Oral Com Module

Oral
Communication
in Context
Oral Communication
in Context
Functions, Nature and Process of
Communication
Oral Communication in Context
Functions, Nature and Process of Communication
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Mark Anthony P. Idang; Ethel B. Dasig

Editors: Marites M. Aguilar; Rizza A. Pereyra
Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo; Lea C. Villegas; Erma S. Valenzuela; Laila R. Maloles, Jhonathan S. Cadavido Illustrator: Joseph O.
Ocfemia
Layout Artist: Allan E. Medenilla
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Marites A. Ibañez; Ludy N. Pasagui, Edgardo B.
Militante, Orlando T. Valverde, Vincent Emmanuel L. Ilagan, Godofredo C. Mercado,
Henry P. Contemplacion
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the Oral Communication in Context Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM).
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist
you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.
Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners'
progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:
Welcome to the Oral Communication in Context Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM).
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our
hands, we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you, as a learner, are capable
and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own
leap and speed. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to
Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such through as a story, a song,
a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new
concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of
the module.
What I Have
Learned This includes questions that you need to answer so you can process what you have
learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional
Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.
This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature, process and function of communication. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course.
This module consists of one lesson, namely:
∙ The Functions, Nature and Process of Communication
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the nature and process of communication;
2. understand the relationship of the functions of communication to everyday life;
and
3. illustrate the process of communication.
Lesson 1 The Nature and Process of
Communication
Communication comes in various forms. From the simple nodding of your head,
stretching of hands, raising your eyebrows up to your daily conversations with
your friends over the phone, constant exchange of text messages, and regular
browsing in social networking sites, these are but some examples of how humans
communicate their thoughts, feelings, ideas, and insights. These only signify that
humans really engage in communication.
What’s In
How will you react to the following picture?
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Week 1
Believe it or not, your coming to your family is a great joy! Your first
cry immediately after birth announced your arrival into this world.
Afterwards, your mother understood that when you cry, you were hungry and
gave you milk in response. Your face also expressed your feelings. As years
passed by, you started pronouncing short words and responded by waving your
hands or nodding your head and most of the times, laughing out loud. Today,
you can act out, speak, and write to tell everyone what you think and feel.
These are the ways you communicate.
What’s New
When you exchange ideas with someone or you send information to others,
you do it in two ways. You either use words to say what you want to say or you
express yourself through gestures and facial expressions. Since then, people have
the inherent need to communicate. Humans are social beings. They live to interact
regularly with others. In fact, their endurance is due to their ability to express
themselves and connect to one another and the world they live in.
When you look back in the history of humankind, you will find that early
man could not speak as you do today. Records show that people have used various
communication techniques such as the use of symbols, gestures sounds, drawings,
and sign languages (Littlejohn, 2002 as cited in Amudavalli, n.d.). Words and
languages developed much later in human history.
Over the years, communication has progressed tremendously. Language
developed side by side with technology. Now in the 21st century, we realize the
power of communication in building relationships and the community at large.
Hence, we see the importance of communication.
Look at the pictures below. Identify the different ways of communicating with others.
1. ___________________________________ 2. _______________________________________
3. ______________________________ 4. _____________________________________
5. ________________________________________
What is It
What is communication and why do we communicate?
Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living and non
living things. It is also a means of sharing and exchanging messages, information,
ideas, and feelings for mutual understanding (Gregoriom, J.C., 2015).
Communication connects people and the world they live in. It is through
communication that people are able to express their thoughts and ideas or convey
information and messages through word of mouth, gestures and signals, signs, and
others. People have always communicated with one another in various forms.
Let us further define communication using the two key terms stated above,
“message” and “understand”.
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1. Communication is a message understood.
Unless a message is understood we cannot say that communication has
taken place. Let us send a message to someone and say, “where came first”. The
person who gets this message would wonder what it means for the arrangement of
the words does not make any sense. The message is sent but the receiver does not
understand it. Therefore, for communication to take place we have to consider two
conditions. First, there should be a clear message. Second, the message must be
understood by the receiver for whom it is meant.
2. Communication is social interaction through messages.
Think of someone telling, “It is very warm today.” In this case, we are
communicating what ‘we experience’. The weather being warm is what we feel or
experience physically. In this scenario, we are sharing our feeling or experience with
someone else. Thus, we may say that “communication is a sharing of experience.” In
our society, we all interact with messages. Without interactions, a society cannot
survive. Social interaction is always through messages.
We discuss problems and arrive at solutions. We exchange ideas and interact
with others. We transact, and then we negotiate. In doing all these, we use
communication. Imagine a situation where we are not able to speak and interact
with others or think of a family living in the same house without speaking to each
other or relating any form of message to one another. Such situation can be very
lonely and problematic. Without communication, all forms of human relationships
will vanish and die. Communication is therefore crucial in building and
maintaining relationships.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
There are also times when we fail to communicate adequately and experience
misunderstanding or miscommunication. Why do you think this thing happens?
What are the ways to avoid them?
We are sometimes misunderstood by the level of speech we use during
conversation - by the volume or rate we talk with friends or acquaintances. We may
sometimes be misunderstood by the non-verbal actions that we project or
incorporate in our speech when talking face-to-face with people. Also, when we
send text or chat messages, we are misinterpreted because those messages are
often brief and devoid of emotion.
Let us now try to consider the process of communication. How does
communication take place? Who are involved? What processes are considered? By
understanding the communication process, we can also duly avoid
misunderstandings and / or miscommunication.
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Our everyday transactions with people follow the communication process. As
seen in the illustration, communication begins when the speaker or source of
communication responds to a stimulus and decides to encode or transmit it in
the form of a message (or a “code”) through a particular channel or means of
communication.
The receiver decodes or interprets the message sent and responds
accordingly based on his interpretation of the message. This response comes in the
form of a feedback sent to the original source of communication (sender). As the
communication transaction continues, the sender and receiver may exchange roles
until understanding is achieved. Barriers to communication sometimes block the
transmission of the message thereby creating misunderstanding.
Through this process, we are able to understand that communication is
systematic. In the advent of technology, the exchange of information and messages
in society has advanced and has been a subject of many studies.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Why do we communicate?
Since communication is certain in our lives, it comes naturally and
unknowingly. Communication serves many purposes. The following are some of the
many reasons why we, humans, communicate:
Inform Misinform Counsel Sell
Clarify Question Express Promote
Buy Confuse Confirm Advise
Teach Learn Persuade Reveal
Accept Affirm Clarify Motivate
Criticize Deny Conceal And many others
From the above table, we realize that communication serves many purposes.
Whether we are at home, in school, at work, or at play, people engage in
communication. You will discuss these functions in detail in Module 4.
What’s More
Think of communication transactions in your daily life. Enumerate situations where
communication takes place. Then, indicate the result of the communication
transaction and tell whether it is successful or not by writing the elements that
made it so and specify its function on the third column. Use a separate sheet of
paper to answer this.
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Situation Result of the Function of
communication Communication
transaction
When I was 12, my father Message was clear that I need to to inform
told me that I am in-charge perform my task. At first the and
of cooking the rice every communication was successful. I to clarify
lunch time whenever I am thought other family members
available. One time, I forgot will do my task because I am
to cook rice because I got doing other things. My fault
busy on my assignment. there was I failed to
As a result we did not communicate to them that I am
have food to eat. My father busy doing my assignment.
reminded me again about Should I have communicated this
the task assigned to me. earlier, we would have rice to
eat.
You may probably have recalled many situations that occurred from the time
you woke up until the time that you are about to sleep at night. This is because
communication transactions happen every time we interact with our own selves
and with others. We cannot help but communicate!
What I Have Learned

Activity 1: KWLH Chart
Now, based on the details above, fill-in the following KWLH Chart to see your
learning status in this module. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
K W L H
(What do I (What (What did I (How did I
know concepts or learn from learn it?
before the ideas do I this lesson?) Cite
start of want to samples
this module?) know and
more?) situations)
Nature of
Communication
Process of
Communication
Functions of
Communication
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Activity 2: Social Media Post
Show what you have learned creatively. Compose a Twitter or Facebook post of your
most important insights about the definition, nature, process and function of
communication. Include hashtags at the end of your post.
What I Can Do
Activity 1: Comic Strip
Create a comic strip showing how you would communicate to your community the
advantages of following health protocols and guidelines amidst COVID-10 pandemic
in your municipality or province. You may cut-out pictures of people or authorities
to depict your character, but be sure to write your own original scripts and texts.
Activity 2: Reflections
Explain how you can use this lesson in your life. Make a reflection using the
following paragraph starters.
Today, I learned ….
______________________________________________________________________
I realized …
______________________________________________________________________
Therefore, I will…
______________________________________________________________________
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Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully then choose the letter that corresponds to your
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information as by speech,
signals, writing or behavior.
A. communication C. language
B. feedback D. message
2. These are considered forms of communication.
1. talking clearly 3. sending emails
2. chewing gum 4. looking bored
A. 1234 B. 134 only C. 342 only D. 1 only
3. This body language shows that one is listening.
A. nodding and making eye contact
B. looking out of the window
C. turning away from the speaker
D. whistling while biting nails
4. It is the sender of the message.
A. barrier
B. originator
C. receiver
D. sender
5. It is a good indication that good communication occurs.
A. destructed C. unreceived
B. confused D. shared
6. It is shown when there is an understanding in the communication.
A. Each gets a chance to be the sender and the receiver.
B. Each party is able to provide feedback.
C. Each party is able to say what they want to without the other
person interrupting.
D. Each party has different languages.
7. It is the content of the communication.
A. jargon C. message
B. media D. noise
8. This communication type is characterized by a certain look or gaze.
A. non-verbal Communication
B. oral Communication
C. verbal Communication
D. written Communication
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9. It is the definition of communication.
1. Communication involves a transaction.
2. Communication is sharing of ideas among a group of people. 3.
Communication is a confusion of ideas in the mind of the other. 4.
Communication is a transfer of messages from one person to another.
A. 1234 B. 234 only C. 124 only D. 4 only
10. This is the BEST way to continue communication.
A. active listening
B. asking questions
C. not interrupting
D. making good eye contact
11. It is known when the receiver gives a verbal or non-verbal message.
A. answer C. response
B. feedback D. none given
12.It is an indication that communication really takes place.
A. when the message enters the channel
B. when the message leaves the channel
C. when the receiver understands the message
D. when the sender transmits the message
13.This is to be avoided for effective communication.
A. ambiguity C. politeness
B. listening D. sharing of activity
14.This is essential to an effective communication.
A. three-way process
B. both a one-way and a two-way process
C. one-way process
D. two-way process
15.This refers to the responsibility of the person who receives the
message for communication to take place.
A. feedback C. perception
B. non-verbal clues D. self-concept
Additional Activities
Picture Talk. Write short conversations using the cut-out pictures from
magazines, brochures, or any other materials. Consider the nature and process of
communication. Be guided by the following rubric in making your output. Use a
separate sheet of paper for this.
Choose one topic that might interest you:
1. Fake News
2. ECQ/MECQ/GCQ
3. Use of Technology in Online Communication
4. Gulayan sa Tahanan
5. Essential Needs vs. Non-Essential Needs
6. Others
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3 2 1
Content/ The output The output The output has
Elements clearly partially no clear
illustrated the illustrated the connection of
concepts of concepts of the concepts of
nature and nature and nature and
processes of processes of processes of
communication. communication. communication.
Coherence The script or The script or There is no
dialogue has dialogue partly coherence in
clear and gives clear the script or
concise message dialogue at all.
message.
Relevance The output The output partly The output has
clearly talks talks about the no clear
about the chosen topic. discussion of
topic chosen. the chosen topic.
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Oral Communication
in Context
Communication Models
First Edition, 2020

Writer: Divina P. Maming

Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo; Lea C. Villegas; Leilani J. Miranda; Jhonathan S. Cadavido
Illustrator: Joseph O. Ocfemia
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Edna Faura-Agustin, Nicholas M. Burgos Mary Ann L.
Tatlongmaria, Evelyn P. De Castro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
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Week 2
What I Need to Know
master the different models of communication. It will lead you to understanding
how communication works among people to foster mutual understanding and good
relationship. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
This module consists of one lesson:
∙ Communication Models
1. differentiate the various models of communication;
2. explain the process of communication through the elements involved; and 3.
recognize the importance of the models in understanding the communication
process as applied in everyday life.
Lesson 2
What’s In
Communicating with others takes us to a new experience. We are either the ones
starting the conversation process or the ones receiving it. As the exchange of
information progresses, both the source and the recipient go through favorable or
unfavorable experiences. The two or more individuals involved may end up satisfied
or discontented with the result. At some random instances, conflicts may
incidentally
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arise. But still, the end goal of communication is always for building better human
relationships.
Last time, we talked about the functions, nature and process of
communication. Let us recall some key terms that you encountered from the
previous lesson.
Directions: Complete the paragraph below by choosing the correct word from the
WORD POOL. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
WORD POOL
behavior motivates
communication nonverbal
decoding receiver
interact sender
message written
(1.) __________ is a process which follows a certain procedure. Communication

occurs between two or more people: the (2.) __________ or source of the information
and the (3.) __________. It can be articulated through (4.) __________ or spoken words.
It can also be expressed through gestures, facial expressions, or actions which are
(5.) _________ where words are not needed to understand what one means.
(6.) _____________________ is the process of interpreting the encoded (7.)
_____________ of the source by the receiver.
Communication also functions to control (8.) ____________________. It (9.)
___________ or encourages people to live better and allows individuals to (10.)
__________ with others.
What Is New
How often do you and your family eat all together? What do you normally talk
about? Read the anecdote and extract the different communication situations that
you will find in the story.
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The Glitch
By Divina P. Maming
Dela Cruz family came together for

breakfast. Each had his own story to tell
about his experiences for the week. This
is the usual scenario every Sunday
morning.
“Good morning kids!” greeted the
mother who had just finished setting the table for five.
Tonio and Maria could not wait to reach for their chairs with a big grin on their
faces as they said, “Good morning, nanay!”
Criselda walked out from her room, still sleepy, her hair unkempt, her
sleepwear on but appeared equally thrilled as her siblings shared the table with
their mother.
“Nanay, I can smell the aroma of your best delicacy, adobo,” she remarked.
“Yeah, I know. It is the favorite of the family so adobo is what I prepared today,” she
answered. Criselda replied, “I can’t wait to taste it!”
Mang Cardo, the man of the family, is a clerk in one of the rural banks in
town. He was talking to somebody over the phone; his voice echoed excitement but
later on, his positive mood gradually vanished. As he turned towards the table, he
shrugged his shoulders for disappointment.
“Let’s eat!” mother exclaimed, wanting to turn the situation around. But
everybody seemed to have been overwhelmed by their father’s silence. It was the
first time they saw him in a really low spirit. “What happened?” at last, the wife
asked.
“I may lose my job,” he said with a croaky voice.
“But why?” Aling Terie was surprised and so were the children. She quickly
walked towards him and patted his shoulder. “It’s okay. You can still find another
job,” she said offering him a seat.
The children also let their father feel their support as they smilingly uttered,
“Tatay, don’t worry, we are here to help.”
“Yes, we will assist nanay in selling fish in the market after school hours,”
Tonio said. “Maybe we can add vegetables to sell too, for additional income,” Maria
added. Criselda, on the other hand, volunteered to do the home chores.
“Thank you, my dear children,” was all Aling Terie could say.
Mang Cardo was moved by his family’s gesture. He was not expecting for
such an all-out support. He felt good about it. He started asking his kids about
their activities in school and how they fared in their subjects.
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Each of them excitedly told his own story. Criselda declared, “I got highest
score in Math, so my teacher rewarded me with a bar of chocolate.” Tonio then
mentioned about their project in Science which could eliminate foot smell and
everyone poked fun at it. They asked him whether they could try the product to see
if it would really work. Maria spoke about their field trip to the town’s historical
heritage and talked about what she learned from it.
Exchanges of stories persisted until someone gave Mang Cardo a ring. The
ringing lasted for some seconds and finally, he stood up to answer the call.
As he returned to the table, he was smiling. He was informed that the
retrenchment was not for him; it was a mistake. Now, the glitch is fixed and he is to
report to work the next day again.
All of them could not contain their happiness. And so, they sat down again to
eat all together. “We will go to the church after breakfast, as usual,” Mang Cardo
sighed with relief.
Now, answer the following questions:
1. What are the different communication instances in the story?
_________________________________________________________________________ 2.
How did each communication scenario develop?
_________________________________________________________________________ 3.
Did a conflict arise in the story? What kind of conflict is it? Did it affect the
communication process? How did the rest of the family members react to it?
_________________________________________________________________________ 4.
How can we establish a good communication?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the importance of communication in our daily life?
_________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Imagine your life and the world you live in without proper communication
procedure. Would there be order or chaos? Would there be understanding or
disagreement?
Communication plays a crucial role in human life. It facilitates the sending

and receiving of knowledge and information. It allows people to develop various
kinds of social relationships. It gives an avenue for people to express their ideas,
thoughts, feelings, and insights. Without it, societies will be restrained from
developing and
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progressing. With all the advancements in technology, communication nowadays
has changed dramatically, adapting to the 21st century way of life.
Look at the representations below. They will help you understand the basic
elements of communication. See how they operate and interact as communication
progresses.
Models of Communication Process

A.Linear Communication
Have you talked to somebody but did not get any reaction from him at
all? Have you experienced sending a message without receiving any feedback? This
is linear communication.
Linear communication is one-way, focusing on the transmission of a
message to a receiver who never responds or has no way of responding to the
information conveyed. For instance, a competition organizer is presenting the
contest mechanics. The message is final and cannot be contended at all. It could be
the president giving his State of the Nation Address on the national television or a
student who reads a poem or tells a story in front of an audience in a school
program. Other
examples include
sending an email, reading a blog, or even the traditional way of having letters sent.
Fig 1. Shannon-Weaver Model

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yaltqfqy. Retrieved May 25, 2020
Shannon-Weaver Model
An example of linear type of communication is the Shannon-Weaver model (1949).
It is also considered as the mother of all communication models. It has a one way
process starting from a source (producer of message); passing through a channel
(signals adapted for transmission) which may at times be interrupted by
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noise (barrier) to a receiver (decoder of message from the signal). The process stops
after the message has arrived at its destination.
B. Interactive
When was the last time someone surprised you? How did you react? Who
was the last person whom you praised for a job well-done? What response did you
get? What is the significance of getting a response or reaction from the person to
whom you addressed your statement?
Interactive approach is a two-way communication process where a response is
given after a message is sent. The recipient of the action intentionally or
unintentionally gives a feedback associated with the information received. Let us
extract Criselda and her mother’s dialogue from the story.
Criselda: Nanay, I can smell the aroma of your best delicacy, adobo.
Aling Terie: Yeah, I know. It is the favorite of the family so adobo is
what I prepared today.
Criselda: I can’t wait to taste it!
Aling Terie’s response to Criselda’s statement proves that she decodes the
intended meaning of the idea passed on to her. That is what we call feedback. See,
feedback makes a difference. If the mother did not respond to the statement of her
daughter, the latter would
not know whether her
mother understands what
she said. The exchange of
ideas or information verifies
that both parties
understand the message.
Take a look at the next
model.
Schramm Model
Fig 2. Schramm Model

Source: https://tinyurl.com/yazbv5mv. Date Retrieved May 25, 2020
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Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as an
exchange of thoughts and ideas. Feedback was added to the Shannon-Weaver
Model. The recipient of the message decodes it and creates a feedback based on
his understanding of the information sent and vice versa.
The figure identifies the six elements of communication which are the
sender, the message sent, the receiver and the feedback provided by the receiver
and sent back as a response to the sender and the processes of encoding and
decoding.
Remember, information may become useless if it is not conveyed properly
to others. Thus, the processes of encoding and decoding are the key components of
this model, including feedback.
Encoding is when an idea or information is translated into words and
expressed to others.
Decoding is when this idea or information is understood and interpreted
by the receiver.
Hence, the receiver must be able to send feedback to the sender in order
to complete the process. Otherwise, the communication transaction fails.
Schramm’s model, which is a two-way communication model, revolves around these
principles.
The process goes on starting from the sender (source) who encodes the
message transmitted to the receiver which he interprets; decodes a message
(feedback) to be sent back to the source who in turn, decodes and interprets the
information sent.
C.Transactional Model
Communication is dynamic. It has a complex nature. It takes place
among individuals at any given time with any given subject. However, there are
tendencies that barriers would interfere which may create a sudden impact and
change in the processing of information.
In a classroom setting, for example, you are being grouped into five or six
members for an activity. Your task is to give an opinion or reaction to the closure of
the biggest television network in the Philippines. Each of you expresses your
thoughts regarding the matter. While having that activity, you also heard the JHS
graders having their dance practice for the upcoming event. That noise did not
interrupt your discussion as you give your own views. This situation is an example
of a transactional approach.
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The communicator (source) encodes the message and transmits it
through a channel. The message transmitted may be affected by the noise (barrier).
The receiver (recipient of the message) decodes, processes, and filters the message
for understanding and is now ready to give his own feedback to the sender.
Transactional Communication Model
Fig 3. Transactional Model
Source: https://tinyurl.com/ybwyog2a. Date retrieved: May 25, 2020
The transactional model shows a circular process of interaction between

the persons involved in the communication, with each one actively participating and
sharing ideas with one another. They are the communicators actively exchanging
information and reaction.
Feedback is given freely and deliberately to one another or to all
members participating in the communication transaction. The sender and the
receiver may simultaneously exchange roles as communicators. Since
communication is deemed dynamic and progressive, the topic may also change
from time to time.
In this concept, the noise or barrier to communication is also taken into
consideration for it may directly or indirectly affect the smooth flow of
communication. In the event that the message was not clearly conveyed due to the
barrier, the communication continues in order to clarify the intended meaning of the
sender. When the transmission is cut along the way due to the barrier, the
communicators work collaboratively to understand each other. Now, the sender
20
becomes a receiver of feedback (the response from the receiver) and the receiver also
acts as sender providing information in response to the message conveyed to him.
In this way, the communication is made more effective and complete. What’s
More
General Directions: Perform the activities below to better understand the concept
of communication and how it works. Follow the indicated directions
for each activity.
A. Directions: In the Venn diagram below, show the similarities and differences of
the three communication models.
For you, which

model is most effective? Why?
B. Directions: Identify the elements that constitute the communication process by
answering the crossword puzzle below. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Across:
1. the reaction or
response provided by
the receiver of the
information
4. the recipient of the
message sent
Down:
2. the source of the information or message
3. the information or idea conveyed
5. the factor affecting the communication flow
21
C. Directions: Read the given situations and fill in the grid below by identifying the
elements of communication.
1. Rosa instructs her little brother to water the plants in their garden. However,
she did not notice that her brother was wearing headphones when she gave
instructions. She learned too late that her brother did not do what she told
him.
source
message
receiver
Barrier (if any)
2. Gerry bought a can of milk from the nearby store. As it was handed to him, he
checked its expiration date. He found out that the product is already expired
and reported it to the storekeeper.
message
receiver
Feedback (if any)
3. Trina’s mother gave her a ring and requested for a video call. The poor internet
connection did not make it possible. They resorted to just texting each other.
source
channel
Barrier (if any)
D. Directions: Write a response to each of the following dialogue prompts to

complete the communication processes.
Trisha: Gaby, can’t you see that grandma crossing the street?
She might be hit by the speeding vehicles.
Your answer: __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
Rica: Hey Reggie! Are you going to join the Bible study this afternoon?
Reggie: I will ask permission from my parents because it may end late.
Your answer: ________________________________________________.
22
You are comfortably seated on a bus full of passengers for a
long drive. Before it departs, a pregnant woman persuades the driver
to count her in even if she’ll be standing the whole trip.
Driver: Ma’am, there are no more vacant seats.
Pregnant Woman: Please sir, I’m already tired from the day’s work and
I’d like to go home to take a rest.
You: _____________________________________________________________.
What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions:
1. What are the different communication models?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What sets each apart from the other?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Why is communication an important part of life?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. When is communication process successful?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
1. Call a friend over a phone or via free media platform such as messenger. Note
down the conversation process. Identify what communication model is used.
Illustrate how the communication happens.
2. Interview your family members. List down the things that you want to ask to
them. You may record your conversation. Draw a diagram of the conversation
and analyze how the communication takes place.
3. Listen to a radio drama or watch a teleserye on a television. Note down how
the communication transpires. Identify the different elements that are
present in the communication process and illustrate it.
23
Assessment
A. Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE and write F if it is FALSE. Use a

separate sheet of paper.
1. There will be order and peace in the world without communication. 2.
Along with the extensive revamp in most aspects of human life, ways of
communication also change.
3. Schramm Model is the most complicated example of human communication
process.
4. In the interaction model, communication is a one-way process. 5.
Communication is merely successful when conflict was absent in the process.
B. Directions: Read each item carefully then choose the letter that corresponds to
your answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
6. Which of the following is an example of a one-way communication model?
A. A group of teenagers planning for a big event
B. The committee finding ways to reach for the less fortunate in their
barangay.
C. The Philippine President delivering his SONA
D. A and B
7. You ask your sister to put on her mask every time she goes out and she nods
in reply. Which model of communication is presented here?
A. Interactive C. Linear
B. Conversational D. Transactional
8. Which model of communication portrays a multilayer of communication

processes where the characters and environment change overtime? A.
Interactive model C. Transactional model
B. Linear model D. ALL of the above
9. Which communication model focuses on the message sent to the
recipient? A. Interactive Model C. Transactional model
B. Linear Model D. A combination of A and B
24
10. A strong wind struck as Arnold and his father took turns in pulling the
fishing boat to the shore. Arnold cannot hear his father’s voice. Which affects
the flow of the communication process?
A. Arnold’s voice B. boat C. father D. wind
11. Myra submitted her report to her teacher online because of the enhanced
community quarantine. Which element is missing in the process? A. channel B.
encoding C. feedback D. receiver
12. The Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) frightened many people here
and there. On his social media account, Joshua posted a status of dismay.
Many supported his claim, but others opposed it. His status acquired a
hundred reactions and the comments thread rose to 75. What model of
communication is exemplified?
A. Berlo’s Model C. Shannon-Weaver Model
B. Schramm Model D. Transactional Model
13. In the situation given in #12, what element of communication is NOT

present?
A. barrier B. context C. feedback D. receiver
14. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of communication?

A. It connects the gaps among persons involved.
B. It narrows down issues and addresses it.
C. It offers solution to the community problems.
D. It paves a way to conflict.
15. What happens when the message is NOT clearly

conveyed? A. The communication continues.
B. The communicators end the communication process.
C. The recipient may get the wrong information to share with
others. D. The situation will never change.
25
A. List down examples of situation in each of the given communication models
Shannon-Weaver Model Schramm Model Transactional Model
B. Write a 10-sentence paragraph in this situation. As a student, if you are to

address the nation or the Filipino people in this time of pandemic, what would
you tell them? You may post it on your social media account (not compulsory)
and see the different reactions you will get. You may clarify points but refrain
from building conflicts in the process.
C. Exchange e-mails or messages with your friends regarding your ECQ experiences
and how do you see and feel about it. Tell them how it affects your life.
26
Oral Communication
in Context
Strategies to Avoid
Communication Breakdown
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
First Edition, 2020


Writer: Jhon Jhon P. Zotomayor, Fely Rose M. Nacario
Editors: Marites M. Aguilar, Rizza A. Pereyra
Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo, Lea C. Villegas, Leilani J. Miranda, Erma S. Valenzuela, Jhonathan S. Cadavido Illustrator: Joseph O.
Ocfemia
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Edna Faura-Agustin, Marites A. Ibañez, Nicholas M. Burgos, Edgardo
B. Militante, Mary Ann L. Tatlongmaria, Orlando T. Valverde, Evelyn P. De Castro
Godofredo C. Mercado
Department of Education – RegionIV-A CALABARZON

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
27
What I Need to Know

identify various strategies that could be used in order to avoid communication
breakdown. It will lead you to understanding how communication works among
people to foster mutual understanding and good relationship. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module is divided into two lessons, namely:
∙ Lesson 1: Communication Breakdown
∙ Lesson 2: Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

1. define the concept of communication breakdown;
2. identify the different kinds of barriers to effective communication; 3. explain the
causes of communication breakdown; and
4. use appropriate strategies to avoid communication breakdown and achieve the
goals of relationship and community building.
Lesson 3 Communication Breakdown
In Module 2, you have learned about the models of communication. You have
realized how the different elements of communication work together to achieve a
successful communication transaction. Now, let us find out if you can still
remember your previous lesson by answering the activity below.
What’s In
Directions: Put the phrases or statements in the correct column. Write the letter of
your answer.
Linear Model Interactive Transactional Model
A. Schramm Model of Communication

B. Shannon Weaver Model of Communication
C. a two-way communication process where feedback is given after a message is
sent.
D. shows circular process between the sender and receiver.
E. barriers affect the smooth flow of communication
Week 3
28
F. a one-way communication process.
G. having a job interview
H. reciting a poem in front of the class
I. presiding an important meeting
J. focusing on the message sent.
What’s New
Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and opinions in order to
connect with other people. It’s goal is to achieve a clear and effective understanding
resulting to good relationships in the community. However, there are times when
this goal is not reached due to certain factors. When this happens, there is
communication breakdown.
Directions: Identify the reasons for the communication breakdown in each picture.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper similar to the box below.
What is It
The elements involved in communication are important in the success or failure of
this process. These very same elements (sender, message, receiver, feedback, etc)
can pose a threat to the efficiency or effectiveness of the process. Communication
breakdown may occur when problems in any of the elements involved arise. They
become barriers to communication.
29
Simply put, communication breakdown results when the intended message of the
sender is not understood exactly by the receiver. Barriers to communication are
present.
Recognizing the barriers or obstacles to effective communication is important in
order to avoid communication breakdown. Here are some of the barriers that may
cause communication failure.
Barriers to Communication
Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental condition that act as a
barrier in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.
Examples:
1. People talking too loud.
2. Noise from a construction site
3. Loud sound of a karaoke
4. Blaring of jeepney horns
Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and
personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others. Examples:
1. trauma
2. shyness, lack of confidence
3. depression
4. fear, stage fright
Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people
regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others.
People’s culture affect the way they communicate and relate to others
Examples:
1. different beliefs
2. traditions, and customs
3. manners of dressing
4. speaking
Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word
meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they
can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of words and
symbols also vary depending on culture.
Examples:
1. difference in language
2. accent and dialect
3. use of jargon and slang
4. speech defects or language impairments
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three
kinds: External, Internal and Semantic noise.
30
External Noises are the “sight, sound and other stimuli that
draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.”
Examples:
1. noise from vehicles
2. singing at the neighborhood
3. visual aids in front of the classroom
4. the dog barking
5. the sound of airplane
Internal noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with
meaning.”
Examples:
1. confrontation with a friend
2. fear of speaking in front of the class.
3. racial prejudice
Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s

symbols.” This idea means that a word may have another meaning in
the minds of the students. This is affected by the language in which
they grew and the culture in which they are exposed.
Examples:
1. incorrect grammar
2. using excessive technical jargon
3. using idiomatic expressions
What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Identify the kind of communication barrier exemplified by each
description. Tell whether it is Physiological, Psychological, Cultural, or Linguistic
Barrier. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
______________________ 1. lack of confidence
______________________ 2. connotative and denotative meaning
______________________ 3. loud party
______________________ 4. different races
31
______________________ 5. poor lighting
______________________ 6. lack of interest and attention
______________________ 7. different views and opinions
______________________ 8. using idiomatic expressions
______________________ 9. information overload
______________________ 10. feel frustrated
Activity 2
Directions: Explain why there is communication breakdown on the given
situations. Again, write your answer on a separate sheet.
1. Jay and Michelle started talking about their plans on Christmas Vacation
when their classmate, Moy, interrupted them.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. “Mama, I will buy this cake for you. I am very sure that you will like its taste.
It’s from our favorite cake store!”
___________________________________________________________________________
3. You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from another class
talked to you on your way home.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Livy encounters a participant who is very eager to share with others her views
and opinions. She does this without asking permission.
___________________________________________________________________________
In some Asian countries, direct eye contact is considered disrespectful and
rude. In others, it is a must.
___________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned
Directions: Explain your understanding on the given questions. Write your answer
on the separate sheet of paper.
1. What is communication breakdown?

___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the barriers to communication?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why does breakdown of communication occur?
___________________________________________________________________________
32
What I Can Do
Interview some people and ask them about a past communication breakdown they
have experienced and what was its cause.
1.1. Complete the table by answering the following questions:
a. Who were the persons involved?
b. What was the situation?
c. When did the communication breakdown happen?
d. What were the barriers to communication?
e. What happened due to the communication breakdown?
1.2 Identify the cause of the communication breakdown.
An example is provided for you:
Persons Situation Time of Barrier/s to Result
Involved Communication Communication
Aling Aling Celia When Reysa Physiological Aling Celia
Celia asked was watching Barrier was upset
and Reysa to her because
Reysa wash the favorite Reysa did not
(Mother dishes. anime do as told.
& series
Daughte
r)
What was the cause of communication breakdown?

Reysa’s lack of attention caused the communication breakdown.
Now, do the following on your own. Interview someone from home, school and
community.
Persons Situation Time of Barrier/s to Result
Involved Communication Communication
What was the cause of the communication breakdown?

_________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What influence the interpretation of conversation to effective communication?

A. environment C. noise
B. language D. technological gadgets
33
2. When is the communication process complete?
A. when the message enters the channel of communication
B. when the receiver understands the message and feedback
C. when the sender transmits message to the receiver
D. when the sender transmits the message successfully
3. Which of the following must be avoided in communication breakdown?
A. Ambiguity C. personal interpretation
B. focused attention D. Both A and B
4. Which barrier includes the mental conditions of the listener?
A. cultural barrier C. physical barrier
B. linguistic barrier D. psychological barrier
5. Which barrier includes the hearing or sight problem of the listener?
B. linguistic barrier D. Both A and C
6. In which barrier can semantic noise be classified?
B. linguistic barrier D. Both A and C
7. Which of the following must the listener do to avoid mental noise?
A. Be ready for the communication activity.
B. Be attentive and respond to the speaker.
C. Just remain quiet and daydream
D. Must not think of any problem during class hours
8. In which barrier does gender be classified in communication?
A. cultural barrier C. Physical barrier
B. linguistic barrier D. Both B and C
9. Which is the best option in order to avoid misinterpretation that causes
communication barrier?
A. Be familiar with the topic of the speaker.
B. Disconnect with your emotional baggage.
C. Do not be conscious of gender or status.
D. Inquire the meaning.
10. What is the barrier to which you classify withdrawal of listener?
B. linguistic barrier D. psychological barrier
For numbers 11-15, write T if the statement is TRUE and write F if it is FALSE.
_______1. Inability to understand a message causes failure in

communication.
_______2. The actual message is lost in transmission.
_______3. Emotional problems can sometimes color one’s understanding of a
message.
_______4. Culture may affect the interpretation of meaning in
communication.
34
_______5. Pictures, gadgets, and other paraphernalia in front of the stage
engage the audience in listening to the speaker.
Choose between offline activity or online activity.
For Offline Activity
Write a letter to your teacher about your personal learning on communication
breakdown. Include in your letter, how this lesson can be useful in your daily life
particularly at home, in school, and in the community.
Rubric for Writing a Letter
Criteria Excellent Very Good Poor Needs
(5 points) Good (3 points) (2 points) Improveme
(4 points) nt (1 point)
Content Show very Shows Enumerat Lacks No details
meaningful meaningf es evidence provided
content, ul significant that
explanation content points connect to
and relation complete related to the
to with the topic provided
real-world explanation topic
context
Mechanics Sentence Insignifica A few Some Sentence
structures nt errors errors in errors in structure is
are well - in sentence sentence incorrect,
defined, sentence structure, structure, grammar is
accurate, structure, grammar, grammar, poor, and
and grammar, spelling spelling errors in
clear with spelling and and spelling and
no and punctuati punctuati punctuation
spelling, punctuati on are on are abound
punctuation on are noted. present.
and noted.
grammar
errors.
Organization Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are No evidence
very well focused slightly loosely of
organized, and organized organized. organization
coherence directed. of ideas.
and
cohesion
are very
evident.
Score
Total Score / 15 points
For Online Activity

Create a 5 Minute Vlog about communication breakdown. Be sure that the
definition and explanation why there is a communication breakdown are evident in
the video. Send to your teacher the link of your presentation.
Rubric for Creating a Vlog
Criteria Excelle Very Good Poor Needs
nt Good (3 points) (2 points) Improvem
(5 (4 points) en t
points) (1 point)
35
Content Presents Presents Presents Lacks No
accura ideas ideas in evidence connection
te, strongly relation to that connect to the
comple connected the given topic presentation provided
te and to the given to the topic
well topic provided
explain topic
ed
ideas
related
to the
topic
Organizatio Informati Information, Information, Information, No evidence
n on, video, video, video, of
video, pictures pictures pictures organization
picture and other and other and other of
s content are content are content are information,
and focused and slightly loosely video,
other directed. organized organized. pictures
content and other
are very content.
well
organi
zed ,
and
coherenc
e and
cohesi
on are
very
evident.
Technicality Visuals Visuals are Visuals are Visuals are Visuals are
are well maintained maintained maintained not in many
framed and audio in most in a few parts and
and or sound parts and parts audio or
audio or quality is audio or and audio or sound
sound understand sound sound quality are
quality abl e and quality are quality are poor
is appropriate. understand understand throughout.
excelle abl e and abl e and
nt and appropriate. appropriate.
suitable als o in als o in
througho most most
ut. parts. parts.
Score
36
Week 4
Lesson 3.1 Various Strategies to Avoid
What’s In
In Lesson 1, you have learned the concept of communication breakdown and its
causes. Now, you will understand how this breakdown of communication can be
avoided.
Directions: List down two (2) to three (3) situations based on your What I Can Do
Activity in Lesson 1 in which communication breakdowns were experienced at
home, school, and community. Then, suggest one best strategy to avoid that
Example:
Breakdown: The DOST scholar uses technical words in explaining his research
to the barangay secretariats which resulted to confusion among them.
Strategy: The DOST scholar should use simple and specific words about his
research to the barangay secretariats so they would fully understand his
message.
Experiences of Strategies to Avoid
Communication Breakdown Communication Breakdown
What’s New
The process of communication does not mention and explain about the barriers or
problems that may be encountered in a communication transaction. They are
simply implied or understood in the process. However, after understanding the
concept of communication breakdown and its causes, we may realize that failure
in communication may be avoided through certain strategies that we could adapt.
37
Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie
Peterson.
5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown
by Ronnie Peterson
Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school,
and community. There are so many barriers to communication like,
physiological, psychological, cultural, and linguistics.
Sometimes some communication barriers are too difficult to solve and this
will lead to slowing the progress and efficiency.
Here are the possible strategies to avoid communication breakdown:
1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking

Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you
communicate much more clearly and succinctly. It's a better idea to say
something like, "I've got a few ideas here. Let me go through them one at
a time. We can treat each one on its own merit."
2. Learn to Listen
As simple as it sounds, you’ll be surprised how many people out
there don’t know how to listen well.
Not understanding those who you are trying to communicate with will
lead to a conversation fraught with misunderstandings. Don’t be afraid
to ask them to repeat or explain further in polite manner once you don’t
understand the point.
3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt
a relaxed tone when conversing with others.
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing
others Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who
you may feel more comfortable with. You can also ask those whose
advice you value to give you feedback and critique your communication
style after a discussion.
5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues

Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point
more clearly, with your body language as well as your tone of voice.
38
It can also help to clear up any misunderstandings or distortion of
the message that could occur through other mediums.
Remember, becoming a strong and effective communicator takes time and
practice. Over time, using these strategies can lead to better communication
in your personal relationships, and more productive workplace
environments as well.
Answer the following questions based on the article above.

1. What are the barriers to communication mentioned from the article?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How can communication breakdowns be avoided?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. In your opinion, which is the easiest and most difficult way to avoid
communication breakdown?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think effective communication avoid communication breakdown? Why
or why not? Do you agree that becoming a strong and effective communicator
takes time and practice? Why or why not?
______________________________________________________________________________
What is It
A smooth and successful communication transaction may result if we follow some
particular strategies to deliver our message. Communication becomes successful if
and only if our communication goal is achieved, that is, an understanding is
reached and a relationship is built or maintained.
Here are some strategies to avoid communication breakdown.
Keep Focused
One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication. As a
speaker identify your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the speaker’s
purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal cues.
Speak Intelligibly
Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the appropriate speaking volume,
pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation. We speak
in order to be understood.
Listen with your Ears and Eyes
Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message. Effective communication
depends on what people say and how they say it.
39
Minimize Distractions
Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like closed area,
empty room, or quiet places. Lessening the cause for confusion means giving
more room to focus and concentrate.
Be Specific
Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a message.
Being specific means being particular and direct to the point.
Do not Jump to Conclusions
Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have listened
attentively to the speaker. Conclusions should be drawn after a thorough
analysis of point given or information received.
Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown
Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) listed the 7Cs of Effective Communication in
their book Effective Public Relations. These are Completeness, Conciseness,
Consideration, Concreteness, Courtesy, Clearness, and Correctness.
Completeness
It is
important to
whole
communication process. The speaker should include everything that the

receiver needs to hear, respond, react, or evaluate properly. S/he
should be able to convey all pertinent details so listener or audience will
be able to grasp the intended message.
Conciseness
The message
should be
direct or straight to the point and should be expressed in the least
possible number of words. Irrelevant information should not be
included.
Consideration
In order to be
effective, the
speaker
should give high regard and courtesy to audience’s background
information such as his/her culture, education, religion, status, mood,
feelings, and needs. This will result in building rapport or connection
with the audience.
Concreteness
Effective communication is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life
examples or situations. This will make the receiver to understand the
message better.
40
Courtesy
The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through
understanding their culture, values, and beliefs. The speaker can show
respect to the listeners by demonstrating an understanding of their
beliefs, values, and culture. This implies good choice of words and
language and a consideration of the audience’s perspectives and feelings
on the part of the sender. Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe
with the audience. This implies good choice of words and language on
the
part of the sender and consideration of audience’s perspectives.
Clearness
It implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. When
the speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will not confuse the audience.
Correctness
Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the credibility and
effectiveness of the message, and at the same time it eliminates negative
impact on the audience.
Breakdowns in communication may arise because of several factors. But
these factors may be avoided if we follow strategies put forward by experts in the
field. Communication is a transaction that we do everyday. By following the 7 Cs of
communication espoused by Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012), we may achieve
understanding in communicating with others and avoid confusion and
misinterpretations.
Avoiding communication breakdown helps you to be an effective speaker.
Below are some strategies which you can use to avoid breakdown communication.
Helpful Expressions to Avoid Communication Breakdown
Strategies to Avoid Helpful Expressions
Use helpful expressions to gain time “Really”
to think
“Uhmm”
“Uh-huh”
“Anyway”
“Tell me more…”
Give positive remarks or comments “”Sounds good”
“I see what you mean”
Ask for repetition “Can you please what you
said?” “What did you say
again?”
“What did you mean, when you
say that…”
41
Check for understanding “So, are you saying that…”
“So, what is your understanding
of this?”
What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Match column A with the best answer in column B. Write your answer
on the space provided.
Column A Column B
_____ 1. It refers to the use of simple A. Keep Focused
and precise words.
_____ 2. The speaker should identify B. Be Specific
his/her purpose for speaking.
_____ 3. He/she must pays attention to C. Do not Jump
the verbal and non-verbal cues. to Conclusions
_____ 4. He/she must find closed areas or D. Speak
quiet plays to avoid communication Intelligibly
breakdown.
_____ 5. He/she must have an E. Listen with
appropriate speaking volume, your ears and
speech rate, and acceptable eyes
enunciation.
F. Minimize
Distractions
Activity 2
Directions: Identify what 7Cs to Effective Communication is being described. Write
your answer on the space provided.
__________________ 1. It helps to increase the credibility of the speaker
and reduce negative impact to the audience.
__________________ 2. It conveys all pertinent details so listener or
audience will be able to grasp the intended
message.
__________________ 3. It is expressed in the least possible number of
words and straight to the point.
42
__________________ 4. It implies good choice of words and language and
a consideration of the audience’s perspectives
and feelings on the part of the sender.
__________________ 5. It is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life
examples or situations.
Activity 3
Directions: Think of another helpful expression for each of the following expressions
below to avoid communication breakdown. Put your answer in each box.
Time-gaining Expression
Give Positive Remark or Comment
Ask for a Repetition
Check for Understanding

What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the diagram on how to avoid communication breakdown.
Strategies on how to Avoid

Expressions to
Avoid
Communication
Breakdown
Strategies on How 7 Cs of Effective

to Avoid Communication
Communication
Breakdown
Helpful
43
What I Can Do
Conduct an interview either online or offline with five (5) SHS students about their
experiences on communication breakdowns. Summarize their experiences and
decide the most appropriate strategy to avoid each communication breakdown.
Explain your reason for each strategy.
Assessment
Respondent Experiences Strategy to Avoid
1
2
Directions: Read the statements comprehensively. Then, identify whether correct or

not. Write TRUE if it is correct and FALSE if it is not.
__________________ 1 Concreteness creates positive impact to
. the audience
__________________ 2. Clearness helps in eliminating confusions
among the audience.
__________________ 3. Grammar mistakes eliminate negative
impacts among the receivers.
__________________ 4. Rapport is created when considering the
background of the receivers.
__________________ 5. Communication becomes effective when it
is supported by facts, figures, and
examples.
__________________ 6. As a speaker, you have to use technical words
in order to impress the crowds.
__________________ 7. Complete message is important to the process
of communication particularly with the
receivers.
44
__________________ 8. Giving positive remarks shows interest in
a conversation.
__________________ 9. The expression “So, are you saying that…” asks
for repetition.
__________________ 10. Use polite expressions when asking for
clarifications.
__________________ 11. You may use appropriate speaking volume,
pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, and
acceptable pronunciation.
__________________ 12. Accept the ideas of the sender even without
full understanding of the message.
__________________ 13. The speaker should know his purpose before
he speaks.
__________________ 14. You must pay attention only in verbal cues.
__________________ 15. To limit distractions, stay beside the
basketball court.
Directions: Write your own 5 Tips on how to avoid communication
breakdown. Include a brief explanation for each tip.
Rubric
Criteria Excellent Very Good Poor Needs
(5 points) Good (3 points) (2 points) Improveme
(4 points) nt (1 point)
Content Show Shows Enumer Lacks No

very meaningf ate s evidence details
meaningf ul significa that provide
ul content nt connect d
content, complete points to the
explanati with related to provided
on and explanation the topic topic
relation
to
real-worl
d
context
Mechanics Sentence Insignific A few Some Sentence
structur an t errors in errors in structure
es are errors in sentence sentence is
well - sentence structur structur incorrect,
defined, structur e, e, grammar
accurate, e, gramma gramma is poor,
and clear gramma r, r, and
with no r, spelling spelling errors in
spelling, spelling and and spelling
and punctuati punctuati and
punctuati o o
o
45
punctua n are n are n are punctua
tio n noted. noted. present. tio n
and abound
grammar
errors.
Organiza Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are No
tio n very well focused slightly loosely evidence
organize and organized organized. of
d, directed. organiza
coheren tio n of
ce and ideas.
cohesion
are very
evident.
Score
46
Oral
Communication in
Context
Oral Communication
Activities
Oral Communication Activities
First Edition, 2020

Writer: Darwin Z. Reyes; Icy Princess A. Trencio

Reviewer: Liza L. Banayo; Lea C. Villegas; Erma S. Valenzuela; Jhonathan S. Cadavido
Illustrator: Joseph O. Ocfemia
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Marites A. Ibañez, Edgardo B. Militante, Orlando T.
Valverde, Godofredo C. Mercado

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
47
What I Need to Know

master the different functions of oral communication and examine different oral
communication activities. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
∙ Lesson 1 – Functions of Communication
∙ Lesson 2 – Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
1. determine the verbal and nonverbal cues that a speaker uses in order to achieve
a purpose;
2. identify the purpose in a sample speaking engagement;
3. utilize knowledge on the functions of communication in analyzing various
communication situations;
4. examine sample oral communication activities;
5. evaluate the effectiveness of an oral communication activity; and 6. recognize
the importance of different communicative functions in our daily life.
Lesson 4 Functions of Communication
What’s In
You might not have noticed, but every time you communicate with people around
you, your manner of speaking, your tone of voice, and even your choice of words
largely depend on the context and the person or people you are talking to. You
transform and adapt to suit the needs of the moment. It is important to note that
those are forms of communication strategy to avoid misunderstanding and
This time around, you will explore the reasons why people communicate in specific
ways. In the succeeding activities, you will have a chance to explore different
situations to learn the various functions of communication and their relevance to
your daily interactions with people. By observing how people communicate, you will
find out what type of approach works best in a communicative scenario. In the
process, it is with high hopes that this self-paced learning module can help you
become a more effective communicator wherever you may go and in whatever
situation you may be.
Week 5
48
What’s New
Look closely at the five pictures below. Imagine what goes on in their
conversation, then, write a one or two-sentence description inside the box below
each picture, describing how the people talk and the purpose of their conversation.
In the activity, you were asked to describe what is happening in each of the
pictures and how they communicate. Below are five boxes and in each box is a
definition of a function of communication. Read the definitions carefully, then,
49
examine the pictures on the previous page. Match the box with definition to its
corresponding picture by writing the letter inside the circle.
CONTROL AND
REGULATION
Communication functions to regulate
and control
the behavior of a person or group of people.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
Communication functions as a means to
casually
interact with other people.
MOTIVATION
Communication functions to inspire or
motivate a
person or people to be or do better.
INFORMATION
DISSEMINATION
Communication functions as a way to share
information or data in order to educate.
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
Communication functions as a way to
connect to a
person or people for the purpose of
affecting them
emotionally.
What is It
Are you done matching the function of communication with its corresponding
picture? Let us check if you correctly identified it in each picture.
Functions of Communication
Picture A shows a parent-figure explaining something to a child who needs
to be reprimanded because of something that she did. As suggested by their
behavior, the child listens attentively to what her mother is telling her. Their facial
expressions also suggest that the mother is serious about what she is telling her
child. The picture shows control and regulation as a communicative function.
Picture B shows a group of friends who are casually talking with each other.
It also suggests a very relaxed atmosphere as they hang out and probably share
their funny stories. As you might have guessed, social interaction is the function
of communication.
50
Picture C takes you inside a classroom where the teacher explains the lesson
to her eager young learners who are all absorbed in the discussion. In this context,
information dissemination is used because the teacher’s primary goal is to share
important information regarding the topic.
Picture D shows an image of a mother who is trying to console her child who
might have shared her problems. Evidently, communication functions here as an
emotional expression since both speakers use nonverbal cues - such as tone of
voice, body movement, and facial expression - to connect and properly express one’s
feelings and emotions.
Picture E gives you a closer look at a sports fest in a school. The speaker in
the picture, who is possibly the school principal, talks in front of the students to do
their best in the games. Properly selected words and phrases are essential for
motivation because this function of communication is all about persuasion and
inspiration for the listeners to move and act.
What’s More
In your next activity, you will need a picture for every function of
communication. Pictures may be cut out from newspapers and magazines. Make a
collage out of the pictures. When you are done with your Functions of
Communication Collage, study the pictures you have taken so you can fill out the
chart below.
FUNCTIONS Write what you think the speaker/s is/are saying
in the picture.
control and
regulation
social
interaction
motivation
information
dissemination
emotional
expression
What I Have Learned

How would each of the following persons address or talk to the other involved
person in the given situation? Use your knowledge of functions of communication in
order to write in the speech balloon what he or she should appropriately say.
51
painful operation.
Dr. Carlos is about to tell his patient that she needs to undergo a
Ms. Tuazon
finds out that one of her students was not able to submit her project on
time. She then asks him to stay inside the classroom after dismissal so
she can finish her work.
Ramon’s sister is upset because of the low score she got in her test.
He decides to talk to her so she would do better next time.
Mr. Flores
will announce on national TV that a storm is about to enter the
coastal regions of Eastern Luzon.
52
Tina wants to invite her Muslim friend to her birthday
celebration. What I Can Do
Visualize your daily routine. What functions of communication do you often
use? Write your answer on a sheet of paper, then, explain why those functions are
the most useful in your daily activities. Give specific situations to better illustrate
your answer.
Assessment
Directions: Identify the function of communication in each of the following
situations. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
_____________1. Samantha shares her travel stories to her classmate during break
time.
_____________ 2. Mr. Lorenzo describes the main features and characteristics of
each planet in our Solar System.
_____________ 3. The president delivers a moving speech to help him pave the path
for a better and progressive Philippines.
_____________ 4. The guidance counsellor reprimands the two students who skipped
classes after lunch break.
_____________ 5. Ana tries to calm her best friend who just broke up with her
boyfriend.
_____________ 6. Boyet shares his struggles in school to his father.
_____________ 7. Mrs. Santos tries to accommodate her son’s friends in their home.
_____________ 8. The security officer reminds the public of the things they should do
in case of an emergency evacuation.
_____________ 9. Mang Tomas visits his friend who has just arrived from Vietnam.
_____________ 10. Eman, the class president, gives his classmates the coverage of
their Physics exam next week.
_____________ 11. The school principal reads out the school policies to all new
students.
_____________ 12. The Inter-Agency Task Force, delegated to control the spread of
the virus, conducts a press briefing regarding the guidelines to
be enforced during quarantine.
_____________ 13. The old woman shares to the TV reporter what happened to their
house because of the typhoon.
53
_____________ 14. A tourist guide gives out relevant facts and information about the
Mayon Volcano.
_____________ 15. Fred meets his friends and talks about their plans to go to
Baguio.
Additional Activity
Before we end our lesson on functions of communication, let us bring out your
artistic and creative side. On a clean sheet of paper, draw a comic strip based on the
scenes of a chosen movie or TV show. Your challenge is to come up with a comic
strip that shows combinations of communicative functions.
Rubric for Grading
Criteria Score 4: 95- Score 3: 90- Score 2: 85- Score 1: 80-
100% 94% 89% 84%
Content Comic strip Comic strip Comic strip Comic strip
shows a variety shows some shows shows only
of communicati limited one
communicative ve functions. types of communicati
functions that communicati ve function.
are clear and ve function.
well-organized.
Creativity Output is Output is Output is Output is
done done nicely creative but bland and
exceptionally. and needs some lacks color
creatively. refinement. /vividness.
Lesson 4.1 Verbal and Nonverbal

Communication
Communication, both verbal and nonverbal, plays an integral part to human’s daily
life. It bridges the gap between individuals and allows the flow of information run
quickly and accurately.
In this lesson, you are expected to critically analyze the various oral communication
activities and be able to identify the usual verbal and nonverbal communication you
observed around you.
What’s In
Arrange the following scrambled letters to form the correct word that is being
described in each item about the Functions of Communication. Write your answer
on the space provided.
_______________________ 1. O I A M T N O T V I
Communication that encourages people to live better.
54
_______________________ 2. F R T I I O O A M N N I E I A I O N T N M S S D
Communication functions to convey information. _______________________ 3. C N
LROOT
Communication functions to control behavior.
_______________________ 4. E M T N L O I O A E R S S X P E O I N
Communication facilitates people’s expression of their
feelings and emotions.
_______________________ 5. S C L I A O T R C T N I O A E N I Communication
allows individuals to interact with others.
What’s New
Study the pictures below and think about the message they conveyed. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
CLIMATE CHANGE
1. _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Process the questions in your mind.

1. Is your answer to the following pictures, speakers debating over climate change
and disappointed parents due to their son’s Failed remarks?
2. How were you able to determine those?
3. What kind of communication process was used?
What is It
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Verbal Communication refers to the use of words to convey a message.
This type of communication can be regarded efficient and successful if the
receiver can easily process the message delivered by the sender.
55
Here are some of the aspects that you need to consider in this type of
communication.
1. Appropriateness
It pertains to the use of suitable language form applicable to the nature of the
event or context of situation (i.e. whether formal or informal).
Formal communication is the type of communication used in formal,
ceremonial or dignified gatherings. Here, the exchange of information is
controlled, well thought out, and prepared. It also conforms to certain rules and
conventions as defined by the goals and values of particular groups or
organizations.
Types of Formal Communication
∙ Meetings
∙ Interviews
∙ Conferences
∙ Formal One-on-Ones
∙ Speeches
∙ Presentations
Informal communication is characterized by free, casual and spontaneous
exchange between two or more persons. The exchange is a kind of interaction
that is unrestrained by rules and conventions. It is also the type of
communication that occurs in everyday life.
Types of Informal Communication
∙ Casual Conversations
∙ Gossips
∙ Tales
∙ Inter-relational Activities
∙ Family Social Communication Culture
∙ Inter-relational activities outside of the formal
Key Difference Between Formal and Informal Communication
Criteria Formal Informal
Reliability More reliable Less reliable
Speed Slower Very quick/
Instantaneous
Time-Consuming Requires a number Requires very little
of different process process
Information Flow Through pre-defined Moves freely
channels
Secrecy Maintained Hard to maintain
2. Brevity
Speakers frequently opt to use simple and precise words in delivering their
message. This is brevity. It can be achieved by using more direct and clear words
and avoiding beating around the bush. It is saying more with less words.
56
3. Clarity
Clarity refers to using simple yet exact words that directly express your
thoughts and emotion. It warrants that the purpose of the message will be
successfully delivered to the audience.
Through this, communication breakdown like misinterpretation may be
avoided by the receivers.
4. Ethics
Ethics pertains to moral standards that need to be considered when delivering a
message. The audiences’ background such as their age, gender, race, social
status and personal convictions shall be given due importance for speaking
purposes. As a speaker, one of the prerequisites that you need to do is to know
your audience first. By doing so, discriminatory acts leading to bias judgment
that may unintentionally be committed by the speaker will be avoided.
5. Vividness
Vividness refers to words that make the conversation or exchange of information
lively and vibrant. The purpose of this aspect of communication is to simplify
thoughts for the audience to easily grasp the message through the use of
distinctive language. This language should appeal to the senses so the speaker
can elicit an active and vigorous response.
Also, to achieve vividness, speakers use situations that are within the audiences’
level of experiences to establish connection.
Nonverbal communication refers to a collaboration of movements that does
not require any spoken words in order to convey a message. This incorporates
actions such as hand gestures, body language, facial expressions, stance,
appearance and others in order to convey a message. Some of the commonly used
nonverbal means of communication are:
1. Bodily Kinesthetic
1.1. Head Movement
1.2. Eye Movement
1.3. Facial Expressions
1.4. Sitting
1.5. Standing
1.6. Walking
1.7. Hand Gestures
2. Attitude and/or Behavior to specific situations
3. Manner of Dressing
4. Tone of Voice
Importance of nonverbal communication:
✔ Makes the message more meaningful.
✔ Expresses message without the use of words.
✔ Makes audience more enthusiastic.
✔ Defines the kind of speaker one is.
✔ Makes one a dynamic speaker.
✔ Gives confidence to the speaker.
57
✔ Adds color to a speech.
✔ Connects the speaker to the audience.
✔ Gives the speaker a variety of ways to deliver his/her message.
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Watch and Learn
Watch a morning or prime time news and fill out the box below with the different
verbal and nonverbal cues used by the news anchor/s and news reporters in
delivering news. Write at least 5 observations or samples of oral communication
activities and identify the aspect of verbal communication used. Tell whether
Relevance, Brevity, Clarity, Ethics and Vividness. An example is provided for you
below.
Example:
Newscast: 24 Oras
News Anchors: Jessica Soho, Vicky Morales and Atom Araulio
Airing Date: May 21, 2020
ORAL COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
Type of Observed Verbal Activities
Communication Used
1. Ethics 1. The anchor greeted the tele-viewers in the opening
billboard.
Jessica Soho: “Magandang gabi! Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao”.
Newscast: _____________________________________________
News Anchor/s: ________________________________________
Airing Date: ____________________________________________
Communication Used
Activity 1.2 Let’s Have More!
To make your viewing activity complete, observe also on the nonverbal cues that the
anchors and reporters used in the entire news broadcasting. Use the sample below
as your guide.
Situation Observed Nonverbal Activities Importance of Using It
1. Live Report 1. Nodding 1. Build connection to
Anchor nods on the information the reporter and
delivered by the field reporter viewers.
after
58
giving a follow up question
during the live report indicating
affirmation.
Activity 2 Lend Me Your Ears!

After watching a newscast in the previous activity, this time you will tune in to a
radio broadcast of your choice. Again, you will identify the different verbal activities
present in the radio show/program and the type of communication used by the
radio anchor. Use the sample below as your guide.
Radio Show/Program: ________________________
Airing Time: __________________________________
Radio Anchor/s: _____________________________
Topic: ________________________________________
Communication Used
1. Relevance 1. The radio anchor used plain terms that are easily
understood by the listeners.
What I Have Learned

Fill in the missing words to complete each sentence. Choose your answer from the
word bank.
WORD BANK
behavior environment plain subjective creative mastery purpose
credible messages responses
1. Words are important in relaying _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or information. 2. Use _ _ _ _ _

terms in verbal communication to express ideas. 3. The use of words shall also
depend on the kind of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, -whether formal or informal.
4. Speakers shall use simple words to be more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
5. It is important to state your _ _ _ _ _ _ _ clearly to avoid misinterpretations. 6.
Words to be used shall not be gender-biased nor _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to one’s race and
ethnicity.
59
7. Practice using _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ words to make the exchange of communication more
alive and interesting.
8. Nonverbal communication may include _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to convey and represent
meaning.
9. All _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ not delivered in form of words are regarded as nonverbal
communication.
10. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of nonverbal communication is important to make you an effective
speaker.
What I Can Do
With your family members do the following:
✔ Host a family talk show;
✔ Serve as a moderator;
✔ Think of an interesting topic for the family to discuss, some of the suggested
topics are:
∙ The New Normal Ways of Living
∙ Empowering the Youth’s Awareness of the Pandemic
∙ Importance of Mental Health among Youth
✔ Prepare set of questions to be answered;
✔ Run the talk show for 5 minutes.
✔ Closely observed the different verbal and nonverbal cues used in the talk
show.
✔ Evaluate the performance of the family members using the rubric below and
write a short essay (250 words) as reflection using the data.
60
Criteria VGE GE SE LE N
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. The choice of words is appropriate.
2. Use of creative words is observed that
made the show alive.
3. Nonverbal cues are suitable.
4. Ethical standards were observed.
5. Feelings, attitudes and perceptions are
successfully communicated.
6. Ideas are communicated meaningfully.
7. Speakers used simple words which are
easy to understand.
Total /35
Legend:
VGE – To a very great extent; GE – To a great extent; SE – To some
extent; LE – To a little extent; N – Not at all
Scoring:
VGE – 28-35; GE – 19-27; SE – 12-18; LE – 6-11; N - 5
Assessment
Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if it is FALSE.
______1. Audience profile shall be considered under ethics.
______2. The proper use of nonverbal communication can make you an effective
speaker.
______3. Your manner of communication defines what kind of speaker you are.
______4. The effective use of nonverbal communication makes you a credible
speaker.
______5. In word use, you must consider the nature and situation for appropriacy.
______6. Clarity is achieved by using simple and plain words that are easily
understood by the audience.
______7. The use of blank words like “ah”, “uhm” may lead to communication
breakdown.
______8. Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal
communication.
______9. Individual differences shall be considered in delivering a message.
61
______10. Make your message simple and comprehensible when conversing.
______11. All formal communications conform with specific rule, belief and
objectives of the speaker or certain group.
______12. Audience background needs to be considered before engaging to any type
of communication.
______13. The use of figure of speech enhances one’s speech for clarity.
______14. The most effective way of connecting to your audience is through the use
of verbal communication only.
______15. Inter-relational activities are also observed under formal communication
at some point.
List down different oral communication activities that you know and on the opposite
column, write down the suggested/applicable verbal and nonverbal cues to be used.
Oral Verbal Cue/s Nonverbal Cue/s
Communication
Activities
1. Counseling -Use simple and -Eye to eye contact
carefully chosen words
62
Oral
Communication in
Context
Types of Speech Context
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Writers: Magnon Dionell D. Domingo, Kristine Anne Y. Liboon

Editors: Rizza A. Pereyra, Marites M. Aguila
Reviewers: Bernadette M. Songalia, Gilbert C. Alva
Illustrator: Mark Razul G. Leal
Layout Artist: Gilbert G. Manaois
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Eugenio S. Adrao, Jhonathan S. Cadavido, Marites A. Ibañez, Edgardo B.
Militante, Orlando T. Valverde, Godofredo C. Mercado, Erma S. Valenzuela

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
63
What I Need to Know

master the Types of Speech Context. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with your needs.
The module consists of one lesson, namely:
∙ Types of Speech Context

1. define Speech Context;
2. identify the various types of speech context in different situations; and 3. employ
appropriate verbal and non-verbal behavior in different speech context.
Lesson 1 Types of Speech Context
There is never a day that you do not communicate. It could be a group discussion,
Facebook status update, dinner conversation with someone you are interested in,
or small talk with a family member. In this case, it is necessary for you to
understand the concept of speaking in a variety of communication situation and
the number of people you are communicating with.
Since you have already learned the various components of communication in the
earlier part of the previous modules, this time you are going to look at their context
and find out how to act appropriately in the different situations in communication.
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you were able to determine the verbal and non-verbal cues
that the speaker uses in order to achieve his/her purpose. You were given different
activities that helped you to fully understand the functions of communication (i.e.
control, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression and information
dissemination).
You have now realized that your ability to communicate affects your relationship
with the people around you. To further strengthen this insight, the tasks in this
module will let you discover the meaning and types of speech context, and apply
appropriate verbal and non-verbal behavior in different speech context.
Week 6
64
What’s New
Speech Context
Context when referring to speech communication is the surroundings,
circumstances, environment, background or setting that determine, specify, or
clarify the meaning of an event. (LumenLearning.com/Elements of Communication).
According to DeVito (2005), “Context refers to the setting in which the
communication takes place. Context helps to establish meaning and can influence
what is said and how it is said.”
Read and carefully evaluate the statements written inside the circle, then
select from the given communication contexts what you think matches the phrase.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
5. Articulating
1. with your graduation speech
Consoling groupmate to your fellow
a friend s your graduates
who assigned
is feeling report
down
What is It
3.
4. 2. Cheering
your stand on a pressing issue yourself up
in the editorial page of your before an
schoolpaper important
event
A. Communication in
Public
B. Communication
with Self
C. Communication
between two persons
D. Mass
Communication E.
Communication in a
small group
Discussing Delivering your
Speech Context is important because it helps you communicate appropriately,

understand the meaning of any message conveyed, and respond accordingly. In
order for you to have a clear grasp of what Speech Context is, its types are
discussed below.
1. Intrapersonal – This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one
person, where the speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the
message. The message is made up of thoughts and feelings while the medium is the
brain that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 16)
Examples:
∙ There is a voice within you that tells you, “It’s okay, you can still do it! You can
make it!” when you are losing your drive to finish the task that you are
doing.
∙ When you told yourself not to talk to your friends when you have read in a
Facebook post that they were in a party and you were not invited.
65
2. Interpersonal – This refers to the type of communication that takes place
between and among people and creates a personal relationship between and among
them. Normally, it includes two individuals, and it can vary from casual and very
personal to formal and impersonal.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
Dyad Communication – communication that happens between two people.
Examples:
∙ You consoled your brother who was feeling down.
∙ A conversation between your father and mother about the latest
announcement of your Barangay Chairman.
Small Group– This applies to interactions involving at least three but not more
than twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired goal.
In this type of conversation, all participants can freely express their ideas
throughout the discussion.
Examples:
∙ You are having a discussion with your two brothers about the surprise
party you are planning for your Mom’s birthday.
∙ Kathlyn who came back from the United States called her three brothers
and four sisters and announced that she is getting married.
3. Public– This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a
message before a crowd. The message can be transmitted for informative or
persuasive purposes. "In public communication, unlike interpersonal and small
groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are
more expansive because the audience is larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19).
Examples:
∙ Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow graduates.
∙ You were elected as the new SSG president of your school and were given a
chance to deliver a message of gratitude to your fellow students.
4. Mass Communication – This refers to communication through television, radio,

newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
Examples:
∙ You are watching a televised briefing on COVID-19.
∙ Youhave recorded a commentary for your school’s Online Discussion of the
pandemic and uploaded it in your social media account.
66
Verbal and Non-verbal Behavior in a Speech Context
Different speech context whether it is intrapersonal, interpersonal, public or mass
communication requires different approaches. Though there might be some
occasional similarities, you should at least know how to behave and respond to
various speech contexts appropriately.
When talking to your self
You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly talking to yourself in your mind,
and it's normal — and good for you. By performing this, it makes you think and
reflect on the things you have done or are planning to do. But here are some
important reminders that you need to keep in mind:
1. Use self-talk
to your
advantage:
Cheering
yourself up
before an
important event
or
talking to
yourself while
completing a
task are
two perfect
opportunities for self-talk (Gould,
2018, Talking to yourself is normal, n.d.).
2. Don’t overdo it. While it is normal to talk to
yourself constantly, it is better not to overuse
yourself of doing so. The most common reason
why people end up talking to themselves is
because they feel like they do not have
someone else to talk to. To address this, you
need to be more sociable, it would give you
more people to talk to other than yourself.
When talking to one person or a small group of people
Consoling your friend who is feeling down, or simply talking with your classmates
about your plans for a group activity is an example of a dyad and small group
communication. This kind of communication implies that the conversation is being
shared and there is exchange of ideas. Small group involves different skills because
unlike dyad, it consists of more than two people. In both cases, you can be as
natural as yourself, however, unlike a running conversation in your head, you have
to consider that there are others who are equally important in the conversation.
Thus, to achieve successful communication in a dyad or small group, you have to
consider the following;
1. Listen carefully - Needless to

say, this is
the very basic foundation of
effective
communication. You have to listen
carefully
and understand what the other
person is
saying. Asking clarifying questions lets the
other person know that you are indeed
listening attentively. More so, take active
part. You also need to be heard and
understood when it is your time to speak.
67
2. Check your tone and body
language. The vocabulary of the
body is more revealing than the
actual words you speak. So,
watch your tone and body
language while you are talking. Is
your tone tough? Do you smile
and encourage the person you
are talking to? Your body
language tells more about your
emotions and thoughts than your
actual words. Bear this in mind
the next time you have a conversation with
someone. Check your body language to
ensure that it is consistent with your words
(Oakes, 2017).
3.
When talking to the public
Speaking in front of the
crowd requires many
preparations; from analyzing
your target audience, to
planning and
drafting your speech up to
the
rehearsing part. The key
therefore is to come
prepared. Be yourself while
you are on stage and speak
in the way that you will be easily
understood by your audience.
You will know more about this in the
succeeding modules about the
“Principles of Speech Delivery”.
What’s More
Crossword Puzzle
Complete the puzzle below by identifying the four (4) types of Speech Context and
the two (2) types of
Interpersonal
Communication evident
in the presented
situations.
ACROSS:
1. Four students
are discussing
their thesis proposal.
3. Miggy requested his brother
Mikko to help him on his task.
6. The city mayor delivered a
speech for his townsfolk.
DOWN:
2. Webinars for teachers are
conducted via Facebook live.
4. The principal interviews a
teacher-applicant.
5. Emman talks to himself in
front of the mirror.
68
What I Have Learned
1. Based on what you have learned from the previous activities, how would you
define speech context in your own words?
2. As a senior high school student, what do you think is the advantage of having
good communication skills in a variety of contexts? Do you think it will help
you improve your personality? Why or Why not?
3. Do you agree with this statement: Speech context can influence one’s
behavior? Why/Why not?
4. Which of the types of speech context do you find easy and difficult to
practice? What should you do to improve your skills?
What I Can Do
Using the graphic organizer below, describe each type of speech context and give
three (3) examples for each. One point for each correct example, for the description,
refer to the following rubric for evaluating the answer in description.
Type Description Example
Intrapersonal 1.
Communication 2.
3.
Interpersonal 1.
Communication 2.
3.
Public Communication 1.
2.
3.
Mass Communication 1.
2.
3.
Rubric in evaluating the answer in description:

CRITERIA Points SCORE
Completeness 5 points 3 points 2 1 point
(Did your (Excellent) (Very Good) points (Needs
answer directly (Good)
improvement)
describe the
type of speech
context?)
Knowledge 5 points 3 points 2 1 point
(Did your (Excellent) (Very Good) points
answer clearly (Good)
show you
69
have read and (Needs
understand the improvement)
lesson content
by correctly
defining the
key term?)
Writing Skills 5 points 3 points 2 1 point
(Did you write (Excellent) (Very Good) points (Needs
clearly in (Good) improvements)
complete
sentence with
minimal errors
in grammar
and
spelling?)
Adapted from:
http://qm.riosalado.edu/resources/SyllabusDB/SocialSciences/Rubric_Short_Answer.pdf
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT a speech context?
A. Intrapersonal Communication C. Long Distance Communication B.
Dyad Communication D. Public Communication
2. Which one of the following is NOT an example of intrapersonal
communication?
A. sending a text message to a friend C. writing a note to yourself B.
talking to yourself D. thinking about a problem
3. Which of these is an example of Dyadic Communication?
A. two brothers arguing
B. a coach and a player discussing last week’s game
C. a husband and wife making plans for the summer vacation
D. all of these are correct
4. Why do you think group communication involves a different set of skills than
interpersonal communication? It is because _______________________
A. in a group, one sender has many different receivers to take into account.
B. in a group, one receiver has many different senders to take into
account. C. group, by definition, consists more than two people.
D. group communication is more important than interpersonal
communication
70
5. Which of the following is NOT true about speech context?
A. In public communication, unlike in interpersonal and small group, the
channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are
more expansive because the audience is bigger.
B. The most common reason why people end up talking to themselves is
because they feel like they do not have someone else to talk to.
C. Different speech context whether it is intrapersonal, interpersonal, public
or mass communication require different behavior. However, there might
be some occasional similarities.
D. In interpersonal communication, asking clarifying questions lets the other
person know that you are not listening attentively.
For numbers 6-10:
Directions: Identify the type of speech context evident in the following situations.
6. You provided reassuring and comforting words to a friend who was feeling
down.
A. Dyad Communication C. Mass Communication B. Public
Communication D. Interpersonal Communication
7. You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish the
assigned task.
A. Public Communication C. Dyad Communication B. Small group
communication D. Interpersonal Communication
8. Karen thinks about the things she did the whole day and writes them in her
journal.
A. Intrapersonal C. Mass Communication B. Dyad D. Small
Group
9. The TV news anchor is giving the latest news update.

A. Public communication C. Interpersonal Communication B. Mass
communication D. Intrapersonal Communication
10. Group 5 discussed the effects of social media on communication

skills. A. Intrapersonal communication C. Mass Communication B.
Interpersonal communication D. Public Communication
71
For numbers 11-15
Directions: Tell whether the given statement is True or False.
11. In intrapersonal communication, the message is made up of your thoughts
and feelings.
12. In small group communication, all participants can freely share ideas in a
loose and open discussion.
13. Participating in the declamation, oration, debate or story telling activity is an
example of small group communication.
14. To become an effective public speaker, you have to be yourself while you are
on stage and speak in the way that you will easily be understood by your
audience.
15. Just like in small group communication, the channel in public
communication should not be exaggerated.
Try to recall what you did and how you felt when you experienced any of these
situations; (your best friend confided a secret to you; you delivered a speech in front
of your classmates as a subject requirement; you talked to yourself about the things
you did and what you were supposed to do instead).
What can you say about your experience? What did you learn from it? If you have a
second chance, how will you deal with the situations? What examples of verbal and
non-verbal responses will you use? Write your answers in a separate sheet.
Rubric in evaluating the essay
Directions: Your essay will be graded based on this rubric. Consequently, use this
rubric as guide in writing your essay and check it again before submitting your final
output.
Criteria 5 3 2 1
Focus and There is one clear, There is one Main idea is The topic and
Details focused topic. clear, well somewhat clear. main idea are
Main idea is clear focused topic. not clear.
and well Main idea is
supported by clear but not
detailed and well
accurate supported by
information. detailed
information.
Organization The introduction The The There is no
states the main introduction introduction clear
topic, and provides states the states the introduction,
an overview of the main topic main topic. A structure, or
essay. Information and conclusion is conclusion.
is relevant and provides an included.
presented in a overview of
logical order. the essay. A
The conclusion conclusion is
is good. included.
72
Word Choice It uses vivid It uses vivid It uses words It uses a
words and words and that limited
phrases. The phrases. The communicate vocabulary.
choice and choice and clearly, but Jargon or
placement of placement of the writing clichés may be
words seems words is lacks present and
accurate, inaccurate at variety. detract from
natural, and not times and/or the meaning.
forced. seems overdone.
Sentence All sentences are Most Most Sentences
structure, well constructed sentences sentences sound
grammar and have varied are well are well awkward, are
and structure and constructed constructed, distractingly
mechanics length. There are and have but they have repetitive, or
no errors in varied a are difficult
grammar, structure and similar to
mechanics, length. There structure understand.
and/or spelling. are few errors and/or length. There are
in There are numerous
grammar, several errors errors in
mechanics, in grammar,
and/or grammar, mechanics,
spelling, but mechanics, and/or
they do not and/or spelling that
interfere with spelling that interfere
understanding. interfere with
with understanding.
understanding
73
Oral Communication
in Context
Types of Speeches
and Speech Style
Types of Speeches and Speech Style
First Edition, 2020
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Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.


Writer: Bernadette C. Royo, Leo D. Dioneda, Mary Jane H. Calandria
Editors: Marites M. Aguilar, Rizza A. Pereyra, Joyce V. Arce
Reviewers: Gilbert C. Alva, Bernadette M. Songalia
Illustrator: Mark Razul G. Leal
Layout Artist: Gilbert G. Manaois
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Jhonathan S. Cadavido, Helen A. Ramos, Rogelio F. Opulencia, Luhinia M.
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Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
74
Week 6
What I Need to Know
master the types of speeches and speech style. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with your needs.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
∙ Lesson 6.1 – Types of Speeches
∙ Lesson 6.2 – Types of Speech Style

1. distinguish the types of speeches according to purpose and delivery; 2.
determine the types of speeches used in different real-life situations; 3.
distinguish the types of speech style;
4. identify the social situations in which each speech style is appropriate to
use; and
5. observe the appropriate language forms in using a particular speech
style.
Lesson 6.1 Types of Speeches
This lesson introduces you to the world of public speaking. Take a step further to
enhance your oral communication skills by learning the types of speeches you can
use in creating meaningful tasks.
What’s In
In your journey toward elevating your oral communication skill, you have
previously learned in Module 5 that communication can take place in different
speech contexts (intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, and mass). Moreover, you
were given ideas on how you should speak when put in a specific speech context.
As you move on to your next adventure, Module 6 Lesson 1 will prepare you to be
an effective public speaker. This exciting lesson will tackle the different purposes
and methods of delivering a speech.
What’s New
Speech
It is human nature to express thoughts and emotions. Thus, many speeches or
forms of communication in spoken language, made by a speaker before an
audience, have been created. Speeches are more formal than talking or usual
conversations. They are primarily delivered to leave a remarkable message.
75
Types of Speeches
In the word puzzle below are seven (7) words that refer to jobs which commonly
deliver speeches. Try to look for them as fast as you can to lead you to the types of
speeches.
B T Y P O L I T I C I A N
X T J I A K E U W G E S L
L E K T D O C T O R P T A
U A S F L F O G X I F Q W
I C E D O I M B M P A P Y
S H W Z B T E S E U Y F E
P E C N S M D N A C T O R
F R M R P U I I T R O J L
E H D I A C A H I P V I J
G N E W S A N C H O R Y S
A. Vertical B. Horizontal
1. _________________________ 1. _________________________ 2.
_________________________ 2. _________________________ 3.
_________________________ 3. _________________________
4. _________________________
Were you able to hunt all the words that we are looking for? Let us look at the
following pictures if you got them correctly.
For the jobs written vertically, what do you think are their reasons or
purposes for giving their speeches?
I give a speech to
____________________________
_____________________________________________
76
I give a speech to ___________________________
_____________________________________________
I give a speech to ____________________________

_____________________________________________
For the jobs written horizontally, how do you think do they deliver their speeches?
To
deliver my report on television,
I____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
To deliver my lines
on stage, I
_____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
To
deliver my speech during
campaign,
I____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
To deliver
the clinical findings to my patient, I
_____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
77

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Oral

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mark Anthony P. Idang; Ethel B. Dasig

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

What I Need to Know

What I Have Learned

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Divina P. Maming

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

(1.) __________ is a process which follows a certain procedure. Communication

Dela Cruz family came together for

Communication plays a crucial role in human life. It facilitates the sending

Models of Communication Process

Fig 1. Shannon-Weaver Model

Fig 2. Schramm Model

The transactional model shows a circular process of interaction between

For you, which

D. Directions: Write a response to each of the following dialogue prompts to

What I Have Learned

A. Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE and write F if it is FALSE. Use a

8. Which model of communication portrays a multilayer of communication

13. In the situation given in #12, what element of communication is NOT

14. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of communication?

15. What happens when the message is NOT clearly

B. Write a 10-sentence paragraph in this situation. As a student, if you are to

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Department of Education – RegionIV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

A. Schramm Model of Communication

Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s

1. What is communication breakdown?

What was the cause of communication breakdown?

What was the cause of the communication breakdown?

1. What influence the interpretation of conversation to effective communication?

_______1. Inability to understand a message causes failure in

For Online Activity

1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking

5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues

Answer the following questions based on the article above.

communication process. The speaker should include everything that the

Give Positive Remark or Comment

Ask for a Repetition

Check for Understanding

Strategies on how to Avoid

Strategies on How 7 Cs of Effective

Directions: Read the statements comprehensively. Then, identify whether correct or

Content Show Shows Enumer Lacks No

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Darwin Z. Reyes; Icy Princess A. Trencio

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON