List of systems of plant taxonomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy

List of systems of plant taxonomy

This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used
in plant classification.

A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on

circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it
is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants).

There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is
deal with a large number of plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must
be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about
relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant
systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a
result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered
plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps A pioneering system of plant
precursors rather than full taxonomic systems. taxonomy, Linnaeus's Systema
Naturae, Leiden, 1735
A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which
serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants. By its size this
would qualify to be on this list, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera.

Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development, resulting in
several versions of the same system. When a system is widely adopted, many authors will adopt their own particular
version of the system. The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many versions.

Contents
Chronological list of systems
Pre-Linnaean
From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian)
Post Darwinian (Phyletic)
Other systems
References
External links
Bibliography

Chronological list of systems

Pre-Linnaean
Theophrastus classification

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Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants), c. 300 BC

Causes of Plants, c. 300 BC
Dioscorides classification
De Materia Medica, c. 60 AD
Albertus Magnus classification
De Vegetabilibus, c. 1256 [1] (https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000811098)
Caesalpino classification
De Plantis, 1583
John Gerard classification
Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597
Gaspard Bauhin classification
Pinax theatri botanici, 1623
John Ray classification
Historia Plantarum, 1686–1704
Tournefort classification
Éléments de botanique, 1694

From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian)

Linnaean systems
Systema Naturae, 1st edition, 1735.
Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758 (vol. 1), 1759 (vol. 2). Starting point of zoological nomenclature.
Species Plantarum, 1753. Starting point of botanical nomenclature.
Genera Plantarum, 1737 (1st ed.), 1753 (5th ed.).
Philosophia Botanica, 1751.
Adanson system
Familles naturelles des plantes, 1763.
de Jussieu system
A.L. de Jussieu (1789). Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto
Regio Parisiensi exaratam.
(available online at Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/))
de Candolle system
A. P. de Candolle (1819). Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la
classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.).
A. P. de Candolle; et al. (1824–1873). Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio
contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis
normas digesta.
(available online at Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/))
Berchtold and Presl system
Berchtold and Presl. O Prirozenosti Rostlin 1820
Dumortier system
Dumortier, Barthélemy-Charles (1829). Analyse des familles des plantes :avec l'indication des principaux
genres qui s'y rattachent (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/443#/summary) (in French).
Tournay: Casterman. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Lindley system
Lindley (1830). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany.
(available online at BHL (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/57/mode/1up))
Lindley (1845). The Vegetable Kingdom.
(available online at BHL (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/11/mode/1up))
Bentham & Hooker system
G. Bentham & J.D. Hooker (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus
servata definita. 3 volumes.
(available online at Gallica (http://gallica.bnf.fr/))
Baillon system
H. Baillon (1867–1894). Histoire des plantes. 13 volumes.

Post Darwinian (Phyletic)

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Eichler system
Eichler (1883). Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde (3rd ed.).
Van Tieghem system
Van Tieghem, Philippe Édouard Léon; (1884; 2nd ed., 1891) (1891). Traité de botanique (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=rixemtL-zoIC) (in French). Paris: Savy. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Engler system
A. Engler & K. Prantl; (1887–1915; 2nd edition, 1924–). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
A. Engler (1892). Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik [or, in
further editions, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien].
Dalla Torre & Harms system
K.W. von Dalla Torre & H. Harms (1900–1907). Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum
conscripta.
Bessey system
Charles E. Bessey (1907). "A Synopsis of Plant Phyla (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94530#page/
329/mode/1up)". Univ. Nebraska Studies 7: 275–358.
Charles E. Bessey (1915). "The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. 2 (1/2): 109–164. doi:10.2307/2990030 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2990030).
JSTOR 2990030 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2990030).
Wettstein system
R. Wettstein; (in two volumes, 1901-1908; 2nd edition, 1911; 3rd edition, 1923-24; 4th edition, 1933–35)
(1911). "Handbuch der systematischen Botanik". Nature. 87 (2184): 308. Bibcode:1911Natur..87..308W (htt
ps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911Natur..87..308W). doi:10.1038/087308a0 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F0
87308a0). hdl:2027/chi.095529285 (https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fchi.095529285).
Rendle system
Alfred Barton Rendle. The Classification of Flowering Plants 1904, 1925
Lotsy system
Johannes Paulus Lotsy. Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität
zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. 1907–1911
Hallier system
Hallier, H (1912). "L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes exposés à l'aide de leur arbre
généalogique". Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Série III. B. 1: 146–234.
Warming system
Warming, Eugenius (1912). Frøplanterne (Spermatofyter) (https://books.google.com/books?id=TVU-AQAA
MAAJ) (in Danish). Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Hutchinson system
J. Hutchinson; (two volumes, 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973). The families of flowering
plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny.
Calestani system
Calestani, Vittorio (1933). "Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme" (http://www.sbn.it/opacsbn/opa
clib?db=solr_iccu&sort_access=&rpnquery=%2540attrset%2Bbib-1%2B%2B%2540attr%2B1%253D5032%
2B%2540attr%2B4%253D1%2B%2522IT%255C%255CICCU%255C%255CLO1V%255C%255C146392%
2522&totalResult=29&select_db=solr_iccu&saveparams=false&nentries=1&rpnlabel=+Nomi+%3D+IT%5CI
CCU%5CLO1V%5C146392+&searchForm=opac%2Ficcu%2Ferror.jsp&do_cmd=search_show_cmd&result
Forward=opac%2Ficcu%2Ffull.jsp&brief=brief&&fname=none&from=13). Archo. Bot. Sist. Fito-Geogr.
Genet. 9: 274–311.
Kimura system
Kimura, Yojiro (1956). "Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones" (http://eurekamag.com/research/025/
635/025635656.php). Notulae Systematicae, Herbier du Muséum de Paris. 15: 137–159.
Benson system
Lyman David Benson. Plant Classification 1957
Emberger system
Chaudefaud, Marius; Emberger, Louis (1960). Traité de Botanique systématique 2 vols. Paris: Masson.
Melchior system
H. Melchior (1964). Adolf Engler (ed.). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (12th edition, II. Band ed.). (also
known as modified Engler system, in Angiospermae)
Takhtajan system
A. Takhtajan; (in Russian, 1966). A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants.
A. Takhtajan; (1969, transl. from Russian by C. Jeffrey). Flowering plants: origin and dispersal.

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ISBN 978-0-05-001715-9.
A. Takhtajan (1980). "Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophya)". Botanical Review. 46
(3): 225–359. doi:10.1007/BF02861558 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02861558).
A. Takhtajan (1997). Diversity and classification of flowering plants. ISBN 978-0-231-10098-4.
Cronquist system
A. Cronquist; (1968; 2nd edition 1988) (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants.
ISBN 978-0-89327-332-3.
A. Cronquist (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
Thorne system
R.F. Thorne (1968). "Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of flowering plants". Aliso. 6 (4):
57–66. doi:10.5642/aliso.19680604.06 (https://doi.org/10.5642%2Faliso.19680604.06).
R.F. Thorne (1983). "Proposed new alignments in the angiosperms". Nord. J. Bot. 3: 85–117.
doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x).
R.F. Thorne (1992). "Classification and geography of flowering plants". Botanical Review. 58 (3): 225–348.
doi:10.1007/BF02858611 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858611).
R.F. Thorne (1992). "An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants". Aliso. 13: 365–389.
R.F. Thorne (2000). "The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class
Angiospermae". Botanical Review. 66 (4): 441–647. doi:10.1007/BF02869011 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FB
F02869011).
Stebbins system
Stebbins, G.L. (1974). Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=L1jwAAAAMAAJ). [System followed by
Heywood, V.H. (ed., 1978). Flowering plants of the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [3] (https://books.
google.com/books?id=foPwAAAAMAAJ).]
Dahlgren system
R.M.T. Dahlgren (1975). "A system of classification of angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the
distribution of characters". Bot. Notiser. 128: 119–147.
R.M.T. Dahlgren (1980). "A revised system of classification of angiosperms". Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80 (2):
91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x).
R.M.T. Dahlgren (1983). "General Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution and Macrosystematics". Nordic Journal
of Botany. 3: 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-1051.198
3.tb01448.x).
R.M.T. Dahlgren & al. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy.
ISBN 978-0-387-13655-4.
G. Dahlgren (1989). "An updated Angiosperm Classification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 100
(3): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1989.tb0171
7.x).
Goldberg system
Aaron Goldberg (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons".
Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 58 (58): 1–314. doi:10.5479/si.0081024x.58 (https://doi.org/10.5479%
2Fsi.0081024x.58). (available online: Full text (PDF) here (https://web.archive.org/web/20060916230023/htt
p://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Botany/pdf/sctb-0058.pdf)) [there is also a comparison among
11 Dicotyledons systems since 1960 until 1985]
Aaron Goldberg (1989). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Monocotyledons".
Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 71 (71): 1–73. doi:10.5479/si.0081024x.71 (https://doi.org/10.5479%2
Fsi.0081024x.71). (available online: Full text (PDF) here (http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Bota
ny/pdf/scb-0071.pdf))
Kubitzki system (1990- )
K. Kubitzki & al.; (1990 ongoing). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.
Shipunov system (1991–)
(Available online: Full text PDF (http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/ang/current/syang.pdf))
Reveal system (1997)
Reveal System of Classification 1997 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130702041527/http://www.biologie.uni
-hamburg.de/b-online/systems/reve1.html)
Judd system (1999–2016)
(Modified APG)
Judd, Walter S. (2008). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. 3rd ed (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Judd, Walter S. (2016). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. 4th ed (https://web.archive.org/web/201
61225080234/http://www.sinauer.com/plant-systematics-a-phylogenetic-approach-817.html). Sinauer

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Associates. ISBN 978-1-60535-389-0. Archived from the original (http://www.sinauer.com/plant-systematics-

a-phylogenetic-approach-817.html) on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
APG system
APG I (1998)
APG (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. doi:10.2307/2992015 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2992015).
JSTOR 2992015 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992015).
W.S. Judd & al.; (1999; 2nd edition, 2002) (2002). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach.
ISBN 978-0-87893-403-4.
APG II (2003)
APG (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436.
doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x (https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-001
58.x).
(Available online: Abstract (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01
-1-00158.x/abstract) | Full text (HTML) (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-83
39.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/) | Full text (PDF) (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.10
95-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf))
APG III (2009)
APG (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 399–436.
doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x).
(Available online: [4] (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract))
APG IV (2016)
APG IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20.
doi:10.1111/boj.12385 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385).

Other systems
Bartling system ([5] (https://archive.org/details/ordinesnaturale00bartgoog))
Deyl system
Endlicher system ([6] (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/52/mode/1up))
Fritsch system (algae, [7] (https://books.google.com/books?id=hOa74Hm4zDIC&lpg=PP1&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA24#v=
onepage&q&f=false))
Gundersen system
Hallier system
Hoek, Mann and Jahns system (algae)
Mez system
Novák system ([8] (https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Anton%C3%ADn_Nov%C3%A1k))
Pascher system (algae, [9] (https://books.google.com/books?id=hOa74Hm4zDIC&lpg=PP1&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA22#
v=onepage&q&f=false))
Pulle system
Rafinesque system ([10] (https://web.archive.org/web/20131007100503/http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Rafi
nesque1815.htm))
Rouleau system
Smith system (cryptogams – algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes)
Skottsberg system
Soó system
Strasburguer system ([11] (https://archive.org/details/atextbookbotany00schigoog))
Tippo system

References

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External links
List of systems on a Russian server, by Alexey Shipunov (http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/else/else-en.htm)
Minelli, Alessandro (1993). Biological Systematics. The State of the Art. Chapman & Hall, London. 387 pp.
Appendices 2–23 (https://web.archive.org/web/20140503225859/http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/480/bb
m%253A978-94-011-9643-7%252F1.pdf?auth66=1399319437_0ff498bd25afdfa4cb9cdfda8fb266e7&ext=.pdf),
with major systematic works.
Review of systems 1703–1845, in Lindley, John (1846): The Vegetable Kingdom (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
/item/32198#page/39/mode/1up)
Rao M. M., Reddy, S.M. (2007), Plant Taxonomy: Systems of Classification, in Reddy S. M. et al. (eds.) University
Botany – 3, New Age International, pp. 7–32 (https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC)
ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6

Bibliography
Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). The monocotyledons: A comparative study (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=coXwAAAAMAAJ). London and New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122006807.
Reddy, S.M. (2007), University botany: Angiosperms, plant embryology and plant physiology (https://books.google.
com/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC&pg=PA7), New Age International, p. 7, ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6
Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1976–1988). Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications
and collections with dates, commentaries and types: Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 (TL2) (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibli
ography/48631#/summary) (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. ISBN 90 313 0224 4.

Note: This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of
earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of
Scopoli, Batsch and Grisebach.

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