Brain Mapping and Its Contribution To The Advancement of Neuro Technology

BRAIN MAPPING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF NEURO TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION:-
In a world with a population of over 7.8 billion, about 792 million people have
been diagnosed with mental health disorder. This is slightly more than 1 in 10
people globally(10.7%). Mental health disorders are complex and can take
many forms such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and so on. Most
scientists believe that mental illness results from problems with the
communication between neurons in the brain. The human brain is a central
organ of the human nervous system and with the spinal cord makes up the
central nervous system. The brain controls most of the activities of the body,
processing, integrating and coordinating the information it receives from the
sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions. Scientists all over the
world have been trying their best to understand the functioning of a compound
and complex organ made up of more than a hundred billion nerves. The
research of the brain is one of the most accomplished and acclaimed series in
neuro-science. It is a scientific study of the nervous system that combines
physiology and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent
properties of neurons and neural circuits. Often the functioning of this organ is
compared with another intricate system that has enormous and vast problem-
solving power: The Digital Computer. Both the brain and the computer contain
a huge number of elementary units – neurons and transistors that are wired into
complex and intensive circuits to process information. The computer is mapped
to use the speed and versatility of its graphics to display data and the same is
applied for the human brain too. Acting as scientific tool of authority, mapping
of the human brain is a cut-out into the world of perspectives on the brain that
are taken seriously. Saying so, a perfect average brain does not exist nor does a
brain map but it gives an insight to the brain visuals which enables to identify
very clearly the irregular brain waves that cause neurological issues. This
process of mapping (biological) quantities or properties into presentations/maps
is called BRAIN MAPPING.
BRAIN MAPPING:-
Mapping of the organ into spatial representations by using a set of neuro science
techniques is Brain Mapping. The techniques either directly or indirectly image
the structure function or pharmacology of the nervous system. The brain map is
also known as Neuro Map. It is defined as the study of the anatomy and
function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging,
immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular
biology and much more. Brain mapping is designed to provide neuro feedback
that clinicians find exceptional. This detailed information articulates on what is
going in an individual’s brain. This valuable data elaborates the specific
behavior patterns which enables us to target the most beneficial treatment
protocols which in turn ensures a rapid and smooth results from neuro
feedback. Brain mapping is an accumulation of innumerous tools , it collects
the thorough images of the brain’s structure, turn it into data and in turn use
that data to analyze what happens in the brain, as it is developing.
Different parts of the brain and its

functions are responsible for certain abilities in human. For example, some
aspects of our brain allow us to be creative or logical. There’s a part of the brain
that has to do primarily with the vision and other parts that have to do primarily
with sound. Sarcasm can also be detected by a region in the brain called the
‘Right Para Hippocampal Gyrus’. Bipolar disorder, ADHD (Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), Seizures/Epilepsy, OCD/Tourette’s,
Alzheimer’s disease and more are being examined using different brain imaging
techniques.
METHODS OF BRAIN MAPPING:-
The following are some of the tools used in brain mapping. These techniques
take the images of the brain. Scientists take these pictures to compare diseased
brain with healthy brains.
1. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY(EEG): EEG refers to the

recording of the brain’s spontaneous electrical activity over a period of
time, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. This uses
detectors that are implanted in the brain or worn on a cap to indicate
electrically active locations in the brain. The voltage fluctuations from
ionic current within the neurons of the brain are measured. It is most
often used to diagnose epilepsy.
2. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY(PET): PET produces
images of the body by detecting the radiation emitted from radioactive
substances. These radioactive atoms are formed by bombarding normal
chemicals with neutrons to create a short-live radioactive isotopes. It
detects the gamma rays given off at the site where a positron emitted
from the radioactive substance collides with an electron.
3. COMPUTER AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CAT) SCAN: CAT is
medical imaging procedure that uses computer-based combinations of
many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-
sectional images of a specific area of the brain/object. It produces data
that can be manipulated in order to demonstrate various bodily structures
based on their ability to absorb the X-ray beam.
4. STRUCTURAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: This
technique takes the advantage of water in the brain to create images with
better resolution than a CAT scan.
5. DIFFUSION TENSOR-MRI(DTI): DTI images the flow of movement
in the brain to track neurons that connect brain regions. The diffusion
tensor may be used to categorized the magnitude anisotropy and
orientation of the diffusion tensor.
6. FUNCTIONAL MRI(fMRI): An fMRI shows images of brain activity
while subjects work on various tasks. This can detect brain problems such
as the effects of the stroke. It is a technique used to obtain functional
information by visualizing cortical activity. It detects subtle alteration in
blood flow in response to stimuli or actions.
7. PHARMACOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL MRI(phMRI): phMRI are
valuable tools to quantitively measure changes in the brain physiology
and response to pharmacological modalities. This shows what happens in
the brain as drugs are administered. For this purpose, different functional
MRI methods including CBF- , CBV- or BOLD- fMRI can be applied to
measure changes in cerebral perfusion.
8. TRANSACTIONAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION(TMS): TMS is
also known as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is a form of
brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field. It is used to cause
electric current at specific area of the brain through electromagnetic
induction. This uses noninvasive stimulation in parts of the brain to
trigger certain behaviors.
PROS AND CONS OF BRAIN MAPPING:-
Brain mapping is beneficial to assess how the brain is working to develop

programs for optimal brain health and functions. It enables meaningful learning,
memorization and retention. It has been known as more engaging form of
learning. It makes complex issues easier to understand. It also allows you to
organize and understand information faster and better. It is known as an
expression of radiant thinking, thus helps in unlocking the potential of the
brain. It helps in pin pointing specific areas of the brain that are not functioning
optimally, that can impact mood , behavior, attention, sleep and more. It
provides information that can suggest the class of medications prescribed are
appropriate or not suitable to the problem (this knowledge can help reduce
prescribing by trial and error).
It appears as brain mapping has limitless potential but as we

advance knowledge about brain, there are certain drawbacks which include
Money drain: Without the support and attention from worthy, it might lead to
financial drain. There is a high risk of the government abruptly denying
funding.
Conflict and lack of consensus: The advancement in this path is a little vague.
There will be potential conflict of opinions, hypotheses and research priorities
Ignoring contributions from smaller countries: Although industrialized countries

may contribute a certain fixed budget, not all developing nations might be able
to do so and therefore will not receive a similar stake claim in the project.
 NEURALINK:- It is an American neuro technology company funded by

Elon Musk. It’s main aim is to develop implantable brain-machine
interfaces(BMIs). The Neuralink implant, known as the ‘Link’, is
essentially a miniaturized version of a deep brain stimulator. It’s a coin-
sized device with a bundle of tiny wires. The wires are meant to be
embedded in the cortical surface of the brain, able to record continuously
1024 channels of neural signals at the same time. Musk described the
Link as a “Fitbit in your skull with tiny wires” and frequently alluded to
terminology associated with computers.
CONCLUSION:-
Brain mapping was initiated to understand the immense working of the human
mind and to improvise how we treat, prevent and cure disorders of the brain. To
accomplish this, technology must be developed and explored to know how the
brain cells and circuits interact and ultimately revealing the complex links
between the brain function and behavior. This initiative resembles and
represents a remarkable commitment to funding process and cooperation
maintained. In our understanding , correlation between structures and functions
within the brain will allow scientists to expedite discovery.
REFERENCES:-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mapping
https://www.clearmindcenter.com/the-neuro-map/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-brain-mapping-test-techniques.html
https://www.medgadget.com/2020/08/elon-musks-neuralink-shares-more-about-
its-implantable-brain-device.html
Reference Book: - Mapping the Mind by Rita Carter (1998)

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BRAIN MAPPING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE

ADVANCEMENT OF NEURO TECHNOLOGY

Different parts of the brain and its

METHODS OF BRAIN MAPPING:-

1. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY(EEG): EEG refers to the

PROS AND CONS OF BRAIN MAPPING:-

Brain mapping is beneficial to assess how the brain is working to develop

It appears as brain mapping has limitless potential but as we

Ignoring contributions from smaller countries: Although industrialized countries

 NEURALINK:- It is an American neuro technology company funded by

Reference Book: - Mapping the Mind by Rita Carter (1998)

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