y L potential as drug delivery systems by evaluating drug
release behaviour using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy.
The formation of various domain shapes in submicron
Controlling the concentration of shell solution affected
scale fibres of styrene-isoprene copolymers was
both mechanical properties and drug release behaviour,
investigated by electrospinning. Copolymers were
allowing these aspects to be controlled. Potential use in
synthesised by anionic polymerisation and were
medical applications such as sutures and wound dressing
dissolved in THF. Morphologies were determined
was suggested. 22 refs.
using small-angle X-ray scattering and TEM. Results
on the effect of annealing on fibre morphology are also Tongji,University
presented. 27 refs. CHINA

Cornell University Accession no.973619

USA
Accession no.973678 Item 386
Journal of Materials Chemistry
16, No.29, 7th Aug.2006, p.3031.
Item 384
SOLUTION CHEMISTRY CONTROL TO MAKE
Journal of Macromolecular Science B
WELL DEFINED SUBMICRON CONTINUOUS
B45, No.4, 2006, p.573.
FIBRES BY ELECTROSPINNING: THE
POLY(M-PHENYLENE ISOPHTHALAMIDE)
(CH3CH2CH2O)4TI/ACOH/POLY(N-
ULTRAFINE FIBERS FROM AN IONIC VINYLPYRROLIDONE) SYSTEM
LIQUID SOLUTION BY DRY-JET-WET- Skotak M; Larsen G
ELECTROSPINNING
Wen Yang; Hao Yu; Meifang Zhu; Hongwei Bai; The fabrication of nanocomposite fibres of poly(N-
Yanmo Chen vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP) and titanium dioxide by
electrospinning from sol-gel formulations based
Morphology, crystalline structure and thermal properties on titanium propoxide, PVP and acetic acid, was
of ultrafine fibres of polyphenylene isophthalamide, investigated using in-situ FTIR monitoring, viscosity,
spun using a dry-jet-wet-spinning technique from an electrical conductivity, UV-visible spectroscopy, and
ionic liquid solution, were examined using optical SEM. The effects of process variables such as electric
and scanning electron microscopies, wide angle X-ray field and flow rate, and physical properties of the sol,
diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential including conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, density
scanning calorimetry and differential thermography and dielectric constant, over time on fibre properties were
respectively. Differences to fibres spun using conventional studied and the results are discussed. 25 refs.
wet spinning methods were discussed, and both heat
Nebraska-Lincoln,University; LNK Chemsolutions
resistance and crystallinity in the dry-jet-wet-spun fibres
USA
was reduced compared to conventional preparation
methods. 19 refs. Accession no.973529
Donghua,University
CHINA Item 387
Accession no.973626 Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
291, No.7, 14th July 2006, p.840.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOLVENT PROPERTIES
Item 385 AND FUNCTIONALITY ON THE
Journal of Macromolecular Science B ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE
B45, No.4, 2006, p.515. NANOFIBERS
Pattamaprom C; Hongrojjanawiwat W; Koombhongse
COAXIAL ELECTROSPUN POLY(L-LACTIC
P; Supaphol P; Jarusuwannapoo T; Rangkupan R
ACID) ULTRAFINE FIBERS FOR SUSTAINED
DRUG DELIVERY The effects of solvent properties and functionality
Chuang-Long He; Zheng-Ming Huang; Xiao-Jian on the production of polystyrene (PS) nanofibres
Han; Ling Liu; Hua-hanS Zhang; Lu-Song Chen by electrospinning was investigated under various

122 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

processing conditions for a range of solvents with A novel and simple technique of manufacturing
different properties such as surface tension, conductivity, uniaxially aligned electrospun fibres with diameter of
viscosity, density and dipole moment. The nanofibres sub-micrometers is described. Compared with typical
were characterised by SEM, and the optimisation of the electrospinning setup, two oppositely placed metallic
production rate of PS nanofibres is discussed in terms of needles are used, and they are connected to positive
the viscosity and dipole moments of solvents. 13 refs. and negative voltages, respectively. Fibres coming
Thammasat,University; Thailand,National out of the two needles combine in a yarn, which is
Metal & Materials Technology Center; wound by a cylinder collector rotating at a high speed.
Chulalongkorn,University Fibres manufactured by this method are continuous,
THAILAND well-aligned, and can be deposited over a large area.
Accession no.973491 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)
(PVP) are used to manufacture aligned fibres. An analysis
of the possible mechanism of the fibres alignment is
Item 388
Polymer given. The influences of the concentration of the solution
47, No.14, 2006, p.5097. and the take-up velocity on the alignment of fibres were
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF ELECTROSPUN investigated. 12 refs.
CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS Tsing Hua,University
Kim C W; Kim D S; Kang S Y; Marquez M; Joo Y L CHINA

Non-woven mats of submicron-sized cellulose fibres Accession no.973409

(250-750 nm in diameter) have been obtained by
electrospinning of cellulose solutions. Cellulose are Item 390
directly dissolved in two solvent systems: (a) lithium Polymer
chloride (LiCl)/N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) and 47, No.13, 2006, p.4789.
(b) N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMMO)/water, and THE ROLE OF ELASTICITY IN THE
the effects of (i) solvent system, (ii) the degree of FORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS
polymerisation of cellulose, (iii) spinning conditions, Yu J H; Fridrikh S V; Rutledge G C
and (iv) post-spinning treatment such as coagulation
with water on the microstructure of electrospun fibres The role of fluid elasticity in the formation of fibres from
are investigated. The scanning electron microscope polymer solution by electrospinning is investigated.
(SEM) images of electrospun cellulose fibres show that Model solutions with different degrees of elasticity were
applying coagulation with water right after the collection prepared by blending small amounts of high molecular
of fibres is necessary to obtain submicron scale, dry and weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) with concentrated
stable cellulose fibres for both solvent systems. X-ray aqueous solutions of low molecular weight polyethylene
diffraction studies reveal that cellulose fibres obtained glycol (PEG). The elastic properties of these solutions,
from LiCl/DMAc are mostly amorphous, whereas the such as extensional viscosity and the longest relaxation
degree of crystallinity of cellulose fibres from NMMO/ time, were measured using the capillary break-up
water can be controlled by various process conditions extensional rheometer (CaBER). The formation of
including spinning temperature, flow rate, and distance beads-on-string and uniform fibre morphologies during
between the nozzle and collector. Finally, electrospun electrospinning was observed for a series of solutions
cellulose fibres are oxidised by HNO"3/H"3PO"4 and having the same polymer concentration, surface tension,
NaNO"2, and the degradation characteristics of oxidised zero shear viscosity, and conductivity but different
cellulose fibres under physiological conditions are degrees of elasticity. A high degree of elasticity is
presented. 35 refs.
observed to arrest the break-up of the jet into droplets
Cornell University; Philip Morris USA; Los Alamos by the Rayleigh instability and in some cases to suppress
National Laboratory the instability altogether. We examine the susceptibility
USA of the jet to the Rayleigh instability in two ways. First,
Accession no.973431 a Deborah number, defined as the ratio of the fluid
relaxation time to the instability growth time, is shown to
Item 389 correlate with the arrest of droplet break-up, giving rise
Polymer to electrospinning rather than electrospraying. Second,
47, No.14, 2006, p.4901. a critical value of elastic stress in the jet, expressed as a
CONTINUOUS ALIGNED POLYMER function of jet radius and capillary number, is shown to
FIBERS PRODUCED BY A MODIFIED indicate complete suppression of the Rayleigh instability
ELECTROSPINNING METHOD and the transition from 'beads-on-string' to uniform fibre
Huan Pan; Luming Li; Long Hu; Xiaojie Cui morphology. 42 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 123

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology were synthesised from 3,4,3',4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic

USA dianhydride (BPDA) and p-phenylenediamine (PDA)
Accession no.973351 by using intense mechanical stirring at -15 to 0 deg.C
for 48-72 h. The as-synthesized PI precursor solution
was used to make BPDA/PDA polyimide thin films and
Item 391 electrospun nanofibres. IR, Ostward Viscometer, CMT-
Macromolecular Bioscience 8102 Electromechanical Universal Testing Machine and
6, No.7, 14th July 2006, p.487. scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the
CHAIN CONFORMATIONS OF POLY(GAMMA- characterisations of the as-synthesized PI precursor, PI
BENZYL-L-GLUTAMATE) PRE AND POST AN films and nanofibre sheets. The high molecular weight
ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS BPDA/PDA PI thin films and electrospun nanofibre sheets
Minato K-I; Ohkawa K; Yamamoto H possess excellent mechanical properties of up to 900 MPa
tensile strength with up to 18.0 GPa E-modulus and up to
The fabrication of fibres of poly(gamma-benzyl-L-
210 MPa tensile strength with up to 2.5 GPa E-modulus,
glutamate) by electrospinning was investigated by
respectively. 27 refs.
viscosity, circular dichroism, FTIR, SEM and WAXD using
different solvent compositions based on dichloromethane Jiangxi,Normal University; Jiangxi,Medicine College
CHINA
and trifluoroacetic acid. The results are discussed in terms
of the correlation between chain conformation of the Accession no.972515
polymer in solution and the morphology, crystallinity and
diameter of the electrospun fibres. 42 refs. Item 394
Shinshu,University Advanced Materials
JAPAN 18, No.13, 4th July 2006, p.1709.
Accession no.972898 CONDUCTIVE GOLD FILMS ASSEMBLED
ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL
METHACRYLATE) FIBROUS MATS
Item 392 Gaoyi Han; Bin Guo; Liwei Zhang; Binsheng Yang
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
17, No.5, May 2006, p.391. Stable and continuous gold-coated fibrous mats, which
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FROM POLY(METHYL could be used as electrodes for electrochemical experiments
METHACRYLATE)/VAPOR GROWN CARBON or for fabrication of electronic devices, were fabricated.
NANOFIBERS The formation of conductive gold films on flexible
Macossay J; Leal J H; Kuang A; Jones R E electrospun PMMA ultrafine fibrous mat substrates was
examined and the positive effect of heat treatment was
The fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) demonstrated. 36 refs.
microfibres and nanofibres, and PMMA/vapour grown
Shanxi,University
carbon nanofibre (CNF) composite fibres of micrometre
CHINA
and nanometre size diameters by electrospinning is
described. The products were characterised by TGA, SEM Accession no.972120
and TEM and the effects of CNF on thermal stability of
the composite fibres, and of the addition of N-cyclohexyl- Item 395
2-pyrrolidone on the dispersion of CNF, are discussed. Journal of Applied Polymer Science
21 refs. 100, No.6, 15th June 2006, p.4935.
Texas,Pan American University SUPERPARAMAAGNETIC FLEXIBLE
USA SUBSTRATES BASED ON SUBMICRON
ELECTROSPUN ESTANE FIBERS CONTAINING
Accession no.972877
MNZNFE-NI NANOPARTICLES
Gupta P; Asmatulu R; Claus R; Wilkes G
Item 393
Flexible elastomeric, superparamagnetic substrates
European Polymer Journal
(mats) were prepared by electrospinning a solution of
42, No.5, 2006, p.1099.
Estane (a segmented polyester-based segmented PU)
HIGH STRENGTH ELECTROSPUN POLYMER
containing ferrite nanoparticles (approximately 14 nm) of
NANOFIBERS MADE FROM BPDA-PDA
mixed Mn-Zn-Ni. Field emission SEM indicated that the
POLYIMIDE
diameter of the composite fibres was about 300-500 nm
Chaobo Huang; Suqing Wang; Hean Zhang; Tingting
and that agglomeration of the nanoparticles occurred at
Li; Shuiliang Chen; Chuilin Lai; Haoqing Hou
17-25 wt% loading in the electrospun fibres. The induced
A series of high molecular weight PI precursors, specific magnetic saturation and the relative permeability
poly(p-phenylene biphenyltetracarboxamide acid), increased linearly with increasing wt% loading of the

124 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

ferrite nanoparticles on the sub-micron electrospun fibres. TURKEY

A specific magnetic saturation of 1.7-6.3 emu/g at ambient Accession no.971614
conditions indicated that these composite electrospun
substrates showed superparamagnetic behaviour. 47 refs.
Item 398
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
USA
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
Accession no.972057 conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st
Sept.2005.
Item 396 Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.992-993,
101, No.3, 5th Aug.2006, p.2017. CD-ROM, 012
PREPARATION AND ANISOTROPIC EFFECT OF FLUID ELASTICITY ON THE
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HIGHLY- MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN FIBER
ORIENTED ELECTROSPUN POLYBUTYLENE Jian H Yu; Fridikh S V; Rutledge G C
TEREPHTHALATE FIBERS
Mathew G; Hong J P; Rhee J M; Leo D J; Nah C The elastic effects in electrospinning of fibres were
demonstrated by spinning solutions of two different
Details are given of the effect of the speed of drum-type
polymers, polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide,
rotating collector in an electrospinning process on the
orientation of electrospun PBTP fibres and its effect on of different molecular weights. Elastic properties were
tensile properties. The degree of orientation was found to determined by capillary rheometry. Spinning of fluids with
increase with increase in drum speed up to a critical level low relaxation times or low extensional velocities results
and thereafter wavy fibres were observed. The average in a 'beads on a string' morphology in the resulting fibre,
diameter was seen to reduce and its distribution became but higher values in these properties result in a smooth
narrower with increase in velocity. 10 refs. and uniform fibre. Neither shear viscosity nor chain
Chonbuk,National University; Virginia,Polytechnic entanglements indicate that a fluid could be electrospun
Institute into fibres. 6 refs.
KOREA; USA Massachusetts,Institute of Technology
Accession no.971731 (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA

Item 397 Accession no.971598

ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a Item 399
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st E-Polymers
Sept.2005.
No.33, 2006, p.1.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
LUMINESCENT POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE/
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.1023-1025,
ZNO HYBRID NANOFIBERS MEMBRANE
CD-ROM, 012
METALLIZATION OF PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING
POLY(GLYCIDYLMETHACRYLATE) BASED Lu X; Zhang W; Zhao Q; Wang L; Wang C
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS The fabrication of composite nanofibres of poly(vinyl
Menceloglu Y Z; Demir M M; Ugur G; Gulgun M A pyrrolidone) and zinc oxide by an electrospinning
Immobilisation of hydrazine on the surface of nanofibres, technique using an ethanol solution of zinc sol and the
prepared by electrospinning of polyglycidyl methacrylate polymer is described. The nanofibres were characterised
or a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile, by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR and UV-visible
allowed electroless plating of the fibres by silver. Scanning spectroscopy, and their photoluminescence properties were
electron microscopy indicated that no changes in fibre investigated. 32 refs.
morphology occurred during treatment with hydrazine, and Jilin,University
deposition of silver particles from silver nitrate solution
CHINA
was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric
analysis. Particle size of the silver was affected slightly by Accession no.971518
deposition time, but was not affected by the base polymer.
20 refs. Item 400
Sabanci,University Polymer International
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) 55, No.8, Aug.2006, p.825.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 125

 References and Abstracts

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fibres were investigated by

OF ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN scanning electron microscopy. The formation of beaded
POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBERS AND THEIR fibres on addition of low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene
SUBSEQUENT PYROLYSIS TO CARBON FIBERS glycols) (PEGs) to the PEO solution suggested that the
Sutasinpromprae J; Jitjaicham S; Nithitanakul M; very short relaxation time and/or the plasticising effect
Meechaisue C; Supaphol P of the low-molecular-weight PEGs contributes to the
The effects of solution conditions, including concentration, formation of a bead-on-string morphology of the as-
viscosity, conductivity and surface tension, and process spun fibres. The improvement in the electrospinnability
parameters, including applied electrostatic field strength, of the PEO solution with increasing PEO concentration
emitting electrode polarity, nozzle diameter and take- and on addition of NaCl and sodium dodecylsulphate
up speed, on the morphology and diameter of ultrafine suggested that the observed increase in the viscosity
polyacrylonitrile fibres fabricated by electrospinning were and conductivity and the observed decrease in the
investigated by scanning optical microscopy, XRD and surface tension of the solution were necessary for
SEM. The conversion by pyrolysis of the as-spun fibres total suppression of the beads. However, when the
into ultrafine carbon fibres, characterised by FTIR, XRD conductivity of the solution increased only marginally,
and DSC, is described. 26 refs. beads could still be obtained. 21 refs.
Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,University Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,University
THAILAND THAILAND

Accession no.971443 Accession no.971373

Item 401 Item 403

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
291, No.6, 16th June 2006, p.592. Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
ELECTROSPINNING OF FLUORINATED conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st
POLYMERS: FORMATION OF Sept.2005.
SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Agarwal S; Horst S; Bognitzki M Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.507-508,
CD-ROM, 012
Superhydrophobic surfaces were produced by one-
MULTIFUNCTIONAL TISSUE SCAFFOLDS
step electrospinning of fluorinated homopolymers and
BASED ON ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
copolymers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (PFS). The
Dean D; Jose M V; Abdalla M A; Green K; Bellis S;
hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity can be adjusted
Thomas V; Vohra Y; Nyairo E
by changing the surface morphology by altering the
electrospinning conditions. Appropriate combinations An attempt was made to control the scale of electrospun
of surface morphology and fluorinated materials led to nanofibres using synthetic and natural polymers and
the formation of super-water-resistant coatings with a nanocomposites with controlled spatial distribution of the
water-roll effect at an angle of 0 degrees. Incorporation phases. Fibres of poly(L-lactic acid) or polycaprolactone
of about 30 mol% of PFS onto the PS backbone converted with diameters ranging from 200 nm to 5 micrometres were
hydrophobic PS surfaces into superhydrophobic surfaces. prepared. Fibres containing modified carbon nanotubes
The effect was generalised by using a new fluorinated were also spun. It was shown that combinations of the
poly(p-xylylene) derivative. 26 refs. materials and modifications of the electrospinning process
Marburg,Philipps University could lead to polymeric scaffolds with varying degrees of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; hierarchical complexity and multifunctionality. 16 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE
Alabama,University at Birmingham; Alabama,State
Accession no.971374 University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Item 402 USA
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering Accession no.971111
291, No.6, 16th June 2006, p.581.
EFFECTS OF POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL), Item 404
INORGANIC SALT, SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE, ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
AND SOLVENT SYSTEM ON ELECTROSPINNING Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st
Arayanarakul K; Choktaweesap N; Aht-ong D;
Sept.2005.
Meechaisue C; Supaphol P
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
The effects of various additives on bead formation Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.482-484,
and the morphological appearance of electrospun CD-ROM, 012

126 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

INVESTIGATION OF MACROMOLECULAR The fabrication of ultrafine fibres of poly(4-vinylpyridine)

ORIENTATION AND CRYSTALLINE (P4VP) and of blends of P4VP with poly(methyl
STRUCTURE OF NYLON 6 IN ELECTROSPUN methacrylate) by electrospinning from solutions of the
NANOFIBERS polymers in dimethylformamide, and their characterisation
Guangyu Fan; Lei Zhu; Nyle Hedin; Hao Fong by SEM, TEM and UV-visible spectroscopy is described.
The immobilisation of gold nanoparticles on the surface
Nylon 6 nanofibres with diameters ranging from 100 to 400
of the fibres by initial adsorption of gold ions by dipping
nm were electrospun using a 5 wt % hexafluoroisopropanol
in sodium tetrachloroaurate solution followed by chemical
solution. A homemade roller was used to collect the
reduction, and the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles by
nylon 6 nanofibres. The collected nanofibres were aligned
immersion in colloidal gold solution were investigated by
along the rolling direction. The nylon 6 nanofibres were
the same techniques and the results are discussed. 9 refs.
birefringent. The morphology of the nanofibres was
examined by SEM. The macromolecular orientation and New York,State University
crystalline structures in the nanofibres were investigated (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
using polarised FTIR, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and
DSC. 6 refs. Accession no.970675
South Dakota,School of Mines & Technology;
Connecticut,University Item 407
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Macromolecular Research
USA 14, No.3, June 2006, p.331.
Accession no.971099 MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN
POLYSULFONE/POLYURETHANE BLEND
Item 405
NONWOVENS
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Cha D I; Kim K W; Chu G H; Kim H Y; Lee K H;
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
Bhattarai N
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st
Sept.2005. The morphology and mechanical properties of non-
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric wovens derived from electrospun nanofibres of blends of
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.472, polysulphone with various proportions of polyurethane
CD-ROM, 012 were investigated using SEM and tensile testing. The
DEVELOPMENT OF LABO SCALE DEVICE BY effects of solvent composition, polymer concentration
ELECTRO-SPINNING FOR PLA NANOFIBER and polymer blend composition on morphological and
Yoshihiro Yamashia; Akira Tanaka; Ko F mechanical properties are discussed. 18 refs.
Kato-Tech's nanofibre electrospinning unit is described Chonbuk,National University
KOREA
and its use for production of nanofibres from four types
of polylactic acid is discussed. The relationship between Accession no.970646
solution (chloroform) concentration and nanofibre
diameter is considered. Item 408
Kato-Tech Ltd. Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
Shiga Prefecture,University; Drexel,University 19, No.2, June-July 2006, p.121.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETERS
JAPAN; USA AFFECTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
Accession no.971093 ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE
NANOFIBERS
Jalili R; Morshed M; Hosseini S A
Item 406
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. The electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile nanofibres was
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a investigated under various processing conditions and
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st the products were characterised by SEM. The effects
Sept.2005. of critical voltage, syringe needle length and needle
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric diameter on the rate of production of electrospun
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.847-848, nanofibres, average fibre diameters and distribution
CD-ROM, 012 of fibre diameters were studied and the results are
IMMOBILIZATION OF METAL discussed.
NANOPARTICLES ON ULTRAFINE Isfahan,University of Technology
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER FIBRES IRAN
Dong H; Fey E; Gandelman A; Jones W E Accession no.970618

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 127

 References and Abstracts

Item 409 Chulalongkorn,University

Journal of Applied Polymer Science THAILAND
101, No.2, 15th July 2006, p.961. Accession no.969775
STRUCTURE OF SILK FIBROIN FIBERS MADE
BY AN ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS FROM A
Item 412
SILK FIBROIN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition
Hong Wang; Huili Shao; Xuechao Hu
17, No.5, 2006, p.547.
Electrospun silk fibroin (SF) fibres with an average ELECTROSPINNING OF HEXANOYL
diameter of 700 nm were prepared by electrospinning CHITOSAN/POLYLACTIDE BLENDS
from a concentrated aqueous solution. The morphology, Peesan M; Rujiravanit R; Supaphol P
conformation, and crystalline structure of the SF fibres
Details are given of the electrospinning of hexanoyl
were characterised. The structure and morphology
chitosan, polylactide and their blends using chloroform,
of the fibres were markedly affected by the solution
dichloromethane or THF as spinning solvent. The
concentration and the processing voltage. The fibre
morphologies of the fibres were examined. Thermal
formation parameters, including the spinning velocity,
characteristics and crystalline structure of fibres from pure
elongation rate, and draw ratio, were calculated. The SF
and blend solutions in chloroform were characterised by
fibres had a structure between an amorphous film and
TGA, DSC and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. 34 refs.
natural silk. The high draw ratio was not the sole factor
involved in the transformation of SF from random- Chulalongkorn,University
THAILAND
coil and alpha-helix conformations to a beta-sheet
conformation. 35 refs. Accession no.969722
Donghua,University
CHINA Item 413
Accession no.970527 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Sept.2005.
Item 410
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.699-700,
22, No.2, March 2006, p.205.
CD-ROM, 012
ELECTROSPINNING OF
ELECTROSPINNING OF CERAMIC
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
NANOFIBERS FROM PRECERAMIC POLYMER
Shu-Ying Gu
PRECURSORS
The effects of polymer concentration, applied voltage, Eick B M; Youngblood J P
addition of dye solution and solvent on the morphological
Details are given of the small scale production of ceramic
properties of electrospun PMMA fibres were investigated.
fibres. Ceramic precursor polymers were combined with PS
Formation of a beads-on-string structure was observed
to prepare electrospun fibres that were thermally processed
under specified conditions. 14 refs.
into ceramic fibres. Emphasis is given to polycarbomethyl
Tongji,University silane and polyphenylmethylsilsesquioxane which
CHINA
were pyrolysed into silicon carbide and silica. Fibre
Accession no.969896 characterisation was undertaken using optical microscopy,
atomic force microscopy and FTIR. 5 refs.
Item 411 Purdue University
Iranian Polymer Journal (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
15, No.4, April 2006, p.341. USA
EFFECTS OF SOLVENT PROPERTIES, Accession no.969710
SOLVENT SYSTEM, ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
STRENGTH, AND INORGANIC SALT ADDITION
Item 414
ON ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBRES
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Manee-in J; Nithitanakul M; Supaphol P
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
The results are reported of a study of the effects of solvent conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Sept.2005.
system, solvent properties, electrostatic field strength Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
and addition of inorganic salts (LiCl and KCl) on the Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.697-698,
electrospinnability of PS solutions and the morphological CD-ROM, 012
properties and size of the electrospun fibres. Solvents ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING NONWOVEN
employed are 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, ethyl acetate, WEB COMPOSED OF NANO (MICRO) PEDOT
MEK and mixtures thereof. 12 refs. FIBERS SPUN BY ELECTROSPINNING

128 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Ko J M; Jung B R; Kwon Y R; Joo J; Lee J Y Details are given of the use of a two-fluid electrospinning
technique to produce pure silk synthetic fibres with
Details are given of the fabrication of electrically
submicron diameters that can be annealed using
conducting polyethylenedioxythiophene nanofibres woven
humidity rather than ethanol. The morphology and
web spun by electrospinning. Potential uses in secondary
mechanical properties of the silk fibres are also reported.
battery, supercapacitor or solar cell applications are
Characterisation was undertaken using SEM, FTIR, X-ray
mentioned. The electrical conductivity of the web was
diffraction, TEM and tensile testing. 4 refs.
measured by van der Pauws four-probe method. Surface
morphologies were observed using optical microscopy MIT; Tufts University
and SEM. 9 refs. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
Sung Kyun Kwan University; Seoul,Korea University
Accession no.968656
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
KOREA
Accession no.969709 Item 417
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
Item 415
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Sept.2005.
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.20-1, CD-
Sept.2005.
ROM, 012
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
SYNTHESIS OF POLYPYRROLE
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.619-20,
NANOFIBERS ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMER
CD-ROM, 012
FIBER TEMPLATES BY VAPOR PHASE
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE STUDIES OF
POLYMERIZATION
TIN OXIDE NANOFIBERS PREPARED BY
Nair S; Kim S H
ELECTROSPINNING
Hak-Yong Kim; Nallasamy D; Kwan-Woo Kim; Details are given of the synthesis of polypyrrole-
Myung-Seob Khil; Chi-Hun Kim polyethylene oxide composite nanofibres by carrying
out oxidative polymerisation of pyrrole on electrospun
Calcination of a composite of polyvinyl acetate and tin
nanofibres of polyethylene oxide containing ferric chloride.
oxide nanofibres, prepared by electrospinning, resulted
The polyethylene oxide nanofibres acted as templates for
in pure tin oxide nanofibres. These pure nanofibres were
vapour-phase polymerisation of pyrrole. The composites
characterised by scanning electron microscopy, tapping
were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to
mode atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman
confirm the presence of polypyrrole. Fibre dimensions and
spectroscopy and room temperature photoluminescence
the size distribution of the fibres was analysed by SEM.
spectroscopy. Fibre diameter was seen to shrink during
Conductivity measurements were undertaken. 6 refs.
calcinations and photoluminescence emission decreased
with increasing calcinations temperatures. These Pennsylvania,State University
observations were discussed. 4 refs. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
Chonbuk,National University; Udumalpet,Government
Accession no.968609
Arts College
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
INDIA; SOUTH KOREA Item 418
Accession no.969631 Journal of Advanced Materials
38, No.2, April 2006, p.40.
BREATHABLE BUTYL RUBBER MEMBRANES
Item 416
FORMED BY ELECTROSPINNING
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
VIRIYABANTHORN N; STACER R G; MEAD J L
Fall Meeting 2005. Volume 93. Proceedings of a
conference held Washington, D.C., 28th Aug.-1st The development of breathable carbon black-filled
Sept.2005. vulcanised butyl rubber membranes by the electrospinning
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric process, and their characterisation by static moisture
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2005, p.130-1, CD- permeation, air flow resistance, water vapour diffusion,
ROM, 012 density, crosslink density, tensile testing and morphology
ARTIFICIAL SUB-MICRON DIAMETER (SEM) is described. The effects of solution viscosity
SILK FIBERS UNDER BENIGN on fibre morphology of the microporous elastomeric
PROCESSING CONDITIONS BY TWO-FLUID membranes were studied, and the mechanical properties
ELECTROSPINNING are compared with those for butyl rubber and for expanded
Wang M; Yu J; Kaplan D L; Rutledge G C poly(tetrafluoroethylene) film. 24 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 129

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts,University; US,Army Natick Res.,Dev.& Zussman E; Burman M; Yarin A L; Khalfin R; Cohen Y

Engng.Center
USA
The intrinsic structure and mechanical properties of
electrospun nylon-6,6 nanofibres spun at a strain rate of
Accession no.968572
1000 s-1 and a cross-sectional area reduction of 33000 are
described. The crystallite orientation and crystallinity are
Item 419 significantly affected by the processing. Testing includes
Macromolecular Bioscience an evaluation of Young's modulus and the nanofibre
6, No.5, 23rd May 2006, p.364. mechanical strength. Results are compared with those of
FIBROUS MEMBRANES ELECTROSPINNING melt-extruded micro-fibres. Nanofibres display an alpha-
FROM ACRYLONITRILE-BASED POLYMERS: crystalline phase with a triclinic cell structure. 30 refs.
SPECIFIC ABSORPTION BEHAVIORS AND Israel,Institute of Technology
STATES OF WATER ISRAEL
Wan L-S; Xu Z-K; Jiang H-L Accession no.968410
The fabrication of fibrous membranes with different fibre
diameters from polyacrylonitrile and poly(acrylonitrile-co- Item 422
(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)) of various copolymer compositions Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
by an electrospinning process, and their characterisation by 44, No.10, 15th May 2006, p.1426.
FESEM, static water contact angle measurements, water ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS USING FIELS-
swelling properties and DSC, is described. The effects of CONTROLLABLE ELECTRODES
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone content on water sorption of the Geun Hyung Kim
copolymer membranes are discussed in terms of the presence
of non-freezable bound water and free water. 58 refs. The modification of an electrospinning process for
the production of uniaxially oriented nanofibres and a
Zhejiang,University
CHINA
three-dimensional, biodegradable scaffold consisting
of nanosized fibres is described. Biodegradable
Accession no.968537
poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibres are stacked on a
thin dielectric substrate covering the electrode according
Item 420 to a predetermined design. The degree of orientation of
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition spun nanofibres to the field direction of a target electrode
44, No.11, 1st June 2006, p.1608. is highly dependent on the applied frequency and field
ELECTROSPINNING OF NEAT AND LAPONITE- strength of the target electrode. 25 refs.
FILLED AQUEOUS POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) Korea,Institute of Machinery & Materials
SOLUTIONS KOREA
Daga V K; Helgeson M E; Wagner N J Accession no.968404
Electrospinning of viscoelastic aqueous solutions of
polyethylene oxide with and without the addition of Item 423
nanoclay laponite is reported. A weal correlation between Chemistry of Materials
fibre diameter and the spinning solution's zero-shear 18, No.8, 18th April 2006, p.2008.
viscosity is observed. A new analysis of electrospinning SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF METAL
results for PEO indicated a universal correlation between NANOPARTICLES ON ELECTROSPUN POLY(4-
fibre diameter and solution properties that does not VINYLPYRIDINE) FIBERS AND POLY(4-
include shear viscosity as a primary variable. The addition VINYLPYRIDINE) COMPOSITE FIBERS
of nanoclay to PEO solutions leads to different fibre Hong Dong; Fey E; Gandelman A; Jones W E
morphologies for the same shear viscosity which differs
from previous reports for addition of titania particles. Gold or silver nanoparticles were immobilised on the
Additional physicochemical properties that are important surface of poly(4-vinylpyridine) fibres and poly(4-
in determining morphology are identified. 45 refs. vinylpyridine)/PMMA composite fibres by in-situ
synthesis or by self-assembly. Polymer fibres with
Delaware,University
USA
submicrometer diameters were fabricated using an
electrospinning process and modified to incorporate
Accession no.968423 functional pyridyl groups on the surface. This simple
approach was shown to be versatile and applicable to
Item 421 many other combinations of electrospun functional
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition fibres and suitable metal nanoparticles, where functional
44, No.10, 15th May 2006, p.1489. groups could be introduced on the fibre surface during
TENSILE DEFORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN fabrication or by subsequent surface modification of the
NYLON-6,6 NANOFIBERS electrospun fibres. 21 refs.

130 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

New York,State University Chi Hun Kim; Yoon Ho Jung; Hak Yong Kim; Douk
USA Rae Lee; Dharmaraj N; Kyung Eun Choi
Accession no.968141
The fabrication of electrospun polymer non-woven mats
with porous surface morphology by varying the collector
Item 424 temperature during electrospinning was studied.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Polymers such as poly(L-lactide), PS and PVAc were
100, No.1, 5th April 2006, p.167. dissolved in volatile solvents, i.e. methylene chloride and
HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITIES OF PET AND THF, and subjected to electrospinning. The temperature
NYLON 6 ELECTROSPUN FIBER WEBS of the collector in the electrospinning device was varied
Kyung Hwa Hong; Tae Jin Kang by a heating system. The resulting non-woven mats
were characterised by using SEM, field emission SEM
Nylon-6 and PETP nanofibre webs were prepared by an
and atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the
electrospinning process. The morphological and hydraulic
surface morphology, porous structure and the properties,
properties of these materials were compared with those of
such as pore size, depth, shape and distribution of the
conventional spun bonded non-woven fabrics mad from
non-woven mats, were significantly influenced by the
these two polymers. The water permeabilities of PETP
collector temperature. 28 refs.
and nylon-6 spun bonded fabrics followed Darcy's law but
those of the electrospun fibre webs did not. Wicking was Chonbuk,National University; Udumalpet,Government
observed in both nylon-6 spun bond and electrospun fibre Arts College; Chonju,National University of
webs but not in either of the PETP materials. The water Education
INDIA; KOREA
vapour transport rates of the electrospun fibre webs for
both polymers were higher than those for the spun bond Accession no.966049
fabrics. 23 refs.
Seoul,National University Item 427
SOUTH KOREA Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Accession no.967067 27, No.7, 3rd April 2006, p.516.
NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES CONTAINING
CARBON NANOTUBES: ELECTROSPUN FOR
Item 425
REDOX ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION
Chemistry of Materials
Wang Z-G; Xu Z-K; Wan L-S; Wu J; Innocent C;
18, No.9, 2nd May 2006, p.2397.
Seta P
POLYELECTROLYTE FUNCTIONALIZATION
OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS The fabrication of nanofibrous membranes possessing
Mueller K; Quinn J F; Johnston A P R; Becker M; reactive groups by the electrospinning of solutions
Greiner A; Caruso F of poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) (PANCAA)
containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs),
A report is presented on the layer-by-layer surface
and their characterisation by FE-SEM is described.
functionalisation of high-aspect ratio PS electrospun
The covalent immobilisation of redox enzymes such as
fibres with polyelectrolytes, DNA oligonucleotides and
catalase on the membranes was investigated and enzyme
polyelectrolyte/gold nanoparticle composite layers. Coating
activity was compared with that for redox enzymes
of the PS fibres with poly(allylamine hydrochloride)
immobilised on PANCAA nanofibrous membranes
(PAH) and polystyrenesulphonate (PSS) multilayers
without MWCNTs. 29 refs.
and dissolution of the inner PS fibres is shown to result
in hollow PAH/PSS fibres. The process used to prepare Zhejiang,University; CNRS-UMR
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
modified electrospun fibres is illustrated and scanning FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
electron microscopy and TEM images of the electrospun
fibres treated with sulphuric acid and coated fibres are Accession no.965562
presented and discussed. 46 refs.
Melbourne,University; Marburg,Philipps University Item 428
AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Macromolecular Rapid Communications
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE 27, No.7, 3rd April 2006, p.511.
Accession no.966999 POLY(DICYCLOPENTADIENE) SUBMICRON
FIBERS PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING
Bellan L M; Coates G W; Craighead H G
Item 426
Macromolecular Research The fabrication of submicron-diameter fibres of
14, No.1, Feb.2006, p.59. poly(dicyclopentadiene) by electrospinning of a solution
EFFECT OF COLLECTOR TEMPERATURE of the monomer and a ruthenium catalyst with in-flight
ON THE POROUS STRUCTURE OF ring-opening metathesis polymerisation is described.
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS The fibres were characterised by SEM, AFM and Young's

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 131

 References and Abstracts

modulus, and the results are discussed in comparison Item 431

with those for bulk polymer material. 23 refs. Advanced Materials
Cornell University 18, No.5, 3rd March 2006, p.668.
USA HIGH-STRENGTH MATS FROM
Accession no.965561 ELECTROSPUN POLY(P-PHENYLENE
BIPHENYLTETRACARBOXIMIDE)
NANOFIBERS
Item 429 Huang C; Chen S; Reneker D H; Lai C; Hou H
Materials Today
9, No.3, March 2006, p.40. The fabrication of high strength nanofibre non-woven
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: SOLVING mats of rigid-rod-like poly(p-phenylene biphenyl
GLOBAL ISSUES tetracarboxamide) by electrospinning of the precursor
Seeram Ramakrishna; Kazutoshi Fujihara; Wee-Eong poly(p-phenylene biphenyl tetracarboxamide followed
Teo; Yong T; Zuwei Ma; Ramakrishna Ramaseshan by thermal imidisation and annealing is described. The
polyimide nanofibre mats were characterised by FTIR,
The use of electrospinning to produce highly porous SEM, WAXD and tensile testing, and the results are
nanofibre meshes from different materials is described discussed. 8 refs.
and a review is presented of the literature on applications
Jiangxi,Normal University; Akron,University
of electrospun nanofibres in healthcare applications, CHINA; USA
biotechnology and environmental engineering
Accession no.964441
applications, defence and security applications, and
energy generation applications. Specific applications
considered include micro engineered scaffolds for Item 432
tissue engineering, wound dressings, membranes Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
for water treatment, protective clothing and filters, 44, No.5, 1st March 2006, p.779.
polymer batteries, photovoltaic cells and polyelectrolyte CONTROL OF DIAMETER, MORPHOLOGY,
membrane fuel cells. 64 refs. AND STRUCTURE OF PVDF NANOFIBER
Singapore,National University FABRICATED BY ELECTROSPRAY
SINGAPORE DEPOSITION
Accession no.965089 Nasir M; Matsumoto H; Danno T; Minagawa M; Irisawa
T; Shioya M; Tanioka A

Item 430 An investigation into the determining factors on diameter,

Advanced Materials morphology and crystalline structure of polyvinylidene
18, No.3, 3rd Feb.2006, p.348. fluoride (PVDF) nanofibres prepared by electrospray
ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE/ deposition (ESD) is reported. Fibre diameter increases with
POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) DERIVED increasing polymer concentration and applied voltage. The
TURBOSTRATIC CARBON MICRO-/ fibre diameter decreases with increasing polymer solution
NANOTUBES flow rate. PVDF nanofibres with diameter 80-700 nm are
Zussman E; Yarin A L; Bazilevsky A V; Avrahami R; obtained. The total crystallinity and melting point of PVDF
Feldman M decreases after the ESD process. 27 refs.
Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kochi,Women's
A simple two-stage technique for the fabrication of
University
turbostratic hollow carbon nanotubes involving the JAPAN
co-electrospinning of two polymer (PAN and PMMA)
Accession no.964180
solutions is described and the carbon nanotubes are
characterised by scanning electron microscopy and
optical microscopy. The process involves the formation Item 433
of a solid interface between the core and shell of Macromolecules
nanofibres produced by electrospinning through the 39, No.2, 24th Jan.2006, p.575.
use of the non-solvent effect on one of the polymers SOLUTION RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR
followed by heat treatment of the nanofibres to degrade AND ELECTROSPINNING OF CATIONIC
the core polymer and carbonise the polymer shell. The POLYELECTROLYTES
physical mechanisms involved in the formation of the McKee M G; Hunley M T; Layman J M; Long T E
nanotubes are explained and potential applications for The effect of polyelectrolyte behaviour on the
the nanotubes are considered. 45 refs. electrospinning process was studied for a series of
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate hydrochloride
ISRAEL (PDMAEMA.HCl) aqueous solutions in the presence of
Accession no.964713 added sodium chloride. PDMAEMA.HCl in an 80/20

132 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

w/w water/methanol cosolvent showed polyelectrolyte Ristolainen N; Heikkila P; Harlin A; Seppala J

behaviour based on the scaling relationship between
The preparation of nanocomposite fibres of poly(vinyl
specific viscosity and concentration in the semidilute
alcohol) and polyamide-66 with various proportions of
unentangled and semidilute entangled regimes. The
montmorillonite or organically modified montmorillonite
entanglement concentration increased with sodium
as coatings on a non-woven substrate by electrospinning
chloride concentration due to screening of the electrostatic
under various processing conditions, and their
repulsive forces along the polymer backbone. Also, the
scaling behaviour in the semidilute entangled regime characterisation by SEM, contact angle and elemental
shifted from polyelectrolyte to neutral polymer behaviour analysis, is described. The effects of filler content and
in the high salt limit. The electrospinning performance type, and of solution pH, on the nanocomposite fibres
of the polymer solutions also depended on the sodium are discussed. 24 refs.
chloride concentration. Sodium chloride-free polymer Helsinki,University of Technology;
solutions did not form fibres at concentrations of less than Tampere,University of Technology
8 times the entanglement concentration. The minimum EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN
EUROPE
concentration for fibre formation decreased with increasing
level of sodium chloride due to screening of the repulsive Accession no.963669
electrostatic interactions between charged repeating units
that stabilised the electrospinning jet. Because of the high Item 436
electrical conductivity of the polyelectrolyte solutions, Journal of Membrane Science
the electrospun polyelectrolyte fibres were 2-3 orders of 272, No.1-2, 15th Mar.2006, p.179.
magnitude smaller in diameter than fibres which were SURFACE MODIFIED NONWOVEN
electrospun from solutions of neutral polymers of equal POLYSULPHONE(PSU) FIBER MESH BY
zero shear viscosity and normalised concentration. 51 ELECTROSPINNING: A NOVEL AFFINITY
refs. MEMBRANE
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University Zuwei Ma; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S
USA
Accession no.964104 Non-woven meshes composed of polysulphone (PSU)
ultrafine fibres were fabricated via the electrospinning
technique and then surface-modified for development of
Item 434 an affinity membrane. After the electrospinning, the PSU
Macromolecular Bioscience fibre mesh was heat-treated at 188C to give significant
6, No.1, 5th Jan.2006, p.70. improvement in the mechanical strength of the fibre
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION mesh. For surface modification, carboxyl groups were
OF NOVEL BONE SCAFFOLDS BASED ON introduced onto the PSU fibre surfaces through graft
ELECTROSPUN POLYCAPROLACTONE FIBERS copolymerisation of methacrylic acid (MAA) initiated
FILLED WITH NANOPARTICLES
by Ce(IV) after air plasma treatment of the PSU fibre
Wutticharoenmongkol P; Sanchavanakit N; Pavasant P;
mesh. Toluidine Blue O (TBO), a dye, which could form
Supaphol P
a stable complex with carboxyl groups, was used as a
The fabrication of polycaprolactone fibre mats filled with model target molecule to be captured by the PMAA-
various proportions of calcium carbonate or hydroxyapatite grafted PSU fibre mesh. The adsorption isotherm and
nanoparticles by electrospinning from polymer solutions rate of the TBO were studied. The carboxyl groups
containing the nanoparticles, and their characterisation by on the PMAA-grafted PSU fibre mesh could also be
tensile testing, SEM and cytotoxicity testing, is described. used as coupling sites for immobilisation of other
The effects of filler content, polymer concentration and protein ligands. Bovine serum albumin was chosen
applied electric potential on the properties of the products as a model protein ligand to be immobilised into the
are discussed in terms of applications as bone scaffolding PSU fibre mesh with a capacity of 17 microgram/
materials. 20 refs. mg. The surface modification processes were verified
Chulalongkorn,University by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR
THAILAND spectroscopy. Filtration analysis showed that the non-
Accession no.963690 woven fibrous membrane had much smaller pressure
drop and higher flux compared with conventional
Item 435 microfiltration membranes. The electrospun PSU fibre
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering mesh developed was a potential candidate material for
291, No.2, 10th Feb.2006, p.114. use as affinity membranes.
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND POLYAMIDE- Singapore,National University
66 NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY SINGAPORE
ELECTROSPINNING Accession no.963306

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 133

 References and Abstracts

Item 437 Item 439

168th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2005. Iranian Polymer Journal
Proceedings of a conference held Pittsburgh, Pa., 14, No.12, Dec.2005, p.1074.
1st-3rd Nov.2005. THE EFFECTS OF OPERATING PARAMETERS
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2005, Paper 61, ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN
pp.19, 28 cm, 012 POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBRES
FIBER STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL Jalili R; Hosseini S A; Morshed M
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN BUTYL
Polyacrylonitrile nanofibres were produced by
RUBBER WITH DIFFERENT CARBON
electrospinning a solution of PAN in DMF and the effects
BLACK TYPES
of various parameters on the morphology of the nanofibres
Threepopnatkul P; Murphy D; Zukas W; Mead J
investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Parameters
The structure and mechanical properties of electrospun investigated were applied voltage, feeding rate and tip to
butyl rubber non-woven mats were investigated using a target distance. It was found that the morphology of the
series of carbon black types with variation in particle size fibres could be controlled by changing the feeding rate of
and structure. Fibre diameter decreased with decreasing the solution and the tip to target distance. 14 refs.
particle size and increasing carbon black structure. Isfahan,University of Technology
Mechanical properties could be explained by variation in IRAN
density and fibre morphology of membranes. Decreasing Accession no.962947
carbon black particle size and increasing structure
decreased the density, and increased tensile strength,
ultimate elongation and modulus. The data obtained should Item 440
be of use for designing selectively permeable membranes Journal of Applied Polymer Science
for protective clothing applications. 21 refs. 99, No.4, 15th Feb.2006, p.1462.
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF BLOCK
Lowell,Massachusetts University; US,Army,Natick
COPOLYMER OF TRIMETHYLENE
Soldier Systems Center
CARBONATE AND CAPROLACTONE
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
USA Jia Y-T; Kim H-Y; Gong J; Lee D-R
Accession no.963142 Details are given of the electrospinning behaviour of a
trimethylene carbonate-caprolactone copolymers dissolved
in DMF and methylene chloride. The effects of blended
Item 438
solvent volume ratio, concentration, voltage and tip-
168th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2005.
collector distance on the morphology of electrospun fibres
Proceedings of a conference held Pittsburgh, Pa., 1st-
were investigated by SEM. The effect of trimethylene
3rd Nov.2005.
carbonate content in the copolymer on crystallinity and
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2005, Paper 55,
melting point of the fibres was examined. 18 refs.
pp.13, 28 cm, 012
EFFECT OF CURE SYSTEM ON ELECTROSPUN Liaodong,Academy; Chonbuk,National University;
BUTYL RUBBER NONWOVEN MATS China,Northeast Normal University
CHINA; KOREA
Murphy D; Threepopnatkul P; Zukas W; Mead J
Accession no.962681
The effect of different cure systems on the properties of
electrospun butyl rubber mats was studied using three
different cure systems, two semi-efficient and one efficient. Item 441
The effects of different cure system and accelerator content Journal of Applied Polymer Science
on the mechanical properties, static moisture permeation 99, No.3, 5th Feb.2006, p.1277.
and fibre morphology were investigated. It was found that POLYANILINE-NYLON 6 COMPOSITE
the behaviour of electrospun mats followed similar trends NANOWIRES PREPARED BY EMULSION
to the solid rubber mats.As the concentration of primary POLYMERIZATION AND ELECTROSPINNING
accelerators increased, the stress at break increased with PROCESS
a loss of elongation. All systems showed relatively similar Hong K H; Kang T J
static moisture permeation and density. Cure system Polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles doped with
appeared to play a relatively minor role in controlling dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid were prepared by emulsion
the moisture permeation, but could be used to tailor the polymerisation and blended with a formic acid solution of
mechanical properties of the mat independently. 24 refs. polyamide-6 (PA-6), such that the concentration of PANI
Lowell,Massachusetts University plus PA-6 was 25 wt%. Fibres were produced from the
(ACS,Rubber Div.) solution by electrospinning. For PANI concentrations of
USA 2-8 wt%, PANI and PA-6 nanofibres were produced. At
Accession no.963138 PANI concentrations above 12 wt%, nanocomposite fibres,

134 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

approximately 12 nm in diameter, were produced. Electrical A new and simple method was described for the
conductivities were lower than those of the corresponding incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
films, attributed to lower crystallinity. 19 refs. (MWNTs) on to electrospun nanofibrous membranes
Seoul,National University of nylon-6 by adsorption. The MWNTs adhered well
KOREA to the surface of the highly porous nylon-6 nanofibrous
Accession no.962660 membranes when the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100
was used to generate the dispersion of the MWNTs in
aqueous media. The conductivity of the membranes
Item 442
consisting of nylon-6 with a small amount of MWNTs
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
(about 1.5 wt%) was high (0.022 S/cm) because of the
99, No.3, 5th Feb.2006, p.1214.
MWNTs were adsorbed densely and uniformly along
EFFECT OF SOLUTION PROPERTIES ON
the nanofibrous membranes. The strong interaction
NANOFIBROUS STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSPUN
between the MWNTs and nylon-6 continued even after
POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID)
ultrasonication. 36 refs.
You Y; Lee S J; Min B-M; Park W H
Inha,University
Fibres of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) were produced KOREA
by electrospinning, using chloroform or 1,1,1,3,3,3- Accession no.962196
hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as solvents. A chloroform
solution containing 15 wt% polymer gave a fibre diameter
of 760 nm, which was reduced to 450 nm by small additions Item 445
of benzyl triethylammonium chloride to the solution. The Macromolecular Rapid Communications
use of polar HFIP solvent gave fibres of 270 nm. It was 27, No.2, 23rd Jan.2006, p.114.
concluded that the dielectric constant of the solution was ELECTROSPINNING OF HYALURONIC ACID
a major factor influencing the diameter and morphology (HA) AND HA/GELATIN BLENDS
of the fibres. 15 refs. Junxing Li; Aihua He; Han C C; Dufei Fang; Hsaio B
Chungnam,National University; Seoul,National S; Chu B
University; Ewha Womens University The electrospinning process of hyaluronic acid (HA) and
KOREA HA/gelatin blends in DMF/water mixed solvents was
Accession no.962653 studied. The processability of HA was greatly improved
by using the DMF/water solvent mixture and/or by adding
Item 443 gelatin to the HA solution. Nanofibrous membranes with
Macromolecular Rapid Communications different average fibre diameters and different HA/gelatin
27, No.2, 23rd Jan.2006, p.152. compositions could be obtained and these were potentially
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES INDUCE useful in the biomedical field as novel scaffolds for many
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)-PROTECTED applications. 44 refs.
COPPER NANOPARTICLES TO FORM COPPER/ Chinese Academy of Sciences; Stony Brook,University;
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) NANOCABLES VIA STAR
ELECTROSPINNING CHINA; USA
Zhenyu Li; Huimin Hiang; Ce Wang Accession no.962190
Copper core/PVAL shell coaxial nanocables were prepared
by electrospinning a PVAL-protected copper nanoparticle Item 446
solution. The diameter of the copper wire core was 100 nm Macromolecules
and that of the PVAL shell was 400 nm. The PVAL shell 39, No.3, 7th Feb.2006, p.1102.
could make the copper very stable in air. 29 refs. PRODUCTION OF SUBMICRON
Jilin,University DIAMETER SILK FIBERS UNDER BENIGN
CHINA PROCESSING CONDITIONS BY TWO-FLUID
Accession no.962197 ELECTROSPINNING
Mao Wang; Jian H. Yu; Kaplan D L; Rutledge G C
Item 444 Two fluid electrospinning of silk and polyethylene oxide
Macromolecular Rapid Communications (PEO) solutions, followed by annealing to crystallise
27, No.2, 23rd Jan.2006, p.146. the silk and water extraction to remove the PEO shell,
CARBON NANOTUBE-ADSORBED resulted in silk fibres with diameters much less than
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES would be produced by normal silk spinning. Fibres were
OF NYLON 6 characterised using scanning electron microscopy and
Hyun Suk Kim; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Seung Jun Myung; wide angle X-ray diffraction, and fibres with diameters
Minsung Kang; In-Joo Chin in the range of 170nm were reported. 48 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 135

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; Tufts University Kwangsok Kim; Minsung Kang; In-Joo Chin; Hyoung-
USA Joon Jin
Accession no.961982
Highly concentrated PS (190,000 g/mol) solutions (30
to 40 wt %) in DMF were electrospun and the surface
Item 447 morphology of the electrospun PS fibres was investigated.
Macromolecules Unlike the porous morphology observed on the surface
39, No.3, 7th Feb.2006, p.1041. of the PS fibres electrospun from a volatile solvent such
NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES CONTAINING as THF, numerous tiny protuberances were observed on
REACTIVE GROUPS: ELECTROSPINNING the surface of the fibres electrospun from the non-volatile
FROM POLY(ACRYLONITRILE-CO-MALEIC solvent, DMF. This surface morphology was formed
ACID) FOR LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION due to the residual DMF solvent entrapped inside the
Peng Ye; Zhi-Kang Xu; Jian Wu; Innocent C; Seta P electrospun PS fibre. The bubbles of residual solvent
Electrospinning of nanofibrous membranes containing inside the electrospun fibre were observed by both optical
reactive carboxyl groups from a copolymer of acrylonitrile microscopy and TEM. 23 refs.
and maleic acid, and characterisation using field emission Inha,University
KOREA
scanning electron microscopy, is described. Covalent
immobilisation of lipase onto the membrane was studied Accession no.961264
and immobilised properties were compared to those
of lipase on hollow fibre membranes. Enzyme loading Item 450
and activity retention on the nanofibre membrane was Macromolecular Research
significantly higher than on a hollow fibre membrane. 13, No.6, Dec.2005, p.521.
Potential use as biocatalysts, or in situ nanofibre ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE-
reinforcement of composites was considered. 42 refs. BASED CARBON NANOFIBERS AND THEIR
Zhejiang,University; CNRS HYDROGEN STORAGES
CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Dong-Kyu Kim; Sun Ho Park; Byung Chul Kim;
FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Byung Doo Chin; Seong Mu Jo; Dong Young Kim
Accession no.961974
Electrospun PAN nanofibres were carbonised with
or without ferric acetylacetonate to induce catalytic
Item 448 graphitisation within the range 900 to 1500C, resulting
Polymer in ultrafine carbon fibres with a diameter of about 90 to
47, No.3, 2006, p.915. 300 nm. Their structural properties and morphologies
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF were investigated. The carbon nanofibres prepared without
ELECTROSPINNING. PART I. EFFECT OF a catalyst showed amorphous structures and very low
SOLVENT IN ELECTROSPINNING surface areas of 22 to 31 sq m/g. The carbonisation in
Chun Lu; Ping Chen; Jianfeng Li; Yujun Zhang the presence of the catalyst produced graphite nanofibres
The energy change involved in molecular orientation was (GNF). The hydrogen storage capacities of these CNF
analysed by computer simulation of electrospinning of and GNF materials were evaluated by the gravimetric
ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer from various solvents, method using magnetic suspension balance at room
and the morphologies of the fibres obtained were examined temperature and 100 bar. The CNFs showed hydrogen
by scanning electron microscope. A barrier, the height storage capacities which increased in the range 0.16 to
of which is determined by the relaxation times of the 0.50 wt % with increasing carbonisation temperature.
molecule, has to be overcome in the process of molecular The hydrogen storage capacities of the GNFs with low
orientation. The relaxation times vary in different solvents. surface areas of 60 to 253 sq m/g were 0.14 to 1.01 wt
When the relaxation time is short, molecules are readily %. Micropores and mesopores, as calculated using the
oriented, so considerable jet instability will occur and nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption isotherms, were not
fibres with a small diameter are obtained. 21 refs. effective pores for hydrogen storage. 21 refs.
Dalian,University of Technology Hanyang,University; Korea,Institute of Science &
CHINA Technology
Accession no.961594 KOREA
Accession no.961262
Item 449
Macromolecular Research Item 451
13, No.6, Dec.2005, p.533. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
UNIQUE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF 290, No.11, 4 Nov.2005, p.1097.
ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERS FROM PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND EMPIRICAL
A N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE SOLUTION MODELING FOR ELECTROSPUN POLY(D,L-

136 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

LACTIDE) FIBERS USING RESPONSE SURFACE The electrospinning of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol)
METHODOLOGY solutions using different types of multi-jet spinning
Shu-Ying Gu; Jie Ren heads (series, elliptical and concentric) was investigated
on a laboratory scale, and the processing efficiency and
The electrospinning of ultrafine fibres of poly(D,L-lactide)
quality of the resulting nanofibre mats were monitored
(PDLA) in chloroform-acetone solution was optimised
by gravimetric and SEM techniques. The use of an
to find the best values of concentration and applied
voltage. Response surface methodology was employed electrospinning stand based on a rotating tube as collection
to determine the relationship between the electrospinning electrode together with a concentric electrospinning head
parameters and average fibre diameter. The fibres were was also studied and the results are discussed. 16 refs.
studied by SEM and the diameters were determined Lodz,Institute of Chemical Fibres
by image analysis to be 350-1900 nm. Lower polymer EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

concentrations produced bead-on-string structures. Accession no.959744

The fibre diameters increased with concentration and
deceased with applied voltage. A two-way analysis of Item 454
variance concluded that both concentration and voltage Polymer
had significant influence on fibre diameter, that of 46, No.23, 2005, p.9538.
concentration being the greater. The process conditions ELECTROSPINNING AND STRUCTURAL
can be selected based on the model. Fibres with a narrow CHARACTERIZATION OF ULTRAFINE
diameter distribution were obtained at lower concentration POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE) FIBERS
independent of the voltage, whereas fibres with uniform Eun Hwan Jeong; Seung Soon Im; Ji Ho Youk
diameter and narrower distribution were obtained at higher
concentration and higher applied voltage. 45 refs. Biodegradable ultrafine poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)
Shanghai,Tongji,University fibres were continuously electrospun for the first time
CHINA from solutions of PBS in mixed solvents. The mixed
Accession no.961049 solvents were chloroform (CF)/2-chloroethanol (CE)
(7/3 w/w), CF/CE (6/4 w/w), dichloromethane (DM)/
CE (7/3 w/w), DM/CE (6/4 w/w) and CF/3-chloro-
Item 452 1-propanol (9/1 w/w). The ultrafine PBS fibres had
Macromolecules average diameters between 125 and 315 nm and had
39, No.1, 10th Jan.2006, p.357. very high crystallinity. Annealed ultrafine PBS fibres
GENERATION OF MOLECULAR had a lamellar stack morphology containing crystalline
RECOGNITION SITES IN ELECTROSPUN and amorphous layers. 29 refs.
POLYMER NANOFIBERS VIA MOLECULAR
Inha,University; Hanyang,University
IMPRINTING SOUTH KOREA
Chronakis I S; Milosevic B; Frenot A; Ye L
Accession no.958625
Details are given of the development of a method for
the formation of molecular recognition sites for polymer
Item 455
nanofibres. Electrospun nanofibres were prepared from
Polymer
a solution mixture of PETP and polyallylamine in the
46, No.26, 2005, p.12689.
presence of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid template molecule.
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF MULTIWALLED
Molecularly imprinted nanofibres were characterised by
CARBON NANOTUBES IN ELECTROSPUN
SEM and FTIR, and radioligand binding analysis. 31
MWCNTS-PEO AND MWCNTS-PVA
refs.
NANOFIBERS
Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research; Zhou W; Wu Y; Wei F; Luo G; Qian W
Lund,University
EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN Details are given of polyethylene oxide and PVAL
EUROPE nanofibres containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes by
Accession no.960732 electrospinning. Elastic deformation was evaluated. A
mechanical model is proposed to explain the interaction
Item 453 between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and the polymer
Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe matrix. Calculated elastic modulus was compared
13, No.4, Oct.-Dec.2005, p.22. with that of atomic force microscopy measurements.
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSPINNING 24 refs.
WITH THE USE OF A MULTI-JET Tsinghua,University
ELECTROSPINNING HEAD CHINA
Tomaszewski W; Szadkowski M Accession no.958506

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 137

 References and Abstracts

Item 456 Inje,University; Pusan,Catholic University;

Polymer Ajou,University; Japan,Advanced Institute of Science &
46, No.26, 2005, p.12637. Technology
CRITICAL LENGTH OF STRAIGHT JET IN JAPAN; KOREA
ELECTROSPINNING Accession no.958427
He J-H; Wu Y; Zuo W-W
The Chauchy's inequality was applied to the prediction Item 459
of critical length of the straight jet in electrospinning. A ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering: Science
critical relationship between radius of jet and the axial and Engineering. Spring Meeting 2005. Volume 92.
distance from nozzle was obtained for the straight jet. Proceedings of a conference held San Diego, Ca.,
Critical length number and critical radius number were 13th-17th March 2005.
defined. 32 refs. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Shanghai,Donghua University Materials: Science & Engineering. 2005, p.406, CD-
CHINA ROM, 012
Accession no.958499 ELECTROSPINNING OF CRYSTALLINE
POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) AND AMORPHOUS
POLY(ETHER SULPHONE) IN MIXED
Item 457 SOLVENTS
Polymer Kyu Tae Park; Hyun-Suk Kim; Kwangsok Kim; In-Joo
46, No.26, 2005, p.12130. Chin
ELECTROSPINNING OF HYDROXYPROPYL
CELLULOSE FIBERS AND THEIR Mixed solvent systems were used for the electrospinning
APPLICATION IN SYNTHESIS OF NANO AND of polylactic acids (PLLA) and polyether sulphones (PES).
SUBMICRON TIN OXIDE FIBERS Solution properties of each polymer in the solvents were
Shukla S; Brinley E; Cho H J; Seal S investigated with respect to both polymer concentration
and solvent ratio to optimise spinning parameters, and
Details are given of the synthesis of hydroxypropyl rheological properties of the polymer solution were
cellulose fibres via electrospinning. Anhydrous ethanol evaluated. Scanning electron and optical microscopy were
and propanol were used as solvents. The influence of used to characterise the dependency of fibre diameter and
solvent and applied voltage on fibre diameter and its bead morphology on polymer concentration and weight ratio
formation were investigated. The use of theses fibres in and miscibility of mixed solvents. 6 refs.
synthesising and depositing highly porous network of nano- Inha,University
and submicron tin oxide fibres on microelectromechanical (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
systems device was demonstrated. 27 refs. KOREA
Central Florida,University Accession no.958372
USA
Accession no.958445
Item 460
Macromolecules
Item 458 38, No.23, 15th Nov. 2005, p.9742.
Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition SUPERHYDROPHOBIC FABRICS PRODUCED
17, No.1-2, 2006, p.103. BY ELECTROSPINNING AND CHEMICAL
ELECTROSPUN PLGA NANOFIBER VAPOR DEPOSITION
SCAFFOLDS FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Ma M; Mao Y; Gupta M; Gleason K K; Rutledge G C
RECONSTRUCTION. MECHANICAL
Superhydrophobic fabrics were prepared by a process
STABILITY, DEGRADATION AND CELLULAR
that combined electrospinning and initiated chemical
RESPONSES UNDER MECHANICAL
vapour deposition (iCVD). Poly(caprolactone) (PCL)
STIMULATION IN VITRO
was first electrospun and then coated with a thin layer of
Shin H J; Lee C H; Cho I H; Kim Y-J; Lee Y-J; Kim I A;
hydrophobic polymerised perfluoroalkylethyl methacrylate
Park K-D; Yui N; Shin J-W
(PPFEMA) by iCVD. The surface roughness of the PCL
Details are given of the potential of nanofibres-based lactide- electrospun mats and the extremely low surface free energy
glycolide copolymer scaffolds to be used for cartilage of the coating layer obtained by iCVD resulted in stable
reconstruction. The mechanical properties of the nanofibres superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 175 degrees
scaffold, degradation of the scaffold and cellular responses and a threshold sliding angle of less than 2.5 degrees for a 20
to the scaffold under mechanical stimulation were studied. mg droplet. This PPFEMA-coated PCL mat also exhibited
Cellular responses were evaluated by examining toxicity, at least a grade-8 oleophobicity. Hydrophobicity increased
cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation using monotonically with reducing diameter for bead-free fibres
chondrocytes from porcine articular cartilage. 46 refs. and with the introduction of a high density of relatively small

138 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

diameter beads. The systematic effect of fibre morphology Item 463

on superhydrophobicity was also investigated theoretically Synthetic Metals
and experimentally with beaded and bead-free fibres with 155, No.1, 2005, p.157.
diameters of 600-2200 nm. 52 refs. PREPARATION AND STRUCTURES OF
Massachusetts,Institute of Technology ELECTROSPUN PAN NANOFIBERS AS A
USA PRECURSOR OF CARBON NANOFIBERS
Accession no.957929 Gu S Y; Ren J; Wu Q L
The fabrication of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres with
Item 461 a range of diameters as precursors of carbon nanofibres by
Advanced Materials electrospinning solutions of PAN in dimethylformamide
17, No.22, 18th Nov.2005, p.2699. was investigated. The PAN nanofibres were characterised
SELF-CRIMPING BICOMPONENT by SEM, WAXD, FTIR and DSC, and the results are
NANOFIBERS ELECTROSPUN FROM discussed in terms of the orientation of polymer chains,
POLYACRYLONITRILE AND ELASTOMERIC and changes in the cyclisation exothermic peak. 29 refs.
POLYURETHANE Tongji,University; Shanghai,Donghua University
Tong Lin; Hongxia Wang; Xungai Wang CHINA

Nanofibres with side-by-side morphologies were Accession no.957054

electrospun from a thermoplastic, PAN, and an elastomer,
PU, using a microfluidic device as the spinneret. Laminar Item 464
flow of the two polymer solutions through the device Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
resulted in nanometer-diameter curly nanofibres with 43, No.22, 15th Nov.2005, p.3205.
bicomponent cross-sections. The PU half of the nanofibres DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN
could be dissolved in THF, leaving a U-shaped cross- POLY(L-LACTIDE-CO-EPSILON-
section. Selective functionalisation of the two bicomponent CAPROLACTONE) NONWOVEN MEMBRANES
sides could equip these bicomponent fibres with unique UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSILE LOADING
functions for special applications, e.g. nanomechanical Inai R; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S
chemical sensors and nanotweezers (or other forms of
Biodegradable poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone)
nanoactuators). 41 refs.
copolymers with different L-lactide (LLA)/epsilon-
Deakin,University caprolactone (CL) ratios of 75/25 and 50/50 were
AUSTRALIA
electrospun into fine fibres. The deformation behaviour
Accession no.957617 of the electrospun membranes with randomly oriented
structures was evaluated under uniaxial tensile loading.
Item 462 The electrospun membrane with a higher LLA content
ANTEC 2005. Proceedings of the 63rd SPE Annual showed a significantly higher tensile modulus but a
conference held Boston, Ma., 1st-5th May. similar maximum stress and a lower ultimate strain in
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2005, pp.5, PDF 101870, CD- comparison with the membrane with a lower LLA content.
ROM, 012 The beaded fibres that formed in the membranes resulted
MANUFACTURE OF ALIGNED in lower tensile properties. X-ray diffraction and DSC
POLY(ACRYLONITRILE) FIBRES BY results suggested that the electrospun fine fibres developed
ELECTROSPINNING highly oriented structures in CL-unit sequences during the
Laffin C; McNally G M; Sanderson R D; Greyling C J electrospinning process, even though the concentration
was only 25 wt %. 19 refs.
Electrospinning is a process used to obtain nano-diameter
randomly deposited fibres by electrostatically drawing a Singapore,National University
SINGAPORE
jet of polymer solution onto an electrically grounded metal
sheet. This work reports on a novel method of obtaining Accession no.956546
aligned fibres of PAN by means of an electrospinning
process and investigates the effect of polymer solution Item 465
concentration and take-off speed on fibre diameter and Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
molecular orientation. 11 refs. 43, No.22, 15th Nov.2005, p.3171.
Belfast,Queen's University; Stellenbosch,University ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYURETHANE/
(SPE) ORGANICALLY MODIFIED
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SOUTH MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES
AFRICA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Ji Hye Hong; Eun Hwan Jeong; Han Sup Lee; Du Hyun
Accession no.957534 Baik; Seung Won Seo; Ji Ho Youk

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 139

 References and Abstracts

PU/organically modified montmorillonite (PU/O-MMT) Aussawasathien D; Dong J H; Dai L

nanocomposites were electrospun and the effect of
Using the electrospinning technique, lithium perchlorate-
O-MMT on the morphology and physical properties of the
doped PEO electrospun nanofibres were prepared for
PU/O-MMT nanofibre mats were investigated. The average
humidity sensing and camphosulphonic acid(HCSA)
diameters of the PU/O-MMT nanofibres were in the range
doped-polyaniline/PS electrospun nanofibres were
150 to 410 nm. The conductivities of the PU/O-MMT
prepared for sensing hydrogen peroxide and glucose.
solutions increased linearly with increasing content of
The diameters of these as-prepared polymeric nanofibres
O-MMT, which caused a decrease in the average diameters
were in the range 400 to 1000 nm. As a result of the large
of the PU/O-MMT nanofibres. The as-electrospun PU and
surface area and good electrical properties intrinsically
PU/O-MMT nanofibres were not microphase-separated.
associated with these nanoscale functional polymeric
The exfoliated MMT layers were well distributed within
fibres, significantly enhanced sensitivity for the nanofibre
the PU/O-MMT nanofibres and oriented along the fibre
sensors was achieved with respect to their corresponding
axis. When the PU/O-MMT nanofibres were annealed,
film-type counterparts. While SEM micrographs showed
the exfoliated MMT layers hindered the microphase
some distortions for the lithium perchlorate-doped PEO
separation of the PU. The electrospinning of PU/O-MMT
nanofibres after the humidity measurements, no observable
nanocomposites resulted in PU nanofibre mats with
morphological change was seen for the HCSA-doped
improved Young's modulus and TS. 30 refs.
polyaniline/PS nanofibre sensors after the measurements
Inha,University; Chungnam,National University; of hydrogen peroxide and glucose. 8 refs.
Hyosong Co.
SOUTH KOREA Dayton,University; China,National Natural Science
Foundation
Accession no.956543 CHINA; USA
Accession no.956395
Item 466
Synthetic Metals
Item 468
154, No.1-3, 2005, p.209.
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
INFLUENCE OF ADDED IONIC SALT
43, No.24, 15th Dec.2005, p.3699.
ON NANOFIBER UNIFORMITY FOR
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROLYTE
FIBERS: EFFECT OF EMITTING ELECTRODE
POLYMER
POLARITY ON MORPHOLOGY AND AVERAGE
Chang Kee Lee; Sun I Kim; Seon Jeong Kim
FIBER DIAMETER
The dependence of the morphology of electrospun Supaphol P; Mit-Uppatham C; Nithitanakul M
nanofibres on applied voltage and the influence of added
The fabrication of ultra-fine polyamide-6 fibres by
ionic salts on nanofibre uniformity were studied using
electrospinning of polymer solutions in formic acid was
poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid)
investigated by optical scanning and SEM. The effects
and sodium chloride. For an ionic salt concentration of
of emitting electrode polarity and various processing
0.01 mol %, the applied electric field of 10 to 25 kV and a
conditions, such as polymer molecular weight and
15 cm spinning distance, the experimental results showed
concentration, solution temperature and additives, on the
that uniform nanofibres which did not contain any beads
morphology and average fibre diameter of the as-spun
were synthesised, while the current of the electrospinning
fibres were studied and the results are discussed. 26 refs.
process was two orders of magnitude higher than the
non-added ionic salt droplet current. The fibre diameter Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,University
THAILAND
distribution was very narrow. Uniform fibres with
diameters of about 70 nm were obtained and the electric Accession no.955870
current value for obtaining uniform high-quality nanofibres
was determined. The morphology of the electrospun fibres Item 469
was investigated using field emission SEM and the electric Advanced Materials
current was measured using a digital multimeter. 15 refs. 17, No.20, 17th Oct.2005, p.2485.
Hanyang,University FABRICATION OF PBS NANOPARTICLES
KOREA IN POLYMER-FIBER MATRICES BY
Accession no.956426 ELECTROSPINNING
Lu X; Zhao Y; Wang C
Item 467 The synthesis of lead sulphide nanoparticles in polymer
Synthetic Metals fibre matrices by electrospinning an aqueous ethanol
154, No.1-3, 2005, p.37. solution of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and lead acetate
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBER followed by exposure of the fibres to hydrogen sulphide
SENSORS gas is described. The nanoparticles were characterised

140 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

by SEM, TEM, XPS, selected area electron diffraction, Sun Kyun Kwan University; Korea,University
UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, and the results are KOREA
discussed. 28 refs. Accession no.953973
Jilin,University
CHINA
Item 472
Accession no.954879 Journal of Materials Science
40, No.20, Oct.2005, p.5359.
Item 470 ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE SILK FIBROIN
Polymer FIBERS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
46, No.21, 7 Oct.2005, p.8990. Wang H; Zhang Y; Shao H; Hu X
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN The fabrication of beaded, cylinder shaped and ribbon-like
ELECTROSPINNABILITY AND PHYSICAL ultra-fine fibres of silk fibroin by electrospinning from
GELATION concentrated aqueous solutions under different processing
Shenoy S L; Bates W D; Wnek G conditions is described. The fibres were characterised by
Fibre formation by electrospinning of polymer solutions SEM, WAXD and Raman spectroscopy, and the effects
capable of physical gelation is examined by studying of solution concentration and processing voltage on
the data from published studies. The formation of morphology and secondary structure of the fibres are
fibres depends on polymer concentration, molecular discussed. 22 refs.
weight, solvent quality and cooling time. Close to the Shanghai,Donghua University
gelation threshold, thermoreversible junctions and chain CHINA
entanglements help to stabilize the liquid jet to overcome Accession no.953866
capillary forces and produce fibres. For solutions of
poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions in water and THF, fibre
formation is a function of dissolution temperature and Item 473
cooling time. For poly(vinyl chloride), fibre formation in a Macromolecular Rapid Communications
good solvent such as THF is a balance between the weight 26, No.19, 6th Oct.2005, p.1557.
average molecular weight dependence of the gelation PHOTO-INDUCED SOLID-STATE
temperature and the concentration corresponding to fibre CROSSLINKING OF ELECTROSPUN
formation from chain entanglements only. The importance POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FIBERS
of solvent quality in determining the chain entanglement Jun Zeng; Haoqing Hou; Wendorff J H; Greiner A
contribution is emphasised. 59 refs. Polyvinyl alcohol was derivatised by means of an
Virginia,Commonwealth University; Case Western analogous reaction between PVAl and thienyl chloride
Reserve University and the resulting derivative electrospun from aqueous
USA solution to produce fibres, which were photocrosslinked
Accession no.954157 with UV light. The sensitivity of the fibres to UV light was
investigated and the stability of the crosslinked fibres in
water evaluated by exposure to steam. 16 refs.
Item 471
Synthetic Metals Philipps-Universitat
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
153, No.1-3, 2005 p.61.
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING GENERAL
POLYPYRROLE FIBERS SPUN BY
Accession no.953185
ELECTROSPINNING
Tae Su Kang; Sonng Wook Lee; Jinsoo Joo; Jun Young
Lee Item 474
European Polymer Journal
Oxidative polymerisation of pyrrole, using ammonium
41, No.11, Nov.2005, p.2559.
persulphate as oxidant and dodecylbenzene sulphonic
PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND EMPIRICAL
acid as dopant, and subsequent electrospinning was
MODELING FOR ELECTROSPUN
used to prepare non-woven fibre membranes. Effects
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER
of polymerisation time on polypyrrole solubility were
PRECURSOR OF CARBON NANOFIBERS
examined and spun fibres were evaluated by scanning
Gu S Y; Ren J; Vansco G J
electron microscopy. Electrical conductivity of the
membranes was evaluated. Fibres were circular in cross Details are given of the fabrication of ultra-fine fibres
section and extremely smooth. Higher conductivity was from polyacrylonitrile/DMF solutions as a precursor of
observed in the membranes than in either cast films carbon nanofibres. Fibre morphology and distribution of
or powders of polypyrrole, possibly due to molecular fibre diameter were investigated by SEM. A systematic
orientation during the spinning process. 7 refs. understanding of process parameters was obtained and

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 141

 References and Abstracts

a quantitative relationship between electrospinning Chunxue Zhang; Xiaoyan Yuan; Lili Wu; Jing Sheng
parameters and average fibre diameter was established
The preparation of submicron polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre
by response surface methodology. The influence of
mats embedded with Aspirin and bovine serum albumin
concentration of solution on the diameter of the fibres
from electrospun aqueous solutions is described. SEM
and standard deviation of fibre diameter was determined.
is used to investigate the fibre morphology and the fibre
40 refs.
mat composition is characterised by FTIR spectroscopy
Tongji,University; Enschede,University of Twente and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The in vitro drug
CHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- release is investigated by immersing the fibre mats in
GENERAL phosphate buffer solution. The fibre mat morphology is
Accession no.953122 influenced by the amount of drug in the mats with more
irregular shaped fibres found for higher drug content. The
drugs are released more quickly from PVA mats than from
Item 475 PVA cast films because of the large surface area and high
Macromolecular Research porosity of the fibres. 15 refs.
13, No.5, Oct.2005, p.441.
STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF THE Tianjin,University
CHINA
ELECTROSPUN THERMOPLASTIC
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER FIBER MATS Accession no.952706
Lee K; Lee B; Kim C; Kim H; Kim K; Nah C
The mechanical and morphological properties of Item 478
thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer fibre mats fabricated Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers
by electrospinning were investigated by cycling tensile 20, No.5, Sept.2005, p.419.
testing and SEM. The results are discussed in terms of PREPARATION OF POLYELECTROLYTE-
non-linear elastic and inelastic properties arising from CONTAINING NANOFIBERS BY
slippage of non-bonded crossed fibres and breakage of ELECTROSPINNING IN THE PRESENCE OF A
fibres at point-bonded junctions. 20 refs. NON-IONOGENIC WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER
Mincheva R; Manolova N; Paneva D; Rashkov I
Chonbuk,National University
KOREA Details are given of the preparation of nanofibres of the
Accession no.952910 polyampholyte carboxyethyl chitosan by electrospinning
by adding polyacrylamide or PVAL to the spinning
Item 476 solution. Polyacryloylamido methylpropanesulphonic acid
Macromolecular Research and acryloylamido methylpropanesulphonic acid-acrylic
13, No.5, Oct.2005, p.385. acid copolymer polyelectrolyte were also electrospun into
CHARACTERIZATION OF PVOH NONWOVEN fibres. The nanofibres were crosslinked by heat treatment.
MATS PREPARED FROM SURFACTANT- Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms
POLYMER SYSTEM VIA ELECTROSPINNING was assessed. 22 refs.
Jung Y H; Kim H Y; Lee D R; Park S Y; Khil M Y Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
The fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) non-woven mats
Accession no.952055
by electrospinning polymer solutions containing various
concentrations of cationic, anionic, amphoteric and
non-ionic surfactants, characterised by surface tension, Item 479
viscosity and conductivity, was investigated by SEM, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
tensile strength and elongation at break measurements. 290, No.9, 16th Sept.2005, p.933.
The effects of polymer-surfactant interactions on the ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
morphological and mechanical properties of the non- FIBERS: EFFECTS OF SOLVENT SYSTEM
woven mats are discussed. 23 refs. AND EMITTING ELECTRODE POLARITY
Chonbuk,National University ON MORPHOLOGY AND AVERAGE FIBER
KOREA DIAMETER
Accession no.952902 Supaphol P; Mit-uppatham C; Nithitanakul M
The effects of the solvent system and emitting electrode
Item 477 polarity on the electrospinning of ultrafine polyamide-6
E-Polymers fibres from solutions in various aqueous solvents or
24, No.72, 2005, p.1. solvent mixtures were investigated by optical microscopy
DRUG-LOADED ULTRAFINE POLY(VINYL and SEM. The results are discussed in terms of the
ALCOHOL) FIBRE MATS PREPARED BY morphological properties and average diameter of the
ELECTROSPINNING fibres. 14 refs.

142 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Chulalongkorn,University; Ramkhamhaeng,University Item 482

THAILAND ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Accession no.950924 Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th
Aug.2004.
Item 480
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.712-3, CD-
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of ROM, 012
a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th FABRICATION OF TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER
Aug.2004. OF POLYDIOXANONE-CO-LACTIDE-BLOCK-
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL NONWOVEN MATS
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.431-2, CD- BY ELECTROSPINNING AND APPLICATIONS
ROM, 012 FOR WOUND DRESSING
PHASE MIGRATION OF FLUORESCENTLY- Kim H Y; Lee B M; Kim I S; Jin T H; Ko K H; Ryu Y J
TAGGED HYPERBRANCHED PROBE IN
Details are given of the fabrication of nanometer-sized
ELECTROSPUN FIBER FOR OPTICAL
fibres and mats of biodegradable dioxanone-lactide-
SENSORS
ethylene glycol copolymers by electrospinning. Potential
Xianyan Wang; Orlicki J A; Drew C; McKnight S H;
applications as wound dressing materials are mentioned.
Samuelson L A; Kumar J The viscosity if the solutions was measured by viscometry
An attempt was made to localise the fluorescent tag on and morphologies were examined using SEM. 6 refs.
the surface of an already high surface area nanofibrous Chonbuk,National University; Raisio Chemicals
membrane to enhance the sensing performance. Significant (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
segregation of pyrene butyric acid-tagged hyperbranched KOREA
polyester(HPBs-PBA) was shown to occur at the surface Accession no.949884
of electrospun fibres. The quenching behaviour of three
HPBs-PBA fluorescent indicators in electrospun polymer Item 483
nanofibrous membrane matrix by Hg(II) and cytochrome C ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
was studied. The results demonstrated a versatile pathway Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
for surface functionalisation of electrospun fibres for a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th
sensing membrane designs. 4 refs. Aug.2004.
Lowell,Massachusetts University; US,Army Research Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Laboratory Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.692-3, CD-
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) ROM, 012
USA ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF POLYPYRROLE/
Accession no.949959 POLYSTYRENE BLEND FOR GAS SENSING
APPLICATIONS
Wannatong L; Sirivat A
Item 481
Polymer International Details are given of the preparation of electrospun fibres
54, No.8, Aug.2005, p.1187. using a polypyrrole/PS blend. The uses of the blend fibres
PREPARATION OF ULTRAFINE FIBROUS ZEIN and films as sensors for acetone vapours is described.
MEMBRANES VIA ELECTROSPINNING Characterisation of fibres and films was undertaken using
TGA, SEM and electrical conductivity measurements.
Miyoshi T; Toyohara K; Minematsu H
9 refs.
The factors governing the morphology and diameter of Chulalongkorn,University
ultrafine zein fibres prepared by electrospinning from (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
aqueous ethanol solution (80 wt%) were studied by THAILAND
SEM. Fibres of diameters around 700 nm were obtained. Accession no.949873
Their morphology was affected by electric field and zein
concentration. At 18 wt% zein, wrinkled beads bridged
Item 484
by nanofibres were formed but at 21 wt% zein and 15
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
kV, ribbon-like fibres were obtained. When the field
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
was increased to 30 kV, fibres could be produced from
a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th
concentrations down to 18 wt%. 25 refs. Aug.2004.
Teijin Ltd. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
JAPAN Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.690-1, CD-
Accession no.949944 ROM, 012

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 143

 References and Abstracts

ELECTROSPINNING OF POROUS SILICA Chonbuk,National University

MICRO/NANOFIBERS CONTAINING SILVER SOUTH KOREA
NANOPARTICLES Accession no.949717
Patel A C; Li S; Wei Y; Wang C; Zhang W
Details are given of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles Item 487
in porous silica fibres fabricated by electrospinning. ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering.
Trimethoxysilyl functionalised polymethacrylate was Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
used as a binder and as a pore-forming agent upon post- a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th
fabrication thermal treatment. Characterisation was Aug.2004.
undertaken using FTIR, SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction, Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
UV vis spectroscopy and TGA. 5 refs. Materials: Science & Engineering. 2004, p.1030, CD-
Drexel,University; Jilin,University ROM, 012
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS
CHINA; USA FOR POTENTIAL USE IN BIOMEDICAL
Accession no.949872 APPLICATIONS
Casper C L; Yamaguchi N; Chase B; Rabolt J F; Kiick
Item 485 KL
Macromolecules Incorporation of heparin into electrospun polyethylene
38, No.18, 6th Sept.2005, p.7863. oxide fibres, both as free heparin and functionalised
BEADED ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FOR onto polyethylene glycol four-arm star polymers, was
PHOTONIC APPLICATIONS achieved during the electrospinning process. Fibres
Tomczak N; van Hulst N F; Vancso G J were characterised by field emission scanning electron
Details are given of the molecular structure and photonic and confocal laser microscopies. The fibres produced
properties of polymer beads and fibres by fluorescence by this process should have biomedical applications.
microscopy down to the single molecule level. Beads 3 refs.
formed from PMMA and polyethylene oxide were Delaware,University; Dupont
investigated. The effect of fibre and bead confinement on (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
the emission properties of embedded dyes was studied USA
by monitoring their fluorescence lifetime. Possible Accession no.949653
quenching and electromagnetic boundary effects are
discussed. 26 refs.
Item 488
Enschede,University of Twente ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering. Fall
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of a conference
GENERAL held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Aug.2004.
Accession no.949833 Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
Materials: Science & Engineering. 2004, p.1022-3, CD-
ROM, 012
Item 486 CARBON NANOTUBE REINFORCED
Polymer Testing BOMBYX MORI NANOFIBERS BY THE
24, No.6, 2005, p.712.
ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Ayutsede J; Gandhi M; Sukigara S; Micklus M; Ko F
OF PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN
POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) Electrospinning of a formic acid solution mixture
NANOFIBERS FILLED WITH CARBON of bombyx mori silk and carbon nanotubes to give
NANOTUBES smooth reinforced silk fibres is described. Fibres were
Mathew G; Hong J P; Rhee J M; Lee H S; Nah C characterised using Raman and Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopies, field emission environmental
Electrospun composite nanofibres, prepared by solution
scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray
blending of polybutylene terephthalate and carbon
nanotubes prior to electrospinning, were characterised scattering and tensile testing. Fibres had a smooth
morphologically using scanning electron microscopy, circular cross section with increased Young's modulus
thermally using thermogravimetric analysis, and for but lower breaking strain than the original unaligned
their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy and silk fibre. 6 refs.
indentation testing. Addition of carbon nanotubes increased Drexel,University; Niigata,University
the modulus of the fibre by a factor of almost three and its (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
thermal stability, but increased its diameter slightly and JAPAN; USA
gave a slightly rougher surface finish. 25 refs. Accession no.949649

144 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 489 Item 492

ACS Polymeric Materials and Engineering. Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of 26, No.16, 19th Aug.2005, p.1325.
a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th FABRICATION OF CDS NANORODS IN PVP
Aug.2004. FIBER MATRICES BY ELECTROSPINNING
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Xiaofeng Lu; Yiyang Zhao; Ce wang; Yen Wei
Materials: Science & Engineering. 2004, p.988-9,
The fabrication of rod-like nanostructures consisting of
CD-ROM, 012
cadmium sulphide incorporated in polyvinyl pyrrolidone
TAILORING THE WETTABILITY OF
fibre matrices by electrospinning is described. The
ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS MATS
nanostructures are characterised by scanning electron
Robinette E J; Palmese G R
microscopy, TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
The use of plasma radiation grafting for modification UV vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy and shown
of hydrophilic properties of electrospun polysulphone to be composed of fibres with a diameter between 100
fibres was discussed. Surface analysis was carried out and 900 nm and cadmium sulphide nanorods having
on the fibrous mats using contact angle measurements, diameters of about 50 nm and lengths of from 100 to
attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared and 300 nm. 26 refs.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and environmental Jilin,University; Drexel,University
field emission scanning electron microscopy. 7 refs. CHINA; USA
Drexel,University Accession no.949246
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
Item 493
Accession no.949628 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
Item 490 a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th
Polymer News Aug.2004.
30, No.6, June 2005, p.170. Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
MELT ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMERS: A Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.945-6,
REVIEW CD-ROM, 012
Lyons J; Ko F ELECTROSTATIC LAYER-BY-LAYER
ASSEMBLY OF POLYELECTROLYTES ON
A comprehensive review is presented on the history SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTROSPUN
of the development of polymeric nanofibres. Sections NANOFIBERS AND METAL OXIDE DEPOSITION
are included on electro hydrodynamic atomisation, Drew C; Bruno F F; Xianyan Wang; Bon-Cheol Ku;
electrospinning, fibre characterisation (physical, structural Samuelson L A; Kumar J
and mechanical) and theoretical modelling. 66 refs.
Drexel,University Polyacrylonitrile nanofibres were surface functionalised
USA by immersion in a solution of sodium hydroxide to give
hydrophilic polyacrylic acid nanofibres. These nanofibres
Accession no.949289
were then dipped alternately in cationic and anionic
solutions to deposit polyelectrolytes on their surfaces and
Item 491 employed as substrates for the liquid phase deposition of
Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology titanium dioxide thereon. 8 refs.
18, No.4, Oct.-Nov.2005, p.241. Massachusetts,University; US,Army Soldier &
ELECTROSPINNING OF UNIAXIALLY Biological Chemical Command
ALIGNED AND MOLECULARLY ORIENTED (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS WITH USA
DIVIDED COLLECTORS Accession no.949235
Jalili R; Hoseini S A K; Morshed M
Polyacrylonitrile nanofibres were produced from a DMF Item 494
solution using an optimised gap method and their structure, ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
birefringence and molecular orientation investigated by Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
means of scanning electron microscopy and polarised a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th
optical microscopy. 30 refs. Aug.2004.
Isfahan,University of Technology Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
IRAN Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.941-2,
Accession no.949279 CD-ROM, 012

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 145

 References and Abstracts

ELECTROSPINNING: MECHANICAL Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric

BEHAVIOR OF TWISTED AND DRAWN Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.775-6,
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBER YARNS CD-ROM, 012
Fennessey S F; Farris R J MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF ELECTROSPUN
POLYBLEND NONWOVEN MATS THROUGH
Twisted and drawn PAN nanofibre yarns for carbon fibre
MULTI-SPINNERET
production were prepared by electrospinning and their
Lee K H; Kim H; Kim K; Kim C; Kim W; Pyo S
mechanical properties investigated by tensile testing.
The effects of twisting and drawing on the mechanical Nonwoven mats containing both thermoplastic polyurethane
properties of the nanofibres and precursor yarns were (PU) elastomer and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) fibres were
examined and the electrospun fibres characterised by field produced by electrospinning using multiple spinnerettes.
emission scanning electron microscopy. Both drawing and Mats were also produced using the individual polymers.
twisting were found to improve the mechanical properties The concentration of point-bonds in the PU elastomer
of the yarns. 8 refs. mats was higher than in the PCL mats. The mats were
Massachusetts,University characterised by tensile, loading-unloading and trouser tear
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) testing. The tensile strength and the elongation at break
USA increased with increasing PU elastomer content, whilst a
Accession no.949233 decrease in tear strength was observed. 3 refs.
Chonbuk,National University; Korea,Institute of
Machinery & Materials; Hannam,University
Item 495
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. KOREA
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of
a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Accession no.948970
Aug.2004.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Item 497
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.818-9, Smart Materials and Structures
CD-ROM, 012 14, No.4, Aug.2005, p.N16.
PREPARATION OF NANOFIBERS OF PMMA- OPTIMUM PARAMETERS FOR PRODUCTION
CO-PMAA AND PMMA-CO-PMAA/CLAY OF NANOFIBRES BASED ON POLY(2-
NANOCOMPOSITES VIA ELECTROSPINNING ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANE
Wang M; Hsieh A J; Rutledge G C SULFONIC ACID) BY ELECTRO-SPINNING
Seon Jeong Kim; Jun Young Lim; In Young Kim; Sang
Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-
Hoon Lee; Tae Soo Lee; Sun I Kim
co-PMAA) copolymers were synthesised by emulsion
polymerisation. PMMA-co-PMAA nanocomposites Electrospinning of a solution of the above polymer in
containing montmorillonite or fluorohectorite were ethanol was performed in order to produce uniform
synthesised by in-situ emulsion polymerisation to enhance nanofibres. The optimum nanofibre morphologies were
dispersion and exfoliation of the clay. Dimethyl formamide observed for a 6 wt % concentration solution, a 15 kV
solutions of the copolymers and their nanocomposites were electric field, a 10 microlitre/min feeding rate and a 15 cm
characterised by extensional and shear rheology studies, distance between the capillary tip and grounded collector.
and used for nanofibre preparation by electrospinning. The average diameter of the electrospun fibres was of the
The presence of methacrylic acid increased the glass order of 60 nm. Uniform nanofibres were produced by
transition temperature of the copolymers and enhanced the controlling the various parameters of electrospinning,
spinnability. The nanoclay additions further enhanced the i.e. change of concentration, electric field, and feeding
spinnability. Montmorillonite exhibited superior dispersion rate. The effect of these parameters on the electrospun
and exfoliation compared with fluorohectorite, attributed nanofibres was investigated using field emission SEM.
to its smaller lateral size. 5 refs. 16 refs.
Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; US,Army Hanyang,University; Dankook,University;
Research Laboratory Chungbuk,National University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) KOREA
USA Accession no.948518
Accession no.948990
Item 498
Item 496 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Philadelphia, Pa.,
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Proceedings of 22nd-26th Aug.2004.
a conference held Philadelphia, Pa., 22nd-26th Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric Materials:
Aug.2004. Science & Engineering, 2004, p.527-8, CD-ROM, 012

146 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING OF electron microscopy and the relationship between the

HYDROGEL NANOFIBERS morphology and deformation characteristics of the
Sae-Hoon Kim; Green R E; Seong H Kim nanofibres examined. 33 refs.
The preparation of hydrogel nanofibres by means Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle; Leibniz Institute of
of reactive electrospinning of a precursor solution Polymer Research
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methacrylic GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
acid, crosslinker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and GENERAL
photoinitiator (Dorocur-1173) under UV irradiation is Accession no.948213
reported. The polymerisation of the precursor solution
during electrospinning is confirmed by IR spectroscopy and
the fibres are characterised by optical microscopy. 5 refs. Item 501
Polymer
Kangnung,National University; Pennsylvania,State
46, No.18, 2005, p.7191
University
CHARGE CONSEQUENCES IN ELECTROSPUN
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
KOREA
POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) NANOFIBERS
Kalayci V E; Patra P K; Kim Y K; Ugbolue S C;
Accession no.948230 Warner S B
A report is presented on the electrospinning of
Item 499
PAN nanofibres in which the polymer solutions are
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
subjected to charging, including positive induction
Fall Meeting 2004. Volume 91. Philadelphia, Pa.,
charging, negative induction charging and ionised field
22nd-26th Aug.2004.
charging. The effects of applied voltage and solution
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
properties on charge density are examined and charge
Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.517-8, CD- density measurements compared with charge density
ROM, 012 calculations and found to be in agreement. 25 refs.
PREPARATION OF ZIRCONIA-BASED
CERAMICS NANOFIBERS BY SOL-GEL Massachusetts,University
USA
ELECTROSPINNING
Xiaoming Xu; Long Ling Accession no.948198

The preparation of dense zirconia-yttria and zirconia-

Item 502
silica nanofibres by means of a sol-gel procedure using
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
a small amount of PEO followed by electrospinning and
97, No.3, 5th Aug.2005, p.1292.
calcination is reported. The characterisation of the ceramic
EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON MORPHOLOGY
nanofibres by scanning electron microscopy, TEM and
OF ELECTROSPINNING ETHYL CELLULOSE
X-ray diffraction is also reported. 6 refs.
FIBERS
LOUISIANA,STATE UNIVERSITY
Xiaohui Wu; Linge Wang; Hui Yu; Yong Huang
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA Ethyl cellulose fibres were produced by electrospinning
Accession no.948226 using mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and
dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the solvent. The
diameter of fibres produced using mixed solvents was
Item 500 smaller than that of fibres produced using either solvent
Polymer alone, and the distribution of diameters was narrower.
46, No.18, 2005, p.7346. The range of THF concentrations from which fibres
DEFORMATION PROCESSES OF ULTRAHIGH could be spun increased on the addition of DMAc.
POROUS MULTIWALLED CARBON Tubercles were formed on the fibre surface when mixed
NANOTUBES/POLYCARBONATE COMPOSITE solvents were used, attributed to the difference in the
FIBRES PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING volatilisation rates of the solvents. 15 refs.
Kim G-M; Michler G H; Poetschke P
Chinese Academy of Sciences
N a n o c o m p o s i t e fi b r e s w e r e f a b r i c a t e d f r o m
CHINA
polycarbonate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
by electrospinning using chloroform as solvent. The Accession no.947906
nanofibres were structurally characterised with respect
to the orientation and dispersion of the nanotubes in Item 503
the nanofibres and the deformation of the nanofibres Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics
investigated by in-situ tensile testing. The morphology Edition
of the nanofibres was determined by TEM and scanning 43, No.16, 15th Aug.2005, p.2190.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 147

 References and Abstracts

STUDY ON CORRELATION OF Item 506

MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics
PRODUCTS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE WITH Edition
ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT 43, No.14, 15th July 2005, p.1881.
Zhao Y Y; Yang Q B; Lu X F; Wang C; Wei Y ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENE/
POLY(2-METHOXY-5-(2'-ETHYLHEXYLOXY)-
The preparation of polymer colloids, beaded fibres, smooth
1,4-PHENYLENE VINYLENE) BLENDS
fibres and ribbons by electrospinning aqueous solutions of
Wutticharoenmongkol P; Supaphol P; Srikhirin T;
polyacrylamide of ultrahigh molecular weight containing
Kerdcharoen T; Osotchan T
sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate surfactant is
described. The effects of polymer concentration and solution Blends of PS and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-
rheology on the morphology of the products were investigated 1,4-phenylene vinylene) were electrospun from
using SEM and the results are discussed. 20 refs. solutions of chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and
Jilin,University; Drexel,University tetrahydrofuran. The effects of blend composition
CHINA; USA and blend concentration, applied potential, single and
Accession no.947795 mixed solvent systems and addition of an organic salt
(pyridinium formate) on the morphological properties
and size of the resulting fibres were investigated. The
Item 504
photoluminescence characteristics of solutions of the
Synthetic Metals
blends in a mixed solvent system (chloroform and 1,2-
151, No.3, 2005, p.275.
dichloroethane) and fibres produced therefrom were
ELECTROSPUN POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE-
also investigated. 13 refs.
2,5-DIYL) FIBER FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR
Gonzalez R; Pinto N J Chulalongkorn,University; Mahidol University
THAILAND
The fabrication of a field effect transistor (FET) based on Accession no.947216
submicron-sized fibres of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene)
(P3HT) prepared by electrospinning of chloroform solutions
is described. The electrical characteristics of the device are Item 507
discussed in comparison with those for an FET based on a Polymer
thin film of P3HT. 11 refs. 46, No.16, 2005, p.6128.
SYSTEMATIC PARAMETER STUDY FOR
Puerto Rico,University
USA
ULTRA-FINE FIBER FABRICATION VIA
ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS
Accession no.947786
Tan S-H; Inai R; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S
Processing parameters effects on the morphology such as
Item 505
fibre diameter and its uniformity of electrospun lactide-
Macromolecules
caprolactone copolymer and polylactic acid nanofibres
38, No.9, 3rd May 2005, p.3719.
were investigated. A processing map summarised effects
REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING OF
of solution properties and processing conditions on
CROSS-LINKED POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL
the electrospun nanofibres morphology was obtained.
METHACRYLATE) NANOFIBERS AND
Polymer concentration, molecular weight, electrical
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL
conductivity of solvents were found as dominant
HYDROGEL NANOFIBERS IN AQUEOUS
parameters to control morphology. 21 refs.
SOLUTIONS
Seong Han Kim; Sae-Hoon Kim; Nair S; Moore E Singapore,National University
SINGAPORE
Elastomeric nanofibres of crosslinked poly(2- Accession no.947017
hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were synthesised by a
reactive electrospinning process in which photoinduced
polymerisation and crosslinking occurred during the Item 508
electrospinning process. The dry nanofibres mostly had Journal of Materials Chemistry
diameters between 100 and 500 nm, depending on the 15, No.31, 21st Aug.2005, p.3241.
viscosity of the precursor solution. When swollen in DIRECT FABRICATION OF ENZYME-
aqueous solution, the crosslinked polymer fibres showed CARRYING POLYMER NANOFIBERS BY
remarkably elastic properties. 22 refs. ELECTROSPINNING
Herricks T E; Kim S-H; Kim J; Li D; Kwak J H;
Pennsylvania,State University; Kangnung,National
Grate J W; Kim S H; Xia Y
University
KOREA; USA The preparation of nanofibres of composites of the
Accession no.947350 enzyme, alpha-chymotrypsin stabilised with the

148 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

surfactant dioctyl sulphosuccinate, with polystyrene Item 511

and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) by direct Synthetic Metals
electrospinning of a solution in toluene is described. 150, No.3, 2005, p.265.
The electrospun mats were characterised by SEM and EFFECTS OF IRON CATALYST ON THE
TEM, and enzyme activity and stability with and without FORMATION OF CRYSTALLINE DOMAIN
treatment by glutaraldehyde is discussed in comparison DURING CARBONIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN
with that for bulk films. 11 refs. ACRYLIC NANOFIBER
Park S H; Jo S M; Kim D Y; Lee W S; Kim B C
Washington,University; Kangnung,National
University; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; A solution of PAN in DMAc containing iron(III)
Pennsylvania,State University acetylacetonate was electrospun and the resulting
KOREA; USA nanofibres carbonised at temperatures ranging from
Accession no.946830 900 to 1500C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Changes in the
structure and surface morphology of the nanofibres during
carbonisation were investigated by X-ray diffraction,
Item 509
Raman spectroscopy, TEM and field emission scanning
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics
electron microscopy. The effect of the iron compound
Edition
on the crystal structure and electrical conductivity of
43, No.13, 1st July 2005, p.1673.
the carbonised fibre was examined and the suitability
PREPARATION OF SUBMICRON-SCALE, of the carbonised fibres for gas diffusion electrodes and
ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE FIBERS VIA supercapacitor electrodes briefly considered. 24 refs.
DIRECT DISSOLUTION
Hanyang,University; Korea,Institute of Science &
Kim C-W; Frey M W; Marquez M; Joo Y L
Technology
The effects of collector temperature and type and KOREA
of post-spinning treatment on the morphology of Accession no.944994
submicron electrospun cellulose fibres prepared using
a solvent system based on lithium chloride and N,N- Item 512
dimethylacetamide, were investigated using SEM and Polymer
XRD. The evolution of fibre morphology with time due 46, No.13, 2005, p.4853.
to water absorption and swelling caused by residual salt FORMATION OF WATER-RESISTANT
and solvent is described, and the processing conditions HYALURONIC ACID NANOFIBERS BY
necessary for the preparation of dry and stable cellulose BLOWING-ASSISTED ELECTRO-SPINNING
fibres are discussed. 20 refs. AND NON-TOXIC POST TREATMENTS
Cornell University; Kraft Foods; Los Alamos X Wang; I C Um; D Fang; Okamoto A; B S Hsaio; B
National Laboratory Chu
USA
Effects of different conditions, including air-blowing rate,
Accession no.946721 hyaluronic acid (HA) solution concentration, solution feed
rate, applied electric field and type of collector, used in
Item 510 the blowing assisted electrospinning of hyaluronic acid
Journal of Applied Polymer Science nanofibres were evaluated. With increased air blowing,
97, No.2, 15th July 2005, p.466. solution feed rate could be increased and electric field
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF reduced. Optimum spinning conditions were determined
ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYLIDENE and fibres were observed using optical and scanning
FLUORIDE MEMBRANES electron microscopies. Post treatment of the nanofibres to
Zhao Z; Li J; Yuan X; Li X; Zhang Y; Sheng J give water resistance were evaluated, and the immersion
treatment in an ethanol/hydrochloric acid/water bath
PVDF was electrospun into fibrous membranes from proved better than a hydrochloric acid vapour treatment
its solutions in a mixture of DMF and acetone. The followed by freezing. The stabilisation of HA fibres and
membranes were viewed under an SEM. The effects of fabrics was investigated using infrared spectroscopy and
acetone amount, polymer concentration, and capillary- viscosity changes after freezing of the solutions, and
collector distance on the morphology of the membranes crosslinking caused by hydrogen bonding was indicated.
were studied. Tensile properties and crystallisation of 34 refs.
the membranes were also investigated. 29 refs. Stony Brook,University; Stonybrook Technology &
Tianjin,University Applied Research Inc.; Denka
CHINA JAPAN; USA
Accession no.945865 Accession no.944817

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 149

 References and Abstracts

Item 513 Item 515

Polymer Macromolecular Symposia
46, No.13, 2005, p.4799. No.225, 2005, p.9.
ELECTROSPINNING OF LINEAR ROLE OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS IN
HOMOPOLYMERS OF POLY(METHYL STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES AND TISSUE
METHACRYLATE: EXPLORING ENGINEERING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIBER Boudriot U; Goetz B; Dersch R; Greiner A; Wendorff
FORMATION, VISCOSITY, MOLECULAR J-H
WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATION IN A GOOD The osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal
SOLVENT stem cells onto a three-dimensional matrix of electrospun
Gupta P; Elkins C; Long T E; Wilkes G L poly(L-lactide) nanofibres as nanostructured scaffold
Relationships between polymer molecular weight, is reported. The incorporation of various additives
solution concentration, solution viscosity and the ability such as growth and differentiation factors during the
to produce fibres in an electrospinning process were electrospinning process, and the applications of the
explored experimentally, using seven linear polymethyl electrospun nanofibres in tissue engineering are discussed.
methacrylate samples of different molecular weights and 22 refs.
solutions of different concentrations, and theoretically Marburg,Philipps University
by consideration of critical chain overlap concentrations EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
and calculated intrinsic viscosities. Fibre formation was GENERAL
found to depend on molecular weight distribution (MWD)
Accession no.944616
as well, with wider MWD requiring more concentrated
solutions for fibre formation. Optical microscopy was
used to examine fibre formation. Effects of different Item 516
solution concentrations and crossover regions where chain Polimeri
entanglement commenced were discussed. 59 refs. 25, No.4, 2004, p.116.
Croatian
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
USA ELECTROSPINNING: THEORETICAL
FOUNDATIONS AND PROCESSING
Accession no.944812
PARAMETERS
Agic A
Item 514
A theoretical framework was established for gaining
Polymer
an understanding of the physical mechanisms of
46, No.14, 2005, p.5133.
electrospinning of nanofibres, with parameter regime
ULTRA-FINE POLYELECTROLYTE
prediction. A slender-body theory for stretched and
FIBERS FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF
charged jet was applied to this problem. For the steady
POLY(ACRYLIC ACID)
electrospinning process, a jet profile was determined
Lei Li; You-Lo Hsieh
numerically. A linear stability analysis of axisymmetric
Fibres of poly(acrylic acid) were prepared by perturbation of the electric jet was performed. A
electrospinning, using aqueous or dimethylformamide dynamics model of the jet bending was derived and
solutions. The fibre diameters were in the range 80-500 solved numerically for a PEO solution. The important
nm, and increased with increasing solution concentration electrospinning processing parameters were optimised
and electrospinning voltage. More uniform diameters using the response surface methodology based on
were obtained using aqueous solutions, particularly those experimental data. Useful operating diagrams in volume
with an addition of sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide. flux-electric field space are discussed. 16 refs.
The heat capacity in the glass transition region and the Zagreb,Sveuciliste
dehydration temperature of fibres produced from aqueous CROATIA
solution increased with increasing electrospinning voltage. Accession no.943101
Water-insoluble fibres were prepared by adding beta-
cyclodextrin to the aqueous solution and crosslinking Item 517
the fibres by heat treatment at 140 C for 20 min. The E-Polymers
resulting hydrogel fibres exhibited pH-responsive swelling No.38, 2005, p.1.
behaviour. 23 refs. POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) NANOFIBRES
California,University at Davis BY ELECTROSPINNING: INFLUENCE OF
USA MOLECULAR WEIGHT ON FIBRE SHAPE
Accession no.944685 Zeng Jun; Haoqing Hou; Wendorff J H; Greiner A

150 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

PVAl nanofibres were obtained by electrospinning of near infrared and photoluminescence spectra, and current-
PVAl/water solutions. The formation of beaded fibres, voltage measurements. 22 refs.
together with decreased fibre diameters was observed for Washington,University
low PVAl concentrations. Electrospinning of blends of USA
PVAl of different molec.wts. was found to result in less Accession no.942635
bead formation and smaller fibre diameters as compared
with the corresponding homopolymers of similar viscosity.
It was suggested that plasticisation by the lower molec. Item 520
wt. component of the PVAl blends could prevent bead Macromolecular Rapid Communications
formation. 27 refs. 26, No.9, 9th May 2005, p.728.
MECHANICAL DEFORMATION PROCESS OF
Marburg,Philipps Universitat
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- FIBERS
GENERAL Kim G-M; Lach R; Michler G H; Chang Y-W
Accession no.943072 Nanocomposites were synthesised by the dispersion
polymerisation of methyl methacrylate in the presence of
Item 518 sodium montmorillonite. Intercalation was confirmed by
Macromolecular Research Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thin sections
13, No.2, April 2005 p.107. obtained by microtoming, and subjected to tensile testing
A SIMULATION METHOD FOR MODELING whilst observed by transmission electron microscopy,
THE MORPHOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS failed in a brittle manner, with crazing. Fibres however,
OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC NANOWEBS prepared by electrospinning chloroform solutions of
Hyungsup Kim; Dae-Woong Kim; Moon-Hwo Seo; the nanocomposites, deformed by a shear flow process
Kwang Soo Cho; Jung Rim Haw resulting in necking. The difference in deformation
behaviour was attributed to overlapping of the stress
Using a Monte Carlo method, an algorithm was
fields caused by nanopores in the fibre, showing that the
developed to simulate generation of polymeric micro
deformation mode of a brittle material may be changed to
webs. Dimensional analysis with this algorithm allowed
ductile by control of the morphology. 16 refs.
expression of penetration time as a function of fibre
diameter, area ratio and number of layers in the web. Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat; Hanyang,University
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
13 refs. GERMANY; KOREA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
Seoul,Konkuk University; Kyungpook,National EUROPE-GENERAL
University Accession no.942547
KOREA
Accession no.942670
Item 521
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Item 519 26, No.9, 9th May 2005, p.716.
Macromolecules MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A SINGLE
38, No.11, 31st May 2005, p.4705. ELECTROSPUN FIBER AND ITS STRUCTURES
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS OF BLENDS OF Shu-Ying Gu; Qi-Lin Wu; Jie Ren; Vancso G J
CONJUGATED POLYMERS: MORPHOLOGY,
Polyacrylonitrile fibre was prepared by electrospinning,
OPTICAL PROPERTIES, AND FIELD-EFFECT
and the structure determined by wide angle X-ray
TRANSISTORS
diffraction. Short lengths of fibre were attached
Babel A; Dan Li; Younan Xia; Jenekhe S A
horizontally to the end of the cantilever of an atomic
Morphology, optical and electrical properties of two force microscope, which was used to measure the force
series of electrospun nanofibres consisting of blends of as the fibre was bent by deflecting the free end. Young's
methylethylhexoxy phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) modulus was determined from the resulting force-
polymers with either polyhexylthiophene (PHT) or displacement curve. The Young's modulus increased
polydioctylfluorene were characterised and compared with with increasing voltage used for electrospinning.
thin films of the same polymer blends. Phase separated The high modulus was attributed to molecular chain
domains in the fibres were much smaller than in films, orientation. 21 refs.
with no energy transfer apparent in the fibres. Fibres had a Tongji,University; Shanghai,Donghua University;
core/shell structure. Hole mobility of field effect transistors Twente,University
prepared from fibres depended strongly on blend CHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
composition, and this property could be exploited in the NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
manufacture of these devices. Blends were characterised GENERAL
using scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet visible Accession no.942545

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 151

 References and Abstracts

Item 522 Weiwei Zuo; Meifang Zhu; Wen Yang; Hao Yu;
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Yanmo Chen; Yu Zhang
97, No.1, 5th July 2005, p.165.
An investigation was carried out into the formation of
PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOFIBERS
bead-on-string structures during the electrospinning
PREPARED FROM ELECTROSPUN
of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) solutions.
POLYIMIDE
The effects of various variables, including applied
Chung G S; Jo S M; Kim B C
voltage, solution feeding rate, mixed solvents, solution
Fibres of polyimide containing 0.3-3.0 wt% ferric conductivity and surface tension, on fibre morphologies
acetylacetonate were prepared by electrospinning using were examined and the role of axisymmetric instabilities
a dimethylacetamide solution. The carbonisation of of the electrospinning jet in beaded fibre formation
nonwoven fabrics were studied by X-ray diffraction assessed. 21 refs.
and Raman spectroscopy. The ferric acetylacetonate Shanghai,Donghua University
additions promoted carbonisation and increased the CHINA
carbon yield, and remained as particles within the fibre Accession no.941597
after carbonisation. Turbostratic-orientated graphite
layers were observed around the particles, a feature
Item 525
previously only seen in rigid-chain, insoluble polyimide
Polymer
carbonised under tension. 19 refs.
46, No.10, 2005, p.3407.
Hanyang,University; Korea,Institute of Science & ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(MMA-CO-
Technology MAA) COPOLYMERS AND THEIR LAYERED
KOREA
SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES FOR
Accession no.942492 IMPROVED THERMAL PROPERTIES
Wang M; Hsieh A J; Rutledge G C
Item 523 Sub-micron fibres of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-
Advanced Materials methacrylic acid) polymers and nanocomposites were
17, No.8, 18th April 2005, p.1048. prepared by electrospinning. The enhanced glass
TOWARDS INTERNAL STRUCTURING OF transition temperature and thermal stability of the
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS BY HIERARCHICAL methacrylic acid-containing copolymers was attributed to
SELF-ASSEMBLY OF POLYMERIC COMB- the formation of anhydrides on heating. Nanocomposites
SHAPED SUPRAMOLECULES containing montmorillonite (MMT) gave uniform
Ruotsalainen T; Turku J; Heikkila P; Ruokainen J; fibres, whilst those containing fluorohectorite (FH) had
Nykanen A; Laitinen T; Torkkeli M; Serimaa R; ten protrusions. Predictions of electrospinnability based
Brinke G; Harlin A; Ikkala O upon rheology and conductivity measurements were
The microstructure of fibres of a self-assembling in good agreement with experimental observations.
block copolymer/amphiphile system, produced The addition of clay enhanced the electrospinnability.
by electrospinning a supramolecular complex of The MMT was exfoliated, well-distributed in the fibre
poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) hydrogen bonded to and oriented along the fibre axis. Char formation
3-n-pentadecylphenol, was investigated using AFM, was observed on heating the MMT-containing fibres
TEM, proton NMR and SAXS. The effects of spinning above the decomposition temperature, indicating
conditions and block copolymer molecular weight on the reduced flammability and increased self-extinguishing
fibre thickness and pore size are discussed. 34 refs. properties. The FH-containing fibres disintegrated into
film or powder. 62 refs.
Helsinki,University of Technology;
Tampere,University of Technology; Massachusetts,Institute of Technology;
Helsinki,University; Groningen,University US,Army,Aberdeen Proving Ground
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA
FINLAND; NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN Accession no.941371
EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.942460
Item 526
Polymer
Item 524 46, No.10, 2005, p.3372.
Polymer Engineering and Science ROLE OF CHAIN ENTANGLEMENTS
45, No.5, May 2005, p.704. ON FIBER FORMATION DURING
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER
BETWEEN JET INSTABILITY AND SOLUTIONS: GOOD SOLVENT, NON-
FORMATION OF BEADED FIBERS DURING SPECIFIC POLYMER-POLYMER
ELECTROSPINNING INTERACTION LIMIT

152 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Shenoy S; Bates W D; Frisch H L; Wnek G E Item 529

Journal of Applied Polymer Science
A semi-empirical model was developed for the
electrospinning process, for polymer/good solvent 96, No.4, 15th May 2005, p.983.
systems, to establish the parameters at which the process PREPARATION OF CONDUCTING NYLON-6
changed from electrospraying to electrospinning, so ELECTROSPUN FIBER WEBS BY THE IN SITU
as to avoid time-consuming trial and error studies to POLYMERIZATION OF POLYANILINE
establish suitable process conditions. The polymer Hong K H; Oh K W; Kang T J
concentration necessary for fibre formation is determined Polyaniline/nylon-6 composite nanofibre webs were
using entanglement and weight average molecular prepared by the electrospinning process with a nylon-6/
weights. The model correctly predicted, for a variety formic acid polymer solution. The polyaniline was
of polymer/solvent systems, that one entanglement per chemically polymerised on the surface of the webs.
chain resulted in incomplete fibre formation, whilst
Electrical conductivity measurements are presented. Results
complete, stable fibre formation occurred with 2.5 or
were confirmed using FTIR, ESCA and morphological
more entanglements per chain. 82 refs.
analysis. 16 refs.
Virginia,Commonwealth University; Albany,University
Seoul,National University; Seoul,Chung-Ang University
of New York KOREA
USA
Accession no.941368 Accession no.940790

Item 527 Item 530

Polymer Polymer
46, No.10, 2005, p.3211. 46, No.8, 2005, p.2799.
MICROSCOPIC POLYMER CUPS BY SCALING LAW IN ELECTROSPINNING:
ELECTROSPINNING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC
Jing Liu; Kumar S CURRENT AND SOLUTION FLOW RATE
Ji-Huan Hee; Yu-Qin Wan; Jian-Yong Yu
Poly(methyl methacrylate) was subjected to electrospinning
using a variety of solvents (methylene chloride, acetone, Simulation of electrospinning using mathematical
dimethyl formamide, acrylonitrile, nitromethane and equations was improved by a new equation for the
formic acid) at a relatively low concentration. Under these charge conservation. This results in a non-linear relation
conditions, it was possible to produce a range of shapes between electric current for the charged jet and solution
other than fibres. Cups with a wall thickness of 200-800 flow rate. Less empirical input is now required, but
nm, with pores of 50-300 nm, were obtained when using the equation still requires experimental verification
solvents of high dielectric constant. 15 refs. 24 refs.
Georgia,Institute of Technology Donghua,University; China,Ministry of Education
USA CHINA
Accession no.941350 Accession no.940760

Item 528 Item 531

Journal of Membrane Science Polymer
250, No.1-2, 15th March 2005, p.167.
46, No.8, 2005, p.2419.
IMMOBILIZATION OF CELLULASE IN
CONTINUOUS YARNS FROM ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBROUS PVA MEMBRANES BY
FIBERS
ELECTROSPINNING
Smit E; Buttner U; Sanderson R D
Lili Wu; Xiaoyan Yuan; Jing Sheng
The immobilisation of the enzyme cellulase in nanofibrous Continuous yarn production from electrospun fibres
poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes was investigated of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene fluoride and
by electrospinning from an acetic acid solution of PVA polyacrylonitrile is described and demonstrated, The
and cellulase and crosslinking by glutaraldehyde vapour. technique involves spinning into water and drawing the
The catalytic activity of the immobilised enzyme was resulting mat of fibres across the water surface. Potential
compared to that of the free enzyme, and the effects throughput rates are up to 180 metres/hr per spinning
of enzyme loading efficiency and crosslinking time on needle with a high degree of fibre alignment, as witnessed
catalytic activity are discussed. by scanning electron microscopy studies. 14 refs.
Tianjin,University Stellenbosch,University
CHINA SOUTH AFRICA
Accession no.941320 Accession no.940721

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 153

 References and Abstracts

Item 532 Item 535

ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual Polymer
conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004. 46, No.9, 2005, p.2889.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.3905-9, CD-ROM, 012 MULTIPLE JETS IN ELECTROSPINNING.
EFFECTS OF THE MOLECULAR EXPERIMENT AND MODELING
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS ON THE Theron S A; Yarin A L; Zussman E; Kroll E
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYSTYRENE Details are given of an experimental investigation
Pai S; Gunja N J and modelling of the use of multiple jets during
The influence of Mw and solution concentration on the the electrospinning of polymer solutions. Realistic
electrospinning of polystyrene in theta and non-theta configurations of the external electric field between the
solvents was studied. The jet breakdown phenomena were electrodes were employed and models were used to
visually recorded for different molecular weights. The describe the viscoelastic behaviour of the polymer jets.
splitting and splaying of the jet was strongly affected by Results for the electrospinning of polyethylene oxide
the molecular characteristics, and was analysed in terms demonstrated how the external electric fields and mutual
of the dimensionless concentration (eta)c. 7 refs. electric interaction of multiple charged jets influence their
path and evolution during the electrospinning process.
Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
29 refs.
(SPE)
USA Israel,Institute of Technology
ISRAEL
Accession no.939339
Accession no.938522

Item 533
ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual Item 536
conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004. Polymer
46, No.7, 2005, p.2011.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.3900-4, CD-ROM, 012
ELECTROSPINNING OF LINEAR AND HIGHLY
EVALUATION OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMER
BRANCHED SEGMENTED POLYURETHANE
COATINGS ON 316 STAINLESS STEEL MESHES
UREAS
Caron L; Thomas M; Youmans K
McKee M G; Park T; Unal S; Yilgor I; Long T E
Electrospinning is an advantageous technique for applying
Details are given of the formation of electrospun fibrous
porous coatings onto porous substrates, particularly those
mats from linear and highly branched polyurethane ureas.
used for biomedical applications. This paper explores the
Elongation of the formed fibres was investigated using
feasibility of electrospinning polystyrene coatings onto
stress-strain experiments. Characterisation was also
stainless steel meshes with varying conditions. The effect
undertaken using size exclusion chromatography and
of pore size and surface treatment on the morphology,
SEM. 33 refs.
thickness, and adhesion of the coatings obtained were
examined. 6 refs. Virginia,Polytechnic Institute
USA
Worcester,Polytechnic Institute Accession no.938413
(SPE)
USA
Accession no.939338 Item 537
Composite Interfaces
11, No.8-9, 2005, p.711.
Item 534 ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS
China Synthetic Fiber Industry COATED WITH METAL OXIDES BY LIQUID
28, No.1, Feb.2005, p.13. PHASE DEPOSITION
PREPARATION OF POLYAMIDE 6 NANOFIBER Drew C; Wang X; Bruno F F; Samuelson L A; Kumar J
VIA ELECTROSPINNING
Yongtang J; Fengchun D; Xinyuan S; Xigui J The surface functionalisation of electrospun
polyacrylonitrile fibres by treatment with sodium hydroxide
The effects of various factors on the electrospinning of to produce carboxylic acid groups followed by adsorption
polyamide-6 and on the morphology and diameter of the of the polyelectrolytes poly(diallyldimethylammonium
resulting fibres were investigated. Optimum conditions for chloride) and poly(styrene sulphonate) prior to coating
the preparation of nanofibres having diameters lower than with a film of titanium dioxide, is described. The effects
100 nm in formic acid solution were established. 5 refs. of surface treatments on metal oxide nucleation density
Liaodong,Academy; Shanghai,Donghua University were investigated using SEM and TEM, and the results
CHINA are discussed. 15 refs.
Accession no.938574

154 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier micrometres. These suspended fibres could be converted

Systems Center to a multifilament yarn with a diameter of less than 5
USA micrometres and a length of 50 mm by rotating one of the
Accession no.938193 collecting rings. Potential tissue engineering and medical
applications of this process were suggested. 15 refs.
Item 538 Aachen,RWTH
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Polymer GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
45, No.26, 9 Dec.2004, p.8705. GENERAL
INFLUENCE OF SELF-COMPLEMENTARY Accession no.937323
HYDROGEN BONDING ON SOLUTION
RHEOLOGY/ELECTROSPINNING
RELATIONSHIPS Item 540
McKee M G; Elkins C L; Long T E Journal of Applied Polymer Science
96, No.2, April 2005, p.557.
Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s containing pendant carboxylic ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERS
acid groups or self-complementary multiple hydrogen Subbiah T; Bhat G S; Tock R W; Parameswaran S;
bonding (SCMHB) groups were synthesised to study the Ramkumar S S
effects of intermolecular associations on solution rheology
and electrospinning performance. The dielectric constant An in-depth review of research activities on the
of the cosolvent was varied to allow systematic screening development of nanofibres, fundamental understanding
of intermolecular interactions and to follow the influence of the electrospinning process and properties of
of hydrogen bonding on electrospun fibre morphology. nanostructured fibrous materials and their applications
The polymers were studied by SEC, proton NMR, field is discussed. A detailed account of the type of fibres that
emission SEM, viscosity measurements and solution have been electrospun and their characteristics is also
conductivity. The diameters of electrospun poly(methyl elaborated. 78 refs.
methacrylate) (PMMA) fibres agreed with previously Lubbock,Texas Tech University; Tennessee,University
developed predictions but those of electrospun poly(methyl at Knoxville
USA
methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-co-PMAA)
fibres were smaller than predicted when electrospun Accession no.936727
from dimethyl formamide (DMF), due to dissociation
of the carboxylic acid group that increased solution Item 541
conductivity. Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-SCMHB Polymer
methacrylate) displayed significant hydrogen bonding 46, No.5, 2005, p.1625.
associations with decreasing solvent dielectric constant REGENERATION OF BOMBYX MORI
to give increased viscosity and lower entanglement SILK BY ELECTROSPINNING. III.
concentration. Strong hydrogen bonding between the CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN
SCMHB groups in relatively nonpolar solvents increased NONWOVEN MAT
the apparent molecular weight of the copolymers, and Ayutsede J; Gandhi M; Sukigara S; Micklus M; Chen
significantly larger electrospun fibres than predicted were H-E; Ko F
obtained. 37 refs.
Details are given of the electrospinning of regenerated
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Bombyx mori silk fibroin in formic acid. The
USA
morphological, chemical and mechanical properties
Accession no.937367 of these nanofibres were examined using SEM, Raman
spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction and tensile testing.
Item 539 Data are presented for molecular conformations of each
Polymer step of the sample preparation and the electrospinning
46, No.3, 2005, p.611. process. The secondary structural compositions of
ELECTROSPINNING WITH DUAL the fibroin were determined by FTIR and Raman
COLLECTION RINGS spectroscopy. 33 refs.
Dalton P D; Klee D; Moeller M Drexel,University; Niigata,University; China Textile
An array of electrospun fibres of poly(epsilon- Institute
CHINA; USA
caprolactone) was produced which was three-
dimensionally suspended between two grounded rings. Accession no.936378
Lower applied voltages resulted in less fibre splitting
and very little interconnectivity. A voltage of 15 kV Item 542
resulted in straight single electrospun fibres with lengths European Polymer Journal
of 40-100 mm and a diameter of 1.26 plus or minus 0.19 41, No.3, March 2005, p.423.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 155

 References and Abstracts

MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN for collection speeds between 8.1-9.8m/s. Twisted yarns

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL MATS of aligned PAN nanofibres with twist angles between 1.1
Zhang C; Yuan X; Wu L; Han Y; Sheng J and 16.8 degrees were prepared. The ultimate strength and
modulus of the twisted yarns increased with increasing
Submicron PVAL fibre mats were prepared by
angle of twist to a maximum of 62 +8.5 MPa and 5.9 +0.3
electrospinning of aqueous PVAL solutions. Fibre
GPa, respectively, at an angle of 9.3 degrees. 31 refs.
morphology was observed using SEM and the effects
of voltage, tip-target distance, flow rate and solution Amherst,Massachusetts University
parameters were evaluated. Changes in fibre morphology (SPE)
USA
upon the addition of aspirin or bovine serum albumin were
investigated. 30 refs. Accession no.935597
Tianjin,University
CHINA Item 545
Accession no.936332 Advanced Materials
17, No.1, 18th Jan.2005, p.77.
GRAPHITE NANOPLATELET
Item 543
REINFORCEMENT OF ELECTROSPUN
European Polymer Journal
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS
41, No.3, March 2005, p.409.
Mack R J; Viculis L M; Ali A; Luoh R; Yang G; Hahn H
EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON ELECTRO- T; Ko F K; Kaner R B
SPINNABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS
AND MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF The preparation of nanocomposite fibrils by electrospinning
RESULTING ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE of a PAN solution containing nanoplatelets of graphite
FIBERS obtained by an intercalation/exfoliation process is
Jarusuwannapoom T; Hongrojjanawiwat W; Jitjaicham described. The electrospun fibres are characterised
S; Wannatong L; Nithitanakul M; Pattamaprom C; by scanning electron microscopy, TEM, TGA and
Koombhongse P; Rangkupan R; Supaphol P nanoindentation measurements and are shown to have
average diameters of 300 nm and increasing heat stability
The effects of 18 solvents and their properties on the and Young's modulus with increasing weight percentage
electrospinnability of PS solutions and the morphology of nanoplatelets. 24 refs.
of PS fibres were investigated using SEM. The solutions
California,University at Los Angeles; Drexel,University
were tested for viscosity, surface tension and conductivity. USA
14 refs.
Accession no.935305
Chulalongkorn,University; Thammasat,University;
Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology
Center; King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Item 546
THAILAND Chemistry of Materials
Accession no.936331 17, No.5, 8th March 2005, p.967.
ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE
NANOFIBERS CONTAINING A HIGH
Item 544 CONCENTRATION OF WELL-ALIGNED
ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES
conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004. Hou H; Ge J J; Zeng J; Li Q; Reneker D H; Greiner A;
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.1446-50, CD-ROM, 012 Cheng S Z D
ELECTROSPINNING: PREPARATION
OF ALIGNED AND ORIENTED The preparation of composite sheets of well-aligned
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS PAN nanofibres containing various amounts of multiwall
Fennessey S F; Farris R J carbon nanotubes by electrospinning is described. The
composite nanofibre sheets are characterised by scanning
Partially aligned and oriented polyacrylonitrile(PAN) electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, TEM, IR
nanofibres were prepared from solution with spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and mechanical testing
dimethylformamide by electrospinning with the purpose and their thermal shrinkage resistance is determined over
of preparing carbon nanofibres for the reinforcement of the temperature range from room temperature to 850C.
thin films. Aligned(+) birefringent fibres with diameters 38 refs.
between 0.27-0.29 micrometer were prepared from a 15 Jiangxi,Normal University; Akron,University;
wt% solution, electrospun at 16kV, and collected onto Philipps,Universitat
a wheel rotating with a surface velocity of 3.5-12.3m/s. CHINA; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
The molecular orientation within the fibres was examined GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
by X-ray diffraction and dichroism (FTIR). A maximum GENERAL
chain orientation parameter, f, of 0.23 was determined Accession no.935205

156 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 547 Washington,University

Polymer Materials Science and Engineering USA
20, No.6, Nov.2004, p.15. Accession no.932831
RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE FIBERS
Item 550
Meng Qing-jie; Zhang Xing-xiang
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Electrospinning is a process that produces continuous Spring Meeting 2004. Volume 90. Proceedings of a
polymeric fibres with diameters in the sub-micron range conference held Anaheim, Ca., 28th March - 1st April
through the action of an external electric field imposed on 2004.
a polymer solution or melt. A report is presented on the Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymeric
underlying principle and the equipment used, polymer Materials: Science & Engineering, 2004, p.51, CD-
characteristics, applications such as filters and membranes, ROM, 012
reinforcement, protective clothing for soldiers, and future ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOCOMPOSITE
developments. The polymers discussed include PEO, FIBERS BASED ON POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) AND
polyamide, polyester, polyacetylene, PAN, PVC, PVDF, ORGANOCLAYS
polycarbonate and PMMA. 25 refs. Krikorian V; Casper C; Rabolt J; Pochan D J
Tianjin,Polytechnic University
CHINA The electrospinning of fibres of nanocomposites of poly(L-
Accession no.933272 lactic acid) with montmorillonite clay organically modified
with two different surfactants was investigated. The fibres
were characterised by SEM, polarised optical microscopy
Item 548 and WAXS, and the effects of annealing on crystallinity
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics are discussed. 3 refs.
205, No.17, 26th Nov.2004, p.2327.
Delaware,University
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
FIBERS. EFFECT OF SOLUTION CONDITIONS (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
ON MORPHOLOGY AND AVERAGE FIBER
DIAMETER Accession no.932744
Mituppatham C; Nithitanakul M; Supaphol P
Details are given of the preparation of ultrafine nylon-6 Item 551
fibres using the electrospinning technique. The effects of Macromolecules
solution conditions on the morphological appearance and 37, No.24, Nov.2004, p.9211.
the average diameter of fibres were investigated by optical IN SITU PHOTO-CROSS-LINKING
scanning and SEM techniques. The effect of the addition of OF CINNAMATE FUNCTIONALIZED
inorganic salts on solution conductivity and fibre diameter POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE-CO-2-
were also examined. 25 refs. HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE) FIBERS DURING
Chulalongkorn,University ELECTROSPINNING
THAILAND Gupta P; Trenor S R; Long T E; Wilkes G L
Accession no.933055 A novel methodology for in situ UV irradiation crosslinking
of polymeric fibres during electrospinning is described.
Item 549 Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate)
Advanced Materials (poly(MMA-co-HEA)) is synthesised and subsequently
16, No.22, 18th Nov.2004, p.2062. functionalised with cinnamoyl chloride via a quantitative
NANOFIBERS OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS esterification reaction. The crosslinking process during
PREPARED BY ELECTROSPINNING WITH A electrospinning is monitored using FTIR spectroscopy
TWO-CAPILLARY SPINNERET and gel fraction analysis. The morphology before and after
Li D; Babel A; Jenekhe S A; Xia Y irradiation is investigated by scanning electron microscopy.
FTIR measurements indicate both (2P +2P) cycloaddition
The preparation of uniform nanofibres of poly(2-methoxy-
of the vinylene group and trans-cis photoisomerisation
5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) and its
of the cinnamate group. Irradiated copolymers form
blends with poly(3-hexylthiophene) by co-electrospinning
insoluble gels indicating that photodimerisation is the
their solutions with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) through
a coaxial capillary system followed by extraction of the primary process leading to the formation of a crosslinked
PVP phase, is described. The nanofibres were characterised network. 52 refs.
by fluorescence microscopy, SEM, UV-visible and Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
photoluminescence spectroscopy and the results discussed USA
in comparison with spin-cast films. 24 refs. Accession no.932411

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 157

 References and Abstracts

Item 552 IN VITRO DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR

Macromolecular Symposia OF ELECTROSPUN POLYGLYCOLIDE,
No.217, 2004, p.413. POLYLACTIDE, AND POLY(LACTIDE-CO-
ELECTROSPINNING P(LLA-CL) NANOFIBER: GLYCOLLIDE)
A TUBULAR SCAFFOLD FABRICATION WITH Young You; Byung-Moo Min; Seung Jin Lee; Taek
CIRCUMFERENTIAL ALIGNMENT Seung Lee; Won Ho Park
Xiumei Mo; Weber H -J Nanofibres of polyglycolide (PGA), polylactide (PLA)
Room temperature electrospinning of a copolymer of and a copolymer of two were electrospun using either
L-lactic acid and caprolactone onto a rotating mandrel chloroform or hexafluoropropanol as spinning solvent.
resulted in a tubular arrangement of fibres with inner Fibre diameters were characterised using scanning
diameter the same as the outer diameter of the mandrel. electron microscopy, and it was observed that those
Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction fibres spun using chloroform were larger in diameter and
were used to examine the crystal structure, but the with a wider diameter distribution than those which used
process did not allow crystallisation of the lactic acid hexafluoropropanol, probably due to solvent polarity. In
sequences. A regular arrangement in the caprolactone vitro degradation in phosphate buffer solutions was studied
sequence was observed. With the sharp edged auxiliary using differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle
electrode perpendicular to the rotating bar, and beneath it, X-ray diffraction, with the PGA fibres degrading fastest
circumferential alignment was achieved in the nanofibres. and the PLA fibres slowest. Increases in crystallinity
Medical application in blood vessel tissue engineering is of the PGA fibres in the early stages of degradation
envisaged for the hollow tube. 4 refs. indicated that initial hydrolytic chain cleavage was in the
amorphous areas. This was followed by a gradual reduction
Aachen,University of Applied Sciences
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; in crystallinity as further degradation took place in these
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- areas. 25 refs.
GENERAL Chungnam,National University; Seoul,National
Accession no.931656 University; Ewha Womens University
SOUTH KOREA

Item 553 Accession no.931585

Journal of Applied Polymer Science
95, No.2, 15th Jan.2005 p.427. Item 555
WATER ABSORPTION AND MECHANICAL Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN 42, No.21, 1st Nov.2004, p.3934.
STRUCTURED HYDROGELS POLYANILINE/POLY(METHYL
Hansen L M; Smith D J; Reneker D H; Kataphinan W METHACRYLATE) COAXIAL FIBERS:
THE FABRICATION AND EFFECTS OF
Nanoscale fibres containing superabsorbent particles held in
THE SOLUTION PROPERTIES ON THE
place by nanoelastic fibres were prepared by electrospinning
MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN CORE
and formed into a non-woven fabric. The water absorbency
FIBERS
and synthetic urine absorbency of these materials was
Dong H; Nyame V; MacDiarmid A G; Jones W E
evaluated and was seen to lead to formation of structured
hydrogels. Weight gain due to liquid absorption ranged up to Electrically conductive polyaniline (PANi)/PMMA coaxial
50000 percent, primarily by increase in thickness of the non- fibres are prepared through the chemical deposition of PANi
woven sheet of nanofibres, and only a slight change in planar onto preformed PMMA fibres via in situ polymerisation.
dimensions. Rate of water absorption measurements indicated PMMA fibres are prepared as core materials via
maximum absorbency reached within 5 seconds for samples electrospinning. Spectral studies and scanning electron
containing up to 70 percent superabsorbents. Wet samples microscopy observations indicate formation of PANi/
showed excellent strength and elasticity, leading to potential PMMA coaxial fibres with a diameter of approximately
medical and sanitary applications. Samples were examined 290 nm and a PANi layer thickness of approximately 30
by scanning electron microscopy, stress-strain testing of wet nm. The conductivity of the PANi/PMMA coaxial fibres is
and dry fabric samples, absorbency measurements and residue significantly higher than that of electrospun fibres of PANi/
loss after equilibrium swelling. 23 refs. polyethylene oxide blends and blend cast films of the same
PANi composition. To reproducibly generate uniform-core
Akron,University
USA polymer fibres, the organic solution properties that affect
the morphology and diameter of the electrospun fibres
Accession no.931616
are investigated. The polymer molecular weight, solution
concentration, solvent dielectric constant and addition
Item 554 of soluble organic salts are strongly correlated to the
Journal of Applied Polymer Science morphology of the electrospun fibre mat. In particular, the
95, No.2, 15th Jan.2005 p.193. dielectric constants of the solvents substantially influence

158 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

both fibre diameter and bead formation. 33 refs. of the solutions on increasing the amount of sodium
New York,State University at Binghamton; chloride salt addition resulted in fibres of larger sizes.
Pennsylvania,University 9 refs. (8th Pacific Polymer Conference, Bangkok,
USA Thailand, Nov.2003)
Accession no.931527 Chulalongkorn,University
THAILAND

Item 556 Accession no.930961

Macromolecular Symposia
No.216, 2004, p.301. Item 558
ELECTROSPUN NON-WOVEN FABRICS OF Polymer International
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) AND THEIR 53, No.11, Nov.2004, p.1851.
BIODEGRADATION BY PURE CULTURES OF EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON ELECTROSPUN
SOIL FILAMENTOUS FUNGI POLYMERIC FIBERS: PRELIMINARY STUDY
Ohkawa K; Hakyong Kim; Keunhyung Lee; ON POLYSTYRENE
Yamamoto H
Wannatong L; Sirivat A; Supaphol P
The biodegradation of electrospun nano-fibres of
Polystyrene (PS) fibres were prepared by electrospinning
poly(epsilon-caprolactone)(PCL) was investigated, using
using a variety of solvents: acetic acid, acetonitrile,
seven species of pure-cultured soil filamentous fungi.
m-creasol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide
The fungi grew on the PCL non-woven fabrics, degrading
(DMF). Fibre diameters decreased with increasing solvent
the PCL nano-fibres and using them for nutrition. In the
biochemical oxygen demand test, the biodegradation of the density and boiling point. Large differences between the
nano-fibre exceeded 20 to 30% carbon dioxide generation. solubility parameters and the dielectric constants of the PS
The biodegradabilities decreased with increase of the mean and the solvent promoted the formation of beads on the
fibre diameter. 7 refs. (8th Pacific Polymer Conference, fibres. The fibre production rate (defined as the number
Bangkok, Thailand, Nov.2003) of fibre webs per unit area per unit time) increased with
increasing solvent dielectric constant and dipole moment.
Shinshu,University; Chonbuk,National University
JAPAN; KOREA The highest production rate with optimum morphology
was achieved using DMF. 16 refs.
Accession no.930962
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology;
Chulalongkorn,University
Item 557 THAILAND
Macromolecular Symposia
Accession no.930535
No.216, 2004, p.293.
EFFECTS OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION,
EMITTING ELECTRODE POLARITY, Item 559
SOLVENT TYPE, AND SALT ADDITION ON Polymer International
ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS: A 53, No.11, Nov.2004, p.1704.
PRELIMINARY REPORT MORPHOLOGY OF ULTRAFINE
Mit-uppatham C; Nithitanakul M; Supaphol P POLYSULFONE FIBERS PREPARED BY
The electrospinning technique was used to produce ELECTROSPINNING
ultra-fine polyamide-6 fibres and the effects of Xiaoyan Yuan; Yuanyuan Zhang; Cunhai Dong;
some solution and process parameters, i.e. solution Jing Sheng
concentration, emitting electrode polarity, solvent tyre Ultrafine fibres of polysulphone were prepared by
and salt addition, on the morphological appearance electrospinning solutions of the polymer in mixtures
of the fibres obtained were observed visually from a of N,N'-dimethylacetamide and acetone, and the fibre
series of scanning electron micrographs. Solutions morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy.
with sufficiently high viscosity values were found
Increasing the polymer concentration, and the proportion
to be necessary to result in electrospun polyamide-6
of acetone in the solution resulted in more uniform fibres,
fibres having uniform diameters. The use of a mixed
with fewer beads. Fibre uniformity was also improved by
solvent of m-cresol and formic acid was shown to have
reducing the solution flow rate. The fibre diameter reduced
a significant effect on the morphology. The diameters of
with increasing voltage and increasing nozzle-to-screen
the fibres obtained increased with increasing amount of
m-cresol and, at m-cresol contents of greater than 40 wt distance. Uniform fibres with diameters of 300-400 nm
%, fused fibres were formed, which was attributable to were obtained under optimised conditions. 32 refs.
the higher boiling point of m-cresol. It was found that Tianjin,University
flat fibres were obtained by using the negative polarity CHINA
of the emitting electrode. The increased conductivity Accession no.930516

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 159

 References and Abstracts

Item 560 degradation. Most of the saturated copolyester in the

Journal of Polymers and the Environment fibres was found to degrade at 210C within 90 min. and
12, No.4, Oct.2004, p.211. the surfaces of the fibres were highly porous following
BIODEGRADATION OF ELECTROSPUN thermal degradation. Degradation at 240C gave rise
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) NON- membrane-like structures.
WOVEN FABRICS BY PURE-CULTURED SOIL korea,Institute of Energy Research; Chungnam,National
FILAMENTOUS FUNGI University; Kumoh,National University of Technology;
Ohkawa K; Kim H; Lee K Inha,University
SOUTH KOREA
The biodegradation of electrospun poly(epsilon-
caprolactone)(PCL) non-woven fabrics with different Accession no.928754
mean fibre diameters (prepared from PCL solutions of
different viscosities) using various pure-cultured soil Item 563
filamentous fungi was investigated by optical microscopy, ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering,
SEM and biological oxygen demand testing. The effects Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference
of mean fibre diameter and type of soil filamentous fungi held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003.
on biodegradability are discussed. 29 refs. Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials and
Shinshu,University; Chonbuk,National University Science and Engineering, 2003, p.658-9, CD-ROM, 012
JAPAN; KOREA RADIATION GRAFTING ONTO ELECTROSPUN
Accession no.930482 FIBERS
Robinette E J; Palmese G R
Item 561 The radiation grafting of acrylamide onto polysulphone
E-Polymers electrospun fibres using an electron beam source
No.78, 2004, p.1. and surface analysis of the grafted fibres by X-ray
ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/ photoelectron spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy,
POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) FIBRES WITH environmental scanning electron microscopy and contact
EXCELLENT WATER-STABILITY angle measurements are reported. 7 refs.
Zeng J; Hou H; Wendorff J H; Greiner A
Drexel,University
The effects of annealing with poly(acrylic acid)(PAA) USA
on the water stability of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) Accession no.927785
(PVA) nanofibres were investigated by measurement of
the swelling of solution-cast PVA/PAA films. The results
Item 564
are discussed in terms of the effects of reaction conditions,
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
including PVA/PAA ratio, annealing temperature and
25, No.18, 24th Sept.2004, p.1600.
time, PAA molecular weight, and use of an esterification
ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITOSAN
catalyst, on the water stability of electrospun PVA/PAA
Ohkawa K; Cha D; Kim H; Nishida A; Yamamoto H
composite nanofibres. 11 refs.
Marburg,Philipps University The effects of the electrospinning solvent and chitosan
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; concentration on the morphology of electrospun non-
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- woven fabrics prepared from samples of the cationic
GENERAL polysaccharide chitosan of different molecular weights,
Accession no.929436 or their blends with poly(vinyl alcohol), were investigated
using SEM. The formation of homogeneous chitosan fibres
Item 562 with diameters in the submicron range using solvents such
Polymer Degradation and Stability as trifluoroacetic acid is discussed. 38 refs.
86, No.2, 2004, p.257. Shinshu,University; Chonbuk,National University
PREPARATION OF POROUS ULTRA- JAPAN; KOREA
FINE FIBRES VIA SELECTIVE Accession no.927461
THERMAL DEGRADATION OF
ELECTROSPUN POLYETHERIMIDE/ Item 565
POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
HYDROXYVALERATE) FIBRES
42, No.20, Oct. 2004, p.3721.
Han S O; Son W K; Cho D; Youk J H; Park W H
INFLUENCE OF SOLVENTS ON THE
Porous ultra-fine fibres were prepared by electrospinning FORMATION OF ULTRATHIN UNIFORM
of polyetherimide/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE) NANOFIBERS
hydroxyvalerate) fibres and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co- WITH ELECTROSPINNING
3-hydroxyvalerate) was selectively removed by thermal Qingbiao Yang; Zhenyu Li; Youliang Hong; Yiyang

160 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Zhao; Shilun Qiu; Ce Wang; Yen Wei Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials and
Science and Engineering, 2003, p.350, CD-ROM, 012
The influence of solvents on the morphology of
HYDROPHOBIC/HYDROPHILIC
the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) micro/nanofibres
ELECTROSPUN MEMBRANES FOR
prepared by electrospinning 4 wt% PVP in ethanol,
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
dichloromethane, DMF or mixtures is investigated
Jiang H L; Fang D F; Hsaio B; Chu B; Chen W
experimentally. Nanofibres spun from ethanol solution
are smooth while those from dichloromethane and DMF Electrospun membranes of biodegradable hydrophilic
have a bead-like microstructure. In mixed solvent systems polymers were prepared. The polymers studied were
ethanol/DMF (50:50) produces nanofibres with diameters poly(ethylene glycol)-g-chitosan (PEG-g-chitosan),
as small as 20 nm. Increasing the PVP concentration to dextran and hyaluronan benzyl ester. Porous membranes
10 wt% increases the fibre diameter to 300 nm and helix- could not be prepared by electrospinning pure PEG-g-
shaped fibres are observed for 20 wt% solutions. For 4 wt% chitosan. When it was blended with poly(lactide-co-
ethanol/dichloromethane solutions, fibres have diameters glycolide) (PLGA), up to 40% of the PEG-g-chitosan
greater than 300 nm. 29 refs. could be incorporated into the membranes but a lot of bead
Jilin,University; Drexel,University defects were observed and the porosity of the membranes
CHINA; USA decreased with increasing PEG-g-chitosan content in the
Accession no.927175 feed ratio. Because dextran is highly soluble in water, these
membranes had to be crosslinked post-electrospinning
despite the success of electrospinning dextran and PLGA/
Item 566 dextran blends. Hyaluronan benzyl ester, however, could
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. be electrospun into membranes with perfect morphology
Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference and crosslinking was not necessary. 7 refs.
held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003.
New York,State University; Stonybrook Technology &
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials and
Applied Research Inc.
Science and Engineering, 2003, p.404-5, CD-ROM, 012 (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTROSPUN USA
SILK FIBERS AS TEMPLATE FOR
Accession no.927028
BIOMINERALIZATION
Chunmei Li; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Botsaris G D;
Kaplan D L Item 568
Macromolecules
Attempts were made to mimic the biomineralisation 37, No.18, 7th Sept.2004, p.6856.
process. Functionalised silk fibres containing different MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
peptides such as poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-glutamic ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBERS
acid and poly-L-lysine were fabricated by electrospinning. Mao Wang; Hyoung-Joon Jin; Kaplan D L; Rutledge
Non-woven silk mats were obtained and these were GC
composed of fibres with diameters of less than 600 nm
(more than 40 times smaller than those of the native silk The morphology and microstructure of electrospun B.mori
fibre). After methanol treatment, the functionalised silk silk/PEO fibres with diameters less than 1 micrometre
mats were used for mineralisation by calcium carbonate. were characterised using birefringence, wide-angle X-ray
Peptide concentration and conformation were the two main diffraction, DSC and atomic force microscopy(AFM)
factors which affected the coating of minerals. Polyaspartic studies. In the as-spun fibres, silk fibroin was present in
acid adopted a beta-sheet conformation in the presence of a coil conformation due to rapid fibre formation during
calcium ions and during electrospinning, polyaspartic acid electrospinning. After treatment with methanol, the silk
also oriented along the silk fibre axis in a similar way to fibroin was transformed into a beta-sheet-containing
the silk. The oriented polyaspartic acid, long with silk, structure. Evidence for nanofibrils within the as-spun
could act as a template for calcium carbonate nucleation. fibres was observed by AFM and the PEO phase was
A coating of hydroxyapatite on the electrospun fibres was dispersed as small, elongated islands within the silk
also obtained. 9 refs. fibroin matrix and oriented along the fibre direction. The
mechanical properties of single fibres were characterised
Tufts University; Inha,University
by AFM nanoindentation. The results were consistent with
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
SOUTH KOREA; USA uniaxial tensile tests and with the morphological analysis.
After methanol treatment and extraction with water, the
Accession no.927049
electrospun silk fibre exhibited a lateral modulus of 8.0
GPa, within a factor of 2 of degummed native silk. The
Item 567 results provided additional insight into the nature of these
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. reconstituted silk fibroin submicron diameter fibres, which
Fall Meeting. Volume 89. Proceedings of a conference have potential use in a range of materials science and
held New York, 7th-11th Sept.2003. engineering applications. 58 refs.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 161

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Inha,University; Item 571

Tufts University Journal of Applied Polymer Science
USA 93, No.4, 15th Aug.2004, p.1638.
Accession no.926156 ROLE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
ATACTIC POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) (PVA)
Item 569 IN THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
Polymer OF PVA NANOFABRIC PREPARED BY
45, No.22, 2004, p.7597. ELECTROSPINNING
MELT-ELECTROSPINNING PART I: Joon Seok Lee; Kyu Ha Choi; Han Do Ghim; Sam Soo
PROCESSING PARAMETERS AND GEOMETRIC Kim; Du Hwan Chun; Hak Yong Kim; Won Seok Lyoo
PROPERTIES Two different atactic PVAL nanofabrics prepared by
Lyons J; Li C; Ko F electrospinning from two atactic PVALs with number-
The effects were examined of melt-electrospinning average degrees of polymerisation of 1700 or 4000. The
conditions on the morphology and fibre diameter of process parameters such as electrical field, tip-to-collector
polypropylene samples of various tacticities. The effects distance and solution concentration were varied and
of the electric field strength at various melt flow indexes optimum electrospinning conditions were determined by
of polypropylene on the fibre uniformity, morphology, morphological investigations. The nanofabric produced
and diameter were determined. The molecular weight is from the atactic PVAL of higher molecular weight showed
the predominant factor in determining the diameter of superior crystalline properties, thermal stability and
the collected fibres. The tacticity also affects the fibre mechanical properties. 29 refs.
diameter. Atactic polymers having molecular chains that Yeungnam,University; Chonbuk,National University
are incapable of crystallisation tend to produce fibres of KOREA
a larger diameter than do isotactic polymers, which are Accession no.924441
capable of crystallisation even at lower molecular weights.
The volume of polymer supplied at a given time to the
Item 572
electric field also affected the fibre diameter. Systems
ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual
supplying the smallest volume at a given time produced
Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003.
the smallest fibre diameters. 26 refs.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing
Drexel,University Session T37-Interactive Presentations, p.3766-70, CD-
USA
ROM, 012
Accession no.925752 ELECTROSPINNING: PREPARATION OF
CONTINUOUS NANOFIBERS
Item 570 Fennessey S F; Farris R J; Conte S O
Journal of Advanced Materials Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres with diameters in the range
36, No.4, Oct.2004, p.43-7 0.38-1.5 micrometre were prepared by electrospinning,
FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON using voltages of 8-16 kV and dimethylformamide
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS solutions containing 10-15 wt% PAN. The fibre velocity
Kalayci V E; Patra P K; Buer A; Ugbolue S C; Kim Y
was 140-160 m/s at a potential of 16 kV and a solution
K; Warner S B
concentration of 10 wt%. Partially aligned and oriented
Several polymer-solvent systems, including PAN in DMF nanofibres were prepared using a high speed, rotating
and DMSO, polycaprolactone in acetone and methylene take-up wheel. 15 refs.
chloride and PEO in water/isopropanol, were electrospun Massachusetts,University
in an electrospinning machine equipped with different (SPE)
feeding mechanisms. The morphology of fibres spun from USA
polycaprolactone and the crystallinity, thermal properties Accession no.924281
and tensile properties of fibres spun from PAN were
investigated. The effects of applied voltage and solution
viscosity on the diameter of PAN nanofibres were also Item 573
investigated and birefringence measurements were carried Polymer
out on fibres spun from polyethylene oxide. The results 45, No.21, 2004, p.7151.
obtained indicated that the electrospun fibres generally EFFECT OF CHITOSAN ON MORPHOLOGY
exhibited low molecular orientation and poor mechanical AND CONFORMATION OF ELECTROSPUN
properties. 9 refs. SILK FIBROIN NANOFIBERS
Park W H; Jeong L; D I Y; Hudson S
Massachusetts,University
USA Silk fibroin/chitosan (SF/CS) blends of various
Accession no.925097 compositions were electrospun from formic acid as

162 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

the spinning solvent. SF/CS blends containing up to Xinwei W; Zuming H; Wanlian P; Zhaofeng L
30% CS could be electrospun into a continuous fibrous
A study was made of the electrostatic spraying and jetting
structure, whereas pure CS could not be electrospun into
of PAN, polyphenylene isophthalamide and polyphenylene
a fibrous structure. As-spun SF/CS blend nanofibres
terephthalamide. The effects of the electrostatic field and
showed a smaller diameter and a narrower diameter
surface tension on the polymer solutions were examined
distribution than pure SF nanofibres, and the diameter
and the fineness of the fibres under similar electrospinning
gradually decreased from 450 to 130 nm on addition of
conditions compared. 9 refs.
CS to the blends. However, blends containing more than
40 wt% of chitosan produced continuous SF nanofibres Shanghai,Donghua University
CHINA
containing CS beads. On treatment with methanol, the
change of as-spun SF/CS blend nanofibres into the beta- Accession no.923439
sheet conformation was faster than that of SF nanofibres
because the rigid backbone of the CS promotes the Item 576
conformational transition of SF by an intermolecular Polymer
interaction. 38 refs. 45, No.19, 2004, p.6731.
Chungnam,National University; Chonnam,National ALLOMETRIC SCALING FOR VOLTAGE AND
University; North Carolina,State University CURRENT IN ELECTROSPINNING
SOUTH KOREA; USA Ji-Huan He; Yu-Qin Wan
Accession no.924044
An allometric scaling relation between the current of
the charge jet and the applied voltage in electrospinning
Item 574 was obtained by applying He Chengtian's inequality, an
Polymer ancient Chinese mathematical technique. The parameters
45, No.21, 2004, p.7137. in the scaling relationship can be obtained experimentally
CHITIN AND CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS: and only two readily measured sets of data are required.
ELECTROSPINNING OF CHITIN AND 14 refs.
DEACETYLATION OF CHITIN NANOFIBERS
Donghua,University
Min B; Lee S W; Lim J N; You Y; Lee T S; Kang P H; CHINA
Park W H
Accession no.923126
A chitin nanofibous matrix, useful in wound dressings
was prepared by an electrospinning method. Chitin
Item 577
was depolymerised by gamma irradiation to improve
Journal of Materials Science
its solubility. The electrospinning was performed
39, No.14, 15th July 2004, p.4605.
with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE
the spinning solvent. The morphology of the as-spun
and deacetylated chitin (chitosan) nanofibres was NANOFIBERS WITH SOLVENT MIXTURES THF
investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Although AND DMF
as-spun chitin nanofibres had a broad fibre-diameter Shawon J; Changmo Sung
distribution, most of the fibre diameters were less than The electrospinning of polycarbonate dissolved in solvent
100 nm. Image analysis showed they had an average mixtures of THF and DMF to give fibres on a nanoscale
diameter of 110 nm and a diameter range of 40 to 640 was demonstrated. The morphology of the nanofibres
nm. Deacetylation with 40% aqueous NaOH solution for was strongly affected by solvent evaporation, voltage and
150 min at 100 degC or for 1 day at 60 degC transformed viscosity. The spun fibres showed the characteristics of
the chitin matrix into a chitosan matrix with a degree strong networking with each other as the THF ratio was
of deacetylation of about 85% without any shrinkage. increased in the solvent mixtures. At lower THF to DMF
18 refs. ratios and lower spinning voltages, the bead revealed
Seoul,National University College of Dentistry; a globular mushroom shape, while at higher ratios and
Chungnam,National University; Korea,Atomic higher voltages the beads formed a spindle shape. The
Energy Research Institute microstructures of the electrospun polycarbonate fibres
SOUTH KOREA were quantitatively investigated using SEM and TEM
Accession no.924042 as a function of processing variables. The experimental
conditions used in this study did not produce uniform
Item 575 nanofibres, but provided a set of process guidelines for
China Synthetic Fiber Industry forming polycarbonate nanofibres. 9 refs.
27, No.2, April 2004, p.1. Lowell,Massachusetts University
PROCESS ANALYSIS OF FIBER USA
ELECTROSPINNING Accession no.922814

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 163

 References and Abstracts

Item 578 superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature

E-Polymers and were deflected by an applied magnetic field. The
No.56, 2004, p.1. mechanical properties of the nanofibres were maintained
PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN-CONTAINING or improved after incorporation of the magnetite
NANOFIBRES BY ELECTROSPINNING OF nanoparticles. 38 refs.
CHITOSAN/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) BLEND Massachusetts Institute of Technology
SOLUTIONS USA
Spasova M; Manolova N; Paneva D; Rashkov I
Accession no.920491
The effects of solution concentration and applied field
strength on the diameters and morphology of chitosan- Item 581
containing nanofibres prepared by electrospinning from Polymer
chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) blend solutions were
45, No.18, p.6409.
investigated using SEM and DSC. The incorporation
EFFECT OF LICL ON ELECTROSPINNING OF
of potassium 5-nitro-8-quinolinolate, a broad-spectrum
PAN POLYMER SOLUTION: THEORETICAL
antimicrobial and antimycotic agent, into the nanofibres
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL
was studied and the results are discussed. 27 refs.
VERIFICATION
Sofia,Institute of Polymers Xiao-Hong Qin; Yu-Qin Wan; Ji-Huan He; Juan Zhang;
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Jian-Yong Yu; Shan-Yuan Wang
Accession no.922621
The addition of lithium chloride and its effect on the
surface charge on electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile
Item 579
(PAN) is reported. The theoretical analysis shows that
Polymer
the relationship between the radius of jet and axial
45, No.7, 2004, p.2427.
distance from the nozzle follows an allometric law. The
ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NANOFIBER
scaling exponent varies for a fully charged surface and
REINFORCED BIS-GMA/TEGDMA DENTAL
partly charged fibres in electrospinning. The theoretical
RESTORATIVE COMPOSITE RESINS
prediction agrees reasonably with experimental data.
Fong H
15 refs.
The preparation of dental composite resins by impregnation Donghua,University; China,Ministry of Education
of electrospun nylon-6 nanofibres with a mixture of CHINA
2,2'-bis(4-(methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)-propane
Accession no.919799
and tri(ethyleneglycol)dimethacrylate followed by
photoinitiated free radical polymerisation was investigated.
The properties of the composite resins were evaluated by Item 582
three-point bending tests and SEM, and the effects of the Polymer Materials Science and Engineering
nanofibres on flexural strength, elastic modulus and work 20, No.2, March 2004, p.151.
of fracture are discussed. 21 refs. FIBERS OF ETHYL-CYANOETHYL CELLULOSE
South Dakota,School of Mines & Technology; PRODUCED BY ELECTROSPINNING
Anhui,University of Science & Technology Zhao Sheng-li; Xuan Ying-nan; Huang Yong
CHINA; USA
Fibres were prepared from ethylcyanoethyl cellulose/THF
Accession no.921482 solutions by electrospinning. No difference was found
between the raw material and the fibre in chemical structure
Item 580 after electrospinning in a high voltage electrostatic field.
Polymer The crystallinity of the fibre was higher than that of the
45, No.16, 2004, p.5505. film prepared from the same solution and it increased at the
FIELD-RESPONSIVE SUPERPARAMAGNETIC beginning with increasing electrostatic field voltage. It was,
COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS BY however, decreased with further increase in voltage. SEM
ELECTROSPINNING photographs showed that there were some micropores on
Wang W; Singh H; Hatton T A; Rutledge C G the surface and cross-section of the fibres, which resulted
from the volatilisation of the THF solvent. It was also
Superparamagnetic polymeric nanofibres were prepared
by an electrospinning technique from colloidally stable found that the diameter distribution of the fibres was in
suspensions of magnetite nanoparticles in poly(ethylene the range 0.25 to 0.75 micrometre. 11 refs.
oxide) and poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. The magnetite Guangzhou,Institute of Chemistry; Beijing,Institute
nanoparticles were aligned in columns parallel to the of Chemistry
fibre axis direction within the fibre by the electrospinning CHINA
process. The polymer/magnetite nanofibres showed Accession no.918235

164 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 583 (chloroform). DMF additions also yielded a narrow,

Macromolecular Rapid Communications unimodal distribution of fibres compared with the bimodal
25, No.10, 21st May 2004, p.1038. distribution typically detected in electrospun polymers.
MIMETICS OF EGGSHELL MEMBRANE 18 refs.
PROTEIN FIBERS BY ELECTROSPINNING Worcester,Polytechnic Institute
Yi F; Guo Z-X; Hu P; Fang Z-X; Yu J; Li Q USA

The preparation of fibres resembling natural eggshell Accession no.916023

membrane by the electrospinning of blends of soluble
eggshell membrane protein and PEO in the form of Item 586
aqueous solutions is described and attempts to improve Macromolecules
the water resistance of the fibres either by soaking in 37, No.3, 10th Feb.2004, p.877.
methanol for 24h or treatment with a methanolic 1,3-
EFFECT OF THE ELECTROSPINNING
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide solution for 24h. The fibres
PROCESS ON POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION
are considered potentially suitable for wound healing and
CHAIN CONFORMATION IN NYLON-6 AND
tissue engineering applications. 21 refs.
NYLON-12
Tsing Hua,University Stephens J S; Chase D B; Rabolt J F
CHINA
Accession no.916635 Alteration of the crystal structure of the backbone chain of
polyamides from an alpha-form to a gamma-form during
an electrospinning process was observed using Raman
Item 584
spectroscopy. The effect was seen in both polyamide-6
Journal of Materials Science
and polyamide-12, and the results were interpreted
39, No.9, 1st May 2004, p.3003.
in terms of electrospinning of biologically significant
NANO-SIZED BEADS AND POROUS
polypeptides. Fibres were also observed by scanning
FIBER CONSTRUCTS OF POLY(EPSILON-
electron microscopy. 35 refs.
CAPROLACTONE) PRODUCED BY
ELECTROSPINNING Delaware,University; Dupont
USA
Hsu C-M; Shivkumar S
Accession no.915720
The preparation of nano-sized beads and non-woven
porous fibre constructs of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)
by electrospinning, and their characterisation by SEM, Item 587
is described. The effects of solution concentration and ANTEC 2003. Proceedings of the 61st SPE Annual
applied voltage, and of intermolecular entanglements, Conference held Nashville, Tn., 4th-8th May 2003.
on the morphology and particle size or fibre diameter Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2003, Volume 1-Processing
distribution are discussed. 23 refs. Session W24-Recent Advances in Polymer Structure,
Worcester,Polytechnic Institute Properties and Morphology, p.1685-9, CD-ROM, 012
USA EFFECTS OF SPINNING AND PROCESS
Accession no.916396 CONDITIONS ON APPEARANCE AND
DIAMETER OF ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
NANOFIBERS
Item 585 Mit-uppatham C; Supaphol P; Nithitanakul M
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
289, No.4, 19th April 2004, p.334. Ultrafine polyamide-6 fibres (diameters of 60-300 nm)
N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE ADDITIONS TO were prepared by electrospinning from formic acid
THE SOLUTION FOR THE ELECTROSPINNING solution. Polymers with a range of molecular weights
OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) were used at solution concentrations in the range 10-46
NANOFIBERS wt%. High viscosities were required to produce fibres
Chen-Ming Hsu; Shivkumar S of uniform diameter, with no bead formation along the
fibre length. The diameter increased with increasing
The possibility of improving the electrospinning
viscosity, and also increased with increasing electrostatic
characteristics of viscoelastic poly(epsilon-caprolactone)
field strength, attributed to an increased mass flow rate.
solutions by addition of additives that exhibit polyelectrolyte
behaviour, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, was The use of negative polarity produced fibres with a
investigated. DMF additions to the solution were shown flattened shape
to lead to extensive jet splaying, thereby reducing the Chulalongkorn,University
fibre diameter significantly. Nanofibrous structures with (SPE)
diameters of the order of 150 nm could be produced THAILAND
by addition of about 10 vol % DMF to the solvent Accession no.915655

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 165

 References and Abstracts

Item 588 The synthesis of linear and randomly branched

Polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene isophthalate)
45, No.12, 2004, p.4217. copolymers in the presence or absence of various
FABRICATION OF ALIGNED AND branching agents, and their characterisation by GPC,
MOLECULARLY ORIENTED ELECTROSPUN proton NMR, DSC and rheometry, is described. The effects
POLYACRYLONITRILE NANOFIBERS AND of the entanglement concentration on the fibre diameter
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THEIR and morphology of electrospun fibres of the copolymers
TWISTED YARNS was investigated using field emission SEM, and the results
Fennessey S F; Farris R J are discussed. 30 refs.
The preparation of unidirectional aligned and molecularly Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University;
Pennsylvania,State University
oriented nanofibres of poly(acrylonitrile) as precursors USA
for carbon fibres, by electrospinning from solution, and
Accession no.913458
their characterisation by laser diffraction (diameter),
field emission SEM, polarising optical microscopy, FTIR
(dichroism), wide-angle x-ray diffraction and mechanical Item 591
testing (of twisted yarns), is described. Optimisation of ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
fibre spinning velocity and draw ratio in the electrospinning Spring Meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a
technique is discussed. 27 refs. conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th
Massachusetts,University March 2003.
USA Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials
Science & Engineering, 2003, p.380-1, CD-ROM, 012
Accession no.914536
POLY(ETHER IMIDE) FIBERS BY
ELECTROSPINNING
Item 589 Liu W; Reneker D H
Macromolecules
Polyether imide fibres were produced by electrospinning in
37, No.5, 9th March 2004, p.1787.
different solvents (methylene chloride, hexafluoropropanol
PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES
and methyl pyrrolidone) and the molecular orientation
BY ELECTROSPINNING FROM
and morphological properties of these fibres investigated
POLY(ACRYLONITRILE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID)-
by polarised optical microscopy and scanning electron
PDCL2 SOLUTIONS. RELATIONS BETWEEN
microscopy. The fibres were found to exhibit various
PREPARATION CONDITIONS, PARTICLE SIZE,
morphological features and the difference in the diameters
AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY
and shapes of the fibres attributed mainly to evaporation
Demir M M; Gulgun M A; Menceloglu Y Z; Erman rate. 7 refs.
B; Abramchuk S S; Makhaeva E E; Khokhlov A R;
Matveeva V G; Sulman M G Akron,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The production of catalytic palladium nanoparticles on USA
fibre mats of electrospun poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic Accession no.911107
acid) copolymers by reduction of palladium chloride,
and their characterisation by x-ray diffraction, SEM and
Item 592
TEM, is described. The results are discussed in terms
Polymer
of the effects of copolymer composition and palladium
45, No.9, 2004, p.2981.
chloride concentration on particle size. The catalytic
THE USE OF AC POTENTIALS IN
activity of the nanoparticles for the selective hydrogenation
ELECTROSPRAYING AND ELECTROSPINNING
of dehydrolinalool was investigated. 24 refs.
PROCESSES
Sabanci,University; Koc,University; Moscow,State Kessick R; Fenn J; Tepper G
University; Tver,Technical University
RUSSIA; TURKEY Alternating current (AC) potentials were applied
to electrospraying and electrospinning processes.
Accession no.913462
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was electrosprayed onto
semiconducting and insulating substrates using direct
Item 590 current (DC) or AC potentials. Both AC and DC methods
Macromolecules were capable of producing a significant coverage of CMC
37, No.5, 9th March 2004, p.1760. on the semiconducting substrate, whereas only the AC
CORRELATIONS OF SOLUTION RHEOLOGY potential was capable of producing significant coverage
WITH ELECTROSPUN FIBER FORMATION OF on the insulating substrate, possibly because of a reduction
LINEAR AND BRANCHED POLYESTERS in the amount of surface charging. Poly(ethylene oxide)
McKee M G; Wilkes G L; Colby R H; Long T E (PEO) fibres were electrospun into mats by using both

166 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

DC and AC driving potentials. The AC potential resulted the PEO fibre decreased with increasing dielectric constant
in a significant reduction in the amount of fibre whipping, of the solvent. The average diameters of electrospun PEO
and the resulting mats exhibited a higher degree of fibre fibres from aqueous solutions of PEO were reduced and
alignment but contained more residual solvent. The their distributions were narrowed by adding 0.1 wt %
average fibre diameter for both DC- and AC-spun mats of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and sodium
was markedly dependent on the solution concentration. polyacrylate (PAA) as a result of the increased charge
17 refs. density in the solutions. The addition of PAH and PAA
Virginia,Commonwealth University lowered the minimum concentration for electrospinning
USA of an aqueous PEO solution to 6 wt %. 28 refs.
Accession no.911054 Edited by: Chungnam,National University;
Incheon,University
SOUTH KOREA
Item 593
Polymer Accession no.911051
45, No.9, 2004, p.2977.
UPWARD NEEDLELESS ELECTROSPINNING Item 595
OF MULTIPLE NANOFIBERS Polymer
Yarin A L; Zussman E 45, No.6, 15 Mar.2004, p.2017.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
A new approach to the electrospinning of polymer
THE GOVERNING PARAMETERS IN
nanofibres is proposed in which two-layer system
THE ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER
comprising a lower layer of a ferromagnetic suspension
SOLUTIONS
and an upper layer of a polymer solution is subject to a
Theron S A; Zussman E; Yarin A L
normal magnetic field provided by a permanent magnet
or a coil. This causes steady vertical spikes of magnetic The effects of different process parameters on the electric
suspension to perturb the interface between the layers current and volume and surface charge densities in the
and the free surface of the polymer layer. When a normal polymer jet were studied during electrospinning of
electric field is then applied, the perturbations of the polymer nanofibres with submicron-scale diameters. The
free surface become sites of upwardly directed jetting. parameters investigated were the applied voltage, solution
Multiple electrified jets undergo strong stretching by the flow rate, polymer weight concentration, molecular
electric field and bending instability, the solvent evaporates weight of the polymer, the nozzle-to-ground distance
and the solidified nanofibres are deposited on the upper and, in polyethylene oxide solutions, the concentration of
counterelectrode, as in an ordinary electrospinning ethanol. Solutions of polyethylene oxide, polyacrylic acid,
process. The production rate is higher than is achieved polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane and polycaprolactone
by conventional electrospinning. The technique was were tested. Shear viscosity, surface tension, relaxation
demonstrated for the electrospinning of poly(ethylene time and the electric conductivity and permittivity were
oxide) fibres from aqueous ethanol over a suspension of also measured. Power law dependences of the volume and
magnetite in silicone oil. 19 refs. surface charge dependencies were derived. 47 refs.
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion-Israel Institute Of Technology;
ISRAEL Evanston,Northwestern University; Chicago,University
Accession no.911053 Of Illinois
ISRAEL; USA

Item 594 Accession no.910855

Polymer
45, No.9, 2004, p.2959. Item 596
THE EFFECTS OF SOLUTION Polymer
PROPERTIES AND POLYELECTROLYTE 45, No.6, 15 Mar.2004, p.1895.
ON ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE FABRICATION OF BLEND BIODEGRADABLE
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) FIBERS NANOFIBROUS NONWOVEN MATS VIA MULTI-
Son W K; Youk J H; Lee T S; Park W H JET ELECTROSPINNING
Ding B; Kimura E; Sato T; Fujita S; Shiratori S
The effects were examined of solution properties and
polyelectrolyte on the electrospinning of poly(ethylene A series of blend biodegradable nanofibrous mats
oxide) (PEO) solutions. Ultrafine PEO fibres without beads comprising poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulose acetate
were electrospun from 3, 4, 7 and 7 wt % PEO solutions in (CA) were prepared via multi-jet electrospinning using a
chloroform, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and water, relatively high voltage supply (20 kV). The weight ratio
respectively. At these concentrations, the values of [eta]C of PVA/CA in blend nanofibrous mats was controlled by
were about 10 for all solutions. The average diameters of changing the number of jets for each polymer solution. The
PEO fibres ranged from 0.36 to 1.96 m. The diameter of composition of PVA and CA in the mats was determined

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 167

 References and Abstracts

by immersing them in water to remove the PVA component structures. This version of electrospinning was applied
and measuring the weight loss. Morphology, dispersibility to a range of different materials that included organic
and mechanical properties of the mats were examined by polymers (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PEO, PS, PAN,
field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), polycaprolactone), carbon, ceramics and composites.
FTIR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) 41 refs.
and tensile testing. The blend nanofibrous mats have good Washington,University
dispersibility and uniform properties for each sample. USA
Their mechanical properties were largely influenced by Accession no.910366
the weight ratio of PVA/CA in the blends. 26 refs.
Yokohama,Keio University; Shiratori Nanotechnology
Item 599
Co.Ltd.
JAPAN
Polymer Preprints. Volume 44. Number 1. March
2003. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held New
Accession no.910844 Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Divison of Polymer
Item 597 Chemistry, 2003, p.1101, 28cm., 012
Macromolecules PREPARATION OF ACRYLONITRILE-
37, No.2, 27th Jan.2004, p.573. BUTADIENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK
CONTROLLING SURFACE MORPHOLOGY COPOLYMER ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
OF ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERS. Youliang Hong; Zhongqiang Yang; Qingbiao Yang;
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND MOLECULAR Zhenyu Li; Ce Wang
WEIGHT IN THE ELECTROSPINNING
ABS fibres with imbedded particles were prepared by
PROCESS
electrospinning 15 or 20 wt% ABS/DMF or ABS/THF
Casper C L; Stephens J S; Tassi N G; Chase D B;
solutions. The formation of particles in the nanofibres
Rabolt J F
was due to the polybutadiene phase separating from the
Details are given of how humidity and molecular weight other two phases. In DMF solution, most of the particles
affect the surface of electrospun PS fibres. Surfaces were were imbedded in the nanofibres. The morphology of the
studied using optical microscopy, SEM and atomic force nanofibres could be easily controlled by changing the
microscopy coupled with image analysis. 21 refs. concentration of ABS and the solvent. When THF was
Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research & used as the solvent, the nanofibres could be prepared, but
Development the polybutadiene could be dissolved so some particles
USA in the nanofibres disappeared. When the concentration
Accession no.910762 of the ABS/THF solution decreased, the ABS nanofibres
became thinner and only a few polymer particles were
imbedded in the nanofibres. 11 refs.
Item 598
Jilin,University
Advanced Materials
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
16, No.4, 17th Feb.2004, p.361. CHINA
ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBERS AS
UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED ARRAYS AND LAYER- Accession no.910325
BY-LAYER STACKED FILMS
Dan Li; Yuliang Wang; Younan Xia Item 600
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics
The conventional procedure for electrospinning
Edition
was modified to generate nanofibres as uniaxially
42, No.5, 1st March 2004, p.752-7
aligned arrays over large areas. The method used a
THERMALLY INDUCED COLOR CHANGE IN
collector composed of two conductive strips separated
ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATS
by an insulating gap of variable width. Directed by
Pedicini A; Farris R J
electrostatic interactions, the charged nanofibres were
stretched to span across the gap and became uniaxially The formation of white fibre mats by the electrospinning
aligned arrays. Two types of gaps were demonstrated, of black solutions of various polymers, such as
i.e. void gaps and gaps made of a highly insulating polycarbonate, poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl
material. When a void gap was used, the nanofibres methacrylate), containing carbon black, and their
could readily be transferred onto the surfaces of other characterisation by SEM and DSC is described. The
substrates for various applications. When an insulating thermally induced colour change of the fibre mats to
substrate was involved, the electrodes could be patterned black was investigated and the results are discussed in
in various designs on the solid insulator. In both cases, terms of morphological changes on heating. Applications
the nanofibres could be conveniently stacked into of the electrospun mats include temperature sensors.
multilayered architectures with controllable hierarchical 11 refs.

168 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Massachusetts,University The EPR magnetic susceptibility behaviour of

USA camphor sulphonic acid doped polyaniline blends
Accession no.910258 with polyethylene oxide is reported in fibres and films.
EPR investigations on electrospun nanofibres and
cast films were performed to determine differences
Item 601
in the mesoscopic disorder as induced by the process
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
of electrospinning. The changes observed in the Pauli
Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a
susceptibility, EPR line shape, EPR line width and dc
conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th
conductivity are discussed. 10 refs.
March 2003.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymeric Materials Wichita,State University; Puerto Rico,University
USA
Science & Engineering, 2003, p.282-3, CD-ROM,
O12 Accession no.908248
HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROSPUN
FIBERS AND RARE-EARTH MODIFICATION Item 604
Kataphinan W; Teye-Mensah R; Evans E A; Ramsier Advanced Materials
R D; Smith D J; Reneker D H 16, No.1, 5th Jan.2004, p.69.
The preparation of high temperature nanofibres CARBON NANOTUBES ON CARBON
by the electrospinning of silicon oxide and of NANOFIBERS: A NOVEL STRUCTURE BASED
poly(diphenoxyphosphazene), and their use as substrates ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMER NANOFIBERS
for coating with rare earth materials by solution Hou H; Reneker D H
coating techniques is described. The coated fibres were The fabrication of a novel hierarchical structure of
characterised by SEM, TGA, and FTIR and the results carbon nanotubes on carbon nanofibres using PAN
compared to those of the uncoated fibres. 13 refs. as a precursor for making the electrospun nanofibres
Akron,University is described. The nanofibres, which contain iron
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) acetylacetonate, as a catalyst precursor, are carbonised
USA to provide carbon nanofibres, which support numerous
Accession no.910214 multi-walled fullerene tubes having a metal particle at
the tip of each tube. Transmission and scanning electron
micrographs of the carbon nanotubes on the nanofibres
Item 602
are illustrated. 31 refs.
Journal of Materials Science
39, No.4, 15th Feb.2004, p.1511. Akron,University
USA
FORMATION OF INTERFIBER BONDING
IN ELECTROSPUN POLYETHERIMIDE Accession no.907684
NANOFIBER WEB
Choi S-S; Lee S G; Joo C W; Im S S; Kim S H Item 605
Details are given of the thermal treatment of electrospun Biomaterials
polyetherimide nanofibres to improve physical properties 25, No.10, 2004, p.1883.
by the introduction of interfibre bonding. Changes of ELECTROSPUN PLLA-CL NANOFIBER. A
morphology and tensile properties of an electrospun BIOMIMETIC EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
polyetherimide web with interfibre bonding were FOR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL AND
investigated. Thermal properties were examined using ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION
Mo X M; Xu C Y; Kotaki M; Ramakrishna S
TGA. Morphologies were examined with SEM. 10
refs. Lactide-caprolactone copolymers were electrospun into
Seoul,Sejong University; Chungnam,National nanofibres. The relationship between electrospinning
University; Hanyang,University parameters and fibre diameter was investigated.
KOREA Structures were examined using X-ray diffraction and
Accession no.908269 DSC. The biocompatibility of the nanofibres scaffold
was investigated by cell culture. 32 refs.
Item 603 Singapore,National University
SINGAPORE
Synthetic Metals
140, No.2-3, 2004, p.269. Accession no.906952
EPR INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSPUN
POLYANILINE-POLYETHYLENE OXIDE Item 606
BLEND Biomaterials
Kahol P K; Pinto N J 25, No.13, 2004, p.2595.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 169

 References and Abstracts

NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN varied with the degree of deacetylation but the nonwoven
MEMBRANE. SCAFFOLD FOR TISSUE fibrous mat structure was maintained. The activation
ENGINEERING energy for the deacetylation of ultrafine CA fibres was
Bhattarai S R; Bhattarai N; Yi H K; Hwang P H; Cha D 10.3 kcal/mol. 17 refs.
I; Kim H Y Chungnam,National University; Inchon,Inha University;
Details are given of the fabrication of a nanofibrous scaffold Chungnam,College of Engineering
SOUTH KOREA
for tissue engineering from a dioxanone-lactide-ethylene
glycol copolymer. Cell proliferation and morphology of Accession no.904551
cell-matrix interaction were examined. Morphologies were
examined using SEM and their porosity and pore volume Item 609
were determined by mercury porosimetry. 38 refs. Advanced Materials
Chonbuk,National University 15, No.22, 17th Nov.2003, p.1929.
KOREA COMPOUND CORE-SHELL POLYMER
Accession no.906945 NANOFIBERS BY CO-ELECTROSPINNING
Sun Z; Zussman E; Yarin A L; Wendorff J H; Greiner A
Item 607 Details are given of the processing of core-shell
Polymer nano/mesofibres by co-electrospinning of two
44, No.22, 2003, p.6857. materials. Core-shell fibres were made of two identical
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN polyethylene oxides and also from polyethylene oxide-
POLYURETHANE polysulphone solutions. Data are also presented for
Pedicini A; Farris R J polyethylene oxide-polydodecylthiophene fibres and
Mats of polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane were polymer -metal salt systems of polylactide with a
prepared by electrospinning from dimethylformamide palladium complex. Fibre morphology was examined
solution, and bulk samples were prepared by pressing using TEM. 21 refs.
pellets. The samples were characterised by measurements Marburg,Philipps University; Technion
of tensile properties, and by morphology and infrared EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE
dichroism studies. Differences in the stress-strain
properties were attributed to molecular orientation in the Accession no.904452
fibres caused by the electrospinning, and to strain-induced
orientation in the fibre mat. 20 refs. Item 610
Massachusetts,University ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
USA Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a
Accession no.904946 conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th
March 2003.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials
Item 608
Science & Engineering, 2003, p.37, CD-ROM, 012
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
42, No.1, 1st Jan.2004, p.5. STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE JET DIAMETER AND INTERFERENCE COLOR
CELLULOSE ACETATE FIBERS: STUDIES DURING ELECTROSPINNING
OF A NEW SOLVENT SYSTEM AND Han Xu; Galehouse D; Reneker D
DEACETYLATION OF ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE The diameter of an electrospinning jet was measured
ACETATE FIBERS via monochromatic light diffraction. The jet profile for
Won Keun Son; Ji Ho Youk; Taek Seung Lee; Won a 6% PEO/water solution was created and interference
Ho Park colours on single and multiple electrospinning jets were
Ultrafine cellulose acetate fibres were prepared by recorded during stable and unstable spinning conditions.
electrospinning in a new solvent system followed by Multiple jets maintained the same profile unless they
deacetylation of the resulting ultrafine fibres. Cellulose became unstable. A computer program to calculate the
acetate was dissolved in acetone containing 10-15 wt.% interference colours was created based on Rayleigh's
water and fibres of 2.3-micron diameter were obtained. theory of scattering and standard human vision. The
Under basic conditions, the fibre diameter was reduced to results provided a straightforward way of monitoring the
0.46 micron. Ultrafine cellulose fibres were regenerated by electrospinning process. 3 refs.
homogeneous deacetylation of ultrafine cellulose acetate Akron,University
fibres in potassium hydroxide/ethanol over 20 minutes at (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
room temperature. The crystal structure, thermal properties USA
and morphology of the ultrafine cellulose acetate fibres Accession no.904186

170 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 611 Item 613

ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88.
Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La., Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La.,
23rd-27th March 2003. 23rd-27th March 2003.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials
Science & Engineering, 2003, p.35-6, CD-ROM, 012 Science & Engineering, 2003, p.31-2, CD-ROM, 012
BIOCHEMICAL SENSOR VIA COMBINATION OF NANOSCALE TITANIUM DIOXIDE COATINGS
ELECTROSPINNING WITH ELECTROSTATIC APPLIED TO ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES
LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY Drew C; Ziegler D; Xianyan Wang; Bruno F F;
Xianyan Wang; Young-Gi Kim; Drew C; Bon-Cheol Ku; Samuelson L A; Kumar J
Kumar J; Samuelson L A Electrospun polyacrylonitrile membranes in which the
Biochemical sensors were prepared by combining polymer nanofibres were coated with titanium dioxide
electrospinning with electrostatic layer-by-layer self- were prepared. These coated fibres are expected to find
assembly. A negatively-charged conjugated polymer, applications as sensors, catalysts and electrodes. 4 refs.
poly(2-(3-thienyl)ethanolbutoxycarbonylmethylurethane) Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier
was electrostatically assembled on to the surface of a Systems Center
cellulose acetate electrospun nanofibrous membrane using (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as the polycation. The USA
sensor showed a very high sensitivity to methyl viologen Accession no.904183
which was attributed to the high surface area to volume
ratio of the film and efficient interaction between the
Item 614
fluorescent polymer and the quencher (methyl viologen).
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and
5 refs.
Engineering. Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88.
Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier Proceedings of a conference held New Orleans, La.,
Systems Center 23rd-27th March 2003.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials
USA
Science & Engineering, 2003, p.28, CD-ROM, 012
Accession no.904185 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES HYBRIDIZED
WITH METAL NANOPARTICLES
Item 612 Haoqing Hou; Reneker D H
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres hybridised with
Spring meeting 2003. Volume 88. Proceedings of a palladium acetate, platinum acetylacetonate, nickel
conference held New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th acetylacetonate, copper acetylacetonate, cobalt
March 2003. acetylacetonate or iron acetylacetonate were prepared
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials by electrospinning a DMF solution of PAN and the
Science & Engineering, 2003, p.33-4, CD-ROM, 012 appropriate organic metal salt. The electrospun hybrid
OBSERVATION OF CLAY PARTICLES nanofibres were converted into the hybrid nanofibres
IN ELECTROSPUN FIBERS AND OTHER of carbon and metal nanoparticles by annealing the
MATRICES electrospun hybrid nanofibres in a hydrogen atmosphere
Zhaohui Sun; Reneker D H at 800C for 3 h. The as-prepared hybrid nanofibres of
Polyimide fibres with clay sheets dispersed inside were carbon and iron, nickel or cobalt metal nanoparticles were
electrospun from polyimide and clay tetrahydrofuran magnetic and stable in air due to the carbon layer on the
solutions. Plasma etching was used to remove the metal nanoparticles. The palladium, platinum or copper
polyimide. Because of the large size of the fibres compared nanoparticle hybridised carbon nanofibres could be used
with the clay particles, the clay sheets were only partly as catalysts for organic chemical synthesis, the growth of
aligned in the fibres. The direction normal to the clay carbon nanotubes or the synthesis of conductive polymers
sheets tended to be perpendicular to the fibre axis. Single such as polyacetylene. 7 refs.
sheets of clay were observed both by removing most of Akron,University
the polyimide and by catching clay sheets dispersed in (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
water with electrospun polyimide, polyacrylonitrile and
polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibre mats. 4 refs. Accession no.904181
Akron,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Item 615
USA Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Accession no.904184 89, No. 5, 25th July 2003, 1085.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 171

 References and Abstracts

ULTRAFINE FIBERS ELECTROSPUN FROM McKee M G; Long T E; Wilkes G L

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
A series of randomly branched ethylene terephthalate-
Jing Zeng; Xuesi Chen; Xiaoyi Xu; Qizhi Liang;
ethylene isophthalate copolymers(PET/PEI) was
Xinchao Bian; Lixin Yang; Xiabin Jing
synthesised with one or two different trifunctional
Biodegradable poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(epsilon- branching agents, trimellitic anhydride(TMA) or
caprolactone) (PCL) were electrospun into ultrafine trimethyl 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate(TMT). Melt
fibres. The technological parameters influencing the and solution rheology data suggested that the TMA
spinning process and morphology of the fibres obtained branched copolymers had a higher degree of branching
were examined. These parameters included solvent or a larger concentration of chain entanglements than
composition, addition of certain organic salts, molecular the TMT branched copolymers. Electrospinning of
weight and concentration of the polymers, capillary 12 wt % linear PET/TPI in a 70/30 trichloromethane/
diameter, air ventilation and pressure imposed on the DMF solvent resulted in sub-micron fibres with beaded
surface of the solution as well as electrostatic field. fibres. By introducing branching into the PET/PEI
By properly choosing and adjusting these parameters, copolymers, defect-free fibres were obtained that were
submicron PLLA and PCL fibres with a narrow 1 to 10 micrometres in diameter. 9 refs.
diameter distribution were prepared. Scanning electron Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
microscopy was used to observe the morphology and (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
diameter size of the fibres. 30 refs. USA
Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Accession no.903538
Academy of Sciences
CHINA
Item 618
Accession no.903744 Polymer Preprints. Volume 44, Number 1. March
2003. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held
Item 616 New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.
Polymer Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymer
45, No.1, 2004, p.295. Chemistry, 2003, p.763-4, 28cm, 012
NANOFIBROUS MATS OF ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYCARBONATE
POLY(TRIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) NANOFIBERS WITH THF AND DMF
VIA ELECTROSPINNING Kattamuri N; Shawon J; Changmo Sung
Khil M S; Kim H Y; Kim M S; Park S Y; Lee D-R
The effects of the main processing parameters on
Nanofibrous mats with diameters of 200-600 nm were the morphology of electrospun polycarbonate(PC)
prepared by electrospinning of poly(trimethylene nanofibres were studied. The morphology was found to
terephthalate) (PTT). The effects of changing processing be strongly influenced by solvent evaporation, voltage
parameters such as the solution concentration and and viscosity. It was found that solvent evaporation
deposition time on the morphology of the electrospun played a major role in the fibre morphology changes.
nanofibre were investigated by scanning electron Increasing the THF/DMF ratios and the spinning
microscope (SEM). Periodic features of surface voltages caused networking among the fibres. The
roughness, such as a diamond-shaped structure, optimum conditions of the solvent evaporation,
were exhibited as the deposition time increased. This viscosity and spinning voltage resulted in nanometer-
phenomenon might result from polymer chain mobility, scale polycarbonate fibres. A 14% PC solution with
induced by solvent properties, and the point bonding 60:40 solvent mixture at a voltage of 25 to 30 kV
structure. In addition, a schematic is introduced to produced good PC fibres on the nanometer scale. The
identify the formation of diamond-shape structures in current experimental conditions did not produce uniform
PTT electrospun nanofibrous mats. 22 refs. nanofibres, but provided a set of process guidelines for
Chonbuk,National University forming polycarbonate nanofibres. The statistical design
SOUTH KOREA of experiments confirmed the significance of the effect
Accession no.903696 of the process variables on the fibre diameter. 4 refs.
Massachusetts,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Item 617 USA
Polymer Preprints. Volume 44, Number 1. March
2003. Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Accession no.903523
New Orleans, La., 23rd-27th March 2003.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Division of Polymer Item 619
Chemistry, 2003, p.792-3, 28cm, 012 164th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2003.
SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROSPINNING OF Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh.,
BRANCHED POLYESTERS 14th-17th Oct.2003.

172 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 79, Item 622
pp.5, 28cm, 012 Polymer
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERIC 44, No.20, 2003, p.6353.
NANOFIBER MEMBRANES PRODUCED BY SOME INVESTIGATIONS ON THE FIBER
ELECTROSPINNING FORMATION BY UTILIZING A SIDE-BY-
Yamasiita Y; Tanaka A; Ko F SIDE BICOMPONENT ELECTROSPINNING
The feasibility of co-electrospinning vapour grown APPROACH
nanofibre and carbon fibres within the matrix of a Gupta P; Wilkes G L
styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer blend thermoplastic Syringes were mounted so that capillaries at the exits
elastomer was investigated. The effect of the fibres on the were side-by-side, and used for the simultaneous
tensile properties of the resulting non-woven fabrics was electrospinning of two polymer solutions. The polymer
examined and the results compared with those for samples pairs investigated were poly(vinyl chloride) with a
without the nanotubes or nanofibres. 3 refs. segmented polyurethane, and poly(vinyl chloride) with
Shiga Prefecture,University; Drexel,University poly(vinylidene fluoride). The prepared fibres were
(ACS,Rubber Div.) collected on a steel mesh and studied using field emission
JAPAN; USA scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive
Accession no.903366 spectroscopy. Fibre diameters were in the range 100
nm to a few micrometres. Although fibres rich in either
Item 620 component could be prepared, the compositions varied
Journal of Macromolecular Science A significantly along the length. 24 refs.
A40, No.12, 2003, p.1415. Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
EFFECT OF VISCOSITY AND FILLER ON USA

ELECTROSPUN FIBER MORPHOLOGY Accession no.897391

Drew C; Wang X; Samuelson L A; Kumar J
Details are given of the electrospinning of nanometer Item 623
scale polyethylene oxide fibres. The required viscosity ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
of the spin-dope solution was obtained by increased Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a
polymer concentration or by inclusion of titanium Conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.
dioxide filler. Fibre morphology was determined using Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials
SEM. 9 refs. Science & Engng., 2002, p.373-4, CD-ROM, 012
Massachusetts,University THERMALLY INDUCED COLOR CHANGE IN
USA ELECTROSPUN FIBER MATS
Accession no.901234 Pedicini A; Farris R J; Lesser A J; Pochan J M
An investigation was carried out into colour change in
Item 621 electrospun fibre mats made from polycarbonate, PEO
Polymer and PMMA containing carbon black. Changes in fibre
44, No.19, 2003, p.5721. mat morphology with colour change were correlated
REGENERATION OF BOMBYX MORI SILK BY using scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs of
ELECTROSPINNING - PART 1: PROCESSING the electrospun fibre mats at different temperatures are
PARAMETERS AND GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES illustrated and discussed. 3 refs.
Sukigara S; Gandhi M; Ayutsede J; Micklus M; Ko F Massachusetts,University; Eastman Kodak Co.
The electrospinning of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
USA
formic acid was studied and fibre diameters from 12 to
1500 nm were obtained, depending on the electrospinning Accession no.897140
conditions. The effects of varying the electric field,
concentration of regenerated silk solution and distance Item 624
between tip and collection plate on the morphology of the ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
fibres and distribution of fibre diameter were examined. Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a
The silk concentration was found to be the most important conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.
parameter for producing uniform, cylindrical fibres with Washington, D.C., ACS,Div. of Polymeric Materials
a diameter of less than 100 nm. 18 refs. Science & Engng., 2002, p.457-8, CD-ROM, 012
Niigata,University; Drexel,University CELL GROWTH ON ELECTROSPUN PCL
JAPAN; USA SCAFFOLDS
Accession no.899747 Shortkroff S; Yong Li; Thornhill T S; Rutledge G C

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 173

 References and Abstracts

Tissue scaffolds of poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) Ultrafine fibres of the above copolymer were electrospun
microfibres were formed by electrospinning and seeded from solution and collected as a non-woven mat and the
with fibroblasts or chondrocytes. The development of the structure and morphology of the electrospun membrane
cell cultures was monitored by optical microscopy and were investigated by SEM, DSC, wide-angle X-ray
scanning electron microscopy. The fibroblasts adhered diffraction(WAXD) and mercury porosimetry. Solutions
to the scaffold within 90 minutes and were observed to of the copolymer, ranging in lactide fraction from 60
attach to multiple fibres. After two weeks, the fibroblasts to 80 mol % in copolymer composition, were readily
had formed confluent layers of natural morphology, but electrospun at room temperature from solutions up to
following the structure of the scaffolds. After three weeks, 20 wt % in methylene chloride. It was shown that the
the chondrocytes had formed confluent areas with sings fibre diameter of the copolymer could be controlled as
of extracellular matrix production. 13 refs. a function of solution concentration with DMF as a co-
Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of solvent. DSC and WAXD results showed the relatively
Technology poor crystallinity of the electrospun copolymer fibre.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Electrospun copolymer membrane was subjected to
USA hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffer solution at
Accession no.896814 37C. Preliminary results of the hydrolytic degradation
demonstrated that the degradation rate of the electrospun
membrane was slower than that of the corresponding
Item 625 copolymers of cast film. 44 refs.
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Chonbuk,National University
Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a SOUTH KOREA
conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.
Accession no.896430
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div. of Polymeric Materials
Science & Engng., 2002, p.455-6, CD-ROM, 012
MICROFIBER AND NANOFIBER POLYMER Item 627
SCAFFOLDS BY ELECTROSTATIC SPINNING: European Polymer Journal
AN OVERVIEW 39, No.9, Sept.2003, p.1883.
Wnek G E; Li Yao; Kenawy E-R; Sanders E; Layman J TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN
M; Boland E D; Simpson D G; Matthews J; Coleman B; NYLON 6 NONWOVEN MATS
Bowlin G L Ryu Y J; Kim H Y; Lee K H; Park H C; Lee D R

It was briefly reported that a number of biodegradable Non-woven mats having average fibre diameters from 90 to
and biocompatible polymers, including polyglycolic acid, 500 nm were electrospun from solutions of polyamide-6 in
polylactic acid, poly-epsilon-caprolactone, ethylene-vinyl formic acid and their morphological properties, pore size,
acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, collagen, elastin and surface area and gas transport properties investigated. The
ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, could be electrospun effects of polymer concentration on fibre diameter and of
to give nanoscale and microscale fibrous tissue scaffolds. fibre diameter on pore size, surface area and gas transport
It was reported that scaffolds of variable shape and size properties were examined and the relationship between
could be fabricated while precisely controlling the fibre morphology and pore size, surface area and gas transport
orientation, composition, and direction. The scaffolds were properties assessed. 20 refs.
seamless and possessed substantial structural strength. Chonbuk,National University
It was also possible to impregnate small molecules into SOUTH KOREA
the fibres to tune their properties or for drug delivery. Accession no.896226
17 refs.
Virginia,Commonwealth University Item 628
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Advanced Materials
USA 15, No.14, 17th July 2003, p.1161.
Accession no.896813 ELECTROSPINNING OF CONTINUOUS
CARBON NANOTUBE-FILLED NANOFIBER
Item 626 YARNS
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition Ko F; Gogotsi Y; Ali A; Naguib N; Ye H; Yang G; Li C;
Willis P
41, No.16, 15th Aug.2003, p.1955.
BIODEGRADABLE ELECTROSPUN MAT: The preparation of continuous nanoscale composite
NOVEL BLOCK COPOLYMER OF POLY(P- fibrils containing single wall carbon nanotubes in a PAN
DIOXANONE-CO-L-LACTIDE)-BLOCK- matrix using a co-electrospinning process is described.
POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) A schematic of the electrospinning process is presented
Narayan Bhattarai; Dong Il Cha; Shanta Raj Bhattarai; and Raman spectra and TEM images of the fibrils are
Myung Seob Khil; Hak Yong Kim illustrated along with load indentation curves. The

174 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

fibrils in their green or carbonised form are considered Item 631

suitable for use as reinforcement in linear, planar and Synthetic Metals
three-dimensional preforms for composites and fibrous 138, No.3, 2003, p.423.
structures. The electrospinning of polylactic acid is also RAMAN CHARACTERIZATION OF
reported. 22 refs. CARBON NANOFIBERS PREPARED USING
Drexel,University; California,University at Los Angeles ELECTROSPINNING
USA Yu Wang; Serrano S; Santiago-Aviles J J
Accession no.895149 Ultrafine fibres were spun from PAN/DMF precursor
solution using an electrospinning step and then pyrolysed in
Item 629 vacuum at 873, 1073, 1273 or 1473 K. The pyrolysed fibres,
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives with diameter of about 100 nm as revealed by SEM, were
23, No.4, 2003, p.335. characterised using Raman microspectrometry. Their Raman
A NOVEL IMPEDANCE SENSOR DESIGN scattering spectra exhibited D and G peaks, characteristic
FOR MEASURING THE DISTRIBUTION AND of disordered carbon and graphite, respectively. The D and
TRANSPORT OF FLUIDS AT THE INTERFACE G peak parameters were fitted using a Gaussian-Lorentzian
O’Brien E P; Reboa P F; Field M; Pullen D; Markel D; mixed shape, and graphitic crystallite size and mole fraction
Ward T C in the nanofibres were estimated from the ratio of the
integrated intensity of D and G peaks. The graphite domain
The absorption of acetone by a pressure-sensitive size was found to be between 1.5 and 2.6 nm, increasing
adhesive tape having an aluminium foil backing was with the temperature of pyrolysis. The graphite mole fraction
investigated using constant frequency interfacial impedance was found to obey an Arrhenius relation with the pyrolysing
spectroscopy and a novel interdigitated electrode sensor. temperature, with the graphitisation activation energy of
Changes in the relative concentration of the fluid diffusing about 7.36 kJ/mol. 12 refs.
into the adhesive joint were detected with respect to the
Pennsylvania,University
exposed free edge of the sensor as a function of exposure USA
time. 21 refs.
Accession no.894573
Virigina Tech; Hewlett-Packard Co;
Virigina,Polytechnic Institute & State University
USA Item 632
Polymer
Accession no.895147
44, No.17, 2003, p.4959.
CONTROL OF STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
Item 630 AND PROPERTY IN ELECTROSPUN
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. POLY(GLYCOLIDE-CO-LACTIDE) NON-WOVEN
Fall Meeting 2002. Volume 87. Proceedings of a MEMBRANES VIA POST-DRAW TREATMENTS
conference held Boston, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002. Xinhua Zong; Shaofeng Ran; Dufei Fang; Hsiao B S;
Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymeric Materials Chu B
Science & Engng., 2002, p.824-5, CD-ROM, 012
Membranes of poly(glycolide-co-lactide) containing 10
FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC
mol% L-lactic acid were prepared by electrospinning. The
NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES FOR HIGHLY
tailoring of degradation and mechanical properties by the
SENSITIVE OPTICAL SENSING
use of post-draw and thermal treatments was evaluated from
Wang X; Drew C; Lee S-H; Senecal K J; Kumar J;
microstructure, morphology and texture studies. The initial
Samuelson L A
low levels of crystallinity increased on annealing at elevated
Details are given of the use of electrospun membranes as temperatures, exhibiting a distinct lamellar structure with no
highly responsive fluorescence quenching-based optical overall orientation. Significant improvements in orientation
sensors for ferric ion, mercuric ion and trinitrotoluene were achieved on drawing and annealing. The degree of
detection. An acrylic acid-pyrene methanol copolymers orientation and the tensile strength increased with increasing
was synthesised and used to fabricate the optical chemical elongation ratio, and the tensile retention time increased
sensors. Results on synthesis, characterisation and from 2 to 12 days on in-vitro degradation. Compared with
sensor fabrication are reported. Sensor performance was as-spun membranes, the drawn and annealed membranes
compared with sensors fabricated by electrostatic layer- exhibited slower degradation rates for the first two weeks
by-layer self-assembly techniques. 7 refs. exposure, and faster rates thereafter. 25 refs.
Massachusetts,University New York,State University; Stonybrook Technology &
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Applied Research Inc.
USA USA
Accession no.894656 Accession no.894471

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 175

 References and Abstracts

Item 633 A bisphenol-A polycarbonate was electrospun using two

Polymer solvents, chloroform and a 1:1 mixture of THF and DMF.
44, No.14, June 2003, p.4029. The morphological features of the electrospun fibres
CHANGE OF BEAD MORPHOLOGY FORMED were studied as a function of the solvent used and of the
ON ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE FIBERS processing voltage by SEM and TEM and using a Scion
Lee K H; Kim H Y; Bang H J; Jung Y H; Lee S G image analysis program. The results obtained indicated
that the morphological features of the fibre such as fibre
PS was dissolved in THF/DMF and electrospun to prepare
diameter, diameter-distribution, internal structure and
fibres of submicron diameter. The electrospinning
the bead density variation with voltage were dependent
parameters such as polymer concentration, applied
on the solvent used. Electrospun polycarbonate fibres
voltage and tip-to-collector distance were controlled.
also exhibited a 'raisin-like' puckered structure, but this
It was shown that, while the surface tension of polymer
feature was independent of the solvent used. Studies were
solution was linearly correlated with the critical voltage,
also conducted on the crazing of bulk polycarbonate and
throughput was dependent on electrical conductivity.
the surface features of electrospun polycarbonate fibres.
The electrospun PS fibres produced contained irregular
The results indicated that crazing of bulk polycarbonate
beads and electrospinning was markedly enhanced with
resulted in surface damage and features than were also seen
increasing DMF content. The bead concentration was
on the surface of electrospun polycarbonates. 13 refs.
also controlled by DMF content. The aspect ratio of
the formed beads and the diameter of the fibres were Massachusetts,University
USA
increased with increasing solution concentration. When
PS was dissolved in only THF, an unexpected half Accession no.893105
hollow sphere structure appeared. Different shape forms
of PS non-woven mats were also prepared by controlling Item 636
the electrospinning parameters. 28 refs. Synthetic Metals
Chonbuk,National University; Korea,Research Institute 137, No.1-3, 2003, 973.
of Chemical Technology PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
SOUTH KOREA OF A PAN NANOFIBRE CONTAINING AG
Accession no.893261 NANOPARTICLES VIA ELECTROSPINNING
Yang Q B; Li D M; Hong Y L; Li Z Y; Wang C; Qiu S
L; Wei Y
Item 634
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibres containing silver
41, No.13, 1st July 2003, p.1572. nanoparticles were prepared by electrospinning a
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY(VINYLIDENE PAN solution containing a silver sol. The fibres were
FLUORIDE)/DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE characterised by transmission electron microscopy and
SOLUTIONS WITH CARBON NANOTUBES the nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction. The absorption
Chang Seoul; Yong-Tae Kim; Chi-Kyung Baek spectrum of the nanocomposites was determined by
UV-visible spectroscopy. The silver particles acted as a
Single-walled carbon nanotubes(CNs) were incorporated
physical crosslinking agent, increasing the fibre thickness
into PVDF (Kynar 760) in DMF solutions and successfully
from 20 to 400 nm, and their presence also doubled the
electrospun to form CN/PVDF fibre mats by control of
electrical conductivity of the fibres. 7 refs.
the solution viscosity and surface tension. The thinnest
fibre was 70 nm thick. The percolation threshold for the Jilin,University; Drexel,University
CHINA; USA
insulator-to-conductor transition was 0.003 wt % CN
for CN/PVDF/DMF solutions, 0.015 wt % CN for CN/ Accession no.892595
PVDF spin-coated films and 0.04 wt % CN for CN/PVDF
electrospun fibre mats. 14 refs. Item 637
Inha,University Journal of Applied Polymer Science
ATOCHEM NORTH AMERICA INC. 89, No.6, 8th Aug.2003, p.1573.
KOREA; USA PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Accession no.893125 OF MOLYBDOSILICIC ACID/POLY(VINYL
ALCOHOL) FIBER MATS PRODUCED BY AN
ELECTROSPINNING METHOD
Item 635
Jian Gong; Xiang-Dan Li; Bin Ding; Douk-Rae Lee;
Journal of Materials Science
Hak-Yong Kim
38, No.11, 1st June 2003, p.2357.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ELECTROSPUN The preparation of high percentage (20-80 percent)
POLYCARBONATES AS A FUNCTION OF THE molybdosilicic acid/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibre mats
SOLVENT AND PROCESSING VOLTAGE using the electrospinning technique is described. The
Krishnappa R V N; Desai K; Changmo Sung fibre mats were characterised by IR, XRD, SEM and

176 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

DSC, and the results show that the PVA changes from be increased by increasing protein concentration and by
a semicrystalline to an amorphous state with increasing adding alcohol or sugars to the spinning solution. The
molybdosilicic acid. The swelling properties of the crosslinking of proteins to nanofibres was also investigated
fibre mats in water were investigated and the results are using albumin and poly(vinylamine) in aqueous solution
discussed. 25 refs. with various levels of bisepoxide as crosslinking agent.
Changchun,Northeast Normal University; 39 refs.
Chonbuk,National University Akron,University
CHINA; SOUTH KOREA (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Accession no.891935 USA
Accession no.889992
Item 638
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Item 640
89, No.3, 18th July 2003, p.604. Polymer Degradation and Stability
FIBER SPINNING FROM POLY(PROPYLENE)- 81, No.1, 2003, p.117.
ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITE PREPARATION OF PVA-PT/TIO2 COMPOSITE
Pavlikova S; Thomann R; Reichert P; Muelhaupt R; NANOFIBER AGGREGATE AND THE
Marcincin A; Borsig E PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF
SOLID-PHASE POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
SOMASIF ME C16 (from CO-OP Chemical Co. of Japan), He C-H; Gong J
a filler that enabled generation of anisotropic nanoparticles
by in situ exfoliation of organic layered silicates, was melt- PVAL-platinum/titanium dioxide composite nanofibre
compounded with PP in the presence of maleic anhydride- aggregate was prepared by electrospinning method and
grafted PP. Fibres were prepared from this composite by the photocatalytic degradation of solid-phase PVAL
a spinning procedure and the anisotropic fibres prepared was investigated. Samples were characterised using
were partially oriented by using different draw ratios. The SEM, X-ray diffraction, UV vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
draw ratio of the fibres was shown to have a significant The possible mechanism of PVAL degradation is also
effect on the level of exfoliation of the SOMASIF ME C16 discussed. 20 refs.
where the nanoparticles were formed. The layered sheets East China,University of Science & Technology;
of the SOMASIF particles were oriented in the direction China,Northeast Normal University
of the fibre axis. The TS of the filled fibres increased with CHINA
increase of draw ratio much more than that of unfilled PP Accession no.889477
fibres. This result was accounted for by the formation of
exfoliated structures from the nanoparticles of SOMASIF
Item 641
ME C16 by fibre drawing. 14 refs.
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002.
Slovak,Technological University; Freiburg,Albert- Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Boston,
Ludwigs University; Bratislava,Polymer Institute Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.
CO-OP CHEMICAL CO.LTD. Washington, DC, ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
2002, p.659-60, 28cm, 012
JAPAN; SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA; WESTERN EUROPE
NONWOVEN NANOFIBER MEMBRANES OF
Accession no.891277 POLY(LACTIDE) AND POLY(GLYCOLIDE-
CO-LACTIDE) VIA ELECTROSPINNING AND
Item 639 APPLICATIONS FOR ANTI-ADHESIONS
163rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2003. Xinhua Zong; Dufei Fang; Kwangsok Kim; Shaofeng
Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca., Ran; Hsaio B S; Chu B; Braithwaite C; Li S; Chen E
28th-30th April 2003. The effects of different concentrations of polymer
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 41, solutions and different processing conditions used in
pp.30, 28cm, O12 electrospinning on the nanofibre membrane morphology
PRESERVATION OF ENZYMES IN and crystallinity were examined using scanning electron
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements.
Al-Shehri H; Smith D J; Hansen L M Polymers used in the nanofibres were polylactides,
It was found that electrospinning of trypsin to generate polyglycolides and their copolymers. In comparison
nanofibres containing uniformly distributed enzyme to films produced from similar materials, nanofibre
using aqueous solutions containing various polymers - membranes were found to have lower crystallinity
poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOZ), poly(ethylene oxide) and faster degradation rates, and a reduction in post-
and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) - gave best results (73% of operative adhesions was observed. 6 refs.
native activity retained) with PEOZ. Similar results were New York,State University; Stoneybrook Technology
obtained for RNase using PEOZ. Retained activity could & Applied Research Inc.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 177

 References and Abstracts

(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow
USA were cultured, expanded and seeded on these scaffolds.
Accession no.888850 Characterisation was undertaken using SEM, histology
and immunohistochemical analysis. 11 refs.
Item 642 Massachusetts General Hospital
Chemistry of Materials USA
15, No.9, 6th May 2003, p.1860. Accession no.885867
ELECTROSPINNING AND STABILIZATION
OF FULLY HYDROLYZED POLY(VINYL
Item 645
ALCOHOL) FIBERS
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Yao L; Haas T W; Guiseppi-Elie A; Bowlin G L;
Edition
Simpson D G; Wnek G E
41, No.4, 15th Feb.2003, p.545.
A report is presented on the electrospinning of fully ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: INTERNAL
hydrolysed PVAl from water using Triton X-100, as a STRUCTURE AND INTRINSIC ORIENTATION
surfactant, to lower surface tension. The morphology, Dersch R; Taiqi Liu; Schaper A K; Greiner A;
thermal properties and mechanical properties of the Wendorff J H
electrospun PVAl fibres, determined by scanning
electron microscopy, polarised light microscopy, DSC The internal structures of nanofibres electrospun from
and dynamic mechanical analysis, are discussed and polyamide-6 and polylactide with an average diameter
a simple procedure for stabilising the fibres against of about 50 nm were analysed. The fibres were partially
disintegration in water involving soaking in methanol crystalline, with degrees of crystallinity not significantly
is disclosed. 31 refs. smaller than those found for less rapidly quenched and
Virginia,Commonwealth University much thicker melt-extruded fibres. The annealing of
USA polyamide fibres at elevated temperatures resulted in a
Accession no.888653 transformation from the disordered gamma modification
to the more highly ordered alpha modification and this
was also in close agreement with the response of melt-
Item 643
extruded fibres. The orientation of the crystals along
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics
the fibre axis was strongly inhomogeneous. It was,
Edition
on average, very weak but could be quite pronounced
41, No.11, 1st June 2003, p.1256.
locally. Small elongations of about 10% resulted in well-
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROSPUN
FIBER MATS OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)/ developed homogeneous crystal orientations. 46 refs.
POLYURETHANE POLYBLENDS Marburg,Philipps University
Lee K H; Kim H Y; Ryu Y J; Kim K W; Choi S W EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Blends of PVC and PU dissolved in a mixture of THF and Accession no.884719
DMF were electrospun under different conditions and
the relationship between morphology and mechanical
properties of the fibre mats obtained investigated Item 646
by means of tensile testing and scanning electron Polymer International
microscopy. Changes in the mechanical properties of the 52, No.3, March 2003, p.429.
fibres were attributed to the formation of a point-bonded CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYIMIDE
structure with increasing PU composition. 16 refs. ULTRAFINE FIBERS PREPARED THROUGH
Chonbuk,National University; Hannam,University ELECTROSPINNING
KOREA Changwoon Nah; Sang Hyub Han; Myong-Hoon Lee;
Accession no.888602 Jong Sang Kim; Dai Soo Lee
U l t r a fi n e p o l y i m i d e fi b r e s w e r e o b t a i n e d b y
Item 644 electrospinning a poly(amic acid) solution, followed
Biomaterials by thermal imidisation. The fibre diameters ranged
24, No.12, 2003, p.2077. from a few tens of nanometres to several micrometres.
BIODEGRADABLE NANOFIBER SCAFFOLD Sub-micron fibres with a cross-sectional dimension
BY ELECTROSPINNING AND ITS POTENTIAL below about 500 nm were rectangular in cross-section.
FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 10 refs.
Yoshimoto H; Shin Y M; Terai H; Vacanti J P Chonbuk,National University
Microporous non-woven polycaprolactone SOUTH KOREA
scaffolds were made by electrostatic fibre spinning. Accession no.884011

178 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Item 647 Chonbuk,National University

Polymer SOUTH KOREA
44, No.4, 2003, p.1309. Accession no.883739
ELECTROSPINNING OF A MICRO-AIR
VEHICLE WING SKIN
Item 649
Pawlowski K J; Belvin H L; Raney D L; Su J; Harrison
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 2. Fall 2002.
J S; Siochi E J
Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held Boston,
Electrospinning was used to prepare lightweight, Ma., 18th-22nd Aug.2002.
electrically responsive wing skins for micro-air vehicle Washington, DC, ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
(MAV) wing frame designs. The electroactive polymers 2002, p.743-4, 28cm, 012
studied were a piezoelectric copolymer of PVDF and ELECTROSPINNING BOMBYX MORI SILK
trifluoroethylene, a graft elastomer consisting of a random WITH POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
poly(trichloroethylene-trifluoroethylene)-based flexible Jin H-J; Fridrikh S V; Rutledge G C; Kaplan D L
backbone with randomly-grafted crystalline polarisable The development of an all-aqueous process for the
PVDF end groups, and a variation of the above graft electrospinning of silk in combination with PEO to
elastomer (TrF1) in which the grafted segments were the produce fibres with enhanced biocompatibility is
piezoelectric copolymer mentioned above. The appropriate described. The properties of the silk/PEO blend solutions
electrospinning conditions for the materials were studied with pure silk and PEO solution and fibre formation
and electrospun mats of the materials were characterised and morphology of the electrospun silk/PEO from the
using optical microscopy and SEM. The tensile properties aqueous solutions are reported and a scanning electron
of the electrospun fibres were measures. TrF1 was micrograph and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron
electrospun on to MAV wing frames and preliminary spectroscopy results from the electrospun silk, PEO and
results for the electroactivity of these prototype MAV silk/PEO blend surfaces are provided. 18 refs.
wings were given. 35 refs.
Tufts University; MIT
US,NASA,Langley Research Center (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
USA
USA
Accession no.883741 Accession no.880084

Item 648 Item 650

Polymer Polymer
44, No.4, 2003, p.1287. 44, No.3, Feb.2003, p.841.
CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-STRUCTURED PREPARATION OF NON-WOVEN
POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) NANOFIBERS OF BOMBYX MORI SILK,
NONWOVEN MATS VIA ELECTROSPINNING SAMIA CYNTHIA RICINI SILK AND
Lee K H; Kim H Y; Khil M S; Ra Y M; Lee D R RECOMBINANT HYBRID SILK WITH
Nanostructured poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) non- ELECTROSPINNING METHOD
woven mats were prepared by electrospinning in three Ohgo K; Chenhua Zhao; Kobayashi M; Asakura T
different solvents: methylene chloride (MC), a mixture of Electrospinning was used to prepare non-woven
MC and DMF, and a mixture of MC, DMF and toluene. nanofibres of Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini silk
MC, toluene and DMF are good, poor and non-solvents fibroins and of the recombinant hybrid fibre involving
respectively for PCL. For PCL dissolved in MC only, the crystalline domain of B.mori silk and non-crystalline
the fibre diameter electrospun at 13 wt% was 5500 nm domain of S.c.ricini silk from hexafluoroacetone(HFA)
with a narrow diameter distribution but electrospinning solution. Carbon-13 cross-polarisation/magic angle
was not facilitated. For solutions dissolved in the MC/ spinning NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the
DMF mixture, electrospinning was enhanced and the structural change of silk fibroins together with the
fibre diameter increased dramatically with increasing detection of the residual HFA during the process of fibre
DMF volume fraction. For solutions dissolved in MC/ formation. SEM was used to determine the diameters
DMF/toluene mixtures, with increasing toluene volume of the fibres and their distributions. 31 refs.
fraction, electrospinning was very restricted due to
Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology
very high viscosity and low conductivity. The dielectric JAPAN
constant and conductivity of the solution were key factors
in electrospinning. the crystallinity of electrospun PCL Accession no.879064
non-woven mats was lower than that of PCL film. The
mechanical properties of the non-woven mats changes Item 651
with increasing linear velocity of the rotating drum surface. Biomaterials
24 refs. 24, No.6, March 2003, p.907.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 179

 References and Abstracts

ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYETHYLENE-CO- Wang X; Lee S-H; Ku B-C; Samuelson L A; Kumar J

VINYL ALCOHOL FIBERS
Details are given of the synthesis of a new fluorescent
Kenawy E-R; Layman J M; Watkins J R; Bowlin G L;
polymer and its applicability for optical sensing using
Matthews J A; Simpson D G; Wnek G E
the electrospinning technique for the fabrication of
Details are given of the electrospinning of EVOH fibres nanofibrous membranes sensors. A new fluorescent
at room temperature from solution. Potential applications monomer was synthesised by coupling reactions between
in tissue engineering and wound healing are discussed. methacryloyl chloride and pyrene butanol. This monomer
23 refs. was copolymerised with methyl methacrylate using
Virginia,Commonwealth University AIBN as initiator. Quenching-based optical chemical
USA sensors were fabricated. The synthesis, characterisation,
Accession no.878806 electrospinning fabrication, and sensing capability of these
polymers are discussed. 7 refs.
Massachusetts,University
Item 652 USA
Polymer
43, No.25, 2002, p.6785. Accession no.873587
NANOFIBER GARLANDS OF
POLYCAPROLACTONE BY ELECTROSPINNING Item 655
Reneker D H; Kataphinan W; Theron Zussman E; Yarin Journal of Macromolecular Science A
AL A39, No.10, 2002, p.1085.
ELECTROSPUN PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Electrospinning a solution of polycaprolactone in acetone
Drew C; Wang X; Senecal K; Schreuder-Gibson H; He
caused the appearance of a fluffy columnar network of
J; Kumar J; Samuelson L A
fibres which moved slowly in large loops and long curves.
The columnar network was referred to as a garland. The Details are given of the preparation of functioning
curly path of the garland appeared to result from an photovoltaic cells made from polyacrylonitrile fibres
electrically driven bending instability which was similar infused with azo dye in a liquid-junction cell assembly.
in many ways to the bending instability which occurs in Cell performances were compared with cells made by spin
a single electrospinning jet. 27 refs. coating thin polyacrylonitrile/azo dye films. The effects of
Akron,University; Technion adding nanoparticles of titanium dioxide to the cells are
ISRAEL; USA also reported. The maximum amount of dye that can be
Accession no.874647 incorporated into a fibre is presented. 13 refs.
Massachusetts,University
USA
Item 653
Journal of Macromolecular Science A Accession no.873576
A39, No.10, 2002, p.1251.
ELECTROSPINNING TECHNOLOGY. A NOVEL Item 656
APPROACH TO SENSOR APPLICATION Macromolecules
Wang X; Drew C; Lee S-H; Senecal K J; Kumar J; 35, No.22, 22nd Oct.2002, p.8456.
Samuelson L A MICRO- AND NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACE
MORPHOLOGY ON ELECTROSPUN POLYMER
The synthesis, fabrication, fluorescence and fluorescence
Megelski S; Stephens J S; Chase D B; Rabolt J F
quenching behaviour of fluorescent acrylic acid-pyrene
copolymer are reported. The Stern-Volmer plots of the Electrospun fibres were produced using a variety of
electrospun membranes exhibited good linearity for ferric solvents to investigate the influence of polymer/solvent
ions, mercury ions and dinitrotoluene. Data were compared properties on the fibre surface morphology. Increased
with films made by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption surface area of PS, polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide,
of the polymer. 8 refs. and PMMA fibres was correlated with high volatility
Massachusetts,University solvents used in the electrospinning process. The effect of
USA processing parameters on the fibre surface morphology was
Accession no.873588 also investigated using optical microscopy, SEM, TEM,
and atomic force microscopy. 44 refs.
Delaware,University
Item 654 USA
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
A39, No.10, 2002, p.1241. Accession no.872485
SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROSPINNING OF A
NOVEL FLUORESCENT POLYMER PMMA-PM Item 657
FOR QUENCHING-BASED OPTICAL SENSING Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition

180 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

40, No.18, 15th Sept.2002, p.2119. Virginia,Commonwealth University; Alexandria,Genetic

ULTRAFINE FIBROUS CELLULOSE Engineering & Biotechnology Research Institute
MEMBRANES FROM ELECTROSPINNING OF EGYPT; USA
CELLULOSE ACETATE Accession no.869053
Liu H; Hsieh Y-L
Three solvents - acetone, acetic acid and dimethylacetamide Item 659
(DMAc) - with a range of solubility parameter delta, surface Polymer
tension gamma, viscosity n and boiling temperature are 43, No.11, 2002, p.3303.
used to generate mixtures for electrospinning cellulose ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYURETHANE
acetate (CA) (degree of substitution, DS = 2.45). Although FIBERS
none of these solvents alone enables continuous formation Demir M M; Yilgor I; Yilgor E; Erman B
of fibres, mixing DMAc with either acetone or acetic acid A segmented elastomeric polyurethane-urea (urea content
produces suitable solvent systems. The 2:1 acetone:DMAc 35 wt%) was prepared from poly(tetramethylene oxide)
mixture is the most versatile mixture because it allows CA glycol, a cycloaliphatic diisocyanate and an asymmetric
in the 12.5-20% concentration range to be continuously diamine. Ultrafine elastic fibres were prepared by
electrospun into fibrous membranes. These CA solutions electrospinning solutions of the copolymer. Fibre
have n between 1.2 and 10.2 poise and gamma around 26 diameters of 7 nm to 1.5 micrometres were obtained by
dyne/cm and produce smooth fibres with diameters from varying the solution concentration. The morphology of the
100 nm to ~1 mu m. Fibre sizes generally decrease with fibres was strongly correlated with viscosity, concentration
decreasing CA concentrations. The nature of the collectors and temperature. The morphology could be improved by
affects the morphology as well as packing of fibres. Fibres increasing the solution temperature. Fibres spun at high
collected on paper have more uniform sizes, smooth temperature were uniform, unlike those obtained at room
surfaces and fewer defects, whereas fibres collected on temperature. The electrospinning process was also quicker
water are more varied in size. Electrically conductive solid at high temperature. 27 refs.
collectors, such as Al foil and water, favour more tightly
packed and less porous membranes. Porous collectors, Sabanci,University; Koc,University
TURKEY
like paper and copper mesh, produce highly porous
membranes. The pores in membranes collected on the Al Accession no.868757
foil and paper are much better interconnected in the planar
directions than those in membranes collected on water. Item 660
There is evidence that electrospinning induces order in the Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
fibres. Deacetylation of CA membranes is more efficient 40, No.19, 1st.Oct. 2002, p.2259.
and complete in NaOH/ethanol than in aqueous NaOH, INFLUENCE OF A MIXING SOLVENT
producing DS values between 0.15 and 2.33 without WITH TETRAHYDROFURAN AND N,N-
altering fibre surfaces, packing or organisation. The fully DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE ON ELECTROSPUN
regenerated cellulose membranes are similarly hydrophilic POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) NONWOVEN MATS
as commodity cellulose fibrous matrices but absorb nearly Keun Hyung Lee; Hak Yong Kim; Young Min La; Douk
ten times as much water. 23 refs. Rae Lee; Nak Hyun Sung
California,University Polyvinyl chloride fibres having diameters ranging
USA
from narrow to broad distributions were prepared by
Accession no.869658 electrospinning and the effects of various processing
parameters on the morphology of the fibres investigated
Item 658 using scanning electron microscopy. Processing parameters
Macromolecular Bioscience investigated included solvent composition, applied electric
2, No.6, 30th Aug.2002, p.261-6. This issue is published field and tip-to-collector distance. The tensile properties of
within Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol.203, the fibres were also determined and the influence of volume
No.9, 28th June 2002 ratio of solvent with respect to the processing parameters
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED on fibre morphology evaluated. 24 refs.
AND ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL PHENOL Chonbuk,National University; Hannam,University
Kenawy E-R; Abdel-Fattah Y R KOREA

Details are given of the preparation of antimicrobial Accession no.867864

polymeric systems from polyvinyl phenol. The antimicrobial
activity of the polymers was examined against different test Item 661
microorganisms. The effect of polymer morphology and Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 1. Spring 2001.
molecular weight on antimicrobial activity was examined. Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held San Diego,
18 refs. Ca., 1st-5th April 2001.

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 181

 References and Abstracts

Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, Nanoscale PVAl fibre aggregates were produced by
2001, p.689-90, 28cm, 012 electrospinning and crosslinked using, as crosslinking
HIGH-RESOLUTION SCANNING ELECTRON agent, glyoxal. The fibre aggregates were characterised by
MICROSCOPY STUDY OF ELECTRO-SPUN DSC, wide angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron
TYPE I COLLAGEN NANOFIBERS microscopy and their water absorbency, tensile strength
Lei Huang; Apkarian R P; Chaikof E L and elongation characteristics determined. The properties
of the crosslinked fibre aggregates were compared with
Electro-spun type I collagen nano-fibres were generated
those of the uncrosslinked fibre aggregates and found to
at ambient temperature and pressure by electro-spinning
be better. 22 refs.
1 wt % of Type I collagen/PEO solution under an 18 kV
electric field and a 15 cm distance between the spinneret Chonbuk,National University; China,Northeast Normal
and plate collector. The products were imaged with high University; Korea,Research Institute of Chemical
resolution SEM at medium and high magnifications on Technology; Clean & Science Co.Ltd.; American Air
chromium-coated silicon chips and with TEM on carbon- Filter International
CHINA; SOUTH KOREA; USA
coated grids. The former provided more accurate and
detailed nano-scale images for these electro-spun Type Accession no.860262
I collagen nano-fibres. The resultant fibre network was
biocompatible and mechanically stable and it had nano- Item 664
size pores which allowed for tissue and fluid influx. These Polymer
properties rendered the collagen fibres suitable for use in 43, No.16, 2002, p.4403.
biopolymer and tissue engineering applications. 12 refs. STRUCTURE AND PROCESS RELATIONSHIP
Emory University; Georgia,Institute of Technology OF ELECTROSPUN BIOABSORBABLE
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) NANOFIBER MEMBRANES
USA Zong X; Kim K; Fang D; Ran S; Hsiao B S; Chu B
Accession no.865923 An electrospinning method was used to fabricate
bioabsorbable amorphous polylactic acid and
Item 662 semicrystalline polylactic acid nanofibre non-woven
Journal of Advanced Materials membranes for biomedical applications. The structure
34, No.3, July 2002, p.44. and morphology of the membranes were investigated
PROTECTIVE TEXTILE MATERIALS BASED by SEM, DSC, and x-ray diffraction. The effects of
ON ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS solution viscosity, applied electric field strength, solution
Schreuder-Gibson H; Gibson P; Senecal K; Sennett M; feeding rate and ionic salt addition on fibre diameter and
Walker J; Yeomans W; Ziegler D; Tsai P P nanostructure morphology were examined. 22 refs.
The latest accomplishments in the development of fabric New York,University; Stonybrook Technology &
membranes made from electrospun fibres for protective Applied Research Inc.
USA
clothing are described. Information is provided on the air
and vapour transport properties, aerosol filtration, porosity Accession no.859414
and tensile properties of these membranes together with
the effect of biaxial strain on their transport properties Item 665
and porosity. The use of additives in the membranes Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002.
for chemical reactivity is also discussed and future Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando,
concepts for electrospun clothing manufacture are briefly Fl., 7th-11th April 2002.
considered. 28 refs. Washington D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
US,Army,Natick Soldier Systems Center; 2002, p.457-8, 28 cm, 012
Tennessee,University RELEASE OF TETRACYCLINE
USA HYDROCHLORIDE FROM ELECTROSPUN
Accession no.862204 POLYMERS
Kenawy E-R; Bowlin G L; Mansfield K; Layman J;
Sanders E; Simpson D G; Wnek G E
Item 663
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition A method of preparing a novel drug delivery system
40, No.13, 1st July 2002, p.1261. from electrospun polymer fibres based on poly(ethylene-
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and blends with poly(lactic
OF A NANOSCALE POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) acid) (PLA) was described. The release of tetracycline
FIBRE AGGREGATE PRODUCED BY AN hydrochloride from electrospun mats of EVA and an EVA/
ELECTROSPINNING METHOD PLA (50/50) blend was studied. The polymer mats showed
Ding B; Kim H-Y; Lee S-C; Shao C-L; Lee D-R; Park relatively smooth drug release profiles in aqueous buffer.
S-J; Kwag G-B; Choi K-J Electrospun EVA showed a higher drug release rate than

182 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

the mats derived from the 50/50 EVA/PLA blend. 7 refs. into electrospun nano-fibres while maintaining the nanoscale
Virginia,Commonwealth University dispersion of the montmorillonite, is demonstrated. This
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) illustrates the potential of using PNCs as the foundation
USA for fabricating nano- and mesoscopic structures, nanofibres
Accession no.856997 in this case, and thus exerting hierarchical control of
morphology and form through the combination of a
nanostructured material and a nanoscale fabrication
Item 666 technique. Fibres and nanofibres of nylon 6-montmorillonite
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002. nanocomposite are electrospun from solution into non-
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, woven fabrics or aligned yarns. Transmission electron
Fl., 7th-11th April 2002. microscopy shows the montmorillonite layers to be highly
Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry, oriented along the fibre axis, and X-ray diffraction patterns
2002, p.130-1, 28cm, 012
reveal that the nylon 6 crystallites are also well aligned.
FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPUN POLYMER
The morphology of the electrospun NLS nanocomposite
FILMS FOR THE DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES
fibres from hexafluoroisopropanol solution is exfoliated,
Xianyan Wang; Soo-Hyoung Lee; Drew C; Senecal K J;
but addition of a few percent DMF results in agglomeration
Kumar J; Samuelson L A
of the dispersed montmorillonite layers. WAXD and DSC
The use of an electrospun membrane as a highly studies indicate that electrospinning or the addition of
responsive fluorescence quenching-based optical sensor dispersed montmorillonite to solution processed NLS
for explosives detection was studied. A new polymer, favours the formation of gamma-phase nylon 6. Future
polyacrylic acid-poly(pyrene methanol)(PAA-PM), was efforts will examine the utility of electrospinning to align
synthesised via covalent attachment of the fluorescent other nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes. 8 refs.
indicator, pyrene methanol(PM), onto PAA. Optical Universal Technology Corp.; Systran Federal
sensors were then fabricated by electrospinning blend Corp.; Dayton,University; US,Air Force Research
solutions of PAA-PM and a thermally crosslinkable PU Laboratory
to make the membranes insoluble. The preparation and (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
characterisation of the electrospun films and comparison USA
of the sensing properties between the electrospun films Accession no.847972
and electrostatically layer-by-layer assembled films for
detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, an explosive simulant,
are reported. 8 refs. Item 668
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering
Massachusetts,University; US,Army,Natick Soldier
Fall Meeting.Volume 85.
Systems Center
Chicago, IL, 26th-30th August 2001, p.622-3, 012
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
USA HIGH SURFACE AREA CHEMOSENSOR
MATERIAL BY ELECTROSPINNING OF
Accession no.854821
FLUORESCENT CONJUGATED POLYMER
Zhang Y; Dong H; Norris I D; MacDiarmid A G;
Item 667 Jones W E
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 26th- Fibres of approximately 2 micron in diameter were
30th August 2002. prepared by electrospinning from a chloroform solution
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry, of blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly((p-
2001, p.63-4 phenylene ethynylene)-alt-(thienylene ethynylene))
GENERATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBRES (PPETE). The PEO was required to give a stable drop
OF NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE at the pipette tip. The PPETE was fluorescent, with a
NANOCOMPOSITE single emission maximum at 558 nm. 6 refs.
Fong H; Liu W; Wang C S; Vaia R A New York,State University; Pennsylvania,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The utility of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) is widely USA
acknowledged; however traditional large-scale processing
Accession no.847160
approaches are often not capable of achieving or maintaining
optimal nanoscopic dispersion of the fillers, and thus
delivering the potential suite of property enhancements Item 669
espoused by many PNC reports. Beyond traditional ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering
processing, the potential to fabricate micro-and nano-scale Fall Meeting.Volume 85.
structures from PNCs is relatively unexplored. The ability Chicago, IL, 26th-30th August 2001, p.617-8, 012
to dissolve nylon 6-montmorillonite nanocomposites (NLS), ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBROUS MEMBRANES
initially fabricated by melt processing, and to reformulate FOR OPTICAL SENSING

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 183

 References and Abstracts

Wang X; Lee S-H; Drew C; Senecal K J; Kumar J; Item 672

Samuelson L A Polymer
43, No.3, 2002, p.775.
Membranes were prepared for use as ferric ion selective
GENERATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS OF
optical sensors by simultaneously electrospinning
poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE
acid) with a covalently attached fluorescent indicator NANOCOMPOSITE
(pyrene methanol). Membrane morphologies were Hao Fong; Weidong Liu; Chyi-Shan Wang; Vaia R A
studied using scanning electron microscopy, and the The exfoliated morphology of melt fabricated nylon
sensing capabilities were evaluated by fluorescence 6-montmorillonite (NLS) nanocomposite was preserved in
quenching studies. The sensors exhibited enhanced cast films and electrospun fibres from hexafluoroisopropanol
reactivity and sensitivity compared with continuous solution. Adding a few percent of DMF to the solutions
thin films. 8 refs. resulted in agglomeration of the dispersed montmorillonite
Massachusetts,University; US,Army Soldier & layers and an overall mixed morphology, demonstrating
Biological Chemical Command solvent partitioning and the delicate enthalpic balance
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) needed to maintain layer dispersion. Fibres and nanofibres
USA of the NLS nanocomposite were electrospun from solution
Accession no.847157 were and collected as non-woven fabrics or as aligned
yarns. Ribbon shaped fibres, as well as cyclindrical
Item 670 shaped fibres and nanofibres, were found in the products.
Materials Today The electrospinning process resulted in highly aligned
5, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.6 montmorillonite layers (layer normal perpendicular to the
TISSUE ROAD MAP fibre axis) and nylon 6 crystallite (layer normal parallel to
the fibre axis). 24 refs.
A self-assembling nanostructured fibrous scaffold,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base;
which acts as a "road map" to guide the growth of
Dayton,University,Research Institute
replacement bone tissue, has been developed at USA
Northwestern University. Self-assembly into nanofibres
Accession no.842627
can be achieved and reversed by varying pH using a
peptide-amphiphile molecule.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Item 673
Accession no.842907 Journal of Macromolecular Science A
A38, No.12, 2001, p.1231.
TAILORING TISSUE ENGINEERING
Item 671 SCAFFOLDS USING ELECTROSTATIC
Polymer
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES. A STUDY OF
43, No.3, 2002, p.1025.
POLYGLYCOLIC ACID ELECTROSPINNING
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER
Boland E D; Wnek G E; Simpson D G; Pawlowski K J;
NANOFIBERS WITH SPECIFIC SURFACE
Bowlin G L
CHEMISTRY?
Deitael J M; Kosik W; McKnight S H; Beck Tan N C; Details are given of the ability to control fibre
DeSimone J M; Crette S diameter of polyglycolic acid as a function of solution
concentration and fibre orientation. Correlations
A series of random copolymers of PMMA with varying
between the fibre orientation, elastic modulus and strain
tetrahydroperfluorooctyl acrylate contents (0-10%) was
to failure of polyglycolic acid in a uniaxial mode are
synthesised by radical copolymerisation. Nanofibres of
discussed. 18 refs.
the copolymers were electrospun from a mixed solvent
containing 90% toluene and 10% DMF. The atomic Virginia,Commonwealth University
USA
percentage of fluorine in the near surface region of
the electrospun fibres was about double that found in Accession no.841927
a bulk sample of the random copolymer. The surface
segregation was similar in magnitude to that measured Item 674
for thin films of the copolymers. 22 refs. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
US,Army Research Laboratory; North 39, No.21, 1st Nov.2001, p.2598.
Carolina,University FLAT POLYMER RIBBONS AND OTHER
USA SHAPES BY ELECTROSPINNING
Accession no.842656 Koombhongse S; Liu W; Reneker D H

184 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts

Flat polymer ribbons, ribbons of other shapes, fibres tubular structures with homogeneous wall thickness and
split longitudinally, and branched fibres, as well as round secondary structure. 13 refs.
nanofibres, with dimensions ranging from 1 mm. to 1 Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kolloid- & Grenzflaech.;
micron were observed using high frame rate videography Marburg,Philipps University
during the electrospinning of a range of polymers. It was EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
apparent that fluid mechanical effects, electrical charge WESTERN EUROPE
carried by the jet and solvent evaporation, as well as the Accession no.836268
formation of a skin on certain of the polymers, all contribute
to formation of fibre shape. Morphology of fibre samples
Item 677
was determined using scanning electron microscopy. The
Polymer
observations made, and the shapes observed, are of value
42, No.25, 2001, p.9955.
in mathematical analyses or computer generated studies
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
of the electrospinning process. 29 refs.
ELECTROSPINNING: THE ELECTRICALLY
Akron,University FORCED JET AND INSTABILITIES
USA
Shin Y M; Hohman M M; Brenner M P; Rutledge G C
Accession no.839596
The electrospinning process, in which a fluid jet of material
is subjected to a high electric field to produce submicron
Item 675 scale fibre diameters, has been studied theoretically and
Applied Spectroscopy experimentally using both glycerol and a solution of
55, No.10, Oct.2001, p.1287. polyethylene oxide in water as model fluids. It was shown
'REAL TIME' RAMAN STUDIES OF that the use of operating diagrams of electric field verses
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS flow rate were feasible, and that jet current which is also
Stephens J S; Frisk S; Megelski S; Rabolt J F; Chase D B crucial to the process is dependent on fluid properties,
Raman spectra of as-spun PS fibres produced by applied electric field and arrangement of equipment.
electrospinning showed that high S/N data could be Convective instability, in which the jet fibre rapidly whips
obtained on 50 micrometre diameter fibres in relatively randomly about, is a key process in fibre formation and
short collection times (25 s). Using the same instrumental experimental evidence was shown to be in accord with
approach, 'real time' Raman spectra of the electrospinning theoretical dependence of the process on electric field, flow
liquid fibre jet at the origin of the jet and 1 cm downstream rate and exponential nature of the growth rate. 34 refs.
were obtained. The results showed that 'on-line' analysis of Massachusetts,Institute of Technology;
the solvent/polymer ratio and spectroscopic measurements Chicago,University
of polymer orientation were possible and could lead to a USA
more quantitative understanding of the development of Accession no.835229
the polymer microstructure during the electrospinning
process. 19 refs.
Item 678
Delaware,University; Dupont Central Research & Polymer
Development 42, No.19, 2001, p.8163.
USA
CONTROLLED DEPOSITION OF
Accession no.838295 ELECTROSPUN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
FIBERS
Item 676 Deitzel J M; Kleinmeyer J D; Hirvonen J K; Beck Tan
Advanced Materials NC
13, No.20, 16th Oct.2001, p.1577.
Sub-micron polymer fibres may be produced by
TITANIUM DIOXIDE TUBES FROM SOL-GEL
electrospinning using an electrostatically driven jet of
COATING OF ELECTROSPUN POLYMER
polymer solution (or polymer melt). Electrospun fibres are
FIBERS
typically collected in the form of non-woven mats, which
Caruso R A; Schattka J H; Greiner A
can be used in a variety of applications including semi-
Electrospun poly(L-lactide) fibres were coated with permeable membranes, filters, composite reinforcement,
amorphous titanium dioxide using a sol-gel coating and scaffolding used in tissue engineering. A characteristic
technique. After removal of the organic material by feature of the electrospinning process is the onset of a
thermal treatment, hollow titania fibres were produced. chaotic oscillation of the electrospinning jet. Here this
The sol-gel coating was able to reproduce the finer instability is dampened and the deposition of sub-micron
details of the fibre. It was shown, for example, that oval polymer fibres on a substrate is controlled through use of an
nodules that were indentations of the initial polymer were electrostatic lens element and collection target of opposite
mimicked in the final inorganic structure of the titania polarity. Using high-speed, high magnification imaging
fibres. This technique could be used to form inorganic techniques real-time observations of the electrospinning

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 185

 References and Abstracts

process have been made. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, phase domains were irregular in shape, but elongated
optical microscopy and environmental scanning electron along the axis of the fibre. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction
microscopy have been used to analyse fibre mats and yarns patterns showed a weak indication of molecular orientation
electrospun from polyethylene oxide. 17 refs. along the fibre axis and the birefringence confirmed that
US,Army Research Laboratory such orientation was present. The single-phase domains
USA grew larger in nanofibres that were held at room temp.
Accession no.826661 (about 25C) for several days. Annealing at a temp. of 70C
greatly accelerated the growth of the single-phase domains.
The nanofibres softened and flattened on the evaporated
Item 679 graphite during annealing. 16 refs.
Polymer
Akron,University
42, No.1, 2001, p.261. USA
EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ON
Accession no.764955
THE MORPHOLOGY OF ELECTROSPUN
NANOFIBERS AND TEXTILES
Deitzel J M; Kleinmeyer J; Harris D; Tan N C B Item 681
Polymer
A systematic investigation was conducted of the effects of
40, No.26, 1999, p.7397.
two parameters of electrospinning, spinning voltage and
PROCESSING ABD MICROSTRUCTURAL
solution concentration, on the morphology of the fibres
CHARACTERISATION OF POROUS
formed. PEO/water solutions were used for the spinning.
BIOCOMPATIBLE PROTEIN POLYMER THIN
It was found that spinning voltage was strongly correlated
FILMS
with the formation of bead defects in the fibres and that
Buchko C J; Chen L C; Chen Y; Martin D C
current measurements could be used to signal the onset of
the processing voltage at which the bead defect increased The process of electrostatic fibre formation, or
significantly. Solution concentration was found to have the electrospinning, is used to create biocompatible thin
greatest effect on fibre size, with fibre diameter increasing films for use in implantable devices. The morphology of
with increasing solution concentration according to a the thin films is found to depend on process parameters
power law relationship. In addition, electrospinning from including solution concentration, applied electric field
solutions of high concentration was found to produce strength, deposition distance and deposition time. The
a bimodal distribution of fibres sizes, reminiscent of microstructure of the coatings is examined by transmission
distributions observed in the similar droplet generation electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering, with
process of electrospray. In addition, evidence was found electrospun filaments being weakly oriented along the fibre
that electrostatic effects influenced the macroscale axis. A shish kebab model foe the filament morphology
morphology of electrospun textiles and could result in is proposed. The electrospinning process is shown to
the formation of heterogeneous or three-dimensional be a means of creating porous thin films with structural
structures. 23 refs. gradients and controlled morphology that can enhance
US,Army Research Laboratory biocampatibility. 37 refs.
USA Michigan,University
USA
Accession no.788857
Accession no.758993
Item 680
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition Item 682
37, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.3488. Polymer
ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBERS OF STYRENE- 40, No.16, July 1999, p.4585.
BUTADIENE-STYRENE TRIBLOCK BEADED NANOFIBERS FORMED DURING
COPOLYMER ELECTROSPINNING
Hao Fong; Reneker D H Fong H; Chun I; Reneker D H

Nanofibres of a commercial SBS triblock copolymer The use of electrospinning to produce polymer fibres, with
(Kraton D1101) were electrospun from solution and diameters in the region of 100 nm, from polymer (PEO)
collected either as a non-woven elastomeric fabric or solutions was examined. The electrospun fibres often had
on a layer of graphite that was evaporated onto a glass beads in regular arrays. The viscoelasticity of the solution,
microscope slide. The resulting nanofibres were elastic, charge density carried by the jet and the surface tension of
birefringent and most had diamteres around 100 nm. A the solution were found to be the key factors that influenced
few thin, beaded fibres were found among the smooth the formation of the beaded fibres. 18 refs.
nanofibres. After staining with osmium tetroxide, the Akron,University
nanofibres were examined by TEM. Separated phases of USA
styrene and butadiene blocks were observed. The single Accession no.731966

186 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

Subject Index

A ATACTIC POLY(VINYL BIOCIDAL ELECTROSPUN

ALCOHOL), 84 NANOFIBERS, 83
AATCC REVIEW, 80 ATACTIC PVAL NANOFABRICS, BIOCOMPATIBLE THIN FILMS,
ABSORPTION BEHAVIORS AND 162 186
STATES OF WATER, 130 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, BIODEGRADABLE
AC POTENTIAL, 167 58 63 68 80 83 92 98 100 106 ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 73
AC POTENTIALS IN 128 131 137 151 152 156 161 BIODEGRADABLE
ELECTROSPRAYING, 166 168 180 ELECTROSPUN MAT, 174
ACRYLONITRILE-BASED ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL BIODEGRADABLE
POLYMERS, 130 ELECTROSPINNING, 62 MEMBRANES, 41
ADSORPTION, 115 135 ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER,
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERISATION (ATRP), 22 40 42 172
MATERIALS, 72 100 110 58 62 BIODEGRADABLE TISSUE
ADVANCED MATERIALS, 69 70 ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS,
82 91 92 100 124 132 139 140 POLYMERISATION. 72
152 156 157 168 169 170 174 MICROFIBRES, 63 BIODEGRADATION, 160
185 ATR-FTIR SPECTROSCOPY, BIOHYBRID MATERIALS, 82
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES 133 160 BIOMATERIALS, 169 178 179
POLYMERS, 35 39 AXIS CONVENTIONS, 10 BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE, 50
AFM-BASED VOLTAGE AXISYMMETRIC INSTABILITY, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS,
ASSISTED 13 14 64 144 154 161
NANOELECTROSPINNING,
BIOMIMETIC
68
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX,
ALCOHOL MEMBRANE, 45 B 169
ALGINATE, 94
BACTERIAL CELLULOSE BIOMIMETIC SCAFFOLDS, 93
ALIGNMENT ELECTROSPUN
WHISKERS, 92 BIOMINERALIZATION, 161
POLYSTYRENE, 78
BEADED ELECTROSPUN BIOPOLYMER-
ALLOMETRIC LAW, 164
FIBRES, 144 HYDROXYAPATITE
ANISOTROPIC
BEADED FIBRE FORMATION, COMPOSITE COATINGS, 104
ELECTROSPINNING, 69
ANISOTROPY 152 BIOPOLYMER NANOFIBERS, 44
MAGNETISATION, 69 BEADED FIBRES, 148 BIOPOLYMERS, 26
ANNEALING, 157 186 BEADED MICROFIBRES, 110 BIOREACTORS, 20
ANTIBACTERIAL BEADED NANOFIBERS, 110 186 BIOSENSOR APPLICATIONS,
MICROFIBERS, 62 BEAD FORMATION, 72 126 138 104
ANTIGLARE SUNGLASSES, 69 151 159 165 BIOSENSORS, 69
ANTIMICROBIAL POLY BEADING, 73 BLENDS OF POLY(LACTIC
(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) BEAD MORPHOLOGY, 176 ACID) AND POLY(GLYCOLIC
ELECTROSPUN BEADS SIZES, 61 ACID), 105
NANOFIBERS, 84 BEAD-TO-FIBER TRANSITION BLOCK COPOLYMER, 152 109
APPLICATIONS OF IN ELECTROSPUN BLOWING-ASSISTED
ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE, 85 ELECTROSPINNING, 149
NANOFIBERS, 80 BENDING INSTABILITY, 14 15 BOMBYX MORI NANOFIBERS,
AQUEOUS MEDIA 16 144
ELECTROSPINNING WHEAT BENDING ‘WHIPPING’ BOMBYX MORI SILK, 155 179
GLUTEN FIBERS, 107 INSTABILITY, 13 BONE REGENERATION, 60
AQUEOUS POLY(ETHYLENE BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE, 12 BONE SCAFFOLDS, 100
OXIDE) SOLUTIONS BERRY NUMBER, 108 BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING,
ELECTROSPINNING, 130 BIASED AC 178
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS, 22 ELECTROSPINNING, 93 BONE TISSUE REGENERATION,
ASPECTS OF BICOMPONENT FIBRES, 113 74
ELECTROSPINNING BICOMPONENT NANOFIBERS BONE TISSUE SCAFFOLD
PROCESS, 89 ELECTROSPUN, 139 APPLICATIONS, 105
ATACTIC POLYMERS, 162 BIOCHEMICAL SENSOR, 171 BPDA-PDA POLYIMIDE, 124

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 187

 Subject Index

BRANCHED POLYESTERS, 172 NONWOVENS, 75 CONTINUOUS NANOFIBERS,

BUBBLE ELECTROSPINNING, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 53 162
52 SCIENCE, 81 CONTINUOUS YARNS, 153
BUTANE DIOL), 81 CHEMISORPTION, 120 CONTROLLABLE
BUTYL RUBBER MEMBRANES, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, ELECTRODES, 130
129 49 103 130 131 156 178 CONVENTIONAL
CHITIN NANOFIBERS, 163 ELECTROSPINNING, 167
CHITOSAN, 162 COPOLYIMIDE NANOFIBRE, 39
C CHITOSAN FIBRES COPOLYMERISATION, 133 184
CALORIMETRY, 121 ELECTROSPINNING, 90 CORE APPARATUS, 17
CAPILLARY STRESSES, 13 CHITOSAN NANOFIBERS, 163 CORE-SHEATH NANOFIBRES,
CAPROLACTONE (PCL) 164 106 109
NANOFIBRE MATS, 93 CHITOSAN/PEO NANOFIBERS, CORE-SHEATH STRUCTURE
CARBON BLACK, 89 68 IN ELECTROSPUN
CARBON COILS WET CHROMATOGRAPHY, 154 NANOFIBERS, 106
ELECTROSPINNING, 120 CMT-8102 CORE-SHELL FIBRES, 170
CARBON FIBRE/EPOXY ELECTROMECHANICAL CORONA DISCHARGE
COMPOSITE, 58 65 UNIVERSAL TESTING METHOD, 43
CARBON NANOFIBERS, 85 113 MACHINE, 124 CORONARY ARTERY GRAFT
115 124 139 141 152 169 175 CO-AXIAL ELECTROSPINNING, SURGERY, 109
CARBON NANOFIBERS 42 44 48 51 64 96 97 117 122 CO-SOLVENT SYSTEM, 98
ELECTROSPINNING, 117 COAXIAL NANOFIBRES, 113 COULOMB’S LAW, 9
CARBON NANOFIBER WEBS, COAXIAL SPINNING, 59 COUPLED ELECTROSPINNING,
100 COBALT, 69 68
CARBON NANOFIBRES, 45 53 COCONTINUOUS CELLULOSE CREEP, 7
69 171 ACETATE (CA)/ CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY,
CARBON NANOTUBE-FILLED POLYURETHANE (PU) 86
NANOFIBER YARNS, 174 COMPOSITE NANOFIBRES, CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY
CARBON NANOTUBES, 45 113 43 POLYMORPHIC PHASE
126 131 135 132 137 144 169 COCRYSTALLISATION, 103 TRANSITIONS, 85
174 176 183 CO-ELECTROSPINNING, 106 CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES,
CATALYST SUBSTRATES, 20 110 132 170 173
127 128
CATIONIC AMPHIPHILES, 81 COG SPINNING DEVICE, 19
CURE SYSTEM, 134
CDS NANORODS IN PVP FIBER COIL MORPHOLOGY, 120
CURRENT VOLTAGE
MATRICES, 145 COLLECTOR MODIFICATIONS,
CHARACTERISTICS, 88
CELL ADHESION, 41 19
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, 54
CELL AGGREGATION, 20 COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS
CYCLING TENSILE TESTING,
CELL ATTACHMENT, 20 ELECTROSPINNING, 116
142
CELL CULTURE, 20 39 119 COMPUTER SIMULATION, 136
CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE
CELL CULTURING, 105 CONDUCTING NANOFIBERS,
SYSTEM, 10 78
CELL GROWTH, 105 77
CYTOTOXICITY, 41
CELL MORPHOLOGY, 105 CONDUCTING POLYMER
CYTOTOXICITY TESTING, 133
CELL PROLIFERATION, 170 NANOFIBERS, 77
CELL PROPAGATION, 20 22 CONDUCTIVITY, 8 16 43 72 123
CELL SEEDING, 20 126 142 155 156 167 D
CELLULAR MATRICES, 20 CONDUCTIVITY MODIFIER, 39
CELLULOSE ACETATE (CAC), CONFOCAL LASER DARCY'S LAW, 131
27 MICROSCOPY, 144 DEACETYLATION, 163
CERAMIC NANOFIBERS, 128 CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING DEBYE-HUCKEL-ONSAGER
CERAMIC PRECURSOR MICROSCOPY, 75 EQUATION, 8
POLYMERS, 128 CONJUGATED POLYMERS, 151 DEGRADATION PROFILES, 62
CHAIN ENTANGLEMENTS, 75 157 DELAMINATION, 116
152 CONJUGATE DEPOSITION PROCESS, 76
CHAR FORMATION, 152 ELECTROSPINNING, 63 113 DIAMETER REDUCTION, 81
CHARGED JETS, 82 153 154 CONTACT ANGLE, 14 133 DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS, 63
CHAUCHY'S INEQUALITY, 138 CONTACT ANGLE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 16
CHEMICAL ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENTS, 73 101 DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY,
IN ELECTROSPUN 145 160 57

188 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING ELECTROACTIVE PAPER ELECTROSPINNING

CALORIMETER (DSC), 45 86 ACTUATOR, 71 GLASSY POLYMERS,
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING ELECTROCONDUCTIVE 40 ELECTROSPINNING
CALORIMETRY, 43 49 50 63 TEMPLATES, 70 HEXANOYL CHITOSAN/
69 70 75 77 78 81 84 85 86 88 ELECTRODE GEOMETRY, 17 POLYLACTIDE BLENDS, 128
89 92 97 98 101 105 106 107 ELECTRODYNAMIC FORCE, 8 ELECTROSPINNING
113 121 122 126 127 128 139 HYALURONIC ACID (HA)
ELECTRO HYDRODYNAMIC
158 161 164 166 168 169 174 AND HA/GELATIN BLENDS,
ATOMISATION, 93 145
177 178 182 135
DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC
ELECTROSPINNING
THERMOGRAPHY, 122 THEORY, 46
HYDROXYPROPYL
DIFFRACTION (XRD), 102 ELECTRONIC NOSE, 24
CELLULOSE FIBERS, 138
DIFFRACTOMETRY, 85 ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY ELECTROSPINNING IN NEAR-
DIGITAL MAPPING, 57 APPLICATIONS, 24 CRITICAL CO2, 107
DIRECT FABRICATION, 148 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 44 45 ELECTROSPINNING JETS, 12 36
DISCONTINUOUS 101 149 83 133
NANOFIBERS, 53 ELECTROPHORESIS, 15 ELECTROSPINNING
DISPLACEMENT ELECTROSPINNABILITY, 38 48 MACHINES, 56
MEASUREMENTS, 71 87 141 ELECTROSPINNING
DMF, 106 NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS,
ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF
DMTA TESTS, 59
POLYSTYRENE 157
DRUG CARRIERS, 62
NANOFIBERS, 122 ELECTROSPINNING
DRUG ENCAPSULATION, 20
ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF NANOFIBERS, 155 168
DRY-JET-WET-
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) ELECTROSPINNING
ELECTROSPINNING, 122
AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 72 NANOSTRUCTURED
DSC (THERMAL PROPERTIES),
ELECTROSPINNABILITY OF PS MATERIALS, 60
78
ELECTROSPINNING OF
DUAL COLLECTION RINGS, 155 SOLUTIONS, 128
ALIGNED POLYMER
DUAL ELECTRODE MODE ELECTROSPINNING
ELECTROSPINNING, 40 NANOFIBERS, 93
AMORPHOUS POLYMERS,
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ELECTROSPINNING
78
ANALYSIS, 40 178 OF CATIONIC
ELECTROSPINNING POLYELECTROLYTES, 132
APPARATUS, 10 16 17 ELECTROSPINNING OF
E ELECTROSPINNING BOMBYX CERAMIC NANOFIBERS, 55
MORI SILK, 179 ELECTROSPINNING OF
EDAX, 101 ELECTROSPINNING BOMBYX ELECTROCHROMIC
EDS, 102
MORI SILK FIBROIN, 173 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERIC
EDX, 69
ELECTROSPINNING BPDA- NANOFIBRES, 121
EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN
ELECTROSPINNING, 111 ODA POLY(AMIC ACID) ELECTROSPINNING OF EVOH
EGGSHELL MEMBRANE, 165 SOLUTION, 59 FIBRES, 180
ELASTIC DEFORMATION, 137 ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPINNING OF
ELASTICITY, 123 CELLULOSE, 44 FLUORINATED POLYMERS,
ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBER ELECTROSPINNING 126
MEMBRANES, 173 CELLULOSE ACETATE, 181 ELECTROSPINNING OF GOLD
ELASTOMERIC NANOFIBERS, ELECTROSPINNING POLYMER WIRES, 49
64 148 186 ELECTROSPINNING OF
CELLULOSE-BASED
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, HYDROXYAPATITE
NANOFIBERS, 106
78 81 122 129 133 141 143 FIBROUS MATS, 94
ELECTROSPINNING DEVICE, 40
ELECTRICAL STRESSES, 14 ELECTROSPINNING OF
ELECTROSPINNING NANOFABRICS, 83
ELECTRIC BOND NUMBER, 12
FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPINNING OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT, 119 140
153 CONJUGATED POLYMER, PC(SHELL)/PU (CORE)
ELECTRIC FIELD, 78 79 90 111 183 COMPOSITE NANOFIBERS
117 157 167 ELECTROSPINNING FOR TEXTILE APPLICATION, 117
ELECTRIC FIELD STRESSES, 13 BIOMEDICAL DEVICES, 46 ELECTROSPINNING OF
ELECTRIC FLUX, 9 ELECTROSPINNING GELATIN POLYACRYLONITRILE
ELECTRIC STRESSES, 16 BLEND NANOFIBERS, 39 SOLUTIONS, 79

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 189

 Subject Index

ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROSPINNING PAN ELECTROSPINNING

POLYAMIDE, 48 84 NANOFIBERS AS ULTRAFINE
ELECTROSPINNING OF UNIAXIALLY ALIGNED POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
POLY(ARYLENE SULFIDE FIBERS, 120 FIBERS, 167
SULFONE) NANOFIBERS, 93 ELECTROSPINNING PAN ELECTROSPINNING WHEAT
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER SOLUTION, 164 PROTEIN-POLY(VINYL
POLY(BUTYLENE ELECTROSPINNING ALCOHOL) BLENDS, 75
TEREPHTHALATE) PH-RESPONSIVE BLOCK ELECTROSPINNING
NANOFIBERS, 90 COPOLYMER NANOFIBERS, ZWITTERIONIC
ELECTROSPINNING OF 70 COPOLYMERS, 54
POLYCARBONATE AND ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPINZ, 17 18
TETRAPYRAZINOINDOLO- POLYACRYLONITRILE/IRON ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITION,
PORPHYRAZINE, 77 ACETYLACETONATE, 41 75 132
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY- ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPRAYING, 3 5 10 11
CARBONATE NANOFIBERS, POLYACRYLONITRILE 13 16 41 67 73 93 111 153
172 NANOFIBERS, 117 ELECTROSPUN ACRYLIC
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLY- ELECTROSPINNING NANOFIBER, 149
ESTER MACROMERS, 71 POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMER SOLUTION, 101 ANTIMICROBIAL
POLYETHYLENE ELECTROSPINNING SCAFFOLDS, 54
MICROFIBERS, 114 POLYAMIDES, 76 ELECTROSPUN ARTELON
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROSPINNING MATS, 64
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE), POLYCAPROLACTONE ELECTROSPUN ATACTIC
POLYSTYRENE, 107
92 TISSUE ENGINEERING, 89
ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROSPINNING
BIOABSORBABLE
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) POLYCARBONATE
NANOFIBER MEMBRANES,
AQUEOUS SOLUTION, 82 NANOFIBERS, 163
182
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROSPINNING
ELECTROSPUN
POLYETHYLENE OXIDE POLYIMIDE, 40
BIODEGRADABLE
(PEO), 101 ELECTROSPINNING POLYMER
BIOCOMPATIBLE FIBERS, 40
ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBERS, 184
ELECTROSPUN BIOPOLYMERS,
POLYISOBUTYLENE ELECTROSPINNING POLYMER
41
THERMOPLASTIC SOLUTIONS, 167
ELECTROSPUN BOMBYX MORI
ELASTOMERS, 73 ELECTROSPINNING GLAND SILK, 120
ELECTROSPINNING OF POLYMETHYLMETHACR- ELECTROSPUN BUTYL
POLYLACTIC ACID, 175 YLATE, 128 RUBBER, 89 134
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPUN CARBON
POLYMERIC NANOFIBRES, POLYURETHANE FIBERS, NANOTUBE COMPOSITES,
121 181 59
ELECTROSPINNING OF ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE
POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 46 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ACETATE, 58
ELECTROSPINNING OF NANOFIBER MATES, 59 ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE
POLYSTYRENE, 108 154 ELECTROSPINNING MEMBRANE, 71
ELECTROSPINNING OF PROSTHETICS, 116 ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE
POLY(TRIMETHYLENE ELECTROSPINNING SILK NANOFIBERS, 123
TEREPHTHALATE) (PTT), FIBROIN, 39 78 ELECTROSPUN
172 ELECTROSPINNING CHITOSAN-COATED
ELECTROSPINNING OF SOLUTION, 24 FIBERS, 60
POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL), 38 ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPINNING OF TECHNOLOGY, 89 CHITOSAN-P(LLA-CL), 49
POROUS SILICA, 144 ELECTROSPINNING ELECTROSPUN COPOLYIMIDE
ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE FIBRES, 38
SELF-ASSEMBLED ACETATE FIBERS, 170 ELECTROSPUN COPOLYMER
INCLUSION COMPLEXES, 74 ELECTROSPINNING MEMBRANE, 174
ELECTROSPINNING OF ULTRAFINE CELLULOSE ELECTROSPUN CORE FIBERS,
SODIUM ALGINATE, 110 FIBERS, 71 158

190 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

ELECTROSPUN ESTANE ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS ELECTROSPUN PELA-P

FIBERS, 124 CARBON NANOTUBE/ MEMBRANES, 62
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 35 70 POLYCAPROLACTONE ELECTROSPUN PEO FIBRES, 39
78 82 83 123 144 153 160 162 NANOCOMPOSITE, 110 ELECTROSPUN PEO/TIO"2
169 171 184 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS COMPOSITE FIBERS, 96
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS NYLON PALLADIUM CATALYSIS, 42 ELECTROSPUN
11, 41 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, 180
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS POLYFERROCENYLSILANES, ELECTROSPUN PLGA
POLY(ETHER) IMIDE, 57 57 NANOFIBER, 138
ELECTROSPUN FIBRE MATS, ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS ELECTROSPUN PLLA-CL
100 119 158 168 173 178 SURFACE, 75 NANOFIBER, 169
ELECTROSPUN FIBRES, 21 22 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRE ELECTROSPUN PLLA/MWNTS/
23 24 36 37 38 40 44 45 48 50 MATS, 171 HA HYBRID NANOFIBER, 93
52 66 68 69 81 110 115 123 124 ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES, ELECTROSPUN PMMA
125 128 130 134 143 161 162 67 82 83 87 110 137 140 146 NANOFIBRES, 92
166 173 180 183 186 151 169 171 ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPUN FIBRES ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBRES POLYACRYLAMIDOXIME
CHITOSAN/PVAL, 41 OF PA6, 87 NANOFIBERS, 88
ELECTROSPUN FIBRES ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBROUS ELECTROSPUN
INTERNAL STRUCTURE, 59 MEMBRANES, 183 POLYACRYLONITILE(PAN)
ELECTROSPUN FIBRE WEBS, ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, 38
131 NANO-INTERLAYERS, 116 ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS ELECTROSPUN NANO/ POLYACRYLONITRILE, 42
MATERIALS, 67 MICROFIBERS, 67 154
ELECTROSPUN FIBROUS ELECTROSPUN NONWOVEN ELECTROSPUN
MATS, 62 145 154 MAT, 155 POLYACRYLONITRILE
ELECTROSPUN FILAMENT, 82 ELECTROSPUN NYLON, 65 FIBRES, 24
ELECTROSPUN FILTERS, 81 ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6/ ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPUN GELATIN FIBRILLAR SILICATE POLYACRYLONITRILE
FIBERS, 86 NANOCOMPOSITE, 94 MEMBRANES, 171
ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 ELECTROSPUN
HYDROXYPROPYL METHYL NANOFIBER, 65 164 POLYACRYLONITRILE
CELLULOSE PHTHALATE ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 NANOFIBERS, 38 127 141 156
(HPMCP), 75 NONWOVEN MATS, 174 166
ELECTROSPUN LINEAR ELECTROSPUN NYLON 66 ELECTROSPUN
POLYETHYLENEIMINE/ NANOFIBER MEMBRANES, POLYALKYLTHIOPHENE, 91
SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE 91 ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
SCAFFOLDS, 105 ELECTROSPUN PA6/CLAY FIBERS, 159
ELECTROSPUN MAT, 105 NANOCOMPOSITE, 87 ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
ELECTROSPUN MATERIAL FOR ELECTROSPUN PAN MATS, 71
VASCULAR GRAFT, 109 NANOFIBERS, 139 ELECTROSPUN POLYAMIDE-6
ELECTROSPUN MATS, 92 104 ELECTROSPUN PAN NANOFIBERS, 165
134 NANOFIBRES, 136 ELECTROSPUN POLYANILINE-
ELECTROSPUN MEMBRANES, ELECTROSPUN PB/PMP POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 169
119 139 161 175 183 FIBROUS MEMBRANES, 51 ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPUN MICROFIBERS, ELECTROSPUN PCL, 179 POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS,
92 ELECTROSPUN PCL/CNF 120
ELECTROSPUN MWNT-G-PLLA SCAFFOLDS, 61 ELECTROSPUN
NANO-FIBERS, 74 ELECTROSPUN PCL POLYBUTYLENE
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER, 84 SCAFFOLDS, 173 TEREPHTHALATE FIBERS,
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER ELECTROSPUN PC 125
DIAMETER, 81 NANOFIBRE, 37 ELECTROSPUN
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBER ELECTROSPUN PDLLA FIBRES, POLY(BUTYLENE
MATS, 101 62 TEREPHTHALATE)
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, ELECTROSPUN PELA FIBRES, NANOFIBERS, 144
35 38 42 79 108 119 125 126 62 ELECTROSPUN
127 132 150 168 177 178 182 ELECTROSPUN PELA POLYCAPROLACTONE
186 MEMBRANES, 62 FIBERS, 133

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 191

 Subject Index

ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL ELECTROSPUN PVDF FIBRES,

POLYCARBONATE FIBRES, METHACRYLATE) FIBROUS 76 103
176 MATS, 124 ELECTROSPUN PVP AND PEO/
ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL PVP NANOFIBRES, 94
POLYCARBONATE (PC) METHACRYLATE) ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBERS,
NANOFIBERS, 37 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 96 161
ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN ELECTRO-SPUN SILK FIBROIN
POLYCARBONATES, 176 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 43 NANOFIBERS, 63
ELECTROSPUN POLY ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN SILK FIBROIN
(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) POLYPROPYLENE, 111 NANOFIBERS, 162
(PCL) NANOFIBRES, 58 ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN STRUCTURED
ELECTROSPUN POLY(EPSILON- POLYPROPYLENE WEBS, HYDROGELS, 158
CAPROLACTONE) 112 ELECTROSPUN TEXTILES, 186
SUBMICRON SCAFFOLDS, ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE, ELECTROSPUN TYPE I
50 89 COLLAGEN NANO-FIBRES,
ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE- 182
POLYETHERIMIDE BLOCK-ISOPRENE FIBERS, ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE
NANOFIBER, 169 122 FIBERS APPLICATION, 157
ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN POLYSTYRENE ELECTROSPUN ULTRA-FINE
POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) FIBRES, 128 136 156 168,176 SILK FIBROIN FIBERS, 141
(PEO) FIBRES, 126 185 ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE ELECTROSPUN WEAK
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS, 58 65 POLYELECTROLYTE
POLY(ETHYLENE ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE, FIBERS, 61
TEREPHTHALATE) (PET), 43 120 ELECTROSPUN ZEIN FIBRES,
ELECTROSPUN POLYIMIDE, ELECTROSPUN POLYSULFONE 48
152 FIBRES, 145 ELECTROSTATIC FIBRE
ELECTROSPUN POLYIMIDE
ELECTROSPUN SPINNING, 178
NANOFIBRES, 64
POLYURETHANE, 170 ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
ELECTROSPUN POLY(LACTIC
ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL MODIFICATIONS, 19
ACID) NANOFIBERS, 88
ALCOHOL) FIBERS, 141 ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS, 11
ELECTROSPUN POLY
ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL 13 19
(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC
ALCOHOL MATS, 156 ELECTROSTATIC FORCE, 15
ACID), 135
ELECTROSPUN POLY(VINYL ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL,
ELECTROSPUN POLY
ALCOHOL)(PVA) 10 16
(L-LACTIC ACID-CO-
NANOFIBRES, 160 ELECTROSTATIC PROCESSING
SUCCINIC ACID-CO-1, 81
ELECTROSPUN POLY ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL TECHNIQUES, 184
(L-LACTIDE) FIBRES, 185 DIFLUORIDE FIBRES, 24 ELECTROSTATIC SPINNING, 4
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER ELECTROSPUN 66 174
COATINGS, 154 POLYVINYLIDENE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING,
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER DIFLUORIDE (PVDF), 36 163
CUPS, 114 ELECTROSPUN ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 71 133
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER POLY(VINYLIDENE EMISSION SEM, 146
FIBERS, 48 182 185 FLUORIDE) FIBERS, 103 EMULSION
ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPINNING, 39 109
FIBERS, 159 POLYVINYLIDENE EMULSION POLYMERIZATION,
ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC FLUORIDE MEMBRANES, 134
MATS, 40 54 149 ENERGY DISPERSIVE
ELECTROSPUN POLYMERIC ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL SPECTROSCOPY, 75 173
NANOWEBS, 151 PHENOL, 181 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER JET ELECTROSPUN POLYVINYL ANALYSIS, 49 83
FORMATION, 85 PYRROLIDONE FIBRES, 49 ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER ELECTROSPUN PRECURSOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,
NANOFIBERS, 124 169 YARNS, 68 160
ELECTROSPUN POLYMER ELECTROSPUN PRODUCTS, 5 ENZYME IMMOBILISATION,
NANOFIBER SENSORS, 140 ELECTROSPUN PS-B-PI FIBERS, 119
ELECTROSPUN POLYMERS, 165 114 EPDM POLYMER, 65
ELECTROSPUN POLY(METHYL ELECTROSPUN PS FIBRES, 51 E-POLYMERS, 39 125 142 150
METHACRYLATE), 96 ELECTROSPUN PVAL, 67 160 164

192 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

EPR INVESTIGATION, 169 FLIGHT PATH OF GRAPHITE NANOPLATELET,

ESEM, 92 106 ELECTROSPUN, 99 156
ETHYL CELLULOSE FIBRES, FLUID ELASTICITY, 125 GRAVIMETRIC TECHNIQUES,
147 FLUID INSTABILITIES, 13 137
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY,
55 60 95 118 157
F FLUORESCENCE H
FABRICATION SPECTROSCOPY, 73 115 HAEMOSTATIC DRESSING, 22
NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS, FLUORESCENT ELECTROSPUN HAP MORPHOLOGY, 91
57 POLYMER FILMS, 183 HE CHENGTIAN'S
FEED RATE, 16 17 43 FLUORESCENT PROTEINS, 75 INEQUALITY, 163
FIBER ELECTROSPINNING, 163 FLUORESCENT QUANTUM HIGH PERFORMANCE
FIBER FORMATION, 152 DOTS, 73 POLYMERS, 96
FIBERS COLOR CHANGE, 95 FLUOROHECTORITE (FH), 152 HIGH-STRENGTH MATS
FIBERS FROM FORSTER RESONANCE ELECTROSPUN POLY
ELECTROSPINNING ENERGY TRANSFER, 73 (P-PHENYLENE BIPHE-
POLY(ACRYLIC ACID), 150 FOURIER POWER SPECTRUM NYLTETRACARBOXIMIDE)
FIBERS OF ETHYL- METHOD, 120 NANOFIBERS, 132
CYANOETHYL CELLULOSE, FOURIER-TRANSFORMED HIGH-TEMPERATURE
164 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, ELECTROSPINNING
85 95 99 118 145 POLYETHYLENE
FIBER SPINNING, 177
FOURIER TRANSFORM MICROFIBERS, 101
FIBRE CHARACTERISATION
INFRARED (FTIR) HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH
(PHYSICAL, 145
SPECTROSCOPY, 55 56 57 69 FIBRES, 21
FIBRE DRAWING, 177
74 75 78 79 86 88 90 92 94 97 HISTOLOGY, 178
FIBRE FORMATION, 141
98 101 102 104 106 113 119 HOLLOW LINIO"2 FIBRES, 86
FIBRE MAT MORPHOLOGY, 173
120 121 124 125 126 127 129 HOMOPOLYMERS, 150
FIBRE MATS, 110
132 137 141 142 144 145 151 HOOKE’S LAW, 6
FIBRE MORPHOLOGY, 37 45 46
156 157 166 168 169 177 HPMCP, 76
74 83 93 105 118 122 129 139 HYALURONIC ACID
156 170 173 181 FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY, 99
NANOFIBERS, 149
FIBRE PROCESSING, 15 FT-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY,
HYBRID ELECTROSPUN
FIBRES AND TEXTILES IN 103
SCAFFOLD, 49
EASTERN EUROPE, 65 137 FUNCTIONAL TEXTILES, 20
HYBRID FIBERS, 84
FIBROUS ARRAYS, 69 FUTURE MATERIALS, 91
HYBRID NANOFIBERS, 125
FIBROUS MEMBRANES HYBRID POLYMER FIBRES, 118
ELECTROSPINNING, 130
FIBROUS POLYOLEFIN
G HYBRIDS OF POLYVINYL
ALCOHOL (PVAL), 85
MEMBRANES, 51 GAS-JET/ELECTROSPINNING, HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES, 12
FIELD-DRIVEN SURFACE 76 HYDROGEN STORAGE, 136
BIOFUNCTION ALIZATION GAS SENSING APPLICATIONS, HYDROPHILIC POLYMER, 110
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 114 143 HYDROPHOBICITY, 126 138
FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS, GAS SENSORS, 119 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, 9
148 151 GELATIN, 27 HYDROXIDE SOLUTION, 65
FIELD EMISSION SCANNING GEL FRACTION ANALYSIS, 157 HYDROXYAPATITE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY GEL PERMEATION BIOCOMPOSITE COATINGS,
(FE-SEM), 67 168 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 81 97 116
FIELD EMISSION SEM, 75 81 91 121 166 HYDROXYAPATITE (HAP), 90
102, 103 119 140 144 146 149 GFRP-CFRP COMPOSITE HYSTERESIS, 7
155 166 BEAM, 90
FILAMENTOUS FUNGI, 160 GLOBAL ISSUES, 132
FILTER MEDIA, 81 GLYCIDYL-METHACRYLATE- I
FILTRATION, 20 BASED ELECTROSPUN ICE CRYSTALS, 72
FILTRATION PROPERTIES MATS, 56 IMMOBILISATION OF LIPASE,
ELECTROSPINNING GOLD FILMS, 124 61
NANOFIBERS, 117 GRAESSLEY'S THEORY, 45 IMMOBILIZATION CELLULASE
FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS, 69 GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION, IN NANOFIBROUS PVA
FLAT POLYMER RIBBONS, 184 120 MEMBRANES, 153

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 193

 Subject Index

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES, 101 MICROSCOPY, 183

ANALYSIS, 178 LITHIUM-ION SECONDARY MICROSCOPY, SCANNING
IMPACT OF SOLVENT ON BATTERIES, 100 ELECTRON, 57
ELECTROSPINNING, 92 LOCAL CONFINEMENT MICRO-TENSILE TESTING
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, RADIATIVE DECAY, 109 METHOD, 64
23 LOW-FOULING MICROTOMING, 151
INFLUENCE MOLECULAR ULTRA-FILTRATION MIMETICS, 165
WEIGHT, 150 MEMBRANE, 73 MOBILE APPLIANCES, 24
INFLUENCE OF SOLVENTS, 160 LOW-TEMPERATURE MODIFIED-KERATIN, 84
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, ELECTROSPINNING, 72 MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY, 8
117 149
MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND
INSITU ELECTROSPINNING, 95
LIQUID CRYSTALS, 77 96
INSITU FTIR MONITORING, 122 M MOLECULAR IMPRINTING, 137
IN SITU MEASUREMENTS, 83
MACROMOLECULAR MOLYBDOSILICIC ACID/
IN SITU PHOTO
ACTUATORS, 70 POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
CROSSLINKING, 157
MAGNETO-ELECTROSPINNING FIBER MATS, 176
IN SITU POLYMERISATION, 153
AND BUBBLE- MONTE CARLO METHOD, 151
158
INSITU TENSILE TESTING, 147 ELECTROSPINNING, 38 MONTMORILLONITE (MMT),
INTERFIBER BONDING, 169 MATERIALS, 25 152
ION EXCHANGER MATHEMATICAL MODELS MORPHOLOGY NANOFIBERS,
ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPINNING, 80 72
POLYSTYRENE MAXWELL MODEL, 7 MORPHOLOGY (SEM), 129
NANOFIBERS, 112 MECHANICAL ACTUATORS, 77 MULTI-JET ELECTROSPINNING,
IRON ACETYLACETONATE MECHANICAL DEFORMATION 77 80 167
ULTRAFINE NANOFIBERS, PROCESS, 151 MULTI-JET ELECTROSPINNING
42 MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING HEAD, 137
IRON CATALYST, 149 MECHANISM, 23 MULTIPLE NANOFIBERS, 167
IRON NANOFIBRES, 69 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, MULTI-SPINNERET, 146
IR SPECTROSCOPY, 49 63 91 147 161 MULTI-SPINNERET
156 MECHANICAL TESTING, 156
ELECTROSPINNING, 63
ISOTACTIC POLY(1-BUTENE) 166
MULTIWALL CARBON
FIBROUS MEMBRANES, 92 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 22
NANOTUBES, 67 156
155
MULTI-WALLED CARBON
MEH SIDE GROUPS, 95 96
J MELT ELECTROSPINNING, 46
NANOTUBE, 81 92
MULTI-WALLED CARBON
JET BENDING, 150 88 97 98 111 116 162
NANOTUBES, 135
JET INITIATION, 12 MELT ELECTROSPINNIN
MULTIWALLED CARBON
GPOLYMERS, 145
NANOTUBES, 147
MELT PROCESSING, 183
K MELT SPINNING, 27 99 102
MULTI-WALLED CARBON
MELT SPINNING NANOTUBES, 88 96
KERATIN/POLYETHYLENE
TECHNOLOGY, 101 MULTIWALLED CARBON
OXIDE NANOFIBRES, 98
MERCURY POROSIMETRY, 75 NANOTUBES, 101
89 170 174
L METALLIZATION OF POLY N
LAB SCALE DEVICE, 127 (GLYCIDYLMETHACR-
YLATE), 125 NAFION SOLUTIONS, 68
LASER MELTING DEVICE, 97
LASER SENSORS, 71 METHACRYLATE-BASED NANOCOMPOSITE FIBRE
LATEX DISPERSION, 90 COPOLYMERS, 98 MEMBRANES, 66
LATTICEWORK FIBRE, 39 MICROCRACKING, 116 NANOCOMPOSITE FIBRES, 119
LEAKY DIELECTRIC MODEL, 3 MICROFLUIDIC 133 147
LINEAR POLYACRYLAMIDES ELECTROSPINNING, 77 NANOFIBER DIAMETER, 96
ELECTROSPINNING, 83 MICRO/NANOFIBERS, 144 NANOFIBER FABRICATION, 79
LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION, 136 MICROPATTERNING, 92 NANOFIBER GARLANDS, 180
LIQUID CRYSTAL MICROSCOPIC POLYMER NANOFIBER MATS, 66 93 112
POLARIZERS, 69 CUPS, 153 NANOFIBERS, 130

194 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

NANOFIBER SPINNING O LIQUID CRYSTAL MAIN-

PROCESS, 72 CHAIN POLYMERS, 77
NANOFIBER YARNS, 63 67 68 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 69 PHOTOCROSSLINKING
NANOFIBRE MORPHOLOGY, OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 83 91 PROCESS, 41
92 96 103 128 129 132 142 147 PHOTOELECTRON
82 98
150 160 168 174 179 186 SPECTROSCOPY, 160
NANOFIBRE, 45 56
OPTICAL SCANNING, 140 157 PHOTOGRAPHY, 69
NANOFIBRES SCAFFOLD, 169
OPTICAL SENSING, 175 180 183 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE, 102
NANOFIBRE TEXTILES, 83 OPTICAL SENSORS, 143 184 148
NANOFIBRE WEBS, 117 OPTIMUM ELECTROSPINNING, PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
NANOFIBRILLAR SURFACES 162 POLYETHYLENE
ELECTROSPINNING, 79 OPTIMUM MORPHOLOGY, 159 OXIDE-ZNO, 99
NANOFIBROUS MATS, 167 172 OPTIMUM PARAMETERS, 146 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
NANOFIBROUS STRUCTURES, OPTIMUM SPINNING, 149 PROPERTIES, 125
165 ORIENTED YARNS, 82 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
NANOFIBROUS SUGAR STICKS ORTHOGONAL SPECTROSCOPY, 157
ELECTROSPUN, 108 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD, PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
103 STUDIES, 129
NANOPARTICLE FILTRATION,
OSTWARD VISCOMETER, 124 PHOTOLUMINESCENT
81 TIO2/PPV HYBRID
OXYGEN DEMAND TESTING,
NANOSCALE FIBERS, 66 NANOPARTICLE-POLYMER
160
NANOSCALE MATERIALS, 20 FIBERS, 102
OXYGEN PLASMA
NANOSCALE PVAL FIBRE, 182 PHOTONIC APPLICATIONS, 144
TREATMENT, 96
NANO-SECONDARY ION MASS PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, 132
SPECTROMETRY (NANO- PHYSICAL GELATION, 141
SIMS), 37 P PHYSISORPTION, 120
NANOSIZE FIBRES, 118 PIGMENT AND RESIN
PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES, TECHNOLOGY, 109
NANO/SUBMICRON-FIBRE, 100 166 PLA NANOFIBER, 127
NANOTECHNOLOGY, 20 PAN/DMF CONCENTRATIONS, PLASMA ETCHING, 171
NANO WOOL KERATIN 76 PLASMA RADIATION
CRYSTALS, 57 PAN NANOFIBRES, 147 GRAFTING, 145
NATURAL BIOPOLYMER, 110 PASS SOLUTION, 72 PLATEAU-RAYLEIGH
NEEDLE DIAMETER, 96 PATIENT CONSUMABLES, 22 INSTABILITY, 10 13 14
NERVE TISSUE ENGINEERING, PBS NANOPARTICLES, 140 PLLA, 26
108 PCL/HA NANOCOMPOSITE PLLA/BETA-TCP HYBRID
NITROGEN ADSORPTION, 75 FIBERS ELECTROSPINNING, MEMBRANE, 74
111 PLLA/PEG NANOFIBERS, 101
NMR, 166
PDMS-BASED MICROFLUIDIC PMMA COAXIAL FIBRES, 158
NMR SPECTROSCOPY, 49 70
DEVICE, 77 PMMA-CO-PMAA
NON-WOVEN MATS, 134 146 PDMS/SIO2 HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES, 146
179 ELECTROSPINNING FIBERS, PMMA MATRIX, 96
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC 56 POLARISED LIGHT
RESONANCE PDS/NANO-HA BIOCOMPOSITE MICROSCOPY, 49 178
SPECTROSCOPY, 81 85 121 NANOFIBERS, 44 POLARISED OPTICAL
NYLON 6 AND NYLON PEO MATRIX, 91 MICROSCOPY, 63 145 157 166
6-MONTMORILLONITE PEO/POLYVINYL POLARIZED RAMAN
NANOCOMPOSITE, 184 PYRROLIDONE SPECTROSCOPY, 45
NYLON-6 ELECTROSPUN ELECTROSPUN, 56 POLYACRYLIC ACID
FIBER WEBS, 153 PEO SHELL, 135 ELECTROSPINNING, 67
PET AND NYLON 6 POLYACRYLONITRILE-BASED
NYLON 6/FIBRILLAR SILICATE
ELECTROSPUN FIBER NANOFIBRES, 117
NANOCOMPOSITE, 95
WEBS, 131 POLY(ACRYLONITRILE)
NYLON 6-MONTMORILLONITE
PET ELECTROSPUN CARBON NANOTUBE
NANOCOMPOSITE, 183 NANOMATS, 66 COMPOSITE FIBERS
NYLON 6 NANOFIBERS BY PHASE CONTRAST, 105 SUPERCAPACITOR
ELECTROSPINNING, 65 PHOSPHOLIPID-MODIFIED ELECTRODES, 112
NYLON 6 NANOFIBRES, 67 73 NANOFIBRES, 119 POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBRE,
127 PHOTOCROSSLINKABLE 151

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 195

 Subject Index

POLY(ACRYLONITRILE) POLYESTERS, 166 POLYMER ELECTROSPINNING,

FIBRES, 139 POLYETHER IMIDE, 61 83
POLYACRYLONITRILE POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER, 60 POLYMER-FIBER MATRICES,
NANOFIBERS, 95 145 156 166 140
POLYACRYLONITRILE POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER BY POLYMER JETS, 36 154
NANOFIBER YARN, 79 ELECTROSPINNING, 47 POLYMER MATS, 74
POLYACRYLONITRILE POLYETHERSULFONE POLYMER MEMBRANES, 41
NANOFIBER YARNS, 146 NANOFIBRES, 76 POLYMER MEMBRANES FOR
POLYACRYLONITRILE POLYETHERSULFONE FUEL CELLS, 65
NANOFIBRES, 169 06 134 145 NANOFIBRES, 47 POLYMER NANOFIBERS, 109
POLYACRYLONITRILE POLYETHYLENE-CO-VINYL POLYMER NANOFIBRE ION
NANOFIBROUS ALCOHOL, 98 EXCHANGERS (PNIE), 112
MEMBRANE, 61 POLYETHYLENE NANOFIBERS, POLYMER NANOFIBRE YARNS,
POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN), 95 50
26 POLYETHYLENE OXIDE/ POLYMER SCAFFOLDS, 93
POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) CHITOSAN NANOFIBRES, 50 POLYMER SCIENCE, 35 36 37
FIBRES, 162 POLYETHYLENEOXIDE POLYMERS IN DEFENCE AND
POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) FIBERS, 91 AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS,
NANOFIBRES, 171 176 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) 77
POLYAMIDE 6 NANOFIBER, 154 (PEO), 25 82 POLYMER SUPPLY
POLYAMIDE FIBRES, 178 POLYETHYLENE OXIDE (PEO) MODIFICATIONS, 19
POLYANILINE NANOFIBRES, NANOFIBERS, 88 104 POLYMER TESTING, 144
37 46 POLY(ETHYLENE POLYMORPHISM, 76 87 103
POLYANILINE (PANI) POLY(PHENYLENE VINYLENE)
TEREPHTHALATE) AND
NANOWIRES, 37 (PPV) NANOFIBRES, 99
POLYALIRATE, 88
POLYARYLENE SULFIDE POLYPROPYLENE (PP), 27
POLYETHYLENE
SULPHONE (PASS), 72 POLYPYRROLE FIBERS SPUN,
TEREPHTHALATE
POLY(BIS(TRIFLUOROETHOXY) 141
NANOFIBRES, 47 80
PHOSPHAZENE) POLYPYRROLE NANOFIBERS,
POLY(GLYCOLIDE-CO-
ELECTROSPINNING, 80 129
LACTIDE), 175
POLYBITHIOPHENE POLYSTYRENE NANOFIBERS,
POLY HYDROGEL NANOFIBER,
NANOFIBRES, 54 47
60
POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE POLYSTYRENE (PS), 25
POLYIMIDE FIBER
NANOFIBRES, 65 POLYSTYRENE (PS) FIBRES,
MEMBRANES, 102
POLYCAPROLACTONE, 105 178 159
POLYCAPROLACTONE POLYIMIDE FIBRES, 171 POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS,
ELECTROSPINNING, 180 POLYIMIDE ULTRAFINE 99 156
POLYCAPROLACTONE (PCL), FIBERS, 178 POLYSTYRENE SURFACES, 111
26 93 POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA, 26 POLYSULFONE(PSU) FIBER
POLYCARBONATE FIBERS, 105 POLY(LACTIDE) NANOFIBERS, MESH, 133
POLYCARBONATE 97 POLYSULFONE SPHERES, 66
NANOFIBRES, 163 POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) POLYURETHANE
POLYDIACETYLENE NANOFIBER, 119 NANOFIBERS, 49
SUPRAMOLECULES, 92 POLY(L-LACTIDE- POLYURETHANE TISSUE
POLY(DICYCLOPENTADIENE) CO-GLYCOLIDE) ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS,
SUBMICRON, 131 BIODEGRADABLE 66
POLYELECTROLYTE MICROFIBERS, 108 POLYURETHANE UREAS, 154
FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLY-L-LACTIDE POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 77
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 131 NANOFIBERS, 39 POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
POLYELECTROLYTE POLYMER BATTERIES, 132 ELECTROSPINNING, 97
MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS, POLYMER CHAIN ALIGNMENT, POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
132 15 FIBERS, 178
POLY(EPSILON- POLYMER COLLOIDS, 148 POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
CAPROLACTONE) (PCL), 60 POLYMER COMPOSITES, 55 NANOFIBRES, 150
90 POLYMER CONCENTRATION, POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVAL),
POLY-EPSILON- 148 47
CAPROLACTONE (PCL) POLYMER ELECTROLYTES POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)
MICROFIBRES, 174 (PES), 82 (PVOH), 25

196 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH) R SCANNING ELECTRON

NANOFIBRES, 23 MICROSCOPY, 40 45 47 49 50
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE RADIAL PERTURBATION, 14 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 63 64 65
FIBRES, 181 RAMAN ANALYSIS, 120 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC) RAMAN 78 79 80 81 83 84 88 89 90 91
TUBE, 19 MICROSPECTROMETRY, 175 94 95 97 98 99 100 101 102 105
POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 68 69 106 107 108 110 111 112 113
(KYNAR 761) NANOFIBRES, 76 91 92 129 141 149 152 155 114 116 117 118 119 121 122
51 156 165 174 185 123 124 126 129 131 132 134
POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE, 56 RARE-EARTH MODIFICATION, 135 136 144 145 147 151 153
POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE 169 156 157 158 159 163 165 166
ELECTROSPINNING, 52 RAYLEIGH INSTABILITY, 123 172 173 174 177 178 181 182
POLY(VINYL PYRROLIDONE) RAYLEIGH INSTABILITY 184 185
NANOFIBERS, 160 ELECTROSPINNING JET, 114 SCANNING ELECTRON
POROUS MORPHOLOGY, 136 RAYLEIGH'S THEORY, 170 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 138
POROUS STRUCTURE OF REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING, SCANNING OPTICAL
ELECTROSPUN FIBERS, 131 148 MICROSCOPY, 126
POROUS SURFACE REACTIVE ELECTROSPINNING SCANNING PROBE
MORPHOLOGY, 131 HYDROGEL NANOFIBERS, MICROSCOPY (SPM), 119
PORPHYRINATED 147 SCANNING TRANSMISSION
NANOFIBERS RECOMBINANT HYBRID SILK, ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,
COPOLYMERIZATION 179 74
ELECTROSPINNING, 115 REDOX ENZYME SCION IMAGE ANALYSIS
POST-DEPOSITION IMMOBILIZATION, 131 PROGRAM, 176
STRETCHING PROCESS, 50 RESIDUAL SOLVENT SDS-PAGE, 49
P-PHENYLENEVINYLENE RETENTION, 73 SEC, 155
NANOFIBER YARNS, 121 RESPONSE SURFACE SELECTED AREA ELECTRON
PPV, 99 METHODOLOGY, 137 142 DIFFRACTION, 47 48 49 50 54
PPV PRECURSOR ALCOHOL RHEOMETRY, 115 166 59 60 64 69 75 77 84 85 86 89
SOLUTION, 99 RIBBONS, 148 92 96 98 100 101 102 105 108
PRECURSOR ROBOTS, 91 109 117 122 123 124 125 127
ELECTROSPINNING, 121 ROOM-TEMPERATURE IONIC 129 131 132 133 134 137 140
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 68 LIQUID, 82 141 142 143 144 148 149 154
PROTEINASE K, 62 ROOM TEMPERATURE 155 157 160 163 164 165 166
PROTEIN FIBERS, 165 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE 168 169 170 173 174 175 176
PROTON NMR, 77 152 155 SPECTROSCOPY, 129 177 178 179 180 182
PSF FILMS, 65 SELF-BUNDLING
POLYANILINE FIBRES, 99 ELECTROSPINNING, 50
SILK SYNTHETIC FIBRES, 129 S SELF-COMPLEMENTARY
PVA/BORON POLYMER, 78 SALT-INDUCED MULTIPLE HYDROGEN
PVAL SHELL, 135 ELECTROSPINNING BONDING (SCMHB)
PVA/PEI ULTRA-FINE FIBERS, METHOD, 73 GROUPS, 155
105 SAMIA CYNTHIA RICINI SILK,
PVDF MEMBRANES, 55 179 SEM (DIAMETER AND
PVDF NANOFIBER, 75 132 SAXS, 152 MORPHOLOGY), 79
PVOH NONWOVEN MATS, 142 SBS TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER, SEMICONDUCTOR
PVP/MEH-PPV COMPOSITE 186 NANOSTRUCTURES, 95
POLYMER FIBERS, 95 SCAFFOLDS, 184 SEMI-DILUTE POLYSTYRENE
PVP SCALING LAW, 153 SOLUTIONS
(POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE) SCALING LAWS ELECTROSPINNING, 97
FIBRES, 23 ELECTROSPINNING SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODEL, 153
PYROLYSIS, 85 POLYSTYRENE SOLUTIONS, SEM (SURFACE
110 MORPHOLOGY), 78
SCANNING AND SEM TECHNIQUES, 137 157
Q TRANSMISSION ELECTRON SHEAR STRESS, 6
QUANTUM DOT MICROSCOPY, 67 88 92 97 SIC CORES, 116
NANOCOMPOSITE, 91 SCANNING CALORIMETRY, 73 SIDE-BY-SIDE BICOMPONENT
QUATERNISED CHITOSAN, 97 78 ELECTROSPINNING, 173

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 197

 Subject Index

SILK FIBROIN FIBERS, 128 SUPERHYDROPHOBIC THERMAL EFFECTS ON

SILVER NANOPARTICLES, 56 POLYMER FIBERS, 74 ELECTROSPINNING OF
SINGLE LIGHT EMITTERS, 109 SUPERHYDROPHOBIC POLYLACTIC ACID MELTS,
SINGLE WALLED CARBON SURFACES, 112 126 116
NANOTUBES (SWNT), 23 SUPERHYDROPHOBIC THERMAL IMIDISATION, 178
SIROFIL TECHNOLOGY, 52 SURFACES THERMAL POST-TREATMENT,
SIX FILAMENT YARN, 63 ELECTROSPINNING 24
SLIDING ANGLE, 121 PROCESS, 121 THERMAL RADIATIVE
SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SUPERPARAMAGNETIC CONDUCTIVITY, 67
SCATTERING, 114 122 POLYMERIC NANOFIBRES, THERMAL RADIATIVE
SMART MATERIALS AND 164 PROPERTIES, 67
STRUCTURES, 90 106 146 SUPERPARAMAGNETIC THERMAL TREATMENT, 68
SMOOTH FIBRES, 148 SUBSTRATES, 124 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
SODIUM ALGINATE SURFACE CHARGE, 9 ANALYSIS, 56 68 71 85 88 107
BLEND NANOWEBS SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, 75 121 122 125 144
ELECTROSPINNING, 84 109 112 119 126 136 168 180 THERMOPLASTIC
SODIUM ALGINATE SURFACE TENSION, 7 9 10 12 13 ELASTOMERS, 109
NANOFIBERS 16 72 123 126 142 156 167 THERMOPLASTIC
ELECTROSPINNING, 70 SURFACTANT-POLYMER POLYURETHANE
SOIL FILAMENTOUS FUNGI, SYSTEM, 142 ELASTOMER FIBRE MATS,
159 SUTURES, 122 142
SOL-ELECTROSPINNING SYNDIOTACTIC 1,2- THERMORESPONSIVE
METHOD, 86 POLYBUTADIENE FIBERS WETTABILITY, 60
SOL-GEL COATING ELECTROSPINNING, 102 THIN FILMS, 77
TECHNIQUE, 185 SYNTHETIC METALS, 35 139 THIOLATED POLYVINYL
SOL-GEL ELECTROSPINNING, 140 141 148 149 169 175 176 ALCOHOL
147 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS, 25 ELECTROSPINNING, 71
SOLUTION ELECTROSPINNING, SYNTHETIC VASCULAR THREE-POINT BENDING
114 GRAFTS, 4 TESTS, 164
SOLUTION PARAMETERS, 16 SYRINGE PUMP, 9 17 TIME-DEPENDENT
SOLVENT IN TRANSFORMATION, 92
ELECTROSPINNING EFFECT, TIN OXIDE NANOFIBERS, 129
136 T TISSUE ENGINEERING, 37 39
SPECTROSCOPY, 71 74 100 106 TAPPING MODE ATOMIC 52 60 64 66 73 75 78 88 93 94
SPINAL CORD REPAIR, 79 FORCE MICROSCOPY, 129 132 150 155 158 170 180 182
SPINNING PROCESS, 172 TAYLOR CONES, 3 5 10 12 14 16 184 185
SPIVAK-DZENIS MODEL, 80 17 39 49 56 64 66 69 73 74 79 TISSUE ENGINEERING
SQUID MAGNETOMETRY, 69 82 84 86 90 92 100 102 116 117 SCAFFOLDS, 106 118
STAINLESS STEEL MESHES, 122 124 125 127 129 131 141 TISSUE ENGINEERING
154 144 145 147 149 152 154 156 VIA ELECTROSPUN
STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES, 163 166 174 176 180 186 BIOMIMETIC NANOFIBERS,
150 TENSILE DEFORMATION OF 79
STENT MANUFACTURE, 20 ELECTROSPUN NYLON-6, TISSUE GROWTH SCAFFOLDS,
STRESS-STRAIN TESTING, 158 130 62
SUBMICROMETER FIBRES, 106 TENSILE MEASUREMENTS, 81 TISSUE ROAD MAP, 184
SUBMICRON ELECTROSPUN 88 TISSUE SCAFFOLDING, 20 22
CELLULOSE FIBRES, 149 TENSILE MECHANICAL TEST, 116 126 174
SUB-MICRON FIBRES, 99 122 55 TISSUE SCAFFOLDING
FIBRES, 185 TENSILE MECHANICS, 92 MATERIAL, 105
SUBMICRON POLYSTYRENE TENSILE TESTING, 63 64 71 78 T-PEEL TESTS, 91
(PS) FIBRES, 90 92 97 103 105 107 113 116 119 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
SULFONATED CARBON 127 129 132 133 144 146 155 MICROSCOPY, 43 55 57 63 81
NANOFIBRES, 65 168 87 88 95 106 110 114 151 176
SUPER CAPACITORS, 24 TERPOLYMERS, 35 186
SUPERHYDROPHOBIC TEXTILE MATERIALS, 111 TRANSPARENT POLYMER
FABRICS, 138 THERMAL ANNEALING, 69 MATERIALS, 84
SUPERHYDROPHOBICITY, 126 THERMAL CROSSLINKING, 71 TRICLINIC CELL STRUCTURE,
138 139 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 160 130

198 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Subject Index

TWO-CAPILLARY SPINNERET, UNIFORM FIBRES, 140 WOUND DRESSINGS, 20 94 102

157 UPWARD NEEDLELESS 122 132 143
TWO FLUID ELECTROSPINNING, 167 WOUND HEALING, 180
ELECTROSPINNING, 129 135 UV CIRCULAR DICHROISM
SPECTROSCOPY, 49
UV CURING, 77
X
U UV IRRADIATION, 120 X-RAY DIFFRACTION, 49 65 71
UHMW POLYMERS, 95 UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY, 66 74 77 78 79 86 88 89 91 97
ULTRAFINE ELASTIC FIBRES, 122 125 127 144 145 176 100 101 103 105 106 111 116
181 123 125 126 129 139 144 147
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN 149 152 155 158 166 169 176
EGG ALBUMEN-PEO V 177 182
COMPOSITE FIBERS, 104 X-RAY MAPPING, 56
VAPOUR PHASE
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON
POLYMERIZATION, 129
POLYAMIDE-6 FIBERS, 142 SPECTROSCOPY, 37 45 58 74
VASCULAR GRAFTS, 60
157 77 80 84 100 102 106 114 117
VIBRATION
ULTRAFINE ELECTROSPUN 121 125 129 133 141 142 145
ELECTROSPINNING, 38 79 80 179
POLYMER FIBRES, 127
VIDEOGRAPHY, 85
ULTRAFINE EPDM FIBRES, 52
VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR, 7
ULTRA-FINE FIBER
FABRICATION, 148 VISCOELASTIC ELECTROSPUN Y
ULTRAFINE FIBERS, 86 122 172 JETS, 61
YARN SPINNING
ULTRA-FINE FIBERS VISCOELASTICITY, 6 7 11
MECHANISMS, 67
ELECTROSPINNING VISCOSITY, 16 43 72 122 123 126 YBCO NANOFIBERS, 55
THERMOSET EPOXY RESIN, 133 142 143 149 155 156 162 YOUNG'S MODULUS, 131 140
107 165 167 176 179 144 151 156
ULTRAFINE FIBRE MATS, 122 VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY, 77
ULTRAFINE FIBRES, 59 62 70 71 VOIGT-KELVIN MODEL, 7
100 105 117 118 122 174 175 Z
ULTRAFINE FIBROUS ZEIN, 27
CELLULOSE MEMBRANES, W ZEIN FIBRES, 92
181 WATER ABSORPTION, 64 158 ZEIN NANOFIBER MATS, 107
ULTRAFINE FIBROUS WATER ADSORPTION, 64 113
MEMBRANES, 64 WATER ADSORPTION
ULTRAFINE FIBROUS ZEIN ELECTROSPUN
MEMBRANES, 143 POLYAMIDE6/
ULTRA-FINE FILAMENT, 63 MONTMORILLONITE
ULTRAFINE NANOFIBERS, 63
POLYACRYLONITRILE, 126 WATER CONTACT ANGLE, 80
ULTRA-FINE POLYAMIDE-6 WET SPINNING, 122
FIBRES, 140
WETTABILITY, 111
ULTRAFINE POLY(BUTYLENE
WIDE ANGLE X-RAY
SUCCINATE) FIBERS, 137
DIFFRACTION, 70 92 98 122
ULTRA-FINE
127 128 135 151 158 161 166
POLYELECTROLYTE, 150
168 174 182 186
ULTRAFINE POLYIMIDE FIBRE,
59 WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY
ULTRAFINE POLYSULFONE DIFFRACTION (WAXD), 75
FIBERS, 159 124 132 141 168 174
ULTRAFINE POLY(VINYL WIDE ANGLE X-RAY
ALCOHOL) FIBRE, 142 SCATTERING, 85 86 87 144
ULTRAPOROUS 3D POLYMER 186
MESHES, 72 WIDE ANGLE X-RAY
ULTRA-STRONG COMPOSITES, SCATTERING (WAXS), 69 87
20 157 WOUND DRESSING
ULTRATHIN PAN FIBRES, 79 APPLICATIONS, 84
ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE WOUND DRESSING
SPECTROSCOPY., 122 MATERIALS, 62

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 199

 Subject Index

200 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Company Index

Company Index

A BEIJING,UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, FLORIDA,UNIVERSITY, 61
AACHEN,UNIVERSITY OF 138
35 37 40 41 59 66 74 78 95 98
APPLIED SCIENCES, 158 CHALMERS,UNIVERSITY OF
AIST, 50 100 108 TECHNOLOGY, 64
AJOU,UNIVERSITY, 138 BEIJING,UNIVERSITY CHANGCHUN,INSTITUTE OF
AKRON,UNIVERSITY, 36 62 64 OF CHEMISTRY AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY, 172
69 78 82 91 112 120 132 156 CHANGCHUN,NORTHEAST
TECHNOLOGY, 94
158 166 169 170 171 177 180 NORMAL UNIVERSITY, 102
185 186 BEIJING,UNIVERSITY OF
109 118 177
ALABAMA,STATE UNIVERSITY, TECHNOLOGY & BUSINESS, CHANG GUNG,UNIVERSITY, 61
61 111 126 55 CHENGDU,SOUTHWESTERN
ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY, 44 61 BELFAST,QUEEN'S JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 62
105 111 CHENG KUNG,UNIVERSITY, 61
UNIVERSITY, 139
ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO,UNIVERSITY, 185
BIRMINGHAM, 126 BIELLA, 45
CHICAGO,UNIVERSITY OF
ALBANY,UNIVERSITY OF NEW BOLOGNA,UNIVERSITA, 36 ILLINOIS, 167
YORK, 153 BRATISLAVA,POLYMER CHINA,CIVIL AVIATION
ALEXANDRIA,GENETIC INSTITUTE, 177 UNIVERSITY, 40
ENGINEERING & CHINA,MINISTRY OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY BRITISH
EDUCATION, 153 164
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 181 COLUMBIA,UNIVERSITY, 57 CHINA,NATIONAL CENTRE
AMERICAN AIR FILTER BUDAPEST,RESEARCH FOR NANOSCIENCE AND
INTERNATIONAL, 182 INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY, 70
AMHERST,MASSACHUSETTS CHINA,NATIONAL NATURAL
TECHNICAL PHYSICS AND
UNIVERSITY, 156 SCIENCE FOUNDATION, 140
ANHUI,UNIVERSITY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 105
CHINA,NORTHEAST NORMAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BULGARIA,ACADEMY OF UNIVERSITY, 55 85 95 99 134
164 SCIENCES, 43 56 94 97 142 177 182
ANKARA,UNIVERSITY, 78 BULGARIA,INSTITUTE FOR CHINA,TEXTILE
ARIZONA,STATE UNIVERSITY, INFORMATION CENTRE, 39
NUCLEAR RESEARCH &
77 110 CHINA TEXTILE INSTITUTE,
ARTIMPLANT AB, 64 NUCLEAR ENERGY, 57
155
AVEIRO,UNIVERSIDADE, 66 CHINESE ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES, 76 102 109 147
C 172
B CHONBUK,NATIONAL
CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY, 113
BAR-ILAN,UNIVERSITY, 49 UNIVERSITY, 71 85 120 125
181
BEIJING,CHINESE ACADEMY 127 129 131 134 142 143 144
OF SCIENCES, 60 76 CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY AT 146 159 160 162 170 172 174
BEIJING,GRADUATE SCHOOL, DAVIS, 102 150 176 177 178 179 181 182
70 86 CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY AT CHONJU,NATIONAL UNIVER-
BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF LOS ANGELES, 120 156 175 SITY OF EDUCATION, 131
CHEMISTRY, 70 86 111 164 CHONNAM,NATIONAL
CANADA,NATIONAL
BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF UNIVERSITY, 101 115 163
PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 35 77 CHOSUN,UNIVERSITY, 47 61
TECHNOLOGY, 100 CANTERBURY,UNIVERSITY, 89 CHRISTCHURCH,CROP & FOOD
BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN CARNEGIE MELLON RESEARCH, 89
INSTITUTE, 59 UNIVERSITY, 91 CHULALONGKORN,
BEIJING,RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY, 43 59 86 96 98
CASE WESTERN RESERVE
OF TRAUMATOLOGY AND 100 105 110 118 123 126 128
ORTHOPAEDICS, 78 UNIVERSITY, 105 121 141 133 140 143 148 156 157 159
BEIJING,UNIVERSITY, 94 CCL BIOMEDICAL INC., 83 165

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 201

 Company Index

CHUNGBUK,NATIONAL DREXEL,UNIVERSITY, 44 57 68 HANNAM,UNIVERSITY, 146 178

UNIVERSITY, 110 146 75 76 93 127 144 145 148 155 181
CHUNGJU,NATIONAL 156 160 161 162 173 175 176 HANYANG,UNIVERSITY, 77 92
UNIVERSITY, 112 DUKE UNIVERSITY, 68 93 136 137 140 146 149 151 152
CHUNGNAM,COLLEGE OF DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& 169
ENGINEERING, 170 CO.INC., 93 HARBIN,INSTITUTE OF
CHUNGNAM,NATIONAL DURHAM,DUKE UNIVERSITY, TECHNOLOGY, 53 111
UNIVERSITY, 59 66 71 84 135 40 HARBIN,NORTHEAST
140 158 160 163 167 169 170 FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 53
CLEAN & SCIENCE CO.LTD., HARBIN,UNIVERSITY OF
182 E SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
CLEMSON,UNIVERSITY, 80 EAST CHINA,INSTITUTE OF 53
CONNECTICUT,UNIVERSITY, TECHNOLOGY, 42 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL,
54 72 86 107 121 127 EAST CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF 174
CO-OP CHEMICAL CO.LTD., 177 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, HEFEI,UNIVERSITY OF
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 44 45 177 TECHNOLOGY, 56 91
57 75 112 114 116 122 123 132 EASTMAN KODAK CO., 173 HEILONGJIANG,PROVINCIAL
149 EMORY UNIVERSITY, 182 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CRACOW UNIVERSITY OF ENSCHEDE,UNIVERSITY OF INSTITUTE, 109
TECHNOLOGY, 41 TWENTE, 142 144 HEILONGJIANG,UNIVERSITY,
CROWN RESEARCH ETH ZURICH, 72 85 99 102
INSTITUTE, 56 ETS INGENIEROS HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY OF
CSIC, 65 INDUSTRIALES DE TECHNOLOGY, 133 152
MALAGA, 121 HERIOT-WATT UNIVERSITY,
D EVANSTON,NORTHWESTERN 65 67
UNIVERSITY, 167 HEWLETT-PACKARD CO, 175
DAEGU,GYEONGBUK EWHA WOMENS UNIVERSITY, HILLS INC., 99 100
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 135 158 HIROSHIMA,UNIVERSITY, 81
AND TECHNOLOGY, 77 HONG KONG,POLYTECHNIC
DAEGU,UNIVERSITY, 87 UNIVERSITY, 49 57 67
DALIAN,FISHERIES F HUNGARY,ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY, 39 PHYSICS & MATERIALS
FENG CHIA,UNIVERSITY, 50
DALIAN,INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE INSTITUTE, 116
FINETEX TECHNOLOGY GLO-
CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 47
BAL LIMITED, 23 HYDRO-QUEBEC, 74
DALIAN,NATIONALITIES
FREIBURG,ALBERT-LUDWIGS HYOSONG CO., 140
UNIVERSITY, 39
UNIVERSITY, 77 177
DALIAN,UNIVERSITY OF
FUJIAN,NORMAL UNIVERSITY,
TECHNOLOGY, 111 136
43 60 I
DANKOOK, UNIVERSITY, 146
FUKUI,UNIVERSITY, 88 97 98 IFP RESEARCH AB, 106
DAQING, NORMAL COLLEGE,
85 INCHEON,UNIVERSITY, 167
INCHON,INHA UNIVERSITY,
DAYTON, UNIVERSITY, 140 183 G 170
DAYTON,
UNIVERSITY,RESEARCH GAZI,UNIVERSITY, 78 INEST GROUP, 77 113
INSTITUTE, 116 184 GEORGIA,INSTITUTE OF INHA,UNIVERSITY, 71 74 81 92
DEAKIN, UNIVERSITY, 139 TECHNOLOGY, 78 112 114 135 136 137 138 140 160 161
DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY, 46 51 118 153 182 162 176
83 84 85 91 92 101 104 114 115 GUANGZHOU,INSTITUTE OF INJE,UNIVERSITY, 138
130 144 157 165 168 180 185 CHEMISTRY, 43 86 164 ISFAHAN,UNIVERSITY OF
DONALDSON FILTRATION GUNMA,UNIVERSITY, 63 TECHNOLOGY, 70 79 94 120
SOLUTIONS, 115 GYEONGSANG,NATIONAL 127 134 145
DONALDSON INC., 23 UNIVERSITY, 83 ISRAEL,INSTITUTE OF
DONGHUA,UNIVERSITY, 47 48 TECHNOLOGY, 130 154
52 53 54 65 71 79 80 101 117 ISTANBUL,TECHNICAL
122 128 153 163 164
H UNIVERSITY, 44
DRESDEN,UNIVERSITY OF HALLE,MARTIN-LUTHER- IZMIR,INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 71 UNIVERSITAT, 88 106 151 TECHNOLOGY, 56

202 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Company Index

J KOREA,INSTITUTE OF MARBURG,PHILIPPS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY, 38 39 69 77 82
JAPAN,ADVANCED 103 136 149 152 90 126 131 150 151 160 170
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & KOREA,RESEARCH 178 185
TECHNOLOGY, 138 JAPAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL MARBURG,ZENTRUM FUER
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY, 176 182 MATERIALWISSENSCHAF-
AGENCY, 38 KOREA,SEJONG UNIVERSITY, TEN, 69
JAPAN VILENE CO.LTD., 38 81 120 MARTIN-LUTHER-
JIANGNAN,UNIVERSITY, 64 KOREA,UNIVERSITY, 92 141 UNIVERSITAT HALLE, 49
JIANGXI,MEDICINE COLLEGE, KRAFT FOODS, 121 149 147
124 KUMOH,NATIONAL INSTITUTE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL
JIANGXI,NORMAL OF TECHNOLOGY, 119
HOSPITAL, 178
UNIVERSITY, 38 42 64 124 KUMOH,NATIONAL
MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE
132 156 UNIVERSITY OF
OF TECHNOLOGY, 58 59 88
JILIN,UNIVERSITY, 39 59 73 87 TECHNOLOGY, 160
115 124 125 136 139 146 152
95 102 109 125 135 141 144 KYOTO,INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 36 63 162 164 174 185
145 148 161 168 176 MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY,
JIMEI,MIDDLE SCHOOL, 99 KYOTO,UNIVERSITY, 52 63
KYOTO,UNIVERSITY OF 37 47 61 82 89 90 130 145 146
JINING,MEDICAL COLLEGE, 53
TECHNOLOGY, 43 147 155 162 166 169 170 171
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,
KYUNGIL,UNIVERSITY, 87 172 173 175 176 180 183 184
81
KYUNGPOOK,NATIONAL MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT
UNIVERSITY, 37 48 87 110 FUR KOLLOID- &
K 151 GRENZFLAECH, 35 67 100
114 185
KANAZAWA,INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 75
L MELBOURNE,UNIVERSITY, 131
MENICON CO.LTD., 98
KANGNUNG,NATIONAL LAWRENCE BERKELEY MICHIGAN-
UNIVERSITY, 147 148 149 NATIONAL LABORATORY, DEARBORN,UNIVERSITY, 91
KANGWON,NATIONAL 103 MICHIGAN,STATE
UNIVERSITY, 75 LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE OF
UNIVERSITY, 80
KATO-TECH LTD., 127 POLYMER RESEARCH, 147
MICHIGAN,UNIVERSITY, 186
KEIMYUNG,UNIVERSITY, 51 78 LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY, 66
MILAN,POLYTECHNIC, 91
KHON KAEN,UNIVERSITY, 53 LNK CHEMSOLUTIONS, 122
MINNESOTA,UNIVERSITY, 69
KING MONGKUT'S INSTITUTE LODZ,INSTITUTE OF
CHEMICAL FIBRES, 137 MISSOURI,UNIVERSITY
OF TECHNOLOGY, 156 159
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL OF SCIENCE AND
KING MONGKUT'S INSTITUTE
LABORATORY, 121 123 149 TECHNOLOGY, 46
OF TECHNOLOGY
LOUISIANA,STATE MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL
LADKRABANG, 118
UNIVERSITY, 147 CO., 43
KING MONGKUT'S INSTITUTE
LOUVAIN,UNIVERSITE MONASH,UNIVERSITY, 50
OF TECHNOLOGY NORTH
CATHOLIQUE, 37 MONS HAINAUT,UNIVERSITY,
BANGKOK, 51 78
LOWELL,MASSACHUSETTS 58
KING MONGKUT'S
UNIVERSITY, 73 107 134 143 MONTREAL,UNIVERSITY, 35
UNIVERSITY OF
163 74 103
TECHNOLOGY THONBURI,
104 LUBBOCK,TEXAS TECH MOSCOW,STATE UNIVERSITY,
UNIVERSITY, 155 166
KOCHI,WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY,
LUND,UNIVERSITY, 137
75 132
KOC,UNIVERSITY, 166 181 N
KOREA,ADVANCED M
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY, 96 148 NAGOYA,INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 42 MALAGA,UNIVERSITY, 110 113 TECHNOLOGY, 98
KOREA,ATOMIC ENERGY MANASSAS,GEORGE MASON NANJING,NORMAL
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 163 UNIVERSITY, 83 UNIVERSITY, 37
KOREA,INSTITUTE OF MARBURG,MAX NANJING,SOUTHEAST
ENERGY RESEARCH, 71 160 PLANCK INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY, 39 63 68 69 107
KOREA,INSTITUTE OF FOR TERRESTRIAL 113
MACHINERY & MATERIALS, MICROBIOLOGY, 82 NANYANG,TECHNOLOGICAL
79 93 118 130 146 MARBURG,PHILIPPS, 42 UNIVERSITY, 36 103

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 203

 Company Index

NARA,MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, PERNAMBUCO,UNIVERSIDADE SEOUL,CHUNG-ANG

49 FEDERAL, 99 UNIVERSITY, 153
NARESUAN UNIVERSITY, 118 PHILIP MORRIS USA, 75 93 107 SEOUL,KONKUK UNIVERSITY,
NASA,LANGLEY RESEARCH 110 123 151
CENTER, 179 PHILIPPS-UNIVERSITAT, 141 SEOUL,KOREA UNIVERSITY,
NATIONAL CHENG KUNG PITTSBURGH,UNIVERSITY, 39 129
UNIVERSITY, 79 50 SEOUL,NATIONAL
NEBRASKA- PLOVDIV,UNIVERSITY, 43
UNIVERSITY, 78 131 135 153
LINCOLN,UNIVERSITY, 38 POLARTEC, LLC, 23
158
64 122 PUERTO RICO,UNIVERSITY, 76
SEOUL,NATIONAL
NEVADA,UNIVERSITY, 106 119 148 169
NEW JERSEY,INSTITUTE OF PUNE,NATIONAL CHEMICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY, 40 90 LABORATORY, 41 DENTISTRY, 163
NEW JERSEY,UNIVERSITY OF PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 55 128 SEOUL,SEJONG UNIVERSITY,
MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY, PUSAN,CATHOLIC 169
80 UNIVERSITY, 138 SEVILLA,UNIVERSIDAD, 110
NEW YORK,STATE PUSAN,NATIONAL SEVILLE,UNIVERSITY, 113
UNIVERSITY, 105 116 127 131 UNIVERSITY, 96 SHANDONG,UNIVERSITY, 86
161 175 177 183 PUSHCHINO,INSTITUTE SHANGHAI,DONGHUA
NEW YORK,STATE OF THEORETICAL UNIVERSITY, 38 45 49 50 61
UNIVERSITY AT & EXPERIMENTAL 67 138 139 141 151 152 154
BINGHAMTON, 159 BIOPHYSICS, 83 163
NEW YORK,UNIVERSITY, 182 SHANGHAI,INSTITUTE OF
NEW ZEALAND,CROP AND CERAMICS, 70
FOOD RESEARCH CENTRE, Q SHANXI,UNIVERSITY, 124
57 QUEBEC,UNIVERSITY, 74 SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY, 70
NIIGATA,UNIVERSITY, 144 155
SHENZHEN,GRADUATE
173
SCHOOL, 52
NORTH R SHIGA
CAROLINA,AGRICULTURAL
RAISIO CHEMICALS, 143 PREFECTURE,UNIVERSITY,
& TECH.STATE UNIV., 83 117
RALEIGH,NC STATE 42 127 173
NORTH CAROLINA,STATE
UNIVERSITY, 87 SHINSHU,UNIVERSITY, 101 124
UNIVERSITY, 35 41 43 44 65
RAMKHAMHAENG, 159 160
67 73 83 88 100 101 114 163
UNIVERSITY, 86 105 126 140
184 SHIRATORI
143
NORTH CHINA,INSTITUTE NANOTECHNOLOGY
RHODE ISLAND,UNIVERSITY,
OF SCIENCE AND CO.LTD., 168
80
TECHNOLOGY, 69 SICHUAN,UNIVERSITY, 47 48
ROURKELA,NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF 72 76 93
O TECHNOLOGY, 66 SINGAPORE,INSTITUTE OF
OHIO,STATE UNIVERSITY, 73 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF MATERIALS RESEARCH &
OSAKA,UNIVERSITY, 119 SCIENCES, 83 ENGINEERING, 36 103 109
RUTGERS,UNIVERSITY, 80 105 SINGAPORE,NATIONAL
P UNIVERSITY, 66 81 108 109
121 132 133 139 148 169
PACIFIC NORTHWEST S SKC CO.LTD., 103
NATIONAL LABORATORY, SLOVAK,TECHNOLOGICAL
SABANCI,UNIVERSITY, 56 112
149
121 125 166 181 UNIVERSITY, 177
PADOVA,UNIVERSITA, 41
SABIC, 35 SMALL BUSINESS TRAINING
PATRAS,UNIVERSITY, 92
SAMSUNG ADVANCED INSTITUTE, 74
PEKING,UNIVERSITY, 70 74
PENN STATE ERIE, BEHREND INSTITUTE OF SMITHERS RAPRA
COLLEGE, 40 TECHNOLOGY, 96 TECHNOLOGY LTD., 77
PENNSYLVANIA,STATE SAMSUNG SDI CORPORATE SOFIA,INSTITUTE OF
UNIVERSITY, 80 129 147 148 R & D CENTRE, 96 MICROBIOLOGY, 56
149 166 SAO CARLOS,UNIVERSIDADE SOFIA,INSTITUTE OF
PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY, FEDERAL, 98 POLYMERS, 56 57 58 60 102
159 175 183 SELCUK,UNIVERSITY, 78 164

204 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Company Index

SOFIA,TECHNOLOGICAL TEHRAN,MALEK ASHTAR U

UNIVERSITY, 60 UNIVERSITY OF
SOGANG,UNIVERSITY, 71 TECHNOLOGY, 85 UDUMALPET,GOVERNMENT
SOOCHOW,UNIVERSITY, 58 87 TEHRAN,SHARIF UNIVERSITY ARTS COLLEGE, 129 131
SOONGSIL,UNIVERSITY, 110 UNITED AIR SPECIALISTS INC.,
OF TECHNOLOGY, 79
SOUTH DAKOTA,SCHOOL OF 116
TEHRAN,UNIVERSITY, 85 88
MINES & TECHNOLOGY, 95 UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGY
TEIJIN LTD., 143
127 164 CORP., 183
TENNESSEE,UNIVERSITY, 36 US,AIR FORCE RESEARCH
SOUTH DAKOTA,SCHOOL OF 104 114 LABORATORY, 120 183
MINES & TECHNOLOGY, 86 TENNESSEE,UNIVERSITY AT US,ARMY,NATICK SOLDIER
SOUTH VEHICLE GROUP, 111 KNOXVILLE, 68 155 SYSTEMS CENTER, 134 155
SOUTHWEST TEXAS,A & M UNIVERSITY, 46 171 182 183
JIAOTONG,UNIVERSITY, 103 TEXAS,PAN AMERICAN US,ARMY RESEARCH
SPIDER-WEB® FILTERS, 23 UNIVERSITY, 64 96 124 LABORATORY, 84 143 146
STELLENBOSCH,UNIVERSITY, 184 186
TEXAS,UNIVERSITY, 41 46 103
139 153 US,ARMY SOLDIER &
TEXAS,UNIVERSITY AT
ST.LOUIS,WASHINGTON BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL
DALLAS, 105
UNIVERSITY, 60 81 COMMAND, 145 184
THAILAND,NATIONAL
STONYBROOK TECHNOLOGY
METAL & MATERIALS
& APPLIED RESEARCH INC.,
TECHNOLOGY CENTER, 156 V
149 161 175 177 182
THAMMASAT,UNIVERSITY, 123
STONY BROOK,UNIVERSITY, VIRGINIA,COMMONWEALTH
156
48 50 135 149 UNIVERSITY, 46 64 79 93 105
SUNG KYUN TIANJIN,HOSPITAL, 119
107 109 141 153 167 174 178
KWAN,ADVANCED TIANJIN,POLYTECHNIC
180 181 183 184
INSTITUTE OF UNIVERSITY, 157
VIRGINIA,POLYTECHNIC
NANOTECHNOLOGY, 96 TIANJIN,RESEARCH
INSTITUTE & STATE
SUNG KYUN KWAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL UNIVERSITY, 47 54 66 125
UNIVERSITY, 51 83 96 106 129 AND CHEMICAL 133 150 154 155 157 166 172
SUN KYUN KWAN ENGINEERING OF 173
UNIVERSITY, 141 NUCLEAR INDUSTRY, 47 VIRGINIA TECH, 54 175
SUZHOU,UNIVERSITY, 39 63 72 TIANJIN,UNIVERSITY, 55 62 64 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH
SWEDEN,INSTITUTE FOR 90 104 106 117 119 142 149 CENTRE OF FINLAND, 48
FIBER AND POLYMER 153 156 159
RESEARCH, 64 TOKYO INSTITUTE OF
SWEDISH INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY, 75 132
W
FIBRE & POLYMER TOKYO,UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON,UNIVERSITY,
RESEARCH, 137 OF AGRICULTURE & 149 151 157 168
SYSTRAN FEDERAL CORP., 183 TECHNOLOGY, 179 WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF
SZCZECINSKA,POLITECHNIKA, TONGJI,UNIVERSITY, 41 42 55 SCIENCE, 92
35 97 107 116 117 122 128 137 WICHITA,STATE UNIVERSITY,
139 142 151 169
TORINO,POLITECNICO, 84 98 WORCESTER,POLYTECHNIC
T TORONTO,UNIVERSITY, 50
INSTITUTE, 85 89 94 97 99
TA INSTRUMENTS-WATERS 108 109 154 165
TSINGHUA,UNIVERSITY, 46 47
LLC, 105 WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR
52 74 110 137 FORCE BASE, 184
TAIWAN,CENTRAL TSING HUA,UNIVERSITY, 78
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE WUHAN,UNIVERSITY, 108
123 165
AND TECHNOLOGY, 50
TUFTS UNIVERSITY, 129 136
TAIWAN,NATIONAL CHENG
KUNG UNIVERSITY, 40 110 161 162 179 X
TAMPERE,UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH ATOMIC ENERGY XIAN,FOURTH MILITARY
TECHNOLOGY, 48 72 133 152 AUTHORITY, 78 MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 84
TECHNION-ISRAEL INSTITUTE TVER,TECHNICAL XIANGTAN UNIVERSITY, 80
OF TECHNOLOGY, 56 95 132 UNIVERSITY, 166 XIAN JIAOTONG,UNIVERSITY,
167 TWENTE,UNIVERSITY, 109 151 84

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 205

 Company Index

Y
YALE,UNIVERSITY, 40
YAMAGATA,UNIVERSITY, 38
YAMANASHI,UNIVERSITY, 68
121
YEUNGNAM,UNIVERSITY, 77
84 108 162
YOKOHAMA,KEIO
UNIVERSITY, 168
YONSEI,UNIVERSITY, 78

Z
ZAGAZIG,UNIVERSITY, 120
ZAGREB,SVEUCILISTE, 150
ZAGREB,UNIVERSITY, 59
ZHEJIANG,UNIVERSITY, 51 54
70 108 115 119 130 131 136
ZHONGYUAN,UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, 69

206 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

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