How to Teach Addition | 7 Simple Steps

 by Jackson Best

Addition is the first big mathematical step after early learners build basic number sense.

And like all first steps, it can be tough to take (and equally tough to teach).

But it doesn’t have to be. Here’s a 7-step process for teaching addition that creates easier lesson
plans for you, and better understanding for your students.
Introduce the concept using countable manipulatives
Using countable manipulatives (physical objects) will make addition concrete and much easier to
understand. It’s important to use a variety so students begin to understand the concept
independent of what’s being counted.

Counting on fingers is the most intuitive place to start before you transition to tokens, bottle
caps, or paper cutouts. If you want to incorporate some movement, put students in small groups
and have them join up, counting out the total number of members once more are added.

Transition to visuals
Start transferring addition to paper by using illustrated sums, or having students draw objects
they can count.

It’s best if you put visuals alongside numbers to promote association between the two. Consider
using a graphic organizer with the sum written across the top and a space for drawing under
each number.

Use a number line

At this stage, most students will still be adding by counting out every number in a sum to reach
the total solution. A number line, however, removes the need to count out the first number in the
sum.

If the sum is 4 + 3, for example, students can put their finger on the four to start with, and then
count up three places to reach 7. They no longer need to count out the 4 first to reach the
solution.

Counting Up
Once students know how to use a number line, you’ll want them to use the same “counting up”
strategy in their heads.

You can then have them practice this by counting aloud on their fingers. Let’s stick with 4 + 3 as
an example:
  Students start with a closed fist and say “4”.
 Students then count up “5, 6, 7”, extending three fingers one at a time.
 Students now have three fingers extended, but remind them that the answer isn’t 3. They
started with a 4 in their fist and then counted up, so the answer is 7.
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Finding the ten

This is a mental math trick that will help students develop their procedural fluency.

Instead of adding two numbers together as they are, encourage students to add them up to 10,
and then add the remainder to that 10. For example, the process for 7 + 5 is:

 7 + 3 = 10
 We still need to add an extra 2, to turn that 3 into 5.
 10 + 2 = 12

You can use manipulatives to help students learn this skill. Draw two rows of 10 boxes on a
sheet of paper, one under the other, and then have students place manipulatives into them to
represent the sum. For 7 + 5, the first attempt might look like this:
The six step guide to teaching
multiplication
1. Relate multiplication to addition
Avoid starting with memorization. Students typically struggle to memorize
multiplication facts on the first try, and this can lead to a fear of the multiplication table.

The simplest way to begin teaching multiplication is to anchor the concept in terms of its
relation to addition -- an operation your students should already be comfortable with.

Before moving on, ensure your students grasp the first pillar of multiplication: that it is
simply repeated addition.

Use relatable examples, like the one above, to contextualize this fact.

It will help to write out examples so students can visualize the idea:

2 x 2 is the same as 2 + 2

or

 3 x 4 is the same as 4 + 4 + 4

2. Start with the multiples of zero and one

Multiplying by zero: The zero property
Highlight to your class that adding zero to a number has no effect on its identity:

n+0=n

Next, explain that in multiplication, any number multiplied by zero is also zero:

nx0=0

Encourage students to discover examples of the zero property in the room. For example,
a classroom that has 25 chairs with zero monkeys sitting on each one means that there
are no monkeys in the classroom.

Optionally, one amusing example of a fun math activity to entertain your students
involves thinking of funny examples of this property, like 0 x one million = 0 ... or ... 0 x
ham sandwich = 0.
Image source: Step Into 2nd Grade

Multiplying by one: The identity property

In short, the identity property states that the product of a given number and one is that
number itself: n x 1 = n.

Just like with the zero property, highlight to your class that multiplying a number by one
results in the same value.

To ground the property in a real-life context, encourage your class to think of instances
of the identity property in the classroom.

For instance,

 One group of eight desks is eight desks

 A single row on the calendar showing seven days is seven days
Image source: The Classy Teacher

3. Cover the multiplication table, starting with the “easy”

numbers
To review, your students should now understand that multiplication can be thought of as
repeated addition.

They should also have taken time to multiply numbers by zero and one. While they
don’t need to know the technical terms, students should understand how the zero
property and identity property work.

Now, it’s time to take on one of the biggest leaps: covering the multiplication table.

One effective approach works as follows:

 Display a chart or overhead slide of the 12 x 12 multiplication table. If you wish,

supplement this with student copies of the multiplication chart. If a 12 x 12 chart
seems too overwhelming, perform the same process with a 10 x 10 multiplication
chart.
 Teach students how to use the chart and find products by following and matching
the position of numbers using the vertical and horizontal axes.
 Now, talk about some of the patterns you can find in the chart. Offer students
clues or hints. For example, note how every multiple of ten ends in zero, and every
multiple of five ends in zero or five.
 Ask students which facts are the easiest. For instance, the ones and tens are easy.
Now that you have discussed the "easy" multiplication facts -- and what it is that
makes them easy -- eliminate them from the chart.
Students usually agree that the twos and fives and elevens are also easy. Continue
crossing numbers the “easy” numbers out, until you arrive at a stage that looks
something like this:
 Look at the remaining numbers with your class. Use the opportunity to lead a
dynamic discussion and lead into the next step.

4. Show how the commutative property makes things

easier
Just like addition, multiplication is commutative, meaning the order of factors doesn’t
change the product (the answer).

In other words, two numbers can be multiplied in any order, and the product will be the
same. For example, multiplying 8 x 2 will give you the same answer as multiplying 2 x 8.
When you communicate this effectively, it will encourage your students.

Show your students that each answer repeats, so they only have to learn half of the
remaining tables. For example, explain that learning 3 x 6 is the same as learning 6 x 3!
If students have already learned the fact families of 0-3, then they also know four
numbers each of 4-10.

To further reinforce the commutative property, you can also use a visual model like the
one above and point out how the yellow blocks are arranged.

Ask your students, “aren't these two arrangements the same, but just different versions of
each other? If we count the total number of units, are they the same?”

Helping students grasp this property is a key part of teaching multiplication. To get
students to do it themselves and learn through direct experience, have your class create
models to illustrate this idea, and prove that a x b results in the same product as b x a.

5. Break memorization down into easy steps

At this point, your students are ready to begin memorizing the multiplication table. It is
likely that they have already begun to do so.

Be aware that it is not always obvious to students why they need to learn multiplication
facts off by heart. Communicate the importance of understanding the meaning
behind multiplication facts and how they can be used in everyday situations.

While there are many approaches to memorizing the multiplication chart, recall the
examples above -- the “easy” numbers -- as a good starting point. As you continue your
lesson, consider following these rules:

 Encourage students and set time for them to practice verbally or in writing.

 Introduce new multiplication facts one by one, gradually and incrementally opening
the concept to the more advanced steps of multiplying by 2, 3, 4 and so on.
 Give students time to practice the multiplication facts. Find a rhythm that works
well in your classroom. If you wish, take advantage of peer learning for students who
are struggling.
 Memorize the facts in a strategic order. Once your students master 0-3, proceed
to 4-7, and then 8-10. Depending on your preference, you may also cover 11 and 12.
Including more challenging problems as a bonus will help you to gauge high-
achieving students. Some teachers will include a few harder problems for a bonus or
to identify high-achieving students.

To help with memorization, keep visual materials on hand in your classroom. No matter
how many times you cover multiplication, it’s always a good idea to have a physical
copy of the table available in your classroom.

If you don’t have one, you can order one online for less than 10 dollars. A quick search
on Amazon shows an array of options.
If you already have a poster, consider getting other materials that will help you explain
the function of multiplication visually.

For example, this document is a great option for displays: it contains a 20 page set of
answers (like the one seen below) to each of the times tables from 1-10, color coded
according to the specific table they represent.
6. Introduce the associative and distributive properties
While these concepts are more advanced, it is important your students grasp them. You
will find they can work wonders to improve your students’ mental math.

Note: Use your discretion when introducing the properties below. They may not be
applicable to students in any year lower than the 4th Grade.

The associative property

The rule of associative property states that no matter the way you group factors, the
product will always be the same.

For example,
(a x b) x c = a  x (b x c)

or

(1 x 2) x 3 = 1 x (2 x 3)

Your students can understand this concept by relating it to column addition, whereby
they group addends to find the sum.

Students can also learn to group factors in any way they find most convenient as they
look for the answer. You may explain this rule as an extension of the commutative
property above.
The distributive property
The distributive property is symbolized as a(b + c)=(ab)+(ac)

That might look tricky to students, but frequently they are already using the property by
themselves as a mental math trick to solve more challenging multiplication facts.

Put simply, the property spreads out -- or, as its name implies, distributes -- the value
of a equally to b and c.

For example, for 6 x 8, they may use the distributive property to think: (6 x 5) + (6 x 3),
or 30 +18

To explain the property to visual or tactile learners, allow children to explore the
distributive property with materials such as cups and beans or grid paper.

Section B: Fun ways to teach

multiplication
Play Classroom Math Games
Classroom math games can take the fear out of multiplication. Consider these two
examples specialized to multiplication:

Calculator Constants

If the calculators in your classroom have a constant function, encourage your students to
use them to discover the multiples of any number to find the link between multiplication
and addition.

How it works:

 Pick a factor such as seven, and enter it.

 Hit the + button, then press the = button. The calculator should show seven again.
 Next, continue to press the = button. The constant function will continually add
seven, showing the number’s incremental multiples (7, 14, 21, 28, and so on)
 Optionally, have students record a list of the multiples they find and encourage
them to look for patterns in the list they come up with

Times Table Buzz

This is a fun math activity to motivate your students, reinforcing their knowledge of the
multiplication table.

Step a) Pick a specific multiplication table to use for the activity (for example, multiples
of five)

Step b) Have your students stand up and arrange them in a certain order, such that each
student knows when it’s their turn
Step c) Choose one student to count “one.” Next, the child to his or her left counts “two.”
The following child counts “three,” and so on. When the sequence reaches a multiple of
five, the student shouts out “buzz!”

Therefore, the sequence will proceed as: one, two, three, four, “buzz!”, six, seven...

Step d) If a student forgets to say “buzz” or says it at the wrong time, they are out and sit
down. The counting sequence will continue until the students reach ten times five (or at
the teacher’s discretion) and will then start again.

The final winners are the last three children standing. Consider rewarding the winners as
part of your classroom management strategy.
For more inspiration, review our full list of 20 engaging, skill-building classroom math
games.

For an active approach to teaching math, review our 20 fun and creative math
activities -- approaches and exercises, with and without computers, that will make
students look forward to your math lessons.

Use fun math books in class

In our review of math books for students, we found a list of exceptional resources for
teachers.

Review numbers three, five, and six to find examples of publications that feature
multiplication and help support a well-structured math curriculum.

Support learning with math websites

The internet is home to a vast selection of powerful and useful educational math
websites for teachers and students.

See our list of helpful math websites for teachers, five of which you can share with
students.One resource is Prodigy, a free, curriculum-aligned math game used by more
than 800,000 teachers and 30 million students around the world.

Prodigy offers content from every major math topic -- including multiplication -- and
covers 1st to 8th Grade.

You can make learning multiplication a fantasy-inspired journey where students’

success depends on honing curriculum-aligned math skills!
It’s also backed by quantitative research. In a recent study, we found that schools
enrolled in Prodigy both performed better and enjoyed greater improvements on test
results than inactive schools.

Sign up now

How to Teach Multiplication: Final Thoughts

If multiplication is a science, then helping your students understand the operation is an
art.

With these strategies and tools in mind, you can see how multiplication doesn’t have to
be a scary or daunting subject -- for yourself or for your students.
When broken down into digestible constituents, you will avoid the frustrations that
frequently accompany the practice of learning multiplication.

Use these ideas to reinforce a well-structured math curriculum, and watch your students’
learning outcomes improve.