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PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR
ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

Exercise Sheets

Mahesh Chandra Luintel

 Table of Contents
EXERCISE 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 3

EXERCISE 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 9

EXERCISE 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 13

EXERCISE 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 18

EXERCISE 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 22

EXERCISE 6 .................................................................................................................................................. 25

EXERCISE 7 .................................................................................................................................................. 30

EXERCISE 8 .................................................................................................................................................. 33

2
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 1
INTRODUCTION

1. Each of the systems of Figure P1.1 is in equilibrium in the position shown and undergoes
planar motion. All bodies are rigid. Specify, for each system, the number of degrees of
freedom and recommend a set of generalized coordinates.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

3
 (e) (f)

(g) (h)

(i)

(j)

4
2. Figure P1.2 shows a compound pendulum consisting of a uniform bar of total mass m
hinged at point O at a distance L/6 from the mass center C. If the pendulum is released from
rest in the horizontal position, determine the angular acceleration of the pendulum
immediately after release.

Figure P1.2

3. The homogeneous bar in Figure P1.3 has mass m and length L. The bar, which is free to
rotate in the vertical plane about a pin at O, is released from rest in the position θ = 0. Find
the angular acceleration α when θ = 600.

4. The cable connected to block B in Figure P1.4 is wound tightly around disk A, which is free
to rotate about the axle at its mass center G. The masses of A and B are 60 kg and 20 kg,
respectively, and k = 400 mm for the disk. Determine the angular acceleration of A and the
tension in the cable.

Figure P1.3 Figure P1.4

5. The 3 kg block of Figure P1.5 is displaced 10 mm downward and then released from rest.
(a) What is the maximum velocity attained by the 3-kg block?
(b) What is the maximum angular velocity attained by the disk?

5
6. The slender rod of mass m of Figure P1.6 is swinging through a vertical position with an
angular velocity ω1 when it is struck at A by a particle of mass m/4 moving with a speed vp.
Upon impact the particle sticks to the bar. Determine (a) the angular velocity of the bar and
particle immediately after impact, (b) the maximum angle through which the bar and particle
will swing after impact, and (c) the angular acceleration of the bar and particle when they
reach the maximum angle.

Figure P1.5 Figure P1.6

7. The rigid body of Figure P1.7 is a uniform bar of length L and mass m. Its mass moment of
1
inertia about its centroidal axis is 𝐼 ̅ = 12 𝑚𝐿2 . Determine the kinetic energy of the bar at an
arbitrary instant, written in terms of the chosen generalized coordinates using: (a) x and θ as
generalized coordinates, and (b) x1 and x2 as generalized coordinates.
1
8. The slender bar of Figure P1.8 is of mass m and length L (𝐼 ̅ = 12 𝑚𝐿2 ) and is pinned at point
O, which has a prescribed horizontal displacement x(t) and a prescribed vertical displacement
y(t). Determine the kinetic energy of the bar at an arbitrary instant using θ, the counter
clockwise angular displacement of the bar, measured from the bar’s vertical position, as the
chosen generalized coordinate.

9. Express the kinetic energy of the system of Figure P1.9 in terms of the specified generalized
coordinates at an arbitrary instant.

10. Let θ represent the clockwise angular displacement of the pulley of the system in Figure
P1.10 from the system’s equilibrium position.
(a) Express the potential energy of the system at an arbitrary instant in terms of θ.

6
 (b) Express the kinetic energy of the system at an arbitrary instant in terms of 𝜃̇.

Figure P1.7 Figure P1.8 Figure P1.9

Figure P1.10

11. Two elastic bars are connected by linear springs in Figure P1.11. The displacement
functions in the bars are u1(x, t) and u2(x, t) respectively. Derive an expression for the total
potential energy in the system in terms of u1(x, t) and u2(x, t).

Figure P1.11

7
12. The beam of Figure P1.12 is made of an elastic material of elastic modulus E and mass
density ρ. It is of length L, with a cross-section area A and area moment of inertia I. Let x be
a coordinate measured along the neutral axis of the beam from its left end and w(x, t) the
transverse deflection of the beam. Assuming the normal stress due to bending is less than the
yield stress, and the usual assumptions of beam theory (small radius of curvature, plane
sections remain plane) apply, determine expressions for the total strain energy and total
kinetic energy of the beam.

Figure P1.12

8
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 2
MODELLING OF VIBRATING SYSTEMS

1 Derive the expression for the equivalent spring constant that relates the applied force F to
the resulting displacement x of the system shown in Figure P2.1. Assume the
displacement of the link to be small.
2 A bar is hanging in equilibrium in the position shown in Figure P2.2. Determine the
potential energy of the bar in terms of the counterclockwise angular position of the bar
from its equilibrium position when (a) the datum is taken to be the horizontal plane at the
bottom of the bar when in equilibrium, (b) the datum is taken as the horizontal plane
through the mass center when the bar is in equilibrium, and (c) the datum is taken to be
the horizontal plane through the pin support.

Figure P2.1 Figure P2.2

3 Determine meq and keq for the system of Figure P2.3 when x, the downward displacement
of the block, measured from the system's equilibrium position, is used as the generalized
coordinate.
4 The system of Figure P2.4 moves in a horizontal plane. Replace the system of springs by
(a) a single spring of equivalent stiffness when x is the displacement of the block of mass
2 kg and is used as the generalized coordinate and (b) a spring of an equivalent torsional

9
 stiffness when the clockwise angular rotation of the disk θ is used as the generalized
coordinate.

Figure P2.3 Figure P2.4

5 Determine the parameters in an equivalent system model of the system of Figure P2.5
when θ, the clockwise angular displacement of the bar from the system's equilibrium
position, is used as the generalized coordinate. Assume small θ.

Figure P2.5

10
 6 A cam-follower mechanism (Figure P2.6) is used to convert the rotary motion of a shaft
into the oscillating or reciprocating motion of a valve. The follower system consists of a
pushrod of mass mp a rocker arm of mass mr and mass moment of inertia Jr about its
C.G., a valve of mass mv and a valve spring of negligible mass. Find the equivalent mass
of this cam-follower system by assuming the location of meq as (i) point A and (ii) point
C.

Figure P2.6

7 Figure P2.7 shows an offset slider-crank mechanism with a crank length r, connecting
rod length l, and offset δ. If the crank has a mass and mass moment of inertia of mr and Jr
respectively, at its center of mass A, the connecting rod has a mass and mass moment of
inertia of mc and Jc respectively, at its center of mass C, and the piston has a mass mp
determine the equivalent rotational inertia of the system about the center of rotation of the
crank, point O.
8 Use the equivalent system method to derive the differential equation governing the free
vibrations of the system of Figure P2.8. Use x, the displacement of the mass center of the
disk from the system’s equilibrium position, as the generalized coordinate. The disk rolls

11
 without slipping, no slip occurs at the pulley, and the pulley is frictionless. Include an
approximation for the inertia effects of the springs. Each spring has a mass ms.

Figure P2.7

Figure P2.8

12
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 3
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION

1. Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the system of Figure P3.1 when
θ, the clockwise angular displacement of the bar, measured from the system's equilibrium
position, is used as the generalized coordinate. Include approximations for the inertia
effects of the springs and assume small θ. Use Lagrange equation.

Figure P3.1

2. Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the system of Figure P3.2 when
x, the downward displacement of the block, measured from the system's equilibrium
position, is used as the generalized coordinate. Use Newton’s second law of motion.

Figure P3.2

13
 3. Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the system of Figure P3.3 when
x, the displacement of the center of the disk measured from equilibrium, is used as the
generalized coordinate, Assume the disk is thin and rolls without slip. Use principle of
conservation of energy.

Figure P3.3

4. Use Lagrange’s equations to derive the equations of motion for the system of Figure
P3.4 using x1, the displacement of the mass center of the cart and x2, the absolute
displacement of the mass center of the disk as the chosen generalized coordinates.
Assume the disk rolls without slip.

Figure P3.4

14
 5. The identical disks of mass m and radius r of Figure P3.5 roll without slip. Use
Lagrange's equations to derive the governing differential equations using x1 and x2 as
generalized coordinates.

Figure P3.5

6. Use Lagrange’s equations to derive the differential equations governing the motion of the
three-degree-of-freedom system of Figure P3.6. Use x1, x2 and θ as the chosen
generalized coordinates.

Figure P3.6

15
 7. Use Lagrange’s equations to derive the differential equations governing the motion of the
system of Figure P3.7 using x1, x2 and x3 as generalized coordinates.

Figure P3.7

8. Derive the differential equations governing the motion of the system of Figure P3.8
using x and θ as the chosen generalized coordinates.

Figure P3.8

9. Use Hamilton’s Principle to formulate the problem to be solved for the longitudinal
displacement u(x,t) of the elastic bar of Figure P3.9. The bar is fixed at x = 0 and free at
x = L.

16
 Figure P3.9

10. Use Hamilton’s Principle or Extended Hamilton’s Principle to determine how the Euler–
Bernoulli beam model is modified for each of the following problems.
(a) A time-dependent force per unit length of f(x,t) (Figure (a)).
(b) A uniform axial load P. Assume longitudinal displacement is small (Figure (b)).
(c) The beam resting on an elastic foundation of stiffness per unit length k (Figure (c)).
(d) A body of mass m and moment of inertia I about the beam’s neutral axis is attached
to the end of the beam (Figure (d)).
(e) A particle of mass m suspended from the beam by a spring of stiffness k and viscous
damper of damping coefficient c (Figure (e)).
(f) Two beams connected by a viscoelastic layer, as illustrated in Figure (f). The layer is
made of a material with a stiffness per unit length of k and a damping coefficient per
unit length of c.

Figure P3.10

17
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 4
FREE RESPONSE OF SDOF SYSTEM

1. A fixed beam of square cross section 5 mm × 5 mm and length 1 m, carrying a mass of 2.3
kg at the middle, is found to have a natural frequency of transverse vibration of 30 rad/s.
Determine the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the beam.
2. A 2.5-kg s lender bar of length 40 cm is pinned at one end and suspended vertically. A 3-kg
particle is to be attached to the bar. How far from the pin support should the particle be
placed such that the period of the bar's oscillation is 1 s?
3. What is the natural frequency of the 200-kg block of Figure P4.3?
4. A rigid block of mass M is mounted on four elastic supports, as shown in Figure P.4. A
mass m drops from a height l and adheres to the rigid block without rebounding. If the spring
constant of each elastic support is k, find the natural frequency of vibration of the system (a)
without the mass m, and (b) with the mass m. Also find the resulting motion of the system in
case (b).

Figure P4.3 Figure P4.4

5. Figure P4.5 shows a uniform bar pivoted about point O with springs of equal stiffness k at
each end. The bar is horizontal in the equilibrium position with spring forces PI and P2.
Determine the equation of motion and its natural frequency.
6. Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the system of Figure P4.6. Use x as
the generalized coordinate. Determine the system's natural frequency.

18
 Figure P4.5 Figure P4.6
7. What is the value of c such that the system of Figure P4.7 is critically damped if m = 20 kg
and k = 10,000 N/m?

Figure P4.7
8. Set up the differential equation of motion for the system shown in Figure P4.8. Determine
the expression for (a) the critical damping coefficient, and (b) the natural frequency of
damped oscillation.

Figure P4.8

19
9. Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the system of Figure P4.9 using θ
as the generalized coordinate. Determine the system's natural frequency.

Figure P4.9
10. For what value of c is the damping ratio of the system of Figure P4.10 equal to 1.25?

Figure P4.10

11. The parameters in the system of Figure P4.11 have the following values: ID = 0.002 kg m2, r
= 100 mm, m = 1.2 kg, and k = 3 × 104 N/m.

20
 (a) Let x be the displacement of the mass center of the cart as the generalized coordinate.
Derive the differential equation for the system using the equivalent systems method.
Assume there is no friction between the cart and the surface.
(b) For what value of c is the system critically damped? Call this value cc.
(c) Suppose the cart is displaced 3 cm from equilibrium and released. Determine x(t) if (i)
c = 0.25cc, (ii) c = cc, and (iii) c = 1.25cc.
(d) How long will it take for the response to be permanently within 1 mm of the
equilibrium position if (i) c = 0.25cc, (ii) c = cc, and (iii) c = 1.25cc?

Figure P4.11
12. A piston of mass 4.53 kg is traveling in a tube with a velocity of 15.24 m/s and engages a
spring and damper, as shown in Figure P4.12. Determine the maximum displacement of the
piston after engaging the spring-damper. How many seconds does it take?

Figure P4.12

Programming
13. Write down MATLAB program to take input of mass, stiffness, damping constant, initial
displacement, initial velocity of a single degree of freedom system and to give output about
type of system (underdamped, critically damped or overdamped), natural frequency, damped
natural frequency (if applicable). Also produce response graph.

21
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 5
FORCED RESPONSE OF SDOF SYSTEM

1 A 45-kg machine is placed at the end of a 1.6-m cantilever beam of elastic modulus of 200
×109 N/m2 and cross-sectional moment of inertia 1.6 × 10-5 m4. As it operates, the machine
produces a harmonic force of magnitude 125 N. At what operating speeds will the machine's
steady-state amplitude be less than 0.2 mm?
2 A 1l0-kg machine is mounted on an elastic foundation of stiffness 2 × 106 N/m. When
operating at 150 rad/s, the machine is subject to a harmonic force of magnitude 1500 N. The
steady-state amplitude of the machine measured as 1.9 mm. What is the damping ratio of the
foundation?
3 A 50-kg machine tool is mounted on an elastic foundation that is modeled as a spring and
viscous damper in parallel. In order to determine the properties of the foundation, a force
with a magnitude of 8000 N is applied to the machine tool at a variety of speeds. It is
observed that the maximum steady-state amplitude is 2.5 mm, which occurs at 35 Hz.
Determine the equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping coefficient of the foundation.
4 A 150-kg electric motor has a rotating unbalance of 0.5 kg, 0.2 m from the center of rotation.
The motor is to be mounted at the end of a steel (E = 210 × 109 N/m2) cantilever beam of
length 1 m. The operating range of the motor is from 500 to 1200 rpm. For what values of I,
the beam’s cross-sectional moment of inertia, will the steady-state amplitude of vibration be
less than 1 mm? Assume the damping ratio is 0.1.
5 A 120-kg machine is mounted at the midspan of a 1.5-m-long simply supported beam of a
elastic modulus E = 200 × 109 N/m2 and cross-section moment of inertia 1= 1.53 × 10- 6 m4.
An experiment is run on the system during which the machine is subject to a harmonic
excitation of magnitude 2000 N a t a variety of excitation frequencies. The largest steady-
state amplitude recorded during the experiment is 2.5 mm. Estimate the damping ratio of the
system.
6 A 35-kg electric motor that operates at 60 Hz is mounted on an elastic foundation of stiffness
3 × 106 N/m. The phase difference between the excitation and the steady-state response is
21°. What is the damping ratio of the system?
7 An industrial sewing machine has a mass of 430 kg and operates at 1500 rpm (157 rad/s). It
appears to have a rotating unbalance of magnitude m0e = 0.8 kg · m. Structural engineers
suggest that the maximum repeated force transmitted to the floor is 10,000 N. The only
isolator available has a stiffness of 7 × 106 N/m and a damping ratio of 0.1. If the isolator is
placed between the machine and the floor, will the transmitted force be reduced to an
acceptable level? If not, what can be done?
8 A moment, M0 sin ωt, is applied to the end of the bar of Figure P5.8. Determine the
maximum value of M0 such that the steady-state amplitude of angular oscillation does not

22
 exceed 100 if ω = 500 rpm, k = 7000 N/m, c = 650 N· s/m, L = 1.2 m, and the mass of the
bar is 15 kg.

Figure P5.8
9 Using the given values, determine the steady-state amplitude of the block shown in Figure
P5.9.

Figure P5.8
10 During operation a 100-kg press is subject to the periodic excitations shown in Figure P5.10.
The press is mounted on an elastic foundation of stiffness 1.6 × 105 N/m and damping ratio
0.2. Determine the steady–state response of the press and approximate its maximum
displacement from equilibrium. Each excitation is shown over one period.

23
 (a) (b)
Figure P5.10

11 Use the convolution integral to determine the response of an under damped 1-degree-of
freedom system of natural frequency ωn , damping ratio ξ, and mass m when subject to a
constant force of magnitude Fo. The system is at rest in equilibrium at t = 0.
12 Use the convolution integral to determine the time-dependent response of an undamped l-
degree-of- freedom system of natural frequency ωn and mass m when subject to a harmonic
excitation of the form F(t)= F0 sinωt with ω ≠ ωn.
13 Use the convolution integral to determine the response of an undamped 1 -degree-of freedom
system of natural frequency ωn and mass m when subject to a time-dependent excitation of
the form F(t) = F0e –at. The system is at rest in equilibrium at t = 0.
14 During its operation, a punch press is subject to impulses of magnitude 5 N .s at t = 0 and at t
= 1.5 sec. The mass of the press is 10 kg, and it is mounted on an elastic pad with a stiffness
of 2 × 104 N/m and damping ratio of 0.1. Determine the response of the press. Use Laplace
Transform.
15 Use the convolution integral to determine the response of an undamped 1 -degree-of freedom
system of natural frequency ωn and mass m when subject to a time-dependent excitation of
the form F(t) = F0e –at. The system is at rest in equilibrium at t = 0.
16 A machine tool with a mass of 30 kg is mounted on an undamped foundation of stiffness
1500 N/m. During operation, it is subject to one of the machining force shown in Figure
P5.16. Use the principle of superposition and the convolution integral to determine the
response of the system to each force.

(a) (b)
Figure P5.16

24
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 6
TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM SYSTEM

1. Calculate the natural frequencies and modal fractions for the system of Figure P6.1.

Figure P6.1
2. For the system of Figure P6.2, determine the natural frequencies as a function of n.

Figure P6.2
3. Determine the two natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system shown in Figure
P6.3. Given If x1(0) = 0.1, x1 (0) = 0; x2 (0) = 0, x 2 (0) = 0, determine the response of the
system.

Figure P6.3

25
4. Find the initial conditions that need to be applied to the system (with n =1) shown in Figure
P6.4 so as to make it vibrate in (a) the first mode, and (b) the second mode.

Figure P6.4

5. The mass and stiffness matrices and the mode shapes of a two-degree-of-freedom system are
given by
12 −𝑘12
[𝑀] = �1 0� , [𝐾] = � � , {𝑥}1 = �
1
� , {𝑥}2 = �
−9.1109
�
0 4 −𝑘12 𝑘22 9.1109 1
If the first natural frequency is given by ω1 = 1.7000, determine the stiffness coefficients
k12 and k12 and the second natural frequency of vibration ω2.
6. Find the free-vibration solution of the unrestrained system shown in Figure P6.6 for the
following data: m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 2 kg, k = 200 N/m, and x1(0) = 0.1 m, 𝑥̇ 1 (0) = 0, x2(0) = 0,
𝑥̇ 1 (0) = 0.

Figure P6.6

26
7. Determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes for the bar of Figure P6.7. Identify any
nodes.

Figure P6.7
8. Determine the natural frequencies of the system shown in Figure P6.8.

Figure P6.8
9. Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.9 when using x1 and x2 as generalized
coordinates when 𝑥̇ 2 (0) = 2𝑚/𝑠 and all other initial conditions are zero.

Figure P6.9

27
10. For what values of c will both modes of the system of Figure P5.10 be underdamped?

Figure P6.10
11. Determine the steady-state response of the system of Figure P6.11.

Figure P6.11
12. Find the steady-state response for the system of Figure P6.12.

Figure P6.12
13. Determine the response of the 1 kg mass of Figure P6.13(a) when the time-dependent force
of Figure P6.13(b) is applied to the 2 kg block.

(a) (b)
Figure P6.13
14. Determine the transfer function for the 20 kg block of the system in Figure P6.14 due to a
force applied to the 20 kg block.

28
 Figure P6.14
15. A large machine has a mass of 200 kg and is mounted on an undamped elastic foundation of
stiffness 2.5 × 106 N/m as shown in FigureP6.15. During operation at 110 rad/s, the
machine is subject to a harmonic force of magnitude 2200 N.
(a) Determine the steady-state amplitude of the machine as it operates.
(b) Determine the required stiffness of an undamped vibration absorber of mass 20 kg
such that steady-state vibrations of the machine are eliminated during operation.
(c) Determine the amplitude of the absorber mass when the vibration absorber of part (b)
is used.
(d) What are the natural frequencies of the resulting two degree-of-freedom system?
(e) When this absorber is used, what is the frequency range such that the machine’s steady
state amplitude is less than 1.2 mm?
16. Find the response of the system shown in Figure P6.16 with m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 1 kg, k1 = 40
N/m and k2 = 20 N/m for the following initial conditions using Laplace transform: x1(0) =
0.05, 𝑥̇ 1 (0) = 0, x2(0) = 0.1, 𝑥̇ 1 (0) = 0.

FigureP6.15 FigureP6.16

29
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 7
MULTI-DEGREES OF FREEDOM SYSTEM

1. Find the flexibility and stiffness influence coefficients of the system shown in Figure P7.1.
Also, derive the equations of motion of the system.

Figure P7.1
2. Calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes for the system shown in Figure P7.2.

Figure P7.2
3. Determine the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the system shown
in Figure P6.3.

Figure P7.3

30
4. Three freight cars are coupled by two springs, as shown in Figure P7.4. Find the natural
frequencies and mode shapes of the system for k1 = k2 = k and m1 = m, m2 = 2m, m3 = 3m.

Figure P7.4
5. Find the free-vibration response of the spring-mass system shown in Figure P7.5 for k1 = k,
k2 = 2k, k3 = 2k and m1 = m, m2 = 2m, m3 = 2m for the initial conditions 𝑥1 (0) = 0, 𝑥̇ 1 (0) =
𝑥̇ 10 , 𝑥2 (0) = 0, 𝑥̇ 2 (0) = 0, 𝑥3 (0) = 0, 𝑥̇ 3 (0) = 0.

Figure P7.5
6. For the shown in Figure P7.6, the values of the parameters are m = 2 kg, k = 200 N/m, and c
= 17 N·s/m. Motion of the system is initiated by moving the third mass a distance δ from
equilibrium while holding the other masses in equilibrium and releasing the system from
rest.
(a) Write the differential equations satisfied by the principal coordinates and determine the
modal damping ratios.
(b) Find the free response of the system.

Figure P7.6
7. Determine the steady-state amplitudes of vibration of each of the masses of the system in
Figure P7.7. Use the method of undetermined coefficients.

Figure P7.7

31
8. Use modal analysis to determine the steady·state amplitude of the 60·kg block of Figure
P7.8.

Figure P7.8
9. Use the Laplace transform method to determine x1(t) for the system of Figure P7.9
assuming that the system is at rest in equilibrium at t = 0.

Figure P7.9
10. Use modal analysis to determine the steady-state amplitude of the 60-kg block of the system
of Figure P7.10.

Figure P7.10

32
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR ADVANCED VIBRATIONS

EXERCISE 8
CONTINUOUS SYSTEM

1. The strings of a guitar are made of music wire with diameter 0.05 mm, weight density 76.5
kN/m3 and Young s modulus 207 GPa. If the lengths of two of the strings are given by 0.60
m and 0.65 m, determine the fundamental natural frequencies of the strings if the tension in
each string is 5 × 104 N.
2. If a string of length l, fixed at both ends, is plucked at its midpoint as shown in Figure P8.2
and then released, determine its subsequent motion.

Figure P8.2
3. A thin bar of length l and mass m is clamped at one end and free at the other. What mass M
must be attached to the free end in order to decrease the fundamental frequency of
longitudinal vibration by 50 percent from its fixed-free value?
4. Determine the lowest natural frequency of longitudinal motion for the system of Figure
P8.4.

Figure P8.4
5. A bar of uniform cross-sectional area A, density modulus of elasticity E, and length l is fixed
at one end and free at the other end. It is subjected to an axial force at its free end, as shown
in Figure P8.5. Study the resulting vibrations if the force F0 is suddenly removed.

33
 Figure P8.5
6. A steel shaft of diameter d and length l is fixed at one end and carries a propeller of mass m
and mass moment of inertia J0 at the other end (Figure P8.6). Determine the fundamental
natural frequency of vibration of the shaft in (a) axial vibration, and (b) torsional vibration.
Data: d = 5 cm, l = 1 m, m = 100 kg, J0 = 10 kg-m2.

Figure P8.6
7. The circular shaft of Figure P8.7 is fixed at x = 0 and has a thin disk of mass moment of
inertia I attached at x = L. Determine the natural frequencies for this system, identify the
orthogonality condition satisfied by the mode shapes, and determine the normalized mode
shapes.

Figure P8.7
8. Determine the steady-state amplitude of the end of the shaft of Figure P8.8.

34
 Figure P8.8
9. Determine the natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes for a simply supported
beam.
10. Derive the frequency equation for the transverse vibration of a uniform beam resting on
springs at both ends, as shown in Figure P8.10. The springs can deflect vertically only, and
the beam is horizontal in the equilibrium position.
11. Determine the first four natural frequencies for the beam of Figure P8.11.

Figure P8.10 Figure P8.11

12. A machine of mass 150 kg is attached to the end of the cantilever beam of Figure P8.12.
The machine operates at 2000 rpm and has a rotating unbalance of 0.965 kg·m. What is the
steady-state amplitude of vibration of the end of the beam?

Figure P8.12

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