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Rudin's Ex. 6: M N P Q MQ+NP NQ
Rudin's Ex. 6: M N P Q MQ+NP NQ
(a) If m, n, p, q are integers, n > 0, q > 0, and r = m/n = p/q, prove that
(bm )1/n = (bp )1/q .
Hence it makes sense to define br = (bm )1/n .
(b) Prove that bs+t = bs bt if s and t are rational.
(c) If x is real, define B(x) to be the set of all numbers bt , where t is rational and
t ≤ x. Prove that
br = sup B(r)
where r is rational. Hence it makes sense to define
bx = sup B(x)
for every real x.
(d) Prove that bx+y = bx by for all real x and y. Part (d) is very
difficult.
Proof (a) If we can show
nq nq
(bm )1/n = (bp )1/q ,
(b) For s and t rational, choose integers m, n, p, q, with n > 0, q > 0, such that
p mq+np
s= mn and t = q . Since s + t = nq , we have
m p nq mq+np nq h inq
(bs+t )nq = b n +q = b nq = (bmq+np )1/nq = bmq+np
= (bm )q · (bp )n
h n iq h q in
= (bm )1/n · (bp )1/q
h inq
= (bm )1/n · (bp )1/q = (bs · bt )nq .
1
Here we use the fact 1r = 1 for any rational r. This fact is because 1n = 1 implies
11/n = 1 by Theorem 1.21, and 1m/n = (1m )1/n = 11/n = 1 for integers m, n, with
n > 0.
(d) Step 1: Put
we have
bx by = sup (bs · bt ) ≤ sup bs+t = bx+y .
s≤x,t≤y s+t≤x+y
s, t rational s, t rational
2
calculations, we give
X X
|Baj − Cbj |2 = (Baj − Cbj )(Bāj − C̄ b̄j )
X X X X
= B2 |aj |2 − B C̄ aj b̄j − BC āj bj + |C|2 |bj |2
= B 2 A − B|C|2
= B(AB − |C|)2 ,
Hence, if the Schwarz inequality holds, that is, AB = |C|2 , then there are two
complex numbers λ and µ, not both zero, such that
λaj = µbj , j = 1, 2, . . . .
λaj = µbj , j = 1, 2, . . . .