Chapter 2: Basic Network

Device Configuration
Anthony Maina
Chapter 2 - Sections & Objectives
 2.1 IOS Bootcamp
• Explain the features and functions of the Cisco IOS Software.
• Explain the purpose of Cisco IOS.
• Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration purposes.
• Explain how to navigate Cisco IOS to configure network devices.
• Describe the command structure of Cisco IOS software.
 2.2 Basic Device Configuration
• Configure initial settings on a network device using the Cisco IOS Software.
• Configure hostnames on a Cisco IOS device using the CLI.
• Use Cisco IOS commands to limit access to device configurations.
• Use IOS commands to save the running configuration.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 2 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 2.3 Address Schemes
• Given an IP addressing scheme, configure IP address parameters on devices to provide
end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Explain how devices communicate across network media.
• Configure a host device with an IP address.
• Verify connectivity between two end devices.

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2.1 IOS Bootcamp

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Cisco IOS Cisco devices use the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS).
• Although used by Apple, iOS is a registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S.
Operating System and other countries and is used by Apple under license.

 All electronic devices require an operating system.

• Windows, Mac, and Linux for PCs and laptops
• Apple iOS and Android for smart phones and tablets
• Cisco IOS for network devices (e.g., switches, routers, wireless AP, firewall, …).

OS Shell
• The OS shell is either a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical
user interface (GUI) and enables a user to interface with applications.

OS Kernel
• The OS kernel communicates directly with the hardware and manages
how hardware resources are used to meet software requirements.

Hardware
• The physical part of a computer including underlying electronics.

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Cisco IOS
Purpose of OS
 Using a GUI enables a user to:
• Use a mouse to make selections and run programs
• Enter text and text-based commands

 Using a CLI on a Cisco IOS switch or router enables a network technician to:
• Use a keyboard to run CLI-based network programs
• Use a keyboard to enter text and text-based commands

 There are many distinct variations of Cisco IOS:

• IOS for switches, routers, and other Cisco networking devices
• IOS numbered versions for a given Cisco networking devices

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Cisco IOS Access
Access Methods
 The three most common ways to access the IOS are:
• Console port – Out-of-band serial port used primarily for management purposes
such as the initial configuration of the router.
• Secure Shell (SSH) - Inband method for remotely and securely establishing a
CLI session over a network. User authentication, passwords, and commands
sent over the network are encrypted. As a best practice, use SSH instead of
Telnet whenever possible.
• Telnet – Inband interfaces remotely establishing a CLI session through a virtual
interface, over a network. User authentication, passwords, and commands are
sent over the network in plaintext.
Note: The AUX port is an on older method of establishing a CLI session remotely via a telephone
dialup connection using a modem.

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Cisco IOS Access
Terminal Emulation Program
 Regardless of access method, a terminal emulation program will be required. Popular terminal
emulation programs include PuTTY, Tera Term, SecureCRT, and OS X Terminal.
Tera Term

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Navigate the IOS
Cisco IOS Modes of Operation
 The Cisco IOS modes use a hierarchical command
structure.
 Each mode has a distinctive prompt and is used to
accomplish particular tasks with a specific set of
commands that are available only to that mode.

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Navigate the IOS
Primary Command Modes
 The user EXEC mode allows only a limited number of basic monitoring commands.
• Often referred to as “view-only” mode.
• By default, there is no authentication required to access the user EXEC mode but it should be secured.

 The privileged EXEC mode allows the execution of configuration and management commands.
• Often referred to as “enable mode” because it requires the enable user EXEC command.
• By default, there is no authentication required to access the user EXEC mode but it should be secured.

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Navigate the IOS
Configuration Command Modes
 The primary configuration mode is called global
configuration or simply, global config.
• Use the configure terminal command to access.
• Changes made affect the operation of the device.

 Specific sub configuration modes can be accessed from

global configuration mode. Each of these modes allows
the configuration of a particular part or function of the IOS
device.
• Interface mode - to configure one of the network
interfaces.
• Line mode - to configure the console, AUX, Telnet, or SSH
access.

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Navigate the IOS
Navigate Between IOS Modes
 Various commands are used to move in and out of
command prompts:
• To move from user EXEC mode to privileged EXEC mode,
use the enable command.
• Use return to user EXEC mode, use the disable command.

 Various methods can be used to exit / quit configuration

modes:
• exit - Used to move from a specific mode to the previous
more general mode, such as from interface mode to global
config.
• end - Can be used to exit out of global configuration mode
regardless of which configuration mode you are in.
• ^z - Works the same as end.
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Navigate the IOS
Navigate Between IOS Modes (Cont.)
 The following provides an example of
navigating between IOS modes:
• Enter privileged EXEC mode using the enable
command.
• Enter global config mode using the configure
terminal command.
• Enter interface sub-config mode using the
interface fa0/1 command.
• Exit out of each mode using the exit command.
• The remainder of the configuration illustrates
how you can exit a sub-config mode and return
to privileged EXEC mode using either the end
or ^Z key combination.

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The Command Structure
Basic IOS Command Structure
 A Cisco IOS device supports many
commands. Each IOS command has a
specific format or syntax and can only
be executed at the appropriate mode.

 The syntax for a command is the command followed by any appropriate keywords and
arguments.
• Keyword - a specific parameter defined in the operating system (in the figure, ip protocols)
• Argument - not predefined; a value or variable defined by the user (in the figure, 192.168.10.5)
 After entering each complete command, including any keywords and arguments, press the Enter
key to submit the command to the command interpreter.

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The Command Structure
IOS Command Syntax
 To determine the keywords and arguments required for a command, refer to the command syntax
• Refer to the following table when looking at command syntax.

 Examples:
• description string - The command is used to add a description to an interface. The string argument is
text entered by the administrator such as description Connects to the main headquarter office switch.
• ping ip-address - The command is ping and the user-defined argument is the ip-address of the
destination device such as in ping 10.10.10.5
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
The Command Structure
IOS Help Features
 IOS Context-Sensitive Help:
• Context-sensitive help provides a list of commands and the arguments associated with those commands
within the context of the current mode.
• To access context-sensitive help, enter a question mark ?, at any prompt.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
The Command Structure
IOS Help Features (Cont.)
 IOS Command Syntax Check:
• The command line interpreter checks an entered command from left to right to determine what
action is being requested.
• If the interpreter understands the command, the requested action is executed and the CLI returns
to the appropriate prompt.
• If the interpreter discovers an error, the IOS generally provides feedback such as “Ambiguous
command”, “Incomplete command”, or “Incorrect command”.

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The Command Structure
Hot Keys and Shortcuts
 Commands and keywords can be shortened to the minimum number of characters that identify a
unique selection.

 For example, the configure command can be shortened to conf because configure is the only
command that begins with conf.
• An even shorter version of con will not work because more than one command begins with con.
• Keywords can also be shortened.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
The Command Structure
Video Demonstration - Hotkeys and Shortcuts
The IOS CLI support the following hotkeys:
 Down Arrow – Allows the user to scroll through command history.

 Up Arrow - Allows the user to scroll backward through commands.

 Tab - Completes the remainder of a partially entered command.

 Ctrl-A - Moves to the beginning of the line.

 Ctrl-E – Moves to the end of the line.

 Ctrl-R – Redisplays a line.

 Ctrl-Z – Exits the configuration mode and returns to user EXEC.

 Ctrl-C – Exits the configuration mode or aborts the current command.

 Ctrl-Shift-6 – Allows the user to interrupt an IOS process (e.g., ping).

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
The Command Structure
Packet Tracer - Navigating the IOS

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The Command Structure
Lab – Establishing a Console Session with Tera Term

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2.2 Basic Device Configuration

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Hostnames
Device Names
 The first step when configuring a switch is to assign it a unique device name, or hostname.
• Hostnames appear in CLI prompts, can be used in various authentication processes between devices,
and should be used on topology diagrams.
• Without a hostname, network devices are difficult to identify for configuration purposes.

Hostnames enables an
administrator to name a
device making it easier to
identify in a network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Hostnames
Configure Hostnames
 Once the naming convention has been identified, the next step is to apply the names to the devices
using the CLI.

 The hostname name global configuration command is used to assign a name.

Switch>
Switch> enable
Switch#
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# hostname Sw-Floor-1
Sw-Floor-1(config)#

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Limit Access to Device Configurations
Limiting Device Access
 Step 1 - Secure network devices to physically limit access by placing them in wiring closets and
locked racks.
 Step 2 - Enforce secure passwords as passwords are the primary defense against unauthorized
access to network devices.

 Limit administrative access as follows.  Use strong password as suggested.

For convenience, most labs and examples in this course

use the simple but weak passwords cisco or class.
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Limit Access to Device Configurations
Configure Passwords
 Secure privileged EXEC access using the enable secret password global config command.

 Secure user EXEC access by configuring the line console as follows:

Securing User EXEC Mode Description

Switch(config)# line console 0 Command enters line console configuration mode.

Switch(config-line)# password password Command specifies the line console password.

Switch(config-line)# login Command makes the switch require the password.

 Secure remote Telnet or SSH access by configuring the Virtual terminal (VTY) lines as follows:

Securing Remote Access Description

Cisco switches typically support up to 16 incoming VTY lines
Switch(config)# line vty 0 15
numbered 0 to 15.
Switch(config-line)# password password Command specifies the VTY line password.

Switch(config-line)# login Command makes the switch require

© 2016 Cisco the password.
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
Limit Access to Device Configurations
Configure Passwords (Cont.)
Secure Privileged EXEC Sw-Floor-1(config)# enable secret class
Sw-Floor-1(config)# exit
Sw-Floor-1#
Sw-Floor-1# disable
Sw-Floor-1> enable
Password:
Sw-Floor-1#

Securing User EXEC Sw-Floor-1(config)# line console 0

Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# password cisco
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# login
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# exit
Sw-Floor-1(config)#

Securing Remote Access Sw-Floor-1(config)# line vty 0 15

Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# password cisco
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# login
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)#

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Limit Access to Device Configurations
Encrypt Passwords
 The startup-config and running-config files display most passwords in plaintext. This is a security
threat because anyone can see the passwords if they have access to these files.

Sw-Floor-1(config)# service password-encryption

S1(config)# exit
 Use the service password-encryption S1# show running-config
global config command to encrypt all <output omitted>
service password-encryption
passwords. !
hostname S1
• The command applies weak encryption to all !
enable secret 5 $1$mERr$9cTjUIEqNGurQiFU.ZeCi1
unencrypted passwords. !
• However, it does stop “shoulder surfing”. <Output omitted>
line con 0
password 7 0822455D0A16
login
!
line vty 0 4
password 7 0822455D0A16
login
line vty 5 15
password 7 0822455D0A16
login! © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
Limit Access to Device Configurations
Banner Messages
 Banners are messages that are displayed when someone attempts to gain access to a device.
Banners are an important part of the legal process in the event that someone is prosecuted for
breaking into a device.

 Configured using the banner motd delimiter message

delimiter command from global configuration mode. The
delimiting character can be any character as long as it
isunique and does not occur in the message (e.g.,
#$%^&*)

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Limit Access to Device Configurations
Syntax Checker – Limiting Access to a Switch
Encrypt all passwords.
Sw-Floor-1(config)# service password-encryption
Sw-Floor-1(config)#

Secure the privileged EXEC access with the password Cla55.

Sw-Floor-1(config)# enable secret Cla55
Sw-Floor-1(config)#

Secure the console line. Use the password Cisc0 and allow login.
Sw-Floor-1(config)# line console 0
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# password Cisc0
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# login
SW-Floor-1(config-line)# exit
Sw-Floor-1(config)#

Secure the first 16 VTY lines. Use the password Cisc0 and allow login.
Sw-Floor-1(config)# line vty 0 15
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# password Cisc0
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# login
Sw-Floor-1(config-line)# end
Sw-Floor-1# © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Save Configurations
Save the Running Configuration File
 Cisco devices use a running configuration file and a startup configuration file.
 The running configuration file is stored in RAM and
contains the current configuration on a Cisco IOS device.
• Configuration changes are stored in this file.
• If power is interrupted, the running config is lost.
• Use the show startup-config command to display contents.

 The startup config file is stored in NVRAM and contains the

configuration that will be used by the device upon reboot.
• Typically the running config is saved as the startup config.
• If power is interrupted, it is not lost or erased.
• Use the show running-config command to display contents.

 Use the copy running-config startup-config command to save the running configuration.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Save Configurations
Alter the Running Configuration
 If configuration changes do not have the desired
effect, they can be removed individually or the
device can be rebooted to the last saved
configuration using the reload privileged EXEC
mode command.
• The command restores the startup-config.
• A prompt will appear to ask whether to save the
changes. To discard the changes, enter n or no.

 Alternatively, if undesired changes were saved

to the startup configuration, it may be necessary
to clear all the configurations using the erase
startup-config privileged EXEC mode
command.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
Save Configurations
Capture Configuration to a Text File
 Configuration files can also be saved and archived to a text document for editing or reuse later. For
example, assume a switch has been configured and the running config has been saved.

Connect to the switch using Enable logging and assign a Generate text to be captured as Disable logging in the terminal
PuTTY or Tera Term. name and file location to save text displayed in the terminal software by choosing None in
the log file. window will also be placed into the Session logging option.
the chosen file.

Execute the show

running-config or show
startup-config command
at the privileged EXEC
prompt.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
Save Configurations
Capture Configuration to a Text File (Cont.)
 The text file created can be used as a record of how the device is currently implemented and be
used to restore a configuration. The file would require editing before being used to restore a saved
configuration to a device.

 To restore a configuration file to a device:

• Enter global configuration mode on the device.
• Copy and paste the text file into the terminal window connected to the switch.

 The text in the file will be applied as commands in the CLI and become the running configuration on
the device.

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Save Configuration
Packet Tracer - Configuring Initial Switch Settings

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2.3 Address Schemes

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Ports and Addresses
IP Addressing Overview
 Each end device on a network (e.g., PCs, laptops, servers, printers, VoIP phones, security
cameras, …) require an IP configuration consisting of:
• IP address
• Subnet mask
• Default gateway (optional for some devices)

 IPv4 addresses are displayed in dotted decimal

format consisting of:
• 4 decimal numbers 0 and 255
• Separated by decimal points (dots)
• E.g., 192.168.1.10, 255.255.255.0, 192.168.1.1

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
Ports and Addresses
Interfaces and Ports
 Cisco IOS Layer 2 switches have physical ports for devices to connect. However, these ports do not
support Layer 3 IP addresses.

 To remotely connect to and manage a Layer 2 switch, it must be configured with one or more switch
virtual interfaces (SVIs).

 Each switch has a default VLAN 1 SVI.

Note: A Layer 2 switch does not need an IP address to operate. The SVI IP address is only used to
remotely manage a switch.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
Configure IP Addressing
Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices
 To manually configure an IP address on a Windows host:
Open the Control Panel > Network Sharing Center > Change adapter settings and Configure the IPv4 address and subnet
click on the adapter. mask information, and default gateway and
then click OK.

Right-click on the adapter and select Properties to display the Local

Area Connection Properties window.

Highlight Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties to

open the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window

Click Use the following IP address to manually configure the IPv4

address configuration.

Note: Windows 10 manual IPv4 configuration is provided as Supplemental©material atitsthe

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All rights this presentation
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Configure IP Addressing
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices
 To assign the IP configuration using a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server:
Open the Control Panel > Network Sharing Center > Change Click Obtain an IP address automatically and click on OK.
adapter settings and click on the adapter.

Right-click on the adapter and select

Properties to display the Local Area
Connection Properties window.

Highlight Internet Protocol Version 4

(TCP/IPv4) and click Properties to open
the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
Properties window

Use the ipconfig Windows Command prompt command to verify© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
a host IP address. Cisco Confidential 40
Configure IP Addressing
Switch Virtual Interface
 To remotely manage a switch, it must also be configured with an IP configuration:
• However, a switch does not have a physical Ethernet interface that can be configured.
• Instead, you must configure the VLAN 1 switch virtual interface (SVI).

 The VLAN 1 SVI must be configured with:

• IP address - Uniquely identifies the switch on the
network
• Subnet mask - Identifies the network and host
portion in the IP address
• Enabled - Using the no shutdown command.

Use the show ip interface brief privileged EXEC command to verify.

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Configure IP Addressing
Packet Tracer - Implementing Basic Connectivity

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Verifying Connectivity
Interface Addressing Verification
 The IP configuration on a Windows host is
verified using the ipconfig command.
 To verify the interfaces and address settings of
intermediary devices like switches and routers,
use the show ip interface brief privileged
EXEC command.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Verifying Connectivity
End-to-End Connectivity Test
 The ping command can be used to test
connectivity to another device on the
network or a website on the Internet.

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Verifying Connectivity
Lab – Building a Simple Network

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Verifying Connectivity
Lab – Configuring a Switch Management Address

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2.4 Chapter Summary

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Conclusion
Packet Tracer - Skills Integration Challenge

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Conclusion
Chapter 2: Configure a Network Operating System
 Explain the features and functions of Cisco IOS Software.

 Configure initial settings on a network device using the Cisco IOS software.

 Given an IP addressing scheme, configure IP address parameters on end devices to provide end-
to-end connectivity in a small to medium-sized business network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49