Lecture3 - Source Transformation

1) There are two types of voltage sources: direct and alternating. Direct sources maintain constant polarity while alternating sources periodically reverse polarity. 2) A constant voltage source has low internal impedance compared to load impedance, keeping the output voltage nearly constant. A constant current source has high internal impedance, keeping the output current nearly constant as voltage varies. 3) A voltage source can be modeled as a current source by shorting the terminals to find the short circuit current and measuring the internal resistance. A current source can be modeled as a voltage source by finding the voltage across the source and using the internal resistance.

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Lecture3 - Source Transformation

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LECTURE 3

Source transformation

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 1

Voltage source
An apparatus which produces voltage output continuously is known as a voltage
source. There are two types of voltage sources:
1) Direct voltage source
A device which produces direct voltage output continuously is called a direct
voltage source.
Example: Cells, Batteries, DC generator and Regulated Power Supply (RPS)

An important characteristic of a direct voltage source is that it maintains

the same polarity of the output voltage . When the load resistance RL is connected
across the source, current flows from positive terminal to negative terminal via the
load. This is called Direct Current.

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 2

Ri internal resistance of the source

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 3

2) Alternating voltage source
An apparatus which produces alternating voltage output continuously is
known as alternating voltage source.
Example: AC generator

An important characteristic of alternating voltage source is that it

periodically reverses the polarity of the output voltage . When load
impedance ZL is connected across the source, current flows through the
circuit that periodically reverses in direction. This is called Alternating
current.

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 4

Zi internal impedance of the source

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 5

Constant Voltage Source
A voltage source which has low internal impedance as compared with
external load impedance is known as a constant voltage source.

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 6

Constant Current Source
A voltage source that has very high internal impedance as compared with
external load impedance is known as a constant current source. The load
current nearly remains the same when the output voltage changes.
Example: Vacuum tube circuits

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 7

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 8
Conversion of Voltage source into Current Source

Figure (a) Figure (b)

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 9
In Figure (a), the load is open circuited (RL - ), then voltage across
terminal A and B is ‘V’
In Figure (b), the load is open circuited (RL - ), then voltage across
terminal A and B is ‘V’ i.e V=IRi

In Figure (a), the load is short circuited (RL - 0), then short circuit current is
I short = V/Ri
In Figure (b), the load is short circuited (RL - 0), then short circuit current is
I short = V/Ri

Two circuits behave electrically the same way under all conditions.

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 10

Procedure to convert Constant voltage source into Constant current
Source
a) Short terminals A and B and find short circuit current
b) Remove load and measure the resistance across terminals A and B
c) Equivalent current source is represented as current source of
magnitude I in parallel with Resistance R.

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 11

Procedure to convert Constant current Source into Constant voltage
source

a) Voltage across the source V = IR

b) Resistance of the voltage source R=R
c) The voltage source is represented as voltage V in series with
Resistance R.

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 12

Source Transformation

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 13

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 14
R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 15
1) A lead acid battery fitted in a truck develops 24V and has an internal
resistance of 0.01Ω. It is used to supply current to head light etc. If the
total load is equal to 100 watts, find
(i) Voltage drop in internal resistance
(ii) Terminal voltage
Answer:

Vs=24V; P=100W; Ri=0.01ohm

I=P/V=100/24=4.166A
V(Ri)=I * Ri=0.04167 V
V= Vs-V(Ri)= 23.96V

R.Jayapragash, Associate Professor, SELECT 16

2) A DC source generating 500V has an internal resistance of 1000Ω. Find
the load current if load resistance is (i) 10 Ω (ii) 50 Ω (iii) 100 Ω
Answer:
(i) I=V/(Rs+RL) = 0.495A
(ii) I = 0.476A
(iii) I= 0.454 A