Process Dynamics & Control

(Revision of L3 & Doubts)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 1
Topic Discussed

Feedback Modelling Control

Measure
Equation Blending
Control
Relating Tank
Variable

Control w1, s ( x sp  x1, s )

Uses x2, w2 w2 , s 
1  x 
Variable to
Manipulated Manipulated relating to x,
Variable Variable w sp

w2 (t )  w2 , s  K c x sp  x (t ) 

2 Monday, 27 July 2020

Topic Discussed
w1 ( x sp  x1 (t ))
Feed w2 
forward
Modelling Control 1  x 
sp

Measure
Equation Blending
Disturbance
Relating Tank
Variable

Disturbance
Uses Variable to x1, w1
Manipulated Manipulated relating to x,
Variable Variable w

3 Monday, 27 July 2020

Topic Discussed
Process

Model Traditional

4 Monday, 27 July 2020

Topic Discussed (Hrishikesh Mukesh Mhatre)
Did not understood modelling part of control strategy

Link the manipulated variable to control variable,

d Component Accumulation   Component Appeared 
 Component Inflow  Component Outflow   
dt  Component Disappeare d 

dMx
 w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
dt

w2 (t )  w2 , s  K c x sp  x1, s 

5 Monday, 27 July 2020

Doubts (Chinmay Sanjay jadhav)
Blending Ke time Pe range Gaya tha Real Input of Outlet of Input of
sir salt wala part Samjav sir Time salt Salt fresh
(mol/m3) (mol/m3) water
(m3/min)

10:00 0 10 00
10:05 5 10 01
10:10 35 10 10
10:30 50 10 100
10:40 25 10 08
HIGH , MODERATE,LOW

6 Monday, 27 July 2020

Topic Discussed (Rushikesh kulkarni)
Sir I can't understand feedback control strategy 1 i. e..
Measure x and control w2

dMx
 w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
dt

w2 (t )  w2 , s  K c x sp  x1, s 

7 Monday, 27 July 2020

Process Dynamics & Control
(Rational Dynamic Model)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 2
Topic of Discussion
2.1 The Rationale for Dynamic Process Models

2.2 General Modelling Principles

2.3 Degrees of Freedom Analysis

2.4 Typical Dynamic Models

9 Monday, 27 July 2020

1. DYANMIC MODEL’S
Model What is Dynamic Model?
Improve

Why it is required?
understanding
Physical of the process
to Types

How to execute?
Train plant Theoretical
Mathem operating
models
atical personnel
Empirical
Develop a models
control
strategy for a Semi-
new process empirical
models
Optimize
process
operating
conditions
10 Monday, 27 July 2020
1.Dynamic Model
Uses
1 2 3 4
Understanding Training Plant Allowing Optimization
of the process. Operator design of
controller

11 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.Dynamic Models
Types of Modelling
Theoretical :- Uses of Conservative Equation
 mass 
 
d  energy 
 momentum   rate   mass   rate   mass   rate  mass   rate  mass 
    of   energy    of   energy    of
  
energy    of

energy 

dt             
 input   momentum   output   momentum   appearnce   momentum   disappearance   momentum 
           

d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared 

 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow   
dt  Mass Disappeared 

dV Becomes tedious for Complicated

 w1  w2  w Process, Still all Prospects are not
dt covered

12 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.Dynamic Models
Types of Modelling
Empirical :- Uses series of experimental result fits data and then applicable for
limited range Flow Rate Height
0 0
10 20
15 30
20 40
50 100
y  mx As applicable for limit
H  2F range and sets of
conditions
13 Monday, 27 July 2020
1.Dynamic Models
Types of Modelling
Semi Empirical :- Uses Conventional technique and experimental data.
d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared 
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow   
dt  Mass Disappeared 
d V  d V 
 Qin   Qout   Qin   C v  h
dt dt

Qout  C v h Semi-empirical models have three inherent

advantages:
(i) they incorporate theoretical knowledge, (ii) they
can be extrapolated over a wider range of operating
conditions than empirical models, and (iii) they require
less development effort than theoretical models

14 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.1 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank • x1,w1 • x1,w1 •0
• x2,w2 • x2,w2
• x,w • x,w
• V,ρ
Assumption
Identify the
Density Identify Variables
Detect all the
Added/Removed
Input / Output
Constant Variables

• Mass Balance
• Component
Balance

Use the
d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared  Conservation
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow    Equation
dt  Mass Disappeare d 

15 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.1 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
dV
  w1  w2  w
dt
Component Component Component  Component Appeared 
    
Accumulated Inflow Outflow  Component Disappeared 
dVx
 w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
dt
As both volume and composition is varying
dV  dV dx 
 w1  w2  w  x V   w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
dt  dt dt 

16 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.1 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank dVx
 w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
dt
 dV dx 
 x V   w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
 dt dt 
  w1  w2  w  dx  w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx
 x  V  
     
   dt 
dx w1 x1  w2 x 2  wx   w1 x  w2 x  wx 
V  
 

dt    
dx w1 ( x1  x )  w2  x 2  x  D.O.F=Nv-NE

dV
 w1  w2  w 
dt dt V =7-2=5

17 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Degrees of Freedom
Validity of Model
Does your model describes, your process
completely.

Degrees of freedom describes minimum variables that

we should know to describe system

Degrees of Freedom= Number of Variables- Number of Equations

D.O.F=Nv-NE

18 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Degrees of Freedom
Classification of modelled system on the DOF
x1  x 2  x3  10 Nv  3
Exactly Specified System 2 x1  3 x 2  4 x3  30 NE  3 NF  0
5 x1  8 x 2  12 x3  56 D.O.F ( N F )  N v  N E  0

x1  x 2  x3  10 Nv  3
Under Specified System 2 x1  3 x 2  4 x3  30 NE  2 NF  0
D.O.F ( N F )  N v  N E  1

x1  x 2  x 3  10
Nv  3
2 x1  3 x 2  4 x 3  30
Over Specified System NE  4 NF  0
5 x1  8 x 2  12 x 3  56
8 x1  56 x 2  36 x 3  108 D.O.F ( N F )  N v  N E  1

NF input
variables that must be specified as either disturbance variables
or manipulated variables, in order to utilize the N degrees of freedom
F

19 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Degrees of Freedom
Examples to determine

Analyse the degrees of freedom for the blending model described above Eq.
for the special condition where volume V is constant.
D.O.F =Nv-NE
Number of Equation
Variables As per =5-2=3
x1,w1 problem Nf >0
dV
x2, w2 Variables   w1  w2  w  0
Underspecified
dt
x, w, V,ρ x1,w1, w2
x, w dx w1 ( x1  x )  w2  x 2  x  Inputs:- x1,w1

dt V M.V w2
20 Monday, 27 July 2020
Process Dynamics & Control
L-4 (Revision & Doubts)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 2
Topic Discussed
Theoretical
Semi dV
Theoretical Empirical  q i  q
Empirical dt

Have to Empirical
Uses Uses
perform
Conservative Theoretical
series of
Equations
experiment
concepts h q

Fit the Semi Empirical

Mass, equation to Tries to
Energy, extend the
dV
satisfy the
Momentum data Emprical  q i   h
dt

22 Monday, 27 July 2020

Topic Discussed
Exactly (V is varying)

Exactly Underspecified Overspecified dV

 q i  q
dt
Number of Number of Number of
variables is Variable are Variables are Underspecified (V,ρ)
same as more than less then
number of number of number of dV
equation equations equations  q i  q
dt
Overspecified (V)
Infinite
dV
Unique Solution Solutions No Solutions  q i  q
dt
dVT
 q i Ti  qT  Q
dt
23 Monday, 27 July 2020
DOUBTS RAISED BY Mandar Avinash Dalvi, Hrishikesh Mukesh Mhatre
Sir repeat how to perform degree of freedom for given system,
Revision for Calculations for degree of freedom will be helpful sir.
As per 
dAh
 qi  qo
Variables problem dt
qi, V, qo Variables D.O.F =Nv-NE
qi, A,h, qo =4-1=3
Nf >0
dV Underspecified
  qi  qo
dt
Inputs:- qi,qo,h

24 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Degrees of Freedom
Examples to determine

Analyse the degrees of freedom of the blending system model in above equation. Is this set of
equations linear, or nonlinear, according to the usual working definition? (V is Varying)

D.O.F =Nv-NE
As per Number of Equation
Variables =7-2=5
x1,w1 problem dV Nf >0
x2, w2 Variables  dt  w1  w2  w
Underspecified
x, w, V x1,w1, w2
x, w, V, x2 dx  w1 ( x1  x )  w2  x 2  x  Inputs:- x1,w1,x2
dt V M.V w2,w

25 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Modelling
Example
A stirred-tank blending process with a constant liquid holdup of 2 m3 is used to blend two streams whose
densities are both approximately 900 kg/m3. The density does not change during mixing.
(a) Assume that the process has been operating for a long period of time with flow rates of w1 = 500
kg/min and w2 = 200 kg/min, and feed compositions (mass fractions) of x1 = 0.4 and x2 = 0.75. What is the
steady-state value of x?
(b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and remains at the new value. Determine an
expression for x(t) and plot it
(c) Repeat part (b) for the case where w2 (instead of w1) changes suddenly from 200 to 100 kg/min and
remains there
(d) Repeat part (c) for the case where x1 suddenly changes from 0.4 to 0.6.
(e) For parts (b) through (d), plot the normalized response

26 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank dx w1 ( x1  x )  w2  x 2  x 

dt V
dx w1 x1  w1 x  w2 x 2  w2 x

dt V
dx w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x  w2 x 

dt V
dx w1  w2  w1 x1  w2 x 2
 x 
dt V V
dV
  w1  w2  w dy
 Py  Q   
 Qe dx  c
Pdx Pdx Pdx
dt I .F  e ye 
dx

27 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank

dx w1  w2  w1 x1  w2 x 2
 x 
dt V V
 w1  w2   w1  w2 
 dt w1 x1  w2 x 2  dt


V V
xe  e dt  c
V
 w1  w2   w1  w2 
t w1 x1  w2 x 2 t


V V
xe  e dt  c
V
 w1  w2 
 w1  w2  V
t
V
t w1 x1  w2 x 2 e
xe  c
V w1  w2 
V
28 Monday, 27 July 2020
1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
 w1  w2   w1  w2 
V
t w1 x1  w2 x 2 V
t
xe  e c
w1  w2 
  w1  w2  Value of C can be find out
w1 x1  w2 x 2 V
t
x   ce using steady state conditions
w1  w2 
at t=0, x=xs
w1 x1  w2 x 2
xs   c
w1  w2 
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
  xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

29 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank

(a) Assume that the process has been operating for a long period of time with flow
rates of w1 = 500 kg/min and w2 = 200 kg/min, and feed compositions (mass
fractions) of x1 = 0.4 and x2 = 0.75. What is the steady-state value of x?
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2 V
t
x   ce
w1  w2 
dx w1  w2  w x  w2 x 2
 x  1 1
dt V V
w1, s x1, s  w2, s x 2, s 500  0.4  200  0.75
xs    0 .5
w 1, s  w2 , s  700

30 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and remains at the
new value. Determine an expression for x(t) and plot it
w1, s x1, s  w2, s x 2, s 500  0.4  200  0.75
xs    0 .5
w 1, s  w2 , s  700
w1 x1  w2 x 2, 400  0.4  200  0.75
xs   0 .5   0.017
w1  w2  600
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
 xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  
1
t
x  0.5166  0.017 e 3

31 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and remains at the
new value. Determine an expression for x(t) and plot it
1 0.518
t
x  0.5166  0.017 e 3 0.516

0.514
t x
0 0.4996 0.512
0.1 0.500157
0.51
0.2 0.500696
0.3 0.501218 0.508
0.5 0.50221
0.506
1 0.504419
1.5 0.506289 0.504
2 0.507872
0.502
2.5 0.509212
3 0.510346 0.5
10 0.515994
0.498
12 0.516289
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
15 0.516485
20 0.516578
25 0.516596

32 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(c) Repeat part (b) for the case where w2 (instead of w1) changes suddenly from 200
to 100 kg/min and remains there
w1 x1  w2 x 2, 500  0.4  100  0.75
xs   0 .5   0.5  0.45833  0.04166
w1  w2  600
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
 xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  
1
t
x  0.45833  0.04166e 3

33 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(d) Repeat part (c) for the case where x1 suddenly changes from 0.4 to 0.6
w1 x1  w2 x 2, 500  0.6  100  0.75
xs   0 .5   0.5  0.625  0.125
w1  w2  600
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
  xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  
1
t
x  0.625  0.125e 3

34 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(e) For parts (b) through (d), plot the normalized response
t
x(t )  x(0) x ( 0)  x s
xN   1 e 3
x (  )  x ( 0)
w  w 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  1
V
2
t
x (t )  
 xs  
 e
w1  w2   w1  w2  
w1 x1  w2 x 2 x ( )  x (0)  w1 x1  w2 x 2  x
x ( ) 
w1  w2   w 1  w 2  s

  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x (t )  x (0)   xs 
  xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

35 Monday, 27 July 2020

Process Dynamics & Control
L-5 (Revision & Doubts)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 2
 Chinmay:- “ A wala part nhi samjhme aya”
1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank Nitin Gawade
Please explain once again the same problem

(a) Assume that the process has been operating for a long period of time with flow
rates of w1 = 500 kg/min and w2 = 200 kg/min, and feed compositions (mass
fractions) of x1 = 0.4 and x2 = 0.75. What is the steady-state value of x?
dx w1  w2  w1 x1  w2 x 2
 x 
dt V V

w1, s x1, s  w2, s x 2, s 500  0.4  200  0.75

xs    0 .5
w 1, s  w2 , s  700

37 Monday, 27 July 2020

 Omkar kiran salunkhe
1.2 Examples of Modelling “Sir dynamic equation means, variable (x) is function of
time (t),if I'm wrong plz correct me about dynamic
Blending Tank equation”

(b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and remains at the
new value. Determine an expression for x(t) and plot it
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x (t )   x
 s  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

w1, s x1, s  w2, s x 2, s 500  0.4  200  0.75

xs    0 .5
w 1, s  w2 , s  700

w1 x1  w2 x 2, 400  0.4  200  0.75

xs   0 .5   0.017
w1  w2  600

38 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling Prasad zore
“When the value of x1 changes .. then the value of Xs will
change in (4)statement... because we have taken the
Blending Tank value of x1 0.4 in (a) statement”
(b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and remains at the
new value. Determine an expression for x(t) and plot it
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
  xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

Omkar V Salunke
1
t “Sir in b part the w1 changes from 500to 400 in this case
x  0.5166  0.017 e 3
for xs why we wont 400 instead of 500? Because new W1
will also form a steady state to?”

39 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and remains at the
new value. Determine an expression for x(t) and plot it
1 0.518
t
x  0.5166  0.017 e 3 0.516

0.514
t x
0 0.4996 0.512
0.1 0.500157
0.51
0.2 0.500696
0.3 0.501218 0.508
0.5 0.50221
0.506
1 0.504419
1.5 0.506289 0.504
2 0.507872
0.502
2.5 0.509212
3 0.510346 0.5
10 0.515994
0.498
12 0.516289
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
15 0.516485
20 0.516578
25 0.516596

40 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(c) Repeat part (b) for the case where w2 (instead of w1) changes suddenly from 200
to 100 kg/min and remains there
w1 x1  w2 x 2, 500  0.4  100  0.75
xs   0 .5   0.5  0.45833  0.04166
w1  w2  600
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
  xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

1
t
x  0.45833  0.04166e 3

41 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(d) Repeat part (c) for the case where x1 suddenly changes from 0.4 to 0.6

w1 x1  w2 x 2, 500  0.6  100  0.75

xs   0 .5   0.5  0.625  0.125
w1  w2  600

  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x  
 xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

1
t
x  0.625  0.125e 3

42 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(e) For parts (b) through (d), plot the normalized response
x(t )  x(0)
xN 
x (  )  x ( 0)
x ( 0)  x s

Zia Palekar
“x(N) is equal to the fraction. That is understood. But what
does x(N) i.e normalization means technically. & why it is
required?”

43 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling Paresh shastri
“Normalised response vala part”
Blending Tank vinay salvi
“Normalized response”
(e) For parts (b) through (d), plot the normalized response
t
x(t )  x(0) x ( 0)  x s
xN   1 e 3
x (  )  x ( 0)
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x (t )  
 xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x (t )  x (0)  
 xs   xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

44 Monday, 27 July 2020

1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(e) For parts (b) through (d), plot the normalized response
t
x(t )  x(0) x ( 0)  x s
xN   1 e 3
x (  )  x ( 0)
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x (t )  
 xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  
w1 x1  w2 x 2
x ( ) 
w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2
x (  )  x ( 0)   xs
w1  w2 
45 Monday, 27 July 2020
1.2 Examples of Modelling
Blending Tank
(e) For parts (b) through (d), plot the normalized response
  w1  w2 
w1 x1  w2 x 2  w1 x1  w2 x 2  V
t
x (t )  x (0)   xs 
  xs  
e
w1  w2   w1  w2  

w1 x1  w2 x 2
x (  )  x ( 0)   xs
w1  w2 
t
x(t )  x(0)
xN   1 e 3
x (  )  x ( 0)

46 Monday, 27 July 2020

Process Dynamics & Control
L-6 (Modelling Examples)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 2
1.3 Basis of Theoretical Modelling
• MODEL A process model comprises of a set of
A model is a simplified equations that permits us to predict the
representation of a system at some dynamics of a chemical process
particular point in time and/or
space intended to promote MODELLING :- Mathematical Representation of a given System
understanding of the real system. which relates the input variable to the output variable

CONSERVATION EQUATION
 mass 
 
d  energy 
 momentum   rate  mass   rate  mass   rate  mass   rate  mass 
    of  energy    of  energy    of

energy
 
 of

energy

dt            
 input  momentum   output  momentum   appearnce  momentum   disappearance  momentum 
           
Monday, 27 July 2020 48
48 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Constant Holdup
The liquid inlet stream consists of a single component with a mass flow rate wi
STIRRED TANK and an inlet temperature Ti. The tank contents are agitated and heated
using an electrical heater that provides a heating rate Q

Assumptions

Variables, Ti, wi, T, w, V

& Q, Input and Output

Degrees of freedom

49 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Constant Holdup
STIRRED TANK dV
 wi  w  0
dt

Energy Balance
d Energy   Energy Appeared 
 Energy Inflow  Energy Outflow   
dt  Energy Disappeared 

d (VC p T ) VC p dT
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q  wC p (Ti  T )  Q
dt dt

Dynamic Modelling dT w Q
 (Ti  T ) 
d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared  dt V VC p
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow   
dt  Mass Disappeare d 

50 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Constant Holdup
STIRRED TANK

1 Variables
2 Equation
3 Degrees of
Freedom

Ti , wi, T, Energy,
NF= 5-2=3
Q, w Mass

Manipulated Variable:- Q
Disturbance Variable:- Ti,wi
51 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Variable Holdup
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance
d Energy   Energy Appeared 
 Energy Inflow  Energy Outflow   
dt  Energy Disappeare d 
d (VC p T ) C p d (VT )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q  wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q
dt dt
 dT dV   dT  dV
C p V T   w C T  wC T  Q C pV   w C T
i p i  wC pT  Q  T C p
 
i p i p
 dt dt  dt dt

 dT   dT 
C p V         wi C p Ti  wi C pT  Q
 wi C p Ti wC pT Q wi C P T wC P T C p V
 dt   dt 
d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared  dT wi C p (Ti  T ) Q
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow     
dt  Mass Disappeared  dt C pV VC p
dV dT wi (Ti  T ) Q
 wi  w  
dt dt V VC p
52 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Variable Holdup
STIRRED TANK

1 Variables
2 Equation
3 Degrees of
Freedom

Ti , wi, T, Energy,
NF= 6-2=4
Q, w, V Mass

Manipulated Variable:- Q
Disturbance Variable:- Ti,wi
53 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared 
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow   
dt  Mass Disappeare d 

dV
 wi  w
dt

Energy Balance

d Energy   Energy Appeared 

 Energy Inflow  Energy Outflow   
Q dt  Energy Disappeare d 

d (VC p T )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe
heAeTe Qe  he Ae (Te  T ) dt

54 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for tank
d (VC p T )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe
dt

 dT dV 
C p V T   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe
 dt dt 

 dT  dV
C p V   w C T
i p i  wC pT  Q e  T C p
Q  dt  dt

 dT 
C p V   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe  wi C P T  wC P T
heAeTe  dt 

55 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for tank
 dT 
C p V   wi C p Ti  wi C pT  Qe
 dt 

dT wi C p (Ti  T ) Qe
 
dt C pV VC p

dT wi (Ti  T ) Qe
Q  
dt V VC p

dT wi (Ti  T ) he Ae Te  T 
heAeTe  
dt V VC p

56 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for rod
d (me C eTe )
 Q  he Ae (Te  T )
dt

Q me C e dTe
 Q  he Ae (Te  T )
dt

heAeTe
dTe Q h A (T  T )
  e e e
dt me C e me C e

57 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Model Equations
dV
 wi  w
dt

dT wi (Ti  T ) he Ae Te  T 
 
dt V VC p

Q dTe Q h A (T  T )
  e e e
dt me C e me C e

heAeTe

58 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Variable Holdup & Electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Manipulated Variable:- Q

Disturbance Variable:- Ti,wi

1 Variables
2 Equation
3 Degrees of
Freedom
Q
Ti , wi, T, Energy,
NF= 6-3=3
Q, w, Te Mass
heAeTe

59 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

Process Dynamics & Control
L-6 (Revision & Doubts)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 2
Topics Covered

Modelling
Identify Unit Operations

Apply Conservation Equations

Identify Variables, Parameters, Inputs and

Outputs for the Process

61 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

Topics Covered

Analysis of Model Equations

Carry out Degrees of freedom Analysis

Determine the variables has to be Quantified

62 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Variable Holdup
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance
d Energy   Energy Appeared 
 Energy Inflow  Energy Outflow   
dt  Energy Disappeare d 
d (VC p T ) C p d (VT )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q  wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q
dt dt
 dT dV   dT  dV
C p V T   w C T  wC T  Q C pV   w C T
i p i  wC pT  Q  T C p
 
i p i p
 dt dt  dt dt

 dT   dT 
C p V         wi C p Ti  wi C pT  Q
 wi C p Ti wC pT Q wi C P T wC P T C p V
 dt   dt 
d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared  dT wi C p (Ti  T ) Q
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow     
dt  Mass Disappeared  dt C pV VC p
dV dT wi (Ti  T ) Q
 wi  w  
dt dt V VC p
63 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
Doubt Raised
Nisar Palte “Slide 51 Energy Balance me (T*Den*Cp*dV/dt) inski equation put kiye yellow
equation me To next equation me T Same q liye(Wi*Cp*T+W*Cp*T) “

Chinmay Jadhav “Variable holdup ke baad network gya sir”

dV  dT  dV
 wi  w C p V   w C T
i p i  wC pT  Q  T C p
dt  dt  dt

C p d (VT )  dT 
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q C p V   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q  wi C P T  wC P T
dt  dt 

 dT dV   dT 
C p V T   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Q C p V   wi C p Ti  wi C pT  Q
 dt dt   dt 

64 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared 
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow   
dt  Mass Disappeared 
dV
 wi  w
dt Hrithik Valunjkar “Electrically
heated stirred tank and steam
heated stirred tank”

Q Rohit Bhuvad “Network ke vjese sir

11.55 ke bad scree nhi dikh rhi thi to
vo part smj nhi aya”

heAeTe

Qe  he Ae (Te  T )

d Energy   Energy Appeared  d (VC p T )

 Energy Inflow  Energy Outflow     wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe
dt  Energy Disappeared  dt

65 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for tank
d (VC p T )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe
dt

 dT dV 
C p V T   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe
Q  dt dt 

 dT  dV
C p V   w C T
i p i  wC pT  Q e  T C p
heAeTe  dt  dt

 dT 
C p V   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qe  wi C P T  wC P T
 dt 

66 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for tank
 dT 
C p V   wi C p Ti  wi C pT  Qe
 dt 

dT wi C p (Ti  T ) Qe
Q  
dt C pV VC p

dT wi (Ti  T ) Qe
 
heAeTe dt V VC p

dT wi (Ti  T ) he Ae Te  T 
 
dt V VC p

67 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for rod
d (me C eTe )
 Q  he Ae (Te  T )
dt

me C e dTe
Q  Q  he Ae (Te  T )
dt
Masood Boat Sir at the time energy
dTe Q h A (T  T ) balance for rod of voice was not clr coz
  e e e my net was slow
heAeTe dt me C e me C e
Omkar V Salunkhe Sir in electrical heating
why we are not taking Q equation for
outer case of the coil as we have took for
wire..? Means both we should
consider...!

68 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Variable Holdup electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Model Equations
dV
 wi  w
dt

dT wi (Ti  T ) he Ae Te  T 
 
Q dt V VC p

dTe Q h A (T  T )
heAeTe   e e e
dt me C e me C e

69 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Variable Holdup & Electrically heated
STIRRED TANK Manipulated Variable:- Q

Disturbance Variable:- Ti,wi

Q
1 Variables
2 Equation
3 Degrees of
Freedom

Ti , wi, T, Energy,
NF= 6-3=3
heAeTe Q, w, Te Mass

70 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

Process Dynamics & Control
L-7 (Modelling Examples)

Conducted by
Mr. R.G.Nalwala
Department of Chemical Engineering,
GHARDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAVEL

Module 2
• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process : Variable Holdup & Steam heated
STIRRED TANK

1 Variables
2 Equation
3 Degrees of
Freedom

Ti , wi, T, Energy,
NF= 5-2=3
Ts,Tw Mass

72 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Heating Process Steam-Heated Stirred Tank
STIRRED TANK d Mass Accumulation   Mass Appeared 
 Mass Inflow  Mass Outflow   
dt  Mass Disappeare d 

dV
 wi  w
dt

Energy Balance
d Energy   Energy Appeared 
 Energy Inflow  Energy Outflow   
dt  Energy Disappeare d 

d (VC p T )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qs
dt

73 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup Steam heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for tank dT wi (Ti  T ) Qs
 
dt V VC p
d (VC p T )
 wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qs
dt dT wi (Ti  T ) hs A p T p  T
 
dt V VC p

 dT dV 
C p V T   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qs
 dt dt 

 dT  dV
C p V   w C T
i p i  wC pT  Q s  T C p
 dt  dt

 dT 
C p V   wi C p Ti  wC pT  Qs  wi C P T  wC P T
 dt 

74 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 Stirred-Tank Process Variable Holdup Steam heated
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance for Coil
d (VC p Tw )
 hs As (Ts  Tw )  h p A p (Tw  T )
dt

dT wi (Ti  T ) h p A p Tw  T 
 
dt V VC p

75 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

1.3 Liquid Storage Process
STORAGE VESSEL
d mass   Mass Added 
 mass in  mass out  
 Mass Disappeared 
dt  
dV
 q i  q
dt
The outlet flow rate
h dh h
 qi 
q A
dt R
R
dAh
 qi  q
dt

76 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

1.3 Liquid Storage Process (Realistic Approach)
STORAGE VESSEL h
d mass   Mass Added  P  P  Pa 
 mass in  mass out  
 Mass Disappeared  2g
dt  
dV dAh dh
 q i  CV
h
 q i  q  qi  q A
dt dt dt 2 g

The outlet flow rate dh

A  q i  C v* h
dt
P
q  Cv

h
P  Pa 
2g
77 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
• 1.3 The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Nonisothermal
STIRRED TANK Mass Balance Equation
d ( mass ) mass mass added
  
dt inf low outflow disappeared
d (V )
 q i   q
dt
d (V )
 qi  q
dt

Component Balance
d (Component ) component component Component appeared
  
dt inflow outflow disappeared
 rA  KC A

78 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Nonisothermal
STIRRED TANK Component Balance
d (Component ) component component Component appeared
  
dt inflow outflow disappeared

d (VC A )
 q i C Ai  q o C A  KC A V
dt

dC A
 q i C Ai  q o C A  KC A V
dV
CA V
dt dt

dC A
 q i C Ai  q o C A  KC A V  C A
dV
V
dt dt
dC A
 rA  KC A V  q i C Ai  q o C A  KC A V  C A q i  q 0 C A
dt
79 Wednesday, 08 July 2020
• 1.3 The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Nonisothermal
STIRRED TANK Component Balance
dC A
V  q i C Ai  q o C A  KC A V  C A q i  q 0 C A
dt

dC A
V  q i C Ai  q i C A  KC A V
dt

dC A q C  C A 
 i Ai  KC A 
dt V

Energy Balance
d (energy ) energy energy energy added
 rA  KC A   
dt inf low outflow disappeared

80 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Nonisothermal
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance
dVC p T
 q i C p Ti  q o C p T   H R KC A V  UAT  Tc 
dt

 q i C p Ti  q o C p T   H R KC A V  UAT  Tc 
dVT
C p
dt

 dT dV 
C p V T   q i C p Ti  q o C p T   H R KC A V  UAT  Tc 
 dt dt 

 dT 
C p V   qi C p Ti  q o C p T   H R KC A V  UAT  Tc   T (qi C p  q o C p )
 dt 
 rA  KC A
 dT 
C p V   qi C p Ti  T    H R KC A V  UAT  Tc 
 dt 

81 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Nonisothermal
STIRRED TANK Energy Balance
 dT 
C p V   qi C p Ti  T    H R KC A V  UAT  Tc 
 dt 

 dT  qi
   H R KC A  UAT  Tc 
   T  T  
C p VC p
i
 dt  V

Model Equations
d (V )  dT  qi  H R KC A  UAT  Tc 
 qi  q   Ti  T   
dt  dt  V C p VC p

 rA  KC A dC A q C  C A 
 i Ai  KC A 
dt V

82 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.3 The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Nonisothermal
STIRRED TANK Degrees of Freedom Analysis

• qi, • Mass • Nv-Ne

• Cai,Ti, • Component
• qo,V, • Energy
• T,Ca
Degrees of
Variables Equations
freedom
 rA  KC A

83 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.5 Three Staged Absorber
ABSORBER

Yi  AX i  B

Where Xi is the liquid concentration and Yi is the Gas

Phase concentration of the component

84 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.5 Three Staged Absorber
ABSORBER d (H )
 (L  G)  (L  G)
dt
L, x2 G, y1
 Gy f  Lx 2   Gy1  Lx1 
d ( Hx1 )
Yi  AX i  B dt

1 Hd ( x1 )
 Gy f  Lx 2   GB  GAx1  Lx1 
dt
Expand and Divide by L
L, x1 G, yf
 Gy f  L x 2  x1   GB  GAx1 
Hd ( x1 )
Where Xi is the liquid concentration dt
and Yi is the Gas Phase concentration
H d ( x1 )  G GB GA 
of the component, ζ is selectivity and τ   y f   x 2  x1    x1 
is residence time and K is gas fraction L dt L L L 

 Ky f   x 2  x1   KB  x1 
d (mass ) mass mass added d ( x1 )
   
dt inf low outflow disappeared dt

85 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

• 1.5 Three Staged Absorber
ABSORBER H dx 2  GA
 x1  x 2   x3  x 2 
L dt  L 
 K  y f  B   x 2  1   x1 
d ( x1 )

dt dx 2
    x1  x 2    x3  x 2 
dt
Generalization
For IIIrd tray
Hd ( xi 1 )
 GA xi 1  xi   L xi 1  xi 
 GA x 2  x3   L x f  x3 
Hd ( x3 )
dt
dt

For IInd tray H dx3  GA

 x 2  x3   x f  x3 
L dt  L 
Hd ( x 2 )
 GA x1  x 2   L x3  x 2 
   x 2  x3   x f  x3 
dt dx3

dt

86 Wednesday, 08 July 2020

References
Dale E. Seborg, Thomas F. Edga, Duncan A. Mellichamp Francis J. Doyle; Chapter 1 , Pg 2- 8, Process Dynamics and
Control III; Third Edition; John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi - 110002

87 Tuesday, 14 July 2020

 QUERIES,
THANK YOU

88 Tuesday, 14 July