Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII
BAMBAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Isulan, Sultan Kudarat

Allelopathic Influence of Mango (Mangifera indica)

Leaves Extract on the Germination Rate of
Selected Home-Grown Garden Crops
____________________________________________________

A Research Paper Presented to the

Junior High School Department,
Bambad National High School
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________
In Pa rtia l Fulfillme nt o f the Re quire m e nts
In Re se a rc h II
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
____________________________________________________
In Research II
____________________________________________________

Proponents
Archie F. Valenzuela
Chyrra Belle C. Depacto
Klair Faith D. Balano
Jethro Jan D. Biñas

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“No matter what anyone says don`t lose faith in yourself as long as you

believe in yourself and fight for it you will be able to succeed more than they

would ever expect”

The researchers wish to extend their sincere gratitude to the Almighty Father

for the continuous grace and guidance. His divine hands are always felt enabling to

the researchers to face many challenges and coming out of it successful and who

made the researchers firm and hardworking.

The researchers express their warm gratitude to those people who helped

them in conducting this study. They are proud to identify those who have been a

great part of this success for without them, the completion of this study is impossible.

First of all, they would like to express their special gratitude to their beloved parents

for financial and moral supports throughout their study and their life in general.

They will also like to thank Bambad National High School for giving them an

opportunity in conducting their study. Through this study they learned a lot of things.

To Ma’am Emely Lentija, The research adviser, who patiently guided them in

order to successfully finish their study, they are very grateful for having her as their

research teacher. They thank her for her courage, guidance, patience, and sharing

her knowledge with them.

The researchers would also like to extend their thanks to the owner of

Taplera’s Feeds for letting them to use their weighing scale to measure the (200) g

mature mango leaves.

2
 And last but not the least, they would like to thank their most supportive

friends namely, Ronquillo Are and Erson Luigi Elizares for their time and effort in

helping them to crush the mature mango leaves into extract.

May the Almighty God bless all of you and more powers to come.

3
 Valenzuela, Archie F…, Depacto, Chyrra Belle C…, Balano, Klair Faith D…,

Biǹas, Jethro Jan D…, ``Allelopathic Influence of Mango (Mangifera indica)

Leaves Extract on the Germination Rate of Selected Home Grown Garden

Crops`` Bambad National High School, Bambad, Isulan, Sulatan Kudarat,

March 2018

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to test if mango leaves aqueous is effective in

inhibiting the germination of selected home grown crops. It will contribute a big help

to many people especially the farmers, who are experiencing failure of harvest or low

productivity due to the fact that mango leaves can be an alternative herbicide.It is

affordable and doesn’t requires much effort just to have it because it’s just available

in the community.

Mango leaves extract were collected to be used to different concentrations

added with distilled water to make 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%,100%. Ten seeds of each of

the selected food crops were placed in sterilized Petri-plates containing absorbent

cotton with the respective concentration. Seeds were observed every day and

number of germinated seeds was recorded, emergence of the radical from the seeds

was regarded as germinated. Germination was recorded every day till the 5 day and

root and shoot lengths of seedlings were recorded on the 10th day.

Based on the data gathered, it was clearly found out that mango leaves

aqueous extract inhibits the germination of the selected home grown plants. Among

the five treatments, the T4 exhibits the greatest influence.

4
 Moreover, 70% of the seeds were inhibited by the mango leaves aqueous

extract.

Statistical analysis also revealed that the treatments are significantly different

in terms of their effect on the percentage of germination and roots length while it

does not show statistical difference in terms of shoot length of the selected home

grown plant species tested

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages
TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Hypothesis 3
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Delimitation 3
Conceptual Framework 4

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Methodology 5
Materials and Methods 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 7

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 12
Findings 14
Conclusion 14
Recommendation 15

APPENDICES

Appendix A References 16
Appendix B Statistical Result 18
Appendix C List of Materials 20
Appendix D Documentation 21
Appendix E Curriculum Vitae 25

6
7
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Over reliance on synthetic herbicides may often create devastating

environmental side effects due to their persistence behavior with lower

biodegradability. These herbicides are also responsible for the growth of herbicide-

resistant weed biotypes. To invert these virulent trends of heavy reliance on

synthetic herbicides, researchers are interested in eco-friendly alternatives and

sustainable biological solutions to reduce environmental impacts produced by

synthetic herbicides.

One of the natural and eco-friendly techniques is allelopathy, which is proven

to be a tool for weed management and increase crop yields. The main principle in

allelopathy arise from the idea that plants produce thousands of chemicals and many

of these are released by leaching, exudation, or by decomposition processes.

Subsequently, allelochemicals are known to alter the growth and physiological

functions of plants. According to some studies, allelochemicals (e.g. phenolics,

terpeniods, alkaloids, and their derivatives) are toxics. This may attack a naturally

symbolic relationship, root growth or even nutrient uptakes of plants. Thus,

destroying the usable source of nutrients of plants. Reduction in germination and

growth restrains plants cell division, decrease in mineral uptake, augments

respiration, and hampers the production of protein and leghemoglobin in crops,

which affects the vegetation composition. Doming and Cipollini (2006) and Tanveer

et al. (2010) explicated that leaves are the primary source of allelopathic substances

and produced the highest allelopathic effects on target species.

8
 Mango (mangifera indica) belonging to family of Anacardianceae is one of the

major tropical evergreen economic fruit plants. It is also known for many medicinal

properties and is used for the remedy of diabetes, asthma, diphtheria, diarrhea,

tetanus, gastrointestinal disorders, anemia, bronchitis rheumatism, piles,

miscarriage, and other diseases. In addition, mango (Mangifera indica) have

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anthelmintic, antiviral, antifungal, and

antibacterial properties. Aside from these properties, several studies suggest that

mango leaves are potential sources of allelochemicals and are feasible in inhibiting

germination of other plants.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of different concentration

of aqueous extract of mango leaves on five food crops (tomato, ladies finger,

monggo, string beans, eggplant) to assess the compatibility among them so that the

appropriate combination as a suggestion to enhance home garden productivity.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the allelopathic influence of mango leaves

aqueous extract on the growth of common homegrown garden crops.

Specifically, this answered the following questions.

1. What is the effect of mango leaves aqueous extract on the germination of the

selected home grown crops?

2. What concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract exhibit greatest

influence on the germination of the selected home grown crops?

3. Is there a significant difference among the allelopathic influence of the

different concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract on the selected

home grown plants?

9
Hypothesis

This study will be conducted to test the hypothesis that;

There is no significant difference among the allelopathic effect of the different

concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract on the selected home grown

plants.

Significance of the Study

This study was conducted to test if mango leaves aqueous is effective in

inhibiting the germination of selected home grown crops. It will contribute a big help

to many people especially the farmers, who are experiencing failure of harvest or low

productivity due to the fact that mango leaves can be an alternative herbicide. It is

affordable and does not requires much effort just to have it because it is just

available in the community.

So being a researcher, this study was conducted to help lessen the expenses

of many people in our society in buying commercialized product to support the

proper growth of their crops in farm.

Scope and Delimitation

The study focuses on the allelopathic Influence of mango leaves aqueous

extract on the growth of selected home grown crops. It was conducted at Bambad

NHS Science Laboratory. The observation and data collection lasted for ten days.

The independent variable of this study is the concentration of mango leaves aqueous

extract; and the dependent variable its degree of allelopathy in five selected plant

species.

10
 Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Diff. Concentrations Allelopathic Influence of

Mango Leaves Extract on the:

A. 0% Mango Leaves Extract

B. 25% Mango Leaves Extract a. Germination
C. 50% Mango Leaves Extract b. Shoot Length
D. 75% Mango Leaves Extract c. Root Length
E. 100% Mango Leaves Extract

Of the Selected Home Grown

Garden Crops

11
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of Extracts

Leaves of mature field grown mango plants were collected from the Isulan,

Sultan Kudarat at Binas`s residence. The aqueous extracts of mango (Mangifera

indica L.) were prepared. Two hundred grams (200g) of crushed fresh mature leaves

in 1000 ml of distilled water soaked for 24 hours at room temperature, hereafter, the

mixtures were filtered using ordinary filter paper. Different concentrations were

prepared by adding distilled water to make 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%.

Bioassay

Ten seeds of each of the selected food crops were placed in sterilized Petri-

plates containing absorbent cotton which was spread evenly on the surface and

saturated with the respective concentration. Control treatment was also prepared by

soaking the cotton in pure distilled water. Seeds were observed every day and

number of germinated seeds was recorded. The following nomenclatures were used

as T0= Control (distilled water); T1 = 25% leachate solution; T2 = 50% leachate

solution; T3 = 75% leachate solution and T4 =100% leachate solution.

Data Gathering

The emergence of the radical from the seeds was regarded as germinated

and germination was recorded every day till the 5th day. Root and shoot lengths of

seedlings were recorded on the 10th day. The experimental results were subjected to

T- test. Percentage of inhibition/stimulation effect on germination over control (T)

was calculated using the formula given by Surendra and Pota I = 100 – (E2 x 100/E1),

where, 12 1 is% of inhibition/stimulation, E 1 the response of control1 and E2 the

12
response of treatment. Relative Elongation 2 Ratio (RER) of shoots and roots of crops

was also calculated with the formula suggested by Rho and Kil R = (T/Tr) x 100;

where, R is the Relative Elongation Ratio, T is the ratio of treatment crop and T the

test ratior of control.

Statistical Analysis

To determine statistical difference between the treatments, variance analysis

and least significant difference (LSD) tests were performed. Percentage growth

inhibition was calculated using the following equation: Percentage inhibition (%) =

[(Control value – treatment value) / Control value] x 100.

13
 RESULTS and DISCUSSION

This section presents the data gathered by the researcher after 10 days of

experimentation on the five selected home grown crops treated with different

concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract. This chapter also includes the

data presented in graphs, their implications, and their respected explanations.

Table 1. Germination percentage of some common home garden crops treated with
different concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of Mangifera indica. Values in the
parenthesis indicates the inhibitory (-) or stimulatory (+) effects in comparison to control
(T)

Treatments Lady finger Monggo Tomato Stringbeans Eggplant

T0 80 90 20 80 10
T1 60 (-25) 80 (-11.11) 0 (100) 60 (-25) 10 (0)
T2 30 (-62.5) 40 (-56) 0 (100) 50 (-37.5) 0 (100)
T3 50 (-37.5) 40 (-56) 0 (100) 40 (-50) 0 (100)
T4 30 (-62.5) 30 (-67) 0 (100) 40 (-50) 0 (100)
LSD @ 5% 0.671 0.854 0.283 0.529 0.173

The study revealed that the inhibitory effects of mango leaves aqueous

extract on the seed germination are a concentration-dependent phenomenon. As

concentration increases, more inhibition was exerted and the different home garden

crops species varied their responses to different concentration of mango leaves

aqueous extract. The highest inhibitory effect (100%) was observed in all treatments

for tomato, while the lowest is in T1 (-11.11%) for monggo seeds. Neither inhibitory

nor stimulatory effect (0%) was observed in eggplant (T1).

Moreover, the inhibitory effect in Lady Finger and String beans was minimal.

In general, the germination of test tomato was the most inhibited by the

mango leaves aqueous extract.

14
 Table 2. Inhibitory (-) or Stimulatory (+) Effects on Shoot Length Percentage of Some
Common Home Garden Crops Treated with Different Concentrations of Aqueous Leaf
Extract of Mango Leaves

Treatments Lady finger Monggo Tomato Stringbeans Eggplant

T0 42.9 5.25 1.39 4.90 1.44

T1 3.53(-8.23) 4.88(-93) 0.60(-43.20) 6.24(+127.30) 0.99(-68.80)

T2 2.15(-5.10) 4.00(-76.2) 0.00 4.96(+101.20) 0.10(-6.95)

T3 1.10(-2.60) 2.90(-55.20) 0.00 3.71(-75.70) 0.00

T4 0.62(-1.40) 2.13(-40.60) 0.00 2.47(-50.40) 0.00

LSD @ 5% 0.0582 0.042 0.008 0.045 o.021

The allelophatic effects of different leaves concentrations on shoot lengths

have been summarized in the Table 2. Based on the study it was found out that all

home grown plants were affected or influenced by the extract of mango leaves. The

inhibitory effect was much more seen at T3 and T4 of different home garden crops.

However, stimulatory effect was seen at string beans in T1 and T2.

It was clearly shown that, as the concentration increases, the observed effect/

influence to the plants samples also increases.

Table 3. Inhibitory (-) or Stimulatory (+) Effects on Root Length Percentage of Some
Common Home Garden Crops Treated with Different Concentrations of Aqueous Leaf
Extract of Mango Leaves

15
Treatments Lady finger Monggo Tomato Stringbeans Eggplant

T0 0.59 1.21 0.00 1.10 0.00

T1 0.37(-62.70) 1.00(-82.65) 0.00 1.10(+100) 0.00

T2 0.31(-52.50) 0.90(-74.40) 0.00 0.80(-72.70) 0.00

T3 0.06(-10.20) 0.82(-67.80) 0.00 0.80(-72.70) 0.00

T4 0.00 0.70(-57.90) 0.00 0.56(-50.90) 0.00

LSD @ 5% 0.008 0.006 0 0.007 0

Table 3 presents the data on the root length of the five plant samples after 10

days of observation. This reveals that the plants were greatly inhibited with the

increasing concentration of mango leaves. Of all the germinated plants, the

allelopathic property of the plants extract was more pronounced in monggo

seeds. It was evident that all home grown plants were affected by increasing

concentration levels. The maximum Relative Elongation ratio (RER) was

recorded in string beans when treated with Mangifera indica at T1. This result

was supported by Sahoo (2010) where he stated that numerous studies revealed

that various secondary metabolites are discharge in the soil by various means

such as exudation from plant tissues or putrefaction of plant parts under certain

environmental condition and these chemicals are potential germination, seedling

growth inhibitors and they includes phenolics, terpenoids and alkaloids and their

derivatives and some other enzymes.

Table 4. Analysis of Variance Test Result on the Percentage of Germination of the Selected
Hoe Grown Crops in the Different Concentration of Mango Leaves Aqueous Extract

Source Ss Df MS

16
 Between- 14696 4 3674
treatments
F= 11.70064

Within- 6280 20 314

treatments

Total 20976 24

Table 4 present the Analysis of Variance on the percentage of germination of

selected home grown plants species in different concentration of mango leaves

aqueous extract. The F ratio is 11.70064 while the p- value is 0.000046. At 0.05

level of significance, the treatments are said to be significantly different from each

other where T3 and T4 exhibited the highest inhibitory influence on all plant

species.

Table 5. Analysis of Variance Test Result on the Root Length of the Selected Home

Grown Crops in the Different Concentration of Mango Leaves Aqueous Extract

Source SS Df MS

Between- 349.0942 4 87.2736 F=1.30997

treatments

Within- 1332.4479 20 66.6224

treatments
Total 1681.5421 24

The Analysis of Variance on the length of roots of germinated seeds was

presented on Table 5. Based on the analysis, it was found out that at 0.05 level of

confidence, the value of F is 1.30997 and the p- value is 0.300204. This implies that

the influence of the treatments is not significantly different from each other. There

17
are variations within their means but the variation is not statistically different from

each other.

Table 6. Analysis of Variance Test Result on the Percentage of Shoot Length of the
Selected Home Grown Crops in the Different Concentration of Mango Leaves Aqueous
Extract

Source SS Df MS

Between-
treatments 4.183 4 1.0457 F= 35.34597

Within-
treatments 0.5917 20 0.0296
Total 4.7747 24

Table 6 presents the result of the statistical analysis on the length of roots of

the germinated plant species treated with mango leaves aqueous extract in

different concentration. The numerical values reveal that the F ratio is 35. 34597

and the p- value is 0.00001 at 0.05 level of confidence. This suggests that the

allelopathic influences of all the treatments are significantly different from each

other.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

18
 The study aimed to determine the allelopathic influence of mango leaves

aqueous extract on the growth of common homegrown garden crops.

Specifically, this answered the following questions.

1. What is the effect of mango leaves aqueous extract on the germination of the

selected home grown crops?

2. What concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract exhibit greatest influence on

the germination of the selected home grown crops?

3. Is there a significant difference among the allelopathic influence of the different

concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract on the selected home grown

plants?

Mango leaves extract were collected to be used to different concentrations added

with distilled water to make 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. Ten seeds of each of the

selected food crops were placed in sterilized Petri-plates containing absorbent cotton

with the respective concentration. Seeds were observed every day and number of

germinated seeds was recorded, emergence of the radical from the seeds was

regarded as germinated and germination was recorded every day till the 5 day and

root and shoot lengths of seedlings were recorded on the 10th day.

Findings

19
 1. Based on the data gathered by the researchers, it was clearly found out that

mango leaves aqueous extract inhibits the germination of the selected home

grown plants.

2. The concentration of mango leaves aqueous extract exhibit greatest influence

on the germination of the selected home grown crops is the T4. In finding the

percentage of inhibition in germination it was stated that almost 70% of the

seeds were affected of the inhibition, a very small number of the shoots grown

in the T4 because also of the fact that inhibition also exist the same with the

length of the roots.

3. Based on the statistical analysis it was revealed that the treatments are

significantly different in terms of their effect on the percentage of germination

and roots length while does not show statistical difference in terms of shoot

length of the selected home grown plant species tested.

Conclusion

In light findings of the study, it is concluded that mango leaves aqueous

extract inhibits the germination of the selected home grown plants. The

interpretation of the data showed that there is no significant difference among

the allelopathic influence of the different concentration of mango leaves

aqueous extract on the selected home grown plants. Therefore, the

hypothesis that states “There is no significant difference among the

allelopathic effect of the different concentration of mango leaves aqueous

extract on the selected home grown plants” is accepted.

Recommendations

20
 Since it was proven that mango aqueous leaves extract have the potential to

inhibit the germination of the 5 selected home garden crops, the researchers

would like to offer the following recommendations:

1. The researchers will conduct the same study using other plants

2. Extend the length of the experimentations instead of 5 days of germination and 10

days of observing the roots and shoots of the selected home-grown crops extend

it for a month.

3. Aside from the leaves of mango, other parts of it such as seeds, fruit and etc.

should also be explored.

APPENDIXES

21
 Appendix A

References

Ahn, J.K.; Park, H.Y.; Hwang, S.J.; Kong, D.S.; Chun, S.C.; Khan, T.D. & Chung,
I.M. Screening of aquatic plant extracts for herbicidal, fungicidal and insecticidal
activity. Allelopathy Journal 21: 361-372. 2008. Revolution. S.U.; Kim, Y.M. &
Lee, J.C. 2003. Weed Research 43: 444-450.   

Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology 43: 175-1Chon, Calabrese, E.J.

& Baldwin, L.A. Herbicidal potential and quantification of causative
allelochemicals from several Compositae weeds. 2003. Hormesis: the dose-
response.

Astarita, L.V.; Ferreira, A.G. & Bergonci, J.I. Allelopathy and osmotic
stress.      Allelopathy Journal 3: 43-50. 1996. Mimosa bimucronata:    

Boca Raton: CRC Press. Principles and practices in plant ecology allelochemical
interactions.  GROSS, E. Allelopathy in benthic and littoral area case studies on
allelochemicals from benthic cyanobacteria and submerged macrophytes. In:
INDERJIT; K. M.; DAKSHINI M.; FOY, C. L. (Eds.).  1999. p. 179-199.        

FLORENTINE, S. K; FOX, E. D. Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus victrix L.

on Eucalyptus species and grasses. Allelopathy J., v. 11, p. 77-84,   2003.         

Llamas, K.A. Tropical Flowering Plants: a guide to identification and cultivation 1.

2003. ed. Portland, Timber Press.         

Ma, R.J.; Wang, N.L.; Zhu, H.; Guo, S.J. & Chen, D.S. Isolation and identification
of allelochemicals from invasive plant Ipomoea cairica.  Allelopathy Journal 24:
77-84. 2009.

Mohler, C.L. Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds. 2001. Weed life

history: identifying vulnerabilities. Pp. 40-98. In: Liebman, M., Mohler, C. L. &
Staver, C. P. (ed.).  Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

22
Norris, R.F.; Elmore, C.L.; Rejmánek, M. & Akey, W.C. Spatial arrangement,
density, and competition between barnyard grass and tomato: Weed Science 49:
61-682001. I. Crop growth and yield. 

Second European Allelopathy Symposium. BATISH, D. R. et al. Herbicidal

activity of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citriodora. "Allelopathy - from
understanding to application" 2005., Jul 19. p. 29.       

The Fourth World Congress on Allelopathy, CAO, P. R; LUO, M. S. L.

Allelopathy in South China agroecosystems In:  Charles Sturt University, Wagga
Wagga, NSW, Australia, 21-26 August, 2005, p. 8-10.    

Vyvyan, J.A. Allelochemicals as leads for new herbicides and agrochemicals. 

Tetrahedron 58: 1631-1646. 2002.

Wu, J.R.; Chen, Z.Q. & Peng, S.L. Allelopathic potential of Alternanthera
philoxeroides, Ipomoea cairica and Spartina alterniflora.  Allelopathy Journal 18:
279-285. 2006.

23
 Appendix B

Statistical Results

Table 7. Analysis of Variance Test Result on the Percentage of Germination of the Selected
Hoe Grown Crops in the Different Concentration of Mango Leaves Aqueous Extract

Source Ss Df MS

Between- 14696 4 3674

treatments
F= 11.70064

Within- 6280 20 314

treatments

Total 20976 24

Table 8. Analysis of Variance Test Result on the Root Length of the Selected Home

Grown Crops in the Different Concentration of Mango Leaves Aqueous Extract

Source SS Df MS

Between- 349.0942 4 87.2736 F=1.30997

treatments

Within- 1332.4479 20 66.6224

treatments
Total 1681.5421 24

24
 Table 9. Analysis of Variance Test Result on the Percentage of Shoot Length of the
Selected Home Grown Crops in the Different Concentration of Mango Leaves Aqueous
Extract

Source SS Df MS

Between-
treatments 4.183 4 1.0457 F= 35.34597

Within-
treatments 0.5917 20 0.0296
Total 4.7747 24

Appendix C

25
 List of Materials

Seeds (5 homegrown crops)

Petri Dish

Cotton

Distilled Water 1000ml

Lysol Liquid Soap (Joy)

Sponges

Rag

Graduated Cylinder 2

Tray

Labeling tape

Marker

Plastic Cellophane

Appendix D

26
 Documentation

Collection of Mango Leaves

27
 Weighing of Mango Leaves

Extracting of Mango Leaves

28
Preparation of the diff. concentrations

Preparation of the Diff. Set-ups

29
After 5th day of observation

After 10th day of observation

30
 Appendix E

Curriculum Vitae

“Perseverance is my strength”

Name: Archie F. Valenzuela

Age: 16 years old

Address: Purok Mabuhay, Bambad, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat

Birthday: November 24, 2001

Sex: Male

Mother`s Name: Tessie F. Valenzuela

Occupation: House Wife

Father`s Name: Ariel P. Valenzuela

Occupation: Farmer

Educational Background:

Elementary: Bambad Central School

High School: Bambad Naional High School

Research Adviser: Ms. Emely F. Lentija

31
 Anything is just little when you have perseverance and discipline”

“When you appreciate, you love. When you love, you appreciate.”

Name: Klair Faith Diaz Balano

Age: 17 years old

Address: Prk. Malipayon, Bambad, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat

Birthday: December 10, 2000

Sex: Female

Mother`s Name: Mrs. Mary Gene D. Balano

Occupation: Housekeeping

Father`s Name: Salem B. Balano (deceased)

Occupation:

Educational Background:

Elementary: Bambad Central School

High School: Bambad National High School

32
Research Adviser: Ms. Emely F. Lentija

‘’Strive for excellence, not for perfection.’’

Name: Chyrra Belle C. Depacto

Age: 15 years old

Address: Prk. Kaunlaran, Bambad, Isulan Sultan Kudarat

Birthday: May 24, 2002

Sex: Female

Mother`s Name: Cynthia C. Depacto

Occupation: Barangay Official

Father`s Name: Charlie M. Depacto

Occupation: Farmer

Educational Background:

Elementary: Bambad Central School

High School: Bambad National High School

33
Research Adviser: Emely F. Lentija

‘’Time is gold’’

Name: Jethro Jan Binas

Age: 16

Address: Prk. I-B Kudanding Sultan Kudarat

Birthday: January 07, 2001

Sex: Male

Mother`s Name: Nora Binas

Occupation: House Wife

Father`s Name: NA

Occupation:

Educational Background:

Elementary: Kudanding Elementary School

High School: Bambad National high School

Research Adviser: Emely F. Lentija

34
35