Academic Assessment

Module Assessment Type

Year Number

2020 DipIT07- Introduction To Database System A1 Report

AI and Ethics of AI

Student Id : 2050075

Student Name: Kushal Karki

Section: L5CG4

Module leader: Mr.prakash Gautam

1
Acknowledgement

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Herald College, Kathmandu for providing us with such
a nice module with a good learning environment so that we can learn and move ahead for our
better future.

I would firstly like to thank our module leader for providing me necessary guidelines throughout
this report. With her effort I am able to finish this report.

I am thankful to my friends for always being my side and encouraging me through every
situation I failed to face. I am very thankful to these people for helping me throughout this report.

2
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 2
1 introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5
General introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5
Current scenario world wide ............................................................................................................... 6
2 History .............................................................................................................................................. 7
3 Types of AI ......................................................................................................................................... 8
4 Ethics of AI ........................................................................................................................................... 10
5 Uses and application of AI ............................................................................................................. 12
6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Works Cited .............................................................................................................................................. 14

3
Table of Figure

Figure 1 Artificial intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2 History of AI .................................................................................................................................. 7

4
1 introduction

General introduction

Figure 1 Artificial intelligence (MISHKOV, 2020)

Artificial intelligence is the human made intelligence which is inserted into
machines that helps machines to act like human beings. Machines also show
characteristics linked to a human mind, such as learning and problem-solving. AI’s main
feature is to build the capacity to take decisions to perform particular task. AI also helps
machine in learning big data without human existence through automated learning
process (FRANKENFIELD, 2021). AI is evolving and becoming a core component of all
new applications. This seems to be risk, but also a chance (IBM Cloud Education,
2020).

5
Current scenario world wide

Across many fields, AI has been an over-hyped buzzword and the field of design is no
different. There are ongoing discussions around the potential impact of AI, Machine
Learning, Deep Learning, VR, AR, and MR (virtual, augmented, and mixed realities)
between designers and developers and how our jobs can change. However, AI can be
used by Designers to create designs faster and cheaply with the help of high speed of
AI (PHILIPS, 2021). The most immediate concern for many is that AI-enabled systems
will replace workers across a wide range of industries. AI brings mixed emotions and
opinions when referenced in the context of jobs. However, it’s becoming increasingly
clear that AI is not a job killer, but rather, a job category killer. As has happened with
every wave of technology, from the automatic weaving looms of the early industrial
revolution to the computers of today we see that jobs are not destroyed, but rather
employment shifts from one place to another and entirely new categories of
employment are created. We can and should expect the same in the AI-enabled
economy (Walch, 2019). AI systems have the capacity to learn and adapt so, they
decide themselves like in self-driving car AI detect all the barriers and route without
human help. AI is rising rapidly day by day we are not far from the world where there will
be numerous AI systems. AI can be used in the area like banking, national security,
health care and transportation. AI is used in many sectors and is being popular
worldwide (Darrell M.West , John R. Allen, 2018).

6
2 History

At the Dartmouth Conference, American computer scientist John McCarthy adopted the
terms "Artificial Intelligence" for first time as an academic field in 1956 A.D. In 1972 A.D
first AI humanoid robot was built in japan named as WABOT-1 (javatpoint, 2018). In
1970 A.D AI came back with Expert system that uses algorithms to solve problems
using their own decisions. Artificial Intelligence technology got intelligent agent in 1990
A.D. For news retrieval services, online shopping, and web surfing, these intelligent
agents can be used. Bots are also often called intelligent agents (D.Foote, 2016). A
"Google now" Android app feature was introduced by Google, which was able to provide
the user with details as a prediction (javatpoint, 2018).

Figure 2 History of AI (data flair, 2021)

7
3 Types of AI

 Reactive Machines

The oldest forms of AI are Reactive Machines which only have limited capacity.
They have ability of the human mind to respond different stimuli but do not have
a memory-based function that is; they cannot use past experience in their
present form and does not have ability to learn. It was only possible to use these
machines to automatically respond to a limited set or combination of inputs.

 Limited Memory

Limited memory machines are machines that are also capable of learning from
historical data to make decisions, in addition to having the capabilities of purely
reactive machines. Almost all the existing applications falls under this AI
category. When an image is scanned by such an AI, it uses the training images
as guides to recognize the content of the image presented to it, and it marks new
images with increased accuracy based on its learning experience. AI applications
like self-driving car, virtual assistants, Chabot’s and so on are all powered by
limited memory.

 Theory of mind

Although the previous two types of AI are found in large amount but this AI are
still not developed and researchers are making lots of effort in improvement of
such AI machines. A theory of mid AI would understand the human emotions,
desires, value, belief and process of thinking. this AI is increasing industry and an
area of interest for AI researcher and it is also involved in growth of other AI
branches. Theory of mind is being big focus because it helps AI to deal with each
individuals understanding their needs.

8
 Self-aware

Self-aware AI is the last stage in the growth of AI. It does not exist in reality and
it is hypothetical concept. AI has evolved so close to human brain it will be
smarter than human brain. The main aim of research is to build this form of AI
which can take decades or centuries but there is still a hope. This type of AI can
be harm to society we should be aware of it but if used wisely it can improve our
advancement of society. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Artificial General
Intelligence (AGI), and Artificial Super intelligence (ASI) is the alternative
classification system that is more commonly used in tech parlance.

 Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

This AI is most complicated and capable AI among all the existing AI. Artificial
narrow intelligence is the system that can perform tasks without human existence
using human like capabilities. This machine only can do the task that is already
programmed inside it. This type of AI has limited proficiency. This system is
similar to reactive and limited memory AI. Many complex AI falls under this
system.

 Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Artificial General Intelligence is the system that has ability to learn, distinguish,
understand and perform well like human being. These systems will get more
proficiency and form links and generalizations across domains, massively
reducing the time required for training. This will make AI systems capable as
humans.

 Artificial super intelligence(ASI)

9
 Artificial Super intelligence is expected to be in the peak of AI system, with
emerging the most intelligent forms on earth. In addition to mimicking human
intelligence, ASI would be much stronger in everything they do by growing
memory, fast data processing and analytic and decision-making capabilities. The
AGI and ASI development will lead to a most commonly called singularity
scenario.
It is difficult to imagine the state of our world at this point when advanced types of
AI arise. It is however clear that the present state of development of AI is still in
its primitive stage as compared to where it is planned to go.This means that
those who hold a negative perspective on the future of AI are now too early to
worry about the uniqueness and there is still time for the safety of AI. (Joshi,
2019)

4 Ethics of AI

In ancient Greeks AI has captured the fascination for social traces, Greek mythology
portrays an autonomous human machine called tulos, which defends the Crete Greek
islands, but ethical issues of such artificial intelligence began to only be addressed in
the 1940s, with the realist of the short story of Ediac Asimovs. The three laws of robotics
which are the main characters here;

1. A robot may not harm a person or allow a person to harm through inaction.
2. A robot must follow human orders, with the exception of those which conflict with
the first legislation the first law.
3. The robot must protect its own existence until such protection contravenes the
first or second laws.

The rules here laid down are somewhat omnipresent, and B.Hibbard's paper Ethical
Artificial Intelligence provides that a position which conflicts those laws – his example
being that the police officer of the AI is 'a policeman watching hit a gun against a victim'
that needs to be. Thus, a framework work is necessary to determine the ethical conduct

10
of such artificial intelligence; other elements that his essay would be discussing 'The
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence' are transparency of the inspections and the predictability
of artificial intelligence. To ensure transparent inspection of artificial intelligence, a
programmer must be able to at least understand how an artificial intelligence algorithm
decides on its actions. The paper of Bostrom and Yudkowsky shows that when the
machine is used to advocate a mortgage application for approval if the machine
discriminates against persons of a particular type it is important to use the machine that
would not be transparent for inspection to determine why or how. Strengthens three
points to inspection transparency to allow reliability assessment unforeseen behavior
exposure and decision-making exposure.

The document takes this into account by implementing the kind and purpose of a
transparent system and the people involved in it, while stressing that the system needs
to provide information readable for different roles and users. While the report does not
specifically mention artificial intelligence as an important topic, it is very easy for
engineers to develop new technologies like IT and machine education to transfer the
principles of a transparent system, ideally, for engineers and programmers involved, the
reasons why and how the IT takes its decision should be tracked and tried to add to the
unexpected behavior. Ethics and the moral questions of AI are critical and must be
discussed now.

The Ai phase is still in its infancy, understanding and addressing ethics and moral
problems. "Good and bad," and "virtue and vice," are not simply ethics. Ethics and the
moral questions of AI are critical and must be discussed now. This study focuses
attention on the urgent requirement for different stakeholders to focus on the ethics and
morality of AI actors. Their aim is not even to find a solution to a small group of people.
Such a company itself is complicated and requires self-learning, which carries a risk of
itself. Finally, an artificial intelligence, in order to truly ethics, must consider which parts
of the change are advantageous.

Understanding and addressing ethics and moral concerns, Good and bad, and virtue
and vice, are not simply ethics. Ethics and the moral questions of AI are critical and
must be discussed now. This study focuses attention on the urgent requirement for

11
different stakeholders to focus on the ethics and morality of AI actors. Their aim is not
even to find a solution to a small group of people (Keng Siau Weiyu Wang , 2020).

5 Uses and application of AI

Artificial intelligence today isn't only a hypothesis. It, indeed, has numerous down to
earth applications. A 2016 Gartner research shows that by 2020, in any event 30% of

organizations worldwide will utilize AI in at any rate one section of their business

measures. Today businesses across the globe are utilizing artificial intelligence to
improve their interaction and procure higher incomes and benefits. We connected with

some industry specialists to share their attitude toward the utilizations of artificial
intelligence. Here are the experiences we got:

1. Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce:

Artificial Intelligence innovation gives a serious edge to web based business

organizations and is getting promptly accessible to organizations of any size or
spending plan. Utilizing AI, AI programming naturally labels, arranges and
outwardly look through substance by marking highlights of the picture or video.

2. AI in Healthcare:

In the year ahead, and especially in the following five to ten years, artificial
intelligence will immensely affect the medical care industry and the manners by
which medical services related organizations use AI. Here is a short note from
Dr. Jeff Dunn, CEO of Redivus Health. Redivus Health is an extraordinary
portable application utilized by medical services suppliers to forestall clinical

12
 mistakes by offering both clinical choice help during basic clinical occasions just
as reporting those occasions electronically continuously. (Anurag, 2020)

6 Conclusion

Artificial intelligence is innovating day by day with new model and researchers are yet
researching to get new model in the market. There is a great deal of discussion about
whether a suitably programmed computer is a mind, or just simulates one, but AI
researchers do not have to wait for this debate to end nor for a hypothetical computer
that can shape all the intelligence of man. The AI programs are coded as a computer
program and within very limited domains, such as soybean plant diseases identifying
aspects of intelligent behavior such as problem solving, inferences making, learning and
the understanding of language, AI programs may outperform human experts. AI's big
challenge now is to find ways of representing common knowledge and experience in
everyday life

13
Works Cited
Anurag, 2020. newgenapps. [Online]
Available at: https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/ai-uses-applications-of-artificial-intelligence-ml-
business/?fbclid=IwAR0fXyyXNXEUoSaJRGziPi97wRSPquAwH-24EecnTVZZ_rmM1AXLuCRHCCU
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

D.Foote, K., 2016. DATAVERSITY. [Online]

Available at: https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-artificial-intelligence/#
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

Darrell M.West , John R. Allen, 2018. How artificial intelligence is transforming the world, s.l.:
brookings.edu.

data flair, 2021. data flair. [Online]

Available at: https://data-flair.training/blogs/history-of-artificial-intelligence/
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

FRANKENFIELD, J., 2021. Investopedia. [Online]

Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp
[Accessed 25 january 2021].

IBM Cloud Education, 2020. IBM. [Online]

Available at: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence
[Accessed 25 janauary 2021].

javatpoint, 2018. javatpoint. [Online]

Available at: https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-artificial-intelligence
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

Joshi, N., 2019. Forbes. [Online]

Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/06/19/7-types-of-artificial-
intelligence/?sh=731d8862233e
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

Keng Siau Weiyu Wang , 2020. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics: Ethics of AI and Ethical AI. Journal of
Database Management , 31(2), pp. 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84.

MISHKOV, L., 2020. documentry tube. [Online]

Available at: https://www.documentarytube.com/articles/a-few-words-about-artificial-intelligence-
what-is-it
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

PHILIPS, M., 2021. Toptal. [Online]

Available at: https://www.toptal.com/designers/product-design/infographic-ai-in-design
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

14
Walch, K., 2019. Forbes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2020/12/29/ethical-concerns-of-
ai/?sh=4d197d2023a8&fbclid=IwAR2d7Ru2uJj0oM97p2m3p-zn-R4C2Ffj1GwhxQ8Ymf0PfPeu3ulL_IqdpJE
[Accessed 18 2 2021].

15