A.

LISTENING (50 pts)

Part 1: You will hear a conversation between a Scottish student called John and a Finish student
called Pirkko about the Tampere Student Games in Finland. For questions 1-5, complete the
notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer
in the corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts)

Tampere Student Games

- Dates of the games: (1) ______________
- Cost of taking part (2) ______________ euros per day each
- Entry fee includes competition entrance, meals and (3) ______________
- Hotel (4) ______________ has a special rate during the games
- Hotel is close to (5) ______________
- Website address: www.sellgames.com
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 2. Listen and complete the sentences below. Write no more than three words for each
answer. (20 pts)
6. Governments have been mistaken to ...................... slums.
7. There is often a lack of .................... concerning housing projects.
8. Housing policies which are based on principles of .................... are particularly effective.
9. Some ......................... should always be provided by governments.
10. Migrants will only ........................ in housing if they feel secure.
11. Governments often underestimate the importance of ...................... to housing projects.
12. The availability of ..................... is the starting point for successful housing development.
13. Urbanisation can have a positive effect on the ......................... of individuals.
14. The population size of cities enables a range of ........................... to occur.
15. City living tends to raise the level of .................................... to occur.

Part 3. You will hear an extract from a radio programme and decide whether the statements are
true or false. (10 pts)
16. Mrs Kent is worried about the weather in the near future.
17. According to Tom Sheridan, people don’t talk about the weather any more.
18. Paul Spenser does the production of a cookery programme.
19. Jane thinks that students should be given free books.
20. An elderly listener doesn’t think young people should have to pay in the discos.
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 4: You will hear a radio discussion about children who invent imaginary friends. Choose
the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes. (10 points)
21. In the incident that Liz describes,
A. her daughter asked her to stop the car.
B. she had to interrupt the journey twice.
C. she got angry with her daughter.
D. her daughter wanted to get out of the car.
22. What does the presenter say about the latest research into imaginary friends?
A. It contradicts other research on the subject.
B. It shows that the number of children who have them is increasing.
C. It indicates that negative attitudes towards them are wrong.
D. It focuses on the effect they have on parents.
23. How did Liz feel when her daughter had an imaginary friend?
A. always confident that it was only a temporary situation
B. occasionally worried about the friend’s importance to her daughter
C. slightly confused as to how she should respond sometimes
D. highly impressed by her daughter’s inventiveness
24. Karen says that one reason why children have imaginary friends is that
A. they are having serious problems with their real friends.
B. they can tell imaginary friends what to do.
C. they want something that they cannot be given.
D. they want something that other children haven’t got.
25. Karen says that the teenager who had invented a superhero is an example of
A. a very untypical teenager.
B. a problem that imaginary friends can cause.
C. something she had not expected to discover.
D. how children change as they get older.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

B. LEXICO - GRAMMAR (40pts)

Part 1. Choose the word or phrase that best fits each blank in the following sentences. (20pts)
26. The police say they have some important clues ____ the murderer.
A. on B. about C. to D. in
27. Camels have either one hump or two humps. The Arabian camel has one hump. The Bactrian
camel, ____ has two humps.
A. nevertheless B. however C. therefore D. otherwise
28. I’ll be with all of you in ____ hour.
A. a quarter of an B. one quarter of an C. a quarter of one D. a quarter of
29. ____ any other politician would have given way to this sort of pressure years ago.
A. Really B. Practically C. Actually D. Utterly
30. Private printing was simply a means ____ he could increase his income.
A. whereupon B. whereby C. wherewithal D. whereabout
31. Buying shares in this company is as safe as ____. There’s no way you can lose your money.
A. houses B. a bank C. gold bars D. a vault
32. I’m sorry to have bothered you. I was under the ____ that you wanted me to call you.
A. mistake B. miscalculation
C. misconception D. misapprehension
33. When he examined the gun, the detective’s suspicion turned into ____.
A. certainty B. confirmation C. reality D. conclusion
34. The management are making ____ to increase the company’s efficiency.
A. measures B. steps C. moves D. deeds
35. Tim: “Will you come for a walk with me?” Mary: “____”.
A. No, I won’t, thanks B. No, I shan’t, thanks
C. No, I’d prefer not, thanks D. No, I’d prefer not to, thank you
36. Kate: “It seems to me that spring is the most beautiful time of the year.”
Tony: “____! It’s really lovely!”
A. You’re exactly right B. You could be right
C. You are wrong D. I couldn’t agree less
37. She said that she would be punctual for the opening speech, ____ she were late?
A. but what if B. how about C. and what about D. so if
38. In a money-oriented society, the average individual cares little about solving ____ problem.
A. any other B. any other’s
C. anyone else’s D. anyone’s else
39. Would you please leave us details of your address ____ forwarding any of your mail to come?
A. for the purpose of B. as a consequence of
C. for the sake of D. by means of
40. ____ of the Chairman, the Executive Director will be responsible for chairing the meeting.
A. For the absence B. On the absence
 C. In the absence D. To the absence
41. ____ we went swimming.
A. Being a hot day, B. It was a hot day,
C. The day being hot, D. Due to a hot day,
42. The web of the common house spider is an ingenious trap that catches small insects.
A. simple B. useful C. fragile D. clever
43. For most male spiders courtship is a perilous procedure, for they may be eaten by females.
A. complicated B. peculiar C. dangerous D. ordinary
44. These two essays are word ____ word the same.
A. for B. from C. with D. in
45. “What time is it ____ your watch?”
A. at B. with C. by D. from
Part 2. The passage below contains 10 mistakes. IDENTIFY and CORRECT them. Write your
answers in the space provided in the column. (10pts)
LINE
1 Leonardo Dicaprio is one of the hotter young film stars around at the moment. His face has been on
2 the covers of all the top movies and young magazines over the last few months and he has been the
3 subject of countless articles, rumours and showbiz gossip. Leonardo doesn’t like reading about him
4 because “I read things about me that I’ve never said in my life and never did”.
5 Leonardo Dicaprio was born in Los Angeles on 11 November, 1974. He’s a Scorpio. His full name is
6 Leonardo Wilhelm Dicaprio. His mother is Germany and his father Italian-American. They called
7 him Leonardo because when his mother was still pregnant, he started kicking while she was stood in
8 front of a painting by Leonardo De Vinci. His friends call him Leo. He has a scar from when he was
9 stinging by a Portuguese man-of-war. His parents separated before he was born, so his mother
10 moved to a poor neighborhood of Hollywood there Leo grew up. At school he was very good at
11 imitating people, especially Michael Jackson. This made him very popularly. His childhood hero was
12 Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea.
13 After appearance in TV commercials and episodes of Roseanne, he played the cast of Roseanne, the
14 TV sitcom starring Kirk Cameron. Leonard played the part of Luke, a homeless boy. Lately, he
15 played the part of Jim Carroll in The Basketball Diaries. But he has really become famous since he
16 acted in the film Titanic.

Your answers: Ex: Line 1: hotter ⇒ hottest

LINE LINE
MISTAKE CORRECTION MISTAKE CORRECTION
46 51
47 52
48 53
49 54
50 55

Part 3. Write the correct FORM of each bracketed word in the numbered spaces provided.
(10pts)

appropriate great improvisation compel intensely

essence direct instrument fuse intelligent

When jazz began to lose its reputation as “low-down” music and to gain well-deserved
acclaim among (56) …………… , musicians began to feature many instruments previously
considered (57) …………… for jazz. Whereas before 1950s, jazz musicians played only eight basic
(58) …………… in strict tempo, in this decade, they started to (59) …………… on the flute, Electric
organ, piccolo, accordion, cello, and even bagpipes, with the rhythm section composed for strings or
piano. Big bands no longer dominated jazz, and most changes emerged from small combos.
Jazz continued to move in new (60) …………… during the 1960s. And in the 1970s, musicians
blended jazz and rock music into (61) …………… jazz which combined the melodies and the
improvisations of jazz with the rhythmic qualities of rock ‘n’ roll. The form of jazz music was (62)
…………… affected by electric instruments and electronic implements to (63) …………… , distort,
or amplify their sounds. However, the young musician of the time felt (64)…………… to include a
steady, swinging rhythm which they saw a permanent and (65) …………… element in great jazz.

C. READING COMPREHENSION (60 pts)

Part 1: Read the passage below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Write
your answer in the numbered boxes. (10 pts)

In Europe, Midsummer Night's Eve, also known as St John's Eve, occurs on June 23 rd. It
originates from the pagan celebrations of the summer solstice which were held on June 21 st. On that
night throughout Europe bonfires were lit along hillsides to (66)_____ the shortest night of the year. It
must have looked as if some kind of violent insurrection was taking place down the coast of Scotland
and England, but these signal fires in fact had a very important purpose. Bones of farm animals
(67)_____ the previous autumn were burned and, when the fires had (68)_____, the remaining ash
was put to good use: it was spread on the fields to enrich the land and ensure a good harvest. The
word 'bonfire' is (69)_____ from 'bone fire'.
In Brazil too St John's Eve means bonfires and fireworks. Another quaint tradition involves the
(70)_____ of small paper hot-air balloons, although they are prohibited by law in the cities because of
the fire (71)_____. Bonfires mark the beginning of spring rather than the summer in Sweden and are
lit on the last night of April. In the Swedish Midsummer's Eve (72)_____, held on June 24th, a large
pole, decorated with flowers and leaves, is placed in the ground.
Thistles also have a significant role in the celebration of Midsummer's Night in Europe. In the
past they were thought to (73)_____ witches. The pretty, prickly plant was nailed over barn doors and
used in wreaths, the circular shape being a symbol of the turning of the seasons. Wheels laced with
straw and soaked in pitch were lit from the bonfires and then rolled down hills.
There is less risk of fire in a (74)_____ tradition to many Slavic countries. Young women and
girls float little baskets of flowers and lighted candles down streams. Local boys swim out to
(75)_____ a basket, find the girl it belongs to and claim a dance at the town's Midsummer's Eve Party.

66. A. celebrate B. honour C. commemorate D. commiserate

67. A. revised B. assassinated C. slaughtered D. sacrificed
68. A. doused B. extinguished C. smothered D. gone out
69. A. derived B. developed C. evolved D. decayed
70. A. landing B. launching C. propelling D. ejecting
71. A. certainty B. peril C. jeopardy D. hazard
72. A. tradition B. custom C. ceremony D. practice
73. A. deflect B. ward off C. attract D. avert
74. A. unique B. common C. mutual D. prevalent
75. A. salvage B. rescue C. set free D. liberate

Part 2. Read the following text and fill in the blank with ONE suitable word. Write your answers
in corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts)
The origin of language
The truth (0).___is __ nobody really knows how the language first began. Did we all start
talking at around the same time 76._______ of the manner in which our brains had begun to develop?
Although there is a lack of clear evidence, people have come up with various theories about the
origins of language. One recent theory is that human beings have evolved in 77._______ a way that
we are programmed for language from the moment of birth. In 78.________ words, language came
about as a result of an evolutionary change in our brains at some stage.
Language 79._________ well be programmed into the brain but, 80._________ this, people still need
stimulus from others around them. From studies, we know that 81. ________ children are isolated
82.________ human contact and have not learnt to construct sentences before they are ten, it is
doubtful they will ever do 83._________. This research shows, if 84. __________ else, that language
is a social activity, not something invented 85._________isolation.
Your answers
Part 3. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. (10 pts)
How I found my true voice
As an interpreter, Suzanne Glass could speak only for others – but the work provided terrific material
for her first novel.
‘No, no, no! You’ve got to get away from this or you’re going to lose it.’ The voice
reverberating in my head was my own. I was at an international conference. My throat was killing
me and my headphones were pinching. I had just been interpreting a speaker whose last words
had been: ‘We must take very seriously the standardization of the length of cucumbers and
the size of tomatoes.’ You can’t afford to have your own thoughts when you’re interpreting
simultaneously, so, of course, I missed the speaker’s next sentence and lost his train of thought.
Sitting in a darkened booth at the back of a huge conference hall, I was thrown. Fortunately, my
colleague grabbed my microphone and took over.
This high-output work was not quite the dream profession I had hoped for. Although I had fun with
it in the beginning – occasionally being among the first to hear of medical and political
breakthroughs would be exciting for any 25-year-old –I realized that this was a job in which I would
never be able to find my own voice. I had always known that words would be my life in one form or
another. My mother thought she’d given birth to an alien when I began to talk at the age of
seven months. That momentous day, she had placed my playpen in the hallway and gone into the
bedroom. In imitation of the words she had repeated to me again and again, I apparently called out
towards the bedroom door: ‘I see you. I see you.’ I was already in training for a career as a
professional parrot.
But how mistaken I was to think that international interpreting would be glamorous. The speaker
rarely stops to think that there’s someone at the back of the room, listening to his words,
absorbing their meaning, and converting them into another language at the same time. Often I
was confronted with a droner, a whisperer or a mumbler through my headphones. The mumblers were
the worst. Most of the time, an interpreter is thought of as a machine – a funnel, a conduit, which, I
suppose, is precisely what we are. Sometimes, when those we are translating for hear us cough or
sneeze, or turn round and look at us behind the smoky glass of the booth, I think they’re surprised to
see that we’re actually alive.
Ironically, part of the secret of interpreting is non-verbal communication. You have to sense when
your partner is tired, and offer to take over. At the same time, you have to be careful not to cut him
short and hog the microphone. Interpreters can be a bit like actors: they like to show off. You do
develop friendships when you’re working in such close proximity, but there’s a huge amount of
competitiveness among interpreters. They check on each other and sometimes even count each other’s
mistranslations.
Translating other people’s ideas prevented me from feeling involved and creative as an interpreter.
Actually, you can’t be a creative interpreter. It’s a contradiction in terms. Sometimes, when I
disagreed with a speaker, I wanted to rip off my headphones, jump up and run out of the booth,
shouting: ‘Rubbish. Rubbish. You’re talking a lot of nonsense, and this is what I think about it.’
Instead, I had to sit there and regurgitate opinions in violent contradiction with my own. Sometimes,
I’d get my revenge by playing games with the speaker’s tone of voice. If he was being serious, I’d
make him sound jocular. If he was being light-hearted, I’d make him sound earnest.
Eventually, I wanted to find a career where my own words would matter and where my own
voice would be heard. So, to redress the balance, I decided to write a novel. While I was writing it, I
did go back and interpret at a few conferences to get inside the head of Dominique, my main
character. At first, I was a little rusty and a couple of the delegates turned round to glare at me,
but after twenty minutes, I was back into it, playing that old game of mental gymnastics. Interpreting
is like learning to turn somersaults: you never forget how to do it. But for me, sitting in the booth had
a ghost-like quality to it – as though I had gone back into a past life - a life that belonged to the time
before I found my own voice.
86. In the first paragraph, the writer says she discovered that_______.
A. there were some subjects she had no interest in dealing with.
B. the standard of her work as an interpreter was getting lower.
C. her mind was wandering when she should have been doing her job.
D. she could no longer understand subjects she had previously covered.
87. What does the writer say about being an interpreter in the second paragraph ?
A. It was the kind of job her parents had always expected her to do.
B. It turned out to be more challenging than she had anticipated.
C. It was what she had wanted to be ever since she was a small child.
D. It gave her access to important information before other people.
88. What does the writer say about speakers she interpreted for ?
A. Some of them had a tendency to get irritated with interpreters.
B. She particularly disliked those she struggled to hear properly.
C. They usually had the wrong idea about the function of interpreters.
D. Some of them made little attempt to use their own language correctly.
89. The writer says that relationships between interpreters_______.
A. can make it difficult for interpreters to do their jobs well.
B. are affected by interpreters’ desires to prove how good they are.
C. usually start well but end in arguments.
D. are based on secret resentments.
90. The writer says that when she disagreed with speakers, she would sometimes_______.
A. mistranslate small parts of what they said.
B. make it clear from her tone of voice that she did not agree.
C. exaggerate their point of view.
D. give the impression that they did not really mean what they said.
91. The writer says that when she returned to interpreting, _______.
A. she did not start off very well.
B. she briefly wished she had not given it up.
C. she thought that two of the delegates recognized her.
D. she changed her ideas about the main character in her novel.
92. What is the writer’s main point in the article as a whole ?
A. It is not always a good idea to go into a profession because it looks glamorous.
B. Most interpreters eventually become disillusioned with the work.
C. Being an interpreter did not allow her to satisfy her need to be creative.
D. Most interpreters would actually like to do something more creative.
93. Which is the closest in meaning to momentous in ‘That momentous day’?
A. unimportant B. historic C. momentary D. hard
94. Which is the closest in meaning to ‘to glare’?
A. to glower B. to caress C. despise D. wonder
95. Which is the closest in meaning to ‘simultaneously’?
A. all again B. all at once C. once and for all D. once too often

Your answers
Part 4. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (20 pts)
THE PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES
Section A
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are
distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an
economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what
proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be
apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority;
which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health
needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.
Section B
What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook
about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more
specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of
those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that
resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of
nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other
words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new
consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general
revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health
systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was
assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least
in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide.
Section C
However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care
resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that
people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like
education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and
money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for
people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to
exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic
education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a
condition of the exercise of autonomy.
Section D
Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in
most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in
the United Sates to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right
generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided
out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure
that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public
good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of
the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is
one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political
belief, economic or social condition’. As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is
seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.
Section E
Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the
demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care
be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern
about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most
OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to
take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of
health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP
in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP
will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about
7.8% of GDP.)
As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday
extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by
health administrators, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were
matched against static or declining resources.
Notes:
- OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- GDP: Gross Domestic Products
Questions 96-100: (10pts)
Choose the correct heading for the five sections A-E of the Reading Passage from the list of headings
below.
List of Headings
i The connection between health-care and other human rights
ii The development of market-based health systems.
iii The role of the state in health-care
iv A problem shared by every economically developed country
v The impact of recent change
vi The views of the medical establishment
vii The end of an illusion
viii Sustainable economic development

96.  Section A: ……………

97. Section B: ……………                
98.  Section C: ……………
99.  Section D: ……………
100.  Section E: ……………
Questions 101-105: (10 pts)
Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO  if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
101. ………… Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to
health-care.
102. ………… Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-
care resources became evident.
103. ………… In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in
recent years.
104. ………… OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care
provision needed.
105. ………… In most economically developed countries the elderly will to make special provision
for their health-care in the future.
Part 5. You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the future of
fuel. For questions 1-10, choose from the writers A-D. The writers may be chosen more than
once. (10 pts)
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me, peak oil is just a
hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in interstellar gas clouds, comets and
in space ice, and if this is the case, our planet could ooze oil for ever. And even if we stay earthbound,
those who say we have raped the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw
materials we haven't yet learned to use. There are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn
solid granite into food. If bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains can do it better. As far as
the near future of energy is concerned, I believe the most promising alternative fuels are biofuels,
such as ethanol. It's an alcohol made from waste products such as the bark of trees, woodchips, and
other 'waste materials'. And that's not the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the biomass
industry is perfecting an energy-generation plant which can run on human waste. We produce that in
vast quantities, and it's already gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at The University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow and we need it to
mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these into finished goods. So the most
fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism to allow the exchange and allocation of different
forms of energy. Recently, people have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was
possible to expand our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in
decline, and at the same time, and as a direct result of this, the world's economy has been unable to
expand, leading to global recession. With the world's energy and the profitability of energy production
in decline at the same time, the net energy available to support activities other than energy
procurement will decrease. We could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of
our remaining oil energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in renewable forms of
energy. However, this is very unlikely to happen in democratic nations, because it would require
huge, voluntary reductions in living standards. Consequently, the world economy will continue to
contract as oil production declines. With energy in decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the
world to become wealthier. One person's increased wealth can only come at the expense of another
person's worsened poverty.
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and
international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without foundation. With continued economic
growth, the world's energy needs could increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not
believe that the world is running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a
long time in the future. Taking unconventional resources into account, we are not even close to peak
oil. The priority for oil companies is to improve efficiency, by increasing the amount of oil recovered
from reservoirs. At present, just over a third is recovered. We can also improve the technology to
control reservoir processes and improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly, complex and
technically demanding, and they depend on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage young
people to take up a technical career in the energy industry. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy
need to be made economically viable. International energy companies have the capability, the
experience and the commercial drive to work towards solving the energy problem so they will play a
key role. But it is not as simple as merely making scientific advances and developing new tools; the
challenge is to deliver the technology to people worldwide. Companies will need to share knowledge
and use their ideas effectively.
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else. Not only are
world oil supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very dirty to obtain. The Deepwater
Horizon oil spill occurred precisely because the easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick
oil now, we will see more disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more
forests. The cheap petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our oil -
not just in dollars, but in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet. The only solution is to
get on with what we will have to do anyway - end our dependence on it! There are many instances in
which oil need not be used at all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other ways,
such as solar power or natural gas. The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation. That
doesn't mean the transportation of goods worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving around of people. It
means we have to change what we drive. The good news is that it's possible. There are a wide range
of fuel efficient cars on offer, and the number of all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long
distance travel and freight, the solution to this is to look to rail. An electrified railway would not be
reliant upon oil, but could be powered by solar, geothermal, hydro, and wind sources. There is a long
way to go, but actions we take now to kick our oil addiction can help us adapt to a world of shrinking
oil supplies.
Which writer:
believes that from now on, less oil is available 106. …………..
believes there are ways to obtain energy that we have not yet discovered believes that 107. …………..
people need to be attracted to working in the energy industry 108. …………..
sees a great potential in natural fuels 109. …………..
believes that future oil recovery will lead to more environmental disasters believes the 110. …………..
fuel crisis will cause the poor to become poorer 111. …………..
believes that better technology can help to maintain oil production levels 112. …………..
believes there may be sources of oil outside our planet 113. …………..
thinks that oil companies are responsible for developing other types of energy 114. …………..
recognises that inventions that can help to prevent an energy crisis are already 115. …………
available

D. WRITING (40 pts)

Part 1. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the
one printed before it. Write your answers in the space provided. (10 points)
116. They believe that Oliver failed his exam because he was nervous.
→ Oliver’s failure _______________________________________________________
117. The inhabitants were far worse-off twenty years ago than they are now.
→ The inhabitants are nowhere ___________________________________________
118. If you don't know the art market, there's a risk you will spend a lot of money on rubbish.
→ If you don't know the art market, you are _____________________________________
119. Whatever the methods used to obtain the result, drugs were definitely not involved.
→ There was no question ___________________________________________
120. Those terrapins which survive their first year may live to be twenty.
→ Should _________________________________________
Part 2. Rewrite the sentences below in such a way that their meanings stay the same. You
must use the words in capital without changing their forms. Write your answers in the space
provided (5 points)
121. Every student will get good marks to express their gratitude towards teachers. (lengths)
_________________________________________
122. I am determined to become a teacher of maths. (heart)
_________________________________________
123. Some of the patients taken to the hospital have got an infectious disease. (diagnosed)
_________________________________________
124. This contract is as important and confidential as that one. (equally)
_________________________________________
125. He has called the meeting in order to raise money for the latest storm. (purpose)
_________________________________________

Part 3: Write a paragraph of about 200 words on the following topic. (30 pts)
“Is online education as effective as traditional on-campus schooling?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………