Computer Network Lab Manual

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1

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Practical No.1: Configure Peer-to-Peer Network with at least three hosts

I. PracticalSignificance
Identify and know the use of peer to peer network
Configure peer to peer network
II. Relevant Programs Outcomes(POs)
1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic engineering
to solve the broad-based Information Technologyproblems.
2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Information Technology knowledge to solve Information
Technology relatedproblems.
3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Information Technologyproblems.
4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Information Technologies and tools with an
understanding of thelimitations.
5. Communication:Communicate effectively in oral and writtenform.
III. Competency and Practicalskills
1. Setup peer-to-peer Network
IV. Relevant CourseOutcomes
Use Basic Concept of Networking for setting of Computer Network
Setup up computer Network for Specific Requirement
V. Practical Outcomes(POs)
Connect computers in Peer-to-Peer Network
VI. Relevant Affective Domain RelatedOutcomes
1. Follow safetypractices
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/teammember
3. Follow ethicalpractices
VII. Minimum TheoreticalBackground
In Peer to Peer architecture every node is connected to other node directly for exchanging
information instead of connected to central server
Every computer node is referred as peer and they do the job of client as well as server both.
Every peer provides services to other peers as well as uses services provided by other peers.
❖ Configuring peer to peer network
“Crossover cable isused”

One end is used for transmitting and other end for receiving data.
Peer-to-Peer networking is when all computers are on the same network. They are considered as
peers and will have to be connected to a hub, switch or a router. There is no server, controller or
one in charge. Computers in a workgroup shares resources such as the printer and files.
Workgroup is automatically set up when you set up a network and they all share the same subnet.
A workgroup is not protected by a password, no security is provided.
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VIII. Diagrams / Experimental set-up /WorkSituation
A typical example of a workgroup is shown below:
IX. ResourcesRequired
Sr. Name of Resource Specification Quantity Remarks/Use
No
1. Network Interface Card Manufacturer: Cisco
2. Computer / Networked Computers i3 processor, 2 GB RAM,
HDD 250GB
3. Switch (min. 8 ports) 8 ports
4. Crossover Cable
X. Procedure
❖ To set a static IP on your Windowscomputer

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1. Click Start Menu > Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center. Click Change adapter
settings.
2. Right-click on Local Area Connection and click onProperties.
3. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click onProperties.
Select "Use the following IP address" and enter the IP address, Subnet Mask and DNS server.
Click OK and close the Local Area Connection properties window.
❖ How Workgroup works
A computer joining a workgroup is assigned to the same workgroup name this process makes
accessing the computers easier.
❖ How to create a workgroup
Click on Start button Right-click on Computer and then click Properties 2 UnderComputer
name, domain, and workgroup settings, click Change settings.

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3. In the System Properties dialog box, click the Computer Name tab and then click Change.In
the Computer Name/Domain Changes dialog box, under Member of, clickWorkgroup
4. Then do one of thefollowing:
To join an existing workgroup, type the name of the workgroup that you want to join, and then
click OK.
To create a new workgroup, type the name of the workgroup that you want to create, and then
click OK
Note: Repeat the steps of setup of IP address and setup of Workgroup for third computer
❖ Peer-to-peerapplications.
• Skype, an Internet telephony network, uses P2Ptechnology.
• Instant messaging systems and online chatnetworks.
• Bitcoin and PPCoin are peer-to-peer-based digitalcurrencies.
• Dalesa a peer-to-peer web cache for LANs (based on IPmulticasting).
• Open Garden, connection sharing application that shares Internet access with other
devices using Wi-Fi orBluetooth.
• Streaming media. P2PTV andPDT
XI. Precaution
1. Handle Computer System and peripherals withcare
2. Follow SafetyPractices
XII. ResourcesUsed
Sr. Name of Resource Specification
No
1. Crossover Cable
3. Computer / Networked Computers i3 processor, 2 GB RAM, HDD 250GB
5. Any other Resource

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XIII. Result/Conclusion
XIV.
Practical RelatedQuestions
1. What ispeer?
2. What is peer to peernetwork?
3. How peer to peer is differs from client -servernetwork?
4. Give advantages of peer to peernetwork.
5. Give disadvantages of peer to peernetwork.
XV. Exercise
1. Student should Configure peer-to peer Network of minimum threehost
(Space for Answer)
1)
In networking, a peer is a node that provides the same functionality as another.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)
Peer-to-peer network is a network in which all the
computer are linked together with equal privilege and
responsibilities for processing the data.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3)In Client-Server Network, Centralized server is

used to store the data. While in Peer-to-Peer Network,
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Each peer has its own data. In Client-Server Network,
Server respond the services which is request by Client.
While in Peer-to-Peer Network, Each and every node
can do both request and respond for the services.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4)
1] It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated
server.
2] If one computer stop working but , other computer
will not stop working.
3] It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer
manages itself.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5)
1] In the case of peer- to- peer network , it does not
contain the centralized system. Therefore it cannot
back up the data as the data is different in different
locations.
2] It has a security issue as the device is managed
itself.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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XVI. References/ Suggestions for furtherReading

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/word_processing.html
http://jan.ucc.edu/lrm22/technology/wpbasics/wpbasics.htm
XVII. AssessmentScheme
Performance indicator Weightage

Process Related(35 Marks) 75%
1. Completion of given task 25%
2. Correctness of given task 50%
Product Related(15 Marks) 25%
3. Answer to sample Question 15%
4. Submit Report in Time 10%
Total(50 Marks) 100%
❖ List of Students/TeamMembers
Prabhakar Balaji More (2011630170)
Marks Obtained Dated Signature of Teacher
Process Related(35) Product Related (15) Total(50)

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Practical No.2: Create a Small Physical Network using Computers, Network Connecting Devices
and cables
Identify and know the physical network
Configure small physical network
II. Relevant Programs Outcomes (POs)
1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Information Technologyproblems.
1. Setup small Physical Network
Understand to connect computers, assign Workgroup, and assign IP address
VI. Relevant Affective domain relatedOutcomes
A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware
devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate
communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users

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No
1. Computer / Networked Computers i3 processor, 2 GB RAM, 10
HDD 250GB
2.. Switch (min. 8 ports) 8 ports 1
X. Procedure
Power up the switch.Connect all the computers to the Switch with standard network cable (CAT -
5).
Insert a one end of cable into NIC port of computer and another end into NIC port of switch.
Put all the computers in the same Workgroup as performed in experiment no.1
Give all the computers IP address in the same subnet mask
❖ Use the followingguideline
Open Start > Control Panel > Network Connections
Right-click ―Local Area Connection‖.This connection uses the following items select ―InternetProtocol
(TCP/IP)‖andclick the ―Properties‖button
Put a tick next to ―UsethefollowingIP Address‖andtypein theIPand subnet mask
Computer 1:
-IP: 192.168.0.10
-Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Computer 2:
-IP: 192.168.0.11
-Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Computer 3:
-IP: 192.168.0.12
-Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Computer 4:
-IP: 192.168.0.13
-Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

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Type ping command on command prompt of every computer to verifyconnections.
C:\Documents and Settings>ping192.168.0.10
Pinging 192.168.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.0.10: bytes=32 time<1msTTL=128
Ping statistics for192.168.0.10:
Packets: Sent4, Received= 4, Lost= 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milliseconds: Minimum=0ms, Maximum=0ms, Average=0ms
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
HDD 250GB
XIII. Result
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XIV. Practical RelatedQuestions
1. What is Computernetwork?
2. State the need of computernetwork.
3. Give any two features ofnetwork.
4. How internet is an example ofnetwork?
5. List Different NetworkDevices.
6. Which types of connectors are used in NetworkLab?
7. Give the use ofcable.

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8. List components required to connect 4computers.
9. Exercise
10. Student should Create small physical Network using networkdevices
(Space for Answer)
1)
computer network is a group of computers connected
with each other through wires, optical fibre or optical
links so that various devices can interact with each
other through a network.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)
Computer networks help users on the network to
share the resources and in communication.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3)
1] communication speed
2] File sharing
3] security
4] scalability
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4) Because, network is a collection of computers,

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servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or
other devices connected to one another to allow the
sharing of data.
5)
1] Hub
2] Switch
3] Router
4] Bridge
5] Gateway
6] modem
7] Repeater
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7)
Fiber optic cable, twisted pair cable, and coaxial cable
are the three main types of network cables used in
communication systems.
1] Fiber optic cable: This cable consists of a core,
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cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from
thin strands of glass or plastic that can carry data
over a long distance.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2] Twisted pair cable: The twisted-pair cable was

primarily developed for computer networks. This
cable is also known as Ethernet cable. Almost all
modern LAN computer networks use this cable.
3] Coaxial cable: This cable contains a conductor,
insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the
braiding, the braiding covers the insulation, and the
insulation covers the conductor.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8)
Computer network components are the major parts
which are needed to install the software. Some
important network components are :
NIC, switch, cable, hub, router, and modem.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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References/ Suggestions for further Reading

https://www. webopedia.com/TERM/W/word_processing.html
http://jan.ucc.edu/lrm22/technology/wpbasics/wpbasics.htm
XV. AssessmentScheme



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Practical No.3:Draw the Network Layout with its Topology for Network set-up of your Laboratory
Identify networktopology
Draw Network Laboratory Topology
1. Network Layout with its Topology for Network set-up of yourLaboratory
Understand network topology
Differentiate between all topology
Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected
to each other and how they communicate is determined by the network's topology.
Network Topology refers to the layout of a network and how different nodes in a network are
connected to each other and how they communicate. Topologies are either physical (the physical
layout of devices on a network) or logical (the way that the signals act on the network media, or
the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next).
Types of Network Topology
Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various
nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
1. BUS
BUS Topology
Maharashtra State Board ofTechnicalEducation 13
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2. STAR
3. MESH
4. TREE
5. HYBRID
6. RING
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Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to
single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.
Features of Bus Topology
1. It transmits data only in onedirection.
2. Every device is connected to a singlecable
Advantages of Bus Topology
1. It is costeffective.
2. Cable required is least compared to other networktopology.
3. Used in smallnetworks.
4. It is easy tounderstand.
5. Easy to expand joining two cablestogether.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
1. Cables fails then whole networkfails.
2. If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the networkdecreases.
3. Cable has a limitedlength.
4. It is slower than the ringtopology.
RING Topology
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer,
with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.
Features of Ring Topology
1. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data
will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are
used in thenetwork.
2. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections
between each Network Node, it is called Dual RingTopology.
3. In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in
them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the networkup.
4. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass through
each node of the network, till the destinationnode.
Advantages of Ring Topology

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1. Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes
having tokens can transmitdata.
2. Cheap to install andexpand
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
1. Troubleshooting is difficult in ringtopology.
2. Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the networkactivity.
3. Failure of one computer disturbs the wholenetwork.
STAR Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is
the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
Features of Star Topology
1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to thehub.
2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fiber or coaxialcable.
Advantages of Star Topology
1. Fast performance with few nodes and low networktraffic.
2. Hub can be upgradedeasily.
3. Easy totroubleshoot.
4. Easy to setup andmodify.
5. Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can worksmoothly.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
1. Cost of installation ishigh.
2. Expensive to use.
3. If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on thehub.
4. Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on itscapacity
MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to
each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
1. Routing
2. Flooding
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MESH Topology: Routing
In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements. Like routing logic to
direct the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance. Or, routing logic which has
information about the broken links, and it avoids those node etc. We can even have routing logic, to
re-configure the failednodes.
MESH Topology: Flooding
In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required.
The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to unwanted load over
thenetwork.
Types of Mesh Topology
1. Partial Mesh Topology: In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as
mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or threedevices.
2. Full Mesh Topology: Each and every nodes or devices are connected to eachother.
Features of Mesh Topology
1. Fullyconnected.
2. Robust.
3. Not flexible.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
1. Each connection can carry its own dataload.
2. It isrobust.
3. Fault is diagnosedeasily.
4. Provides security andprivacy.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
1. Installation and configuration isdifficult.
2. Cabling cost ismore.
3. Bulk wiring isrequired.
TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called
hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology
1. Ideal if workstations are located ingroups.
2. Used in Wide AreaNetwork.
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Advantages of Tree Topology
1. Extension of bus and startopologies.
2. Expansion of nodes is possible andeasy.
3. Easily managed andmaintained.
4. Error detection is easilydone.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
1. Heavilycabled.
2. Costly.
3. If more nodes are added maintenance isdifficult.
4. Central hub fails, networkfails.
HYBRID Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in
an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting
these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).
Features of Hybrid Topology
1. It is a combination of two ortopologies
2. Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologiesincluded
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
1. Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting iseasy.
2. Effective.
3. Scalable as size can be increasedeasily.
4. Flexible.
Disadvantages of HybridTopology
1. Complex indesign.
2. Costly

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No
1. Computer / Networked i3 processor, 2 GB RAM, 10
Computers HDD 250GB
2. Switch (min. 8 ports) 8 ports 1
X. Procedure
1. Observe the LaboratoryStructure
2. Identify the topology used inLaboratory
3. Draw Network Layout forLaboratory
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
XIII. Result
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1. List Different Types of NetworkTopology
2. Differentiate All Topologies with respect to followingpoints
a. PhysicalArrangement
b. DataFlow
c. Broadcast/ unicast/Multicast
d. Whether central devicerequired
e. Whether terminatorsrequired
f. What if nodefails
g. What if linkfails
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h. What if central device fails(ifany)

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i. Number of cablesrequired
j. Cost
k. Security
l. Adding node tonetwork
m. Deleting node tonetwork
n. Whether troubleshooting iseasier?
XV. Exercise
Draw the Network Layout with its Topology for Network set-up of your Laboratory
(Space for Answer)
1)
There are five types of topology in computer
networks:
1. Mesh Topology
2. Star Topology
3. Bus Topology
4. Ring Topology
5. Hybrid Topology.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)
a] The physical topology is the way you physically lay
out the network, like a map, and the logical topology is
the way the information flows on the network.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b] A properly designed topology shows the flow of
data and considers the wide range of data layers
where the data can be persisted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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c] Unicast: from one source to one destination i.e.

One-to-One.
Broadcast: from one source to all possible
destinations i.e. One-to-All.
Multicast: from one source to multiple destinations
stating an interest in receiving the traffic i.e. One-to-
Many.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
d] The star topology is configured by connecting all of

the nodes on the network to central device. The
central connection allows the network to continue
functioning even if a single node or cable fails.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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e] Terminators are not always needed. For example,

the bus did not use termination. Without termination,
the signal is reflected from the unterminated end of
the transmission line, and for PCI this was beneficial.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………
f] 1) Bus Topology
2) Ring Topology.
3) Star Topology
4) Mesh Topology
5) Tree Topology
6) Hybrid Topology
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
g]
h]In star topology, the central site plays an important
role; if it fails, all the connections will go down.
Performance of the central hub dictates the
performance of the connection.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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I]* MESH TOPOLOGY: If suppose, N number of

devices are connected with each other in a mesh
topology, then a total number of dedicated links
required to connect them is NC2 i.e. N(N-1)/2.
*STAR TOPOLOGY: If N devices are connected to
each other in a star topology, then the number of
cables required to connect them is N.
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*BUS TOPOLOGY: If N devices are connected to
each other in a bus topology, then the number of
cables required to connect them is 1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-topologies-computer-networks/
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Practical No.4:Prepare and Test straight and Cross UTP cable
Identify and know the use of straight and Crossover cable
Create straight cable and crossover cable
Understand straight and Cross UTP cable
Create straight and Cross UTP cable
Understand straight and Cross UTP cable
Create straight and Cross UTP cable
2. Practice good Housekeeping
Straight network cable:
It is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly.
Straight through or patch cables were used to connect from a host network interface controller (a
computer or similar device) to a network switch, hub or router.
Both sides (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with same color.
These are used when connecting Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) to Data Communications
Equipment (DCE).

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Concept structure: Pin ID Side A Side B
1 Orange-white Orange-white
2 Orange Orange
3 Green-white Green-white
4 Blue Blue
5 Blue-White Blue-White
6 Green Green
7 Brown-White Brown-White
8 Brown Brown
❖ Crossover networkcable:
It is used to connect two devices of the same type: two computers or two switches to each other.
Both sides (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with different color.
These are used when connecting Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) to Data Terminating Equipment
(DTE) or Data Communications Equipment (DCE) to Data Communications
Equipment(DCE).
Pin ID Side A Side B

1 Orange-white Green-white
2 Orange Green
3 Green-white Orange-white
4 Blue Brown-White
5 Blue-White Brown
P P 6 Green Orange
C C 7 Brown-White Blue
8 Brown Blue-White
❖ RJ45 Connector and CrimpingTool
RJ45 Connector for network cables. RJ45 connectors are most common
RJ45 is a standard type of Connector for Network Cables.
RJ4 connectors feature eight pins to which the wire strands of a cable interface electrically. Standard
RJ45 pin outs define the arrangement of the individual wires needed when attaching
Connector to Cable.
A Crimping Tool is a tool designed to crimp or connect a connector to the end of cable
Network cables and Phone cables are created using crimping tool to connect RJ 45and RJ 11 connectors
to the end of the cable

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Fig. RJ 445 Pin out
fig. Straight-Thru and Crossover cable

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fig. Straight-Thru and Crossover cable
Functionality Difference between Straight Cable and Cross Cable
Crossover cableis used when:

• Connecting a computer to acomputer
• Connecting a router to arouter

• Connecting a switch to aswitchConnecting a hub to a huband
• Connecting a router to a PC because both devices have the samecomponents
❖ Straight-through cables are used when:

• Connecting a router to ahub
• Connecting a computer to aswitch
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• Connecting a LAN Port to a switch orcomputer
• Connecting other dissimilar networkingequipment
Give the label to below figure…………………..
No
HDD 250GB
4. UTP CAT 6 Cable
5. Crimping Tool
6. RJ 45 connector
7. Line Tester

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X. Procedure
Prepare straight and crossover cable:
1.Cut into the plastic sheath 1 inch from the end of the cut cable. The crimping tool has a razor blade
that will do the trick.Untwist it and pair of the similar colors.
Pinch the wires between your fingers and straighten them out.
(The wire colors line up to form a standard cat 5 cable)

Use scissors to make a straight out across the wires 1/2 Inch from the cut sleeve to the end
of the wires. Push the wires into the connector.
A view from the top. All the wires are all the way in. There are no short wires.
Crimping The Cable: carefully place the connector into the Ethernet Crimper and cinch down on the
handles tightly. The copper splicing tabs on the connector will pierce into each of the eight wires. There

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is also a locking tab that holds the blue plastic Sleeve in place for tight compression fit When you remove
the cable from the crimper, the cable is ready
Make sure to test the cables using line tester before installing them. Use Cable Tester
XI. Precaution
2. Cut the plastic cover carefully so that cables would not getcut
3. Arrange color code and check beforecrimping
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
HDD 250GB
4. UTP CAT 6 Cable
5. Crimping Tool
6. RJ 45 connector
7. Line Tester
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XIII. Result
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1. Give the use of transmission media, Crimping tool, straight cable, crossover cable,and
connector.
2. List out types of twisted paircables
3. Give the name of connector used inlaboratory.
4. Which tool is used to test networkcable?
5. Give the meaning of TX and RX used forconnector.
6. Write the category of UTP/STP cable along with itsspecifications.
7. What is the difference between straight cable and crossed cable w.r.t order ofwires?
8. What is the meaning ofRJ?
9. Give the purpose to have network toolkit in alaboratory.
XV. Exercise
Prepare and Test straight and Cross UTP cable
(Space for Answer)
1) * TRANSMISSION MEDIA: The main

functionality of the transmission media is to carry the
information in the form of bits through LAN(Local
Area Network).
*CRIMPING TOOL: A crimping tool is a device that
is used to make cold weld joints between wires and a
connector through deforming one or both of them to
hold the other.
*STRAIGHT CABLE: 1)Switch to router.2)Switch to
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PC or server.3)Hub to PC or server.
*CROSSOVER CABLE: Crossover cable is used to
connect two or more computing devices.
*CONNECTIR: Connectors are an important tool for

writing proficiently in English.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) Two basic types of twisted-pair cable exist:

unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and
shielded twisted pair (STP).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) .

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) .
Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) .
Single Mode Fiber (SMF) .
Registered Jack 45 (RJ45) .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4)A cable tester is an electronic device used to verify

the electrical connections in a signal cable or other
wired assembly.
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5) Tx and Rx - are shorthand for 'transmit' and

'receive'.
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
6) UTP Category Purpose Frequency
Category 4 Data 20 Mbps
Category 5 Data 100 MHz
Category 5e Data 100 MHz
Category 6 Data 250 MHz
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7)Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-45

connectors at each end, and each has the same pin out.
It is in accordance with either the T568A or T568B
standardsStraight Tip (ST) .Subscriber Connector
(SC) .
Lucent Connector (LC).
A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end
isT568A configuration and the other end as
T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable connection,
Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed with
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Pin 6.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
8)RJ:-Radio Jockey.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
9) Network and security education requires as much

hands-on experiments as possible to let students to
understand the complex topics. The network and
security scenarios should be experimented in network
topologies which are simulated in the laboratories.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

https://www.home-network-help.com/straight.html
XVI. AssessmentScheme


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Practical No.5:Install and Configure Network Interface Card and identify its MAC address
Knowthe NIC
Identify MAC address
1. Install NIC and to know the MAC address of Computer
Understand NIC
What is the NIC?

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A network interface card (NIC) is a circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can
be connected to a network. A network interface card provides the computer with a dedicated, full -
time connection to anetwork.
Installing a NIC card requires you to have some basic knowledge on computer component and does
notnecessarily needyoutobeacomputerwhiztodothejob.

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NIC has Read Only Memory (ROM). that contains firmware i.e. Software that installed on a ‗ small
memory chip on a hardware device which allows NIC to Implement MAC (Media Access Control)
protocol of LAN standard. A NIC can be wired or wireless. It Works by sending and receiving
Signals over some type of media or device. This can be cable or other type of modem The biggest
variation between cards is depending upon their connective medium and speed capabilities. 10/100
Ethernet NIC. Gigabit Ethernet NIC, WirelessNIC.
No
HDD 250GB
X. Procedure
To install the Network Interface Card follow through the following steps to successfully install your
card.
Unplug the power cable on your computer powersupply.
Open your PC case, there are usually two screws at the back of your PC, unscrew it and set aside
the screw. Some pc case don‘t have screws to remove the cover you just have to slide the
covertoopen,refertoyourPCcasemanualonhowtoremovethecoverofyourPC.
Discharge yourself from any static charge that my damage the component before touching any
pccomponent.
You can do this by using an anti-static wrist strap clipping it to the computer casing metallic part or if
you don't have this anti-static wrist strap you can touch any non-painted metallic part of the

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computer casing to remove any static charge from your body before proceeding to the
installation of the component. When working with pc component such as network interface card
alwaysavoidtouchingthegoldenpinsofthecardsortheICchipspins.
Find an available PCI slot on your motherboard. PCI slot can be easily distinguished over PCI-E
since PCI slot are shorter in length than PCI-E slots except for PCI-E 1x slot which is shorter
than PCI slot. Refer to the imagebelow.
Install the NIC card by aligning the guide notches with the PCI slot and pressing the card gently till
it sit firmly on the PCI slot, you‘ll know if it is sited well if you can‘t see the pins of the NIC on the
PCI slot.
Secure the card by using a single screw, screwing the card bracket firmly to the computer casing.
Inspect the card if it moves, a well sited card should not move when you try to move them. A not
properly sited card may damage the card when you power on your computer.
Plug in the power cord to the power supply and power on your computer.
Wait for windows to load, a ―new device detected‖message by windows should appear and it will
install the necessary driver or ask you for the device driver, after the installation of device driver
you can install its software if ithas.
Check device manager if the driver is installed properly, you should see no yellow exclamation
on the NICdevice.
If everything works out right then you can now close your computer casing and return the screwat
the back of yourPC.

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Network Interface Card it IS a piece of hardware allows your computer to be connected to a
network of other computers (known as a LAN or Local Area Network). The computers and
network control devices are connected to cabling system through NIC
❖ To find your device‟s MACaddress:
1. Click Windows Start or press the Windowskey.
2. In the search box, type cmd. And PressEnter
A command window displays.
3. Type ipconfig /all. And PressEnter.
A Physical Address displays for each adapter. The Physical Address is your device‘s MAC address.
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
2. Computer / Networked Computers i3 processor, 2 GB RAM, HDD
250GB
XIII. Result
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1. What Is Local AreaNetwork?
2. State the purpose of Network InterfaceCard.
3. Where Network Interface Card is placed incomputer?
4. State different parameters on the basis of which NICclassified.
5. Which types of connector used by interface Card forcabling?
6. How to check whatever Network Interface Card successfully installed ornot.
7. What is USB Adaptor and where it isused?
8. State meaning of IPAddress.
9. To whom MAC address is allocated and what is use ofit.
10. How MAC address differs from IPaddress?
11. Give general representation of MACaddress
12. MAC address is more secured than lP address‖,why?
13. Give the steps to locate MAC address ofComputer.
14. A computer MAC address: 02:45: ZD: 65. 02: 1E. What the first three and remainingthree
blocks
15. It is possible to replace NIC card? If yes thenhow?
XV. Exercise
Install NIC card check MAC address
(Space for Answer)
1) A local area network (LAN) is a collection of

devices connected together in one physical
location, such as a building, office, or home.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) A network interface card connects your computer

to a local data network or the Internet. The card
translates computer data into electrical signals it
sends through the network.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) In a laptop, the network card is integrated into

the motherboard.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) There are two types NIC they are,

Ethernet NIC.
Wireless Network NIC.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5) The network interface cards that you use must

have a connector that matches the type of cable that
you use.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6) Step 1: Open Your Computers Command

Prompt. Click Start > Run > CMD.
Step 2: Ping Your NIC Card. At the command
prompt type either of the following: ...
Step 3: Check Your Results. You should get back
results that look something like this: ...
Step 4: Exit The Command Prompt.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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7) USB cables are used to connect devices -- such as
printers, keyboards and music players -- to
computers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8) IP stands for "Internet Protocol".

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9)A media access control address (MAC address) is

a unique identifier assigned to a network interface
controller (NIC) for use as a network address in
communications within a network segment.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10) Both MAC Address and IP Address are used to

uniquely identify a machine on the internet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11) MAC Address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number

(6-Byte binary number), which is mostly
represented by Colon-Hexadecimal notation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12) The main difference between MAC and IP

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address is that, MAC Address is used to ensure the
physical address of computer. It uniquely identifies
the devices on a network. While IP address are used
to uniquely identifies the connection of network with
that device take part in a network.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13) Click on the Start menu in the bottom-left

corner of your computer. Select Run or type cmd
into the search bar at the bottom of the Start
menu to bring up the command prompt.
Type ipconfig /all (note the space between the g
and /).
The MAC address is listed as series of 12 digits,
listed as the Physical Address.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14)
15) yes... its possible and easy to change MAC
address of any Computer.
Bear in mind that each network interface has its
own MAC address. So, on a typical desktop or
laptop with both a Wi-Fi radio and a wired Ethernet
port, the wireless and wired network interface each
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have unique, separate MAC addresses.
You can see your MAC address for Ethernet And
Wireless LAN just by single command in cmd.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

http://www.omnisecu.com/basic-networking/what-is-nic-card-network-interface-card.php


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Practical No.6:Share Files/Folder, Devices and Printer in the Network and access the shared
resources from the other node
You can share Computer Resources
1. Share resources such as File Folder andPrinter
Configure Basic network Services
Connect Printer, Install Printer Share printer, Files and Folder
A resource, or system resource, is any physical or virtual component of limited availability
within a computer system
Every device connected to a computer system is a resource and every internal system
component is also a resource.
Major resource types are CPU time, Random access memory, Hard disk space, Network
throughput, Electrical power, External Devices, Input/output operations.

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Virtual system resources include files, network connections and memory areas, whereas a physical
resource includes printer, scanner, fax machine etc.
Types of System Resources
1. Physical
2. Virtual
Types ofPhysicalResources Types of Virtual Resources
1. Printer 1. Memory
2. Scanner 2.Files
3. Fax Machine 3. CPU time
Resource Sharing
A shared resource or network share is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be
remotely accessed from another computer typically via a local area network or an enterprise Intranet,
transparently as if it were a resource in the local machine.
Examples are shared file access (also known as disk sharing and folder sharing), shared printer
access (printer sharing), shared scanner access, etc.
Resource sharing means reduction in hardware costs. Shared files mean reduction in memory
requirement, which indirectly means reduction in file storage expenses.
A network share can become a security liability when access to the shared files is gained (often by
devious means) by those who should not have access to them. Many computer worms have spread
through resource sharing
Printer sharing is a feature which allows you to access and use a printer from other computers
in network.
If there are ten employees in an organization, each having their own computer, they will require ten
printers if they want to use the resource at the same time. Printer sharing allows accessing the computers
that can be interconnected using a network, and just one printer can efficiently provide the services to all
ten users. Folder sharing is the public or private sharing of computer data or space in a network with
various levels of access privilege.
A user sitting at one computer that is connected to network can easily see files present on another
computers, provided he is authorized to do so. This saves him/her the hassle of carrying a storage device
every time data needs to be transported from one system to another system

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Fig.Resourcesharing Fig. PrinterSharing
Fig. Folder Sharing

No
HDD 250GB
2. Printer 8 ports 1
X. Procedure
Share Printer and folder
Click on Start Button->Click on Control Panel-> Click on Network and Sharing Center->click on
Change advanced sharing settings

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First start with the computer the printer is connected to. Make sure it‘s installed correctly with the latest
drivers. click Start >> Devices and Printers.
Next, right-click on the printer you want to share and select Printer Properties.
Click the Sharing tab. Make sure Share this Printer is checked and give it an easy to remember share
name. Click OK.

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The computer the printer is attached to will need to be powered on to find and print to it.
Now go to the other computer you want to print from. Click Start >> Devices and Printers.
Click Add a Printer.
Next, click Add a Network, Wireless or Bluetooth Printer.

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The system will search your network for the shared printer. When it finds the printer, highlight it and
click Next.
Success. Click Next.

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Back in Devices and Printers, you‘ll find the printer listed. Send a test page to the printer to verify it‘s
working.
If Windows doesn‘t automatically find the printer, click The Printer That I Want Isn‘t Listed.
Check Select a Shared Printer by Name and type the path in directly.

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Or click Browse to find the printer and select it.
Sharing Specific Folders
Ensure that File and Printer Sharing is enabled. In order to share specific folders, you will need to
have this feature enabled. The method for enabling it varies slightly depending on which version of
Windows you are using. It is highly recommended that you do not enable folder sharing when on a public
network such as a school or coffee shop.
Windows 7 - Click the Start button, type "control panel", and press ↵ Enter. Double-click the "Network
and Sharing Center" icon. Click the "Change advanced sharing settings" link. Expand the profile that you
want to enable sharing on (Home/Work or Public). Turn on both "Network discovery" and "File and
printer sharing". Click the "Save changes" button and enter your administrator password if necessary.
Find the folder you wish to share. Once File and Printer Sharing has been enabled, you can share any
folder on your hard drive with other people on your network. Navigate to the folder that you want to
share using Explorer. Right-click on it.

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1. Select the "Share with" option. This will open the Sharing submenu. You can choose to shareit
with everyone in your Homegroup or select specific people to share it with.
When choosing a Homegroup option, you can allow other Homegroup members to both read and write to
the folder, or limit them to just read from it.
Click the "Specific people" option to select which users you want to share with. This will open a new
window with a list of all the users that currently have access to the folder. You can add users to this list
and give them specific permissions for the folder.
• To share the folder with everyone, click the dropdown menu at the top andselect
"Everyone". Click the Addbutton.
• To share with specific users, click the dropdown menu and select them or type in thename
and clickAdd.

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Set permissions for users on the list. Find a user on the list that you want to change the permissions for.
Look in the Permissions Level column, and click the arrow next to the existing permission. Select the
new one from the list.
• Read - User can see, copy, and open files from the folder, but cannot change files oradd
newones.
• Read/Write - Besides Read abilities, users can change files and add new files to theshared
folder. Files can be deleted by users with Read/Writepermissions.
• Remove - Removes permissions for this user, and removes them from thelist.
6Click the Share button. Your permission settings will be saved, and the folder will be available on the
network for all allowed users.
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed

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.Sr Name of Resource Specification
.
No
2. Printer
3. Any other
XIII. Result
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Define system resource. List resources that can be shared innetwork?
2. Give the examples of physical and virtual resource. Define resource sharing and state its
needs.
3. Give advantages and disadvantages of printer sharing and foldersharing.
4. How security is measure issue in resourcesharing?
5. Which are different privileges associated with folder?
XV. Exercise
Student should share folder and printer
(Space for Answer)
1) Shared resources, also known as network

resources, refer to computer data, information, or
hardware devices that can be easily accessed from
a remote computer through a local area network
(LAN) or enterprise intranet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) *Physical resources, such as raw material,

buildings, vehicles, transportation, storage facility,
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machines and factory. Human resources, or staff,
such as a talented engineer or marketing experts.
*1. VR in Military,2. VR in Sport,3. VR in Mental
Health,4. VR in Medical Training,5. VR in
Education,6. VR in Fashion.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3)1] Printer sharing:

*Advantages
Cost savings in both initial capital costs by not
needing a large number of printers.
Cost savings in maintenance by not having a large
number of printers.
Centralized location for printer supplies near the
printer.
*Disadvantages
When a person prints a very large project. (large
document, or many of the same large document)
you have a back up of print jobs.
When private documents need to be printed, it is
possible for someone other than the person
printing them can see them.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2] folder sharing
*Advantages
A secure, more reliable environment. Important
files containing "sensitive" data should not be
stored on your computer.
An effective way of sharing information and
resources. Can be accessed at any time from
anywhere when you need them.
*Disadvantages
File sharing can be illegal.
Copyright infringements can be quite costly.
Sentences for copyright infringements often also
include jail.
May harm many artists.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) Network security issues

When businesses connect their systems and
computers, one user's problems may affect
everyone on the network. Despite the many benefits
of using networks, networking raises a greater
potential for security issues such as:
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*data loss
*security breaches
*malicious attacks, such as hacking and viruses.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5) *Full Control
*Modify
*Read & Execute
*List Folder Contents
*Read
*Write.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
https://computer.howstuffworks.com/share-printer-home-network-windows


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Practical No.7:Run the following TCP/IP Command with options record their output : Ping,
ipcnfig, Tracert, Netstat, Wireshark,ARP
To know the use of TCP/IP utilities
Run the TCP/IP utilities
1. Run TCP/IPutilities
Configure TCP/IP services
Understand TCP/IP utilities
❖ TCP/IPutilities
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To assist with the management of TCP/IP.There are three types of TCP/IP-based utilities.
Connectivity utilities that you can use to interact with and use resources on a variety of systems.
Diagnostic utilities that you can use to detect and resolve networking problems.
TCP/IP server software that provides printing and publishing services to TCP/IP based Microsoft
Windows client
❖ PING(Packet Internetgroper):
It is a command used to verify the network connectivity of a computer. It checks the host name,
IP address, and that the remote system can be reached.
It uses a special protocol called the Internet Control Message Protocol (|CMP) to determine
whether the. Remote machine (website, server, etc.) can receive the test packet and reply
This command is used to test a machine‘s connectivity to another system and to verify that the
target system is active. Usually this command is the first step to any troubleshooting if a
connectivity problem is occurring between two computers.
The Ping utility executes an end-to-end connectivity test to other devices and obtains the round-
trip time between source and destination device. Ping uses the ICMP Echo and Echo Reply
packets to test connectivity. Excessive usage may appear to be a denial of service (DoS) attack.
Syntax: ping <ip address>

ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]
Following table shows use of ping command with different options.
Parameter Description
-t Pings the specified host until interrupted (press Ctrl+C to stop sending).
-a Resolves addresses to hostnames.
-n count Indicates the number of Echo Requests to send.
Sends a specific size of data. If this size is greater than the local network can
-l size
handle, thesender will generate fragmented packets directly on the network.
-f Sets the Don‘t Fragment flag in the packet.
-i TTL Sets the Time to Live value in the packet.
-vTOS Sets the type of service in the packet.
Indicates that the Ping process should record the route for the number of count
-r count
hops specified.
Indicates that the Ping process should maintain Timestamp information for the
-s count
number of count hops specified.

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Indicates that the Ping process should follow a loose source route path along
-j host_list
the host_list path
Indicates that the Ping process should follow a strict source route along the
-k host_list
host_list path.
-w timeout Indicates the number of milliseconds the host should wait for each reply.
-R Use the router header to test the reverse route as well (IPv6 only).
-S srcaddr What address to use to source ping from.
-p Ping yper-V Network Virtualization provider address.
-4 Use IPv4 specifically.
-6 Use IPv6 specifically.

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❖ IPCONFIG
The Ipconfig utility displays and modifies IP address configuration information.

Displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.
Used without parameters ipconfig displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all
adapters.
By default, this command displays only the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for each
adapter bound to TCP/IP
Syntax
ipconfig /? | /all |
Following table shows use of ipconfig command with different options
/? Displays the help message

/all Displays complete configuration information
/release Uses DHCP to release the IP address for the specified adapter
/release6 Uses DHCPv6 to release the IPv6 address for the specified adapter
/renew Uses DHCP to renew the IP address for the specified adapter
/renew6 Uses DHCPv6 to renew the IPv6 address for the specified adapter
/flushdns Purges the DNS cache
/registerdns Uses DHCP to refresh all DHCP leases and re-registers DNS names
/displaydns Displays the contents of the DNS cache
/showclassid Displays all the DHCP class IDs allowed for the adapter
/setclassid Modifies the DHCP class ID
/showclassid6 Displays all the DHCPv6 class IDs allowed for the adapter
/setclassid6 Modifies the DHCPv6 class ID
❖ Tracert
It is use to determines the route data takes to get to a p ach router to trace the
The iCMP protocol sends out Time Exceeded messages to. e
route. . Each time a packet is sent, the time-to-live (TTL) value is reduced before the packet

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is forwarded. This allows TTL to count how many hops it is to the destination. if there is a trouble
connecting to a rerhote host 'use Tracert to see where that
connection fails. .
Syntax: tracert <ip address>.
Following table shows use of tracert command With different options.
-d Tells the system not to resolve addresses to host names
-h maxHops Specifies the maximum number of hops to search for target
-w timeout Specifies the number of milliseconds to wait for each reply
-4 Specifies to use IPv4 specifically
-6 Specifies to use IPv6 specifically
❖ NETSTAT
It is used to shows the status of each active network connection.
Netstat will display statistics for both TCP and UDP, including protocol, local address, foreign
address, and the TCP connection state. Because UDP is connectionless, no connection information
will be shown for UDP packets.
It‘s a helpful tool in funding problems and determining the amount of traffic on the network as a
performance measurement.
Syntax:
netstat [-a] [-b] [-e] [-f] [-n] [-o] [-p proto] [-r] [-s] [-x] [-t] [interval]
Following table shows use of netstat command with different options.
-a Lists all current connections and open, listening ports on the local system.
-b Displays executable for creating connection or listening port.

-e Displays Data Link layer statistics (also can be used with the -s parameter).
-f Displays fully qualified domain names (FQDN).
-n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form.
-o Displays the owning process ID associated with a connection.

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Shows the connections for the specified protocol. The protocol defined may be
-p protocol UDPor TCP. When used with the -s parameter, the protocol definition IP, IPv6,
ICMP,ICMPv6, TCP, or UDP also may be used.
-r Displays the routing table (also see the route command).
Displays statistics organized based on the protocols, such as IP, UDP, and TCP, by
-s
default (also can be used with the -p parameter to define a subset of the default).
-t Displays the current connection offload state.

-x Displays NetworkDirect connections, listeners, and shared endpoints.
Redisplays the statistics on a regular basis using the interval (in seconds) value
interval between displays. Press Ctrl+C to stop displaying the statistics. If this parameter is
notincluded, the statistics appear only once.
❖ ARP
The ARP utility helps diagnose problems associated with the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP). _ TCP/IP hosts use ARP to determine the physical (MAC) address that corresponds
with a specific IP address.
Once the MAC address is determined by the ARP reply, the IP and MAC address of the destination
system are stored in the ARP cache (stored in memory) so that next time the address will be resolved
from the cache and a broadcast will not be needed.
Syntax: arp -a
Following table shows use of arp command with different options.

Displays current entries in the ARP cache. If inet_addr is specified, the IP and data
-a or -g linkaddress of the specified computer appear. If more than one network interface
usesARP, entries for each ARP table appear.
inet_addr Specifies an Internet address.
-N if_addr Displays the ARP entries for the network interface specified by if_addr.
-v Displays the ARP entries in verbose mode.
-d Deletes the host specified by inet_addr.
Adds the host and associates the Internet address inet_addr with the data linkaddress
-s eth_addr. The physical address is given as six hexadecimal bytes separatedby hyphens.
The entry is permanent.
eth_addr Specifies physical address.

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If present, this specifies the Internet address of the interface whose addresstranslation
if_addr
table should be modified. If not present, the first applicable interface willbe used.
No
HDD 250GB
X. Procedure
1. Open CommandPrompt
2. Run Utilities withoptions
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
XIII. Result
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Practical Related Questions

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1.
2. What is a purpose of TCP/ IP utilities? Give the use of network utility and also write 2
examples ofit.
3. Which are the different things are checked using pingcommand?
4. What is a use of IPcontigutility?
5. Whatisauseof―/release‖and―/renew‖optionusedinlpcontig?WhyTracertcommandisused? Give the
syntax of Tracertcommand
6. What is a use of ARP utility? Which are different statistics is display for TCP using Netstat
utility?
7. ―TCP/IP utilitiesareused fortroubleshootinginindustry‖comment on this statement
XIV. Exercise
Run all utilities with options and attach printout (Suggested by Teacher)
Give the use and syntax of Hostname and
1) TCP/IP is actually a suite of protocols that each

perform some function to allow computers to
communicate with each other. Most vendor's
implementations have quite a few utilities built in.
*USE: Network utilities can help you keep on top of
network performance issues, spot problems and where
they originate, and fix them quickly. In this guide, I’ll
review how network utilities work before moving on
to my list of recommended tools and utilities.
*e.g.1] SolarWinds Engineer’s Toolset (ETS)
2] Ping,3] Tracert,4] ARP,5] Netstat.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) Determining the status of the network and various

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foreign hosts.
Tracking and isolating hardware and software
problems.
Testing, measuring, and managing networks.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) ipconfig (standing for "Internet Protocol

configuration") is a console application program of
some computer operating systems that displays all
current TCP/IP network configuration values and
refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4)
5) *USE:-RTP is used in communication and
entertainment systems that involve streaming media,
such as telephony, video teleconference applications
including WebRTC, television services and web-based
push-to-talk features.
*Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the
computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP
routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP,
and UDP protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6,
ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6
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protocols). Used without parameters, this command
displays active TCP connections.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV. References/ Suggestions for furtherReading

https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/it-ops/top-7-tcpip-utilities-every-networking-pro-should-know

List of Students/Team Members


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Practical No.8:Use Wireshark Packet sniffer software and captures TCP,UDP, IP, ARP, ICMP,
Telnet, FTP packets
Capture the different packets in the network
Understand Wireshark Packet sniffer software
Use software for capturing packet
A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a destination on the internet or any
other packet-switched network.
The individual packets for a given file may travel different routes through the Internet.
A packet consists of two kinds of data: control information and user data (also known as payload).
The control information provides data that the network needs to deliver the user data, forexample:
source and destination network addresses, error detection codes, and sequencinginformation.
Network Packet Consist of Control information and User data

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Control Information consist of Network address, Error detection codes and sequencing
information .Packet Sniffer
It is a basic tool for observing the messages exchanged between executing protocol entities.
It captures messages being send/received from/by your computer; it will also typically storeand/or
display the contents of the various protocol fields in these capturedmessages.
A packet sniffer itself is passive. It observes messages being sent and received by applications and
protocols running on your computer, but never sends packets itself. Similarly, received packetsare
never explicitly addressed to the packetsniffer.
It has two major components:
a. Packet capture library: receives a copy of every link-Iayer frame that is sent from 0rreceived
by yourcomputer.
b. Packet analyzer: displays the contents of all fields within a protocolmessage.
It is an open source protocol analyzer that is used to capture packets in a network to see their
contents.
It is the most widely used graphical application for network monitoring and analysis. It runs on
most popular computing platforms, including UNIX, Linux, and Windows.
The Wireshark GUI interface has five major components: a. Command menus: standard pull down
menus located at the top of the window.
b. Packet listing window: Display a one-line summary for each packet captured, includingthe
packet number, time, source and destination address, protocoltype.
c. Packet-header details window: provides details about the packet selected (highlighted) inthe
packet listingwindow.
d. Packet-contents window: displays the entire contents of the captured frame, in both ASCIIand
hexadecimalformat.
e. Packet display filter field: a protocol name or other information can be entered in order tofilter
the information displayed in the packet-listingwindow.
Uses of Wireshark
1. Capture live packetdata.
2. Import and Export packets.
3.Filter and Searchpackets.
4.Display and save packet data Colorize packet display.
5.Statistics in graphical way.
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Fig.Wireshark logo
Sr. Name of Resource Specification Quantity Remarks/Us
No e
HDD 250GB
2. Wireshark
3.
X. Procedure
Step 1 – Download Wireshark
http://www.wireshark.org/download.html
Run as Administrator
Step 2 – Install
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Next
IAgree
Next

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Choose if Start Menu or Desktop Icon is preferred
Next
By default it installs into the directory c:\ Program Files\ Wireshark
Install WinPcap – as Wireshark won‘t work otherwise

Install
Wait for the files to extract….

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Step 2 – Install WinPcap

Wireshark won‘t install unless WinPcap is installed. Watch out for a second install to be launched. If
you‘re not looking for it, you could miss it.
Next
IAgree
Install

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Finish
That‘s it!
Wireshark will now completely install for you.
If the install hangs half way through, it‘s because WinPcap has not been installed yet.
Next

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Launch Wireshark
Start > All Programs > Wireshark Icon
Wireshark launches
Select your Interface (ie Wired or Wireless)

Then Capture Options

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Promiscuous Mode > Start
Promiscuous mode means that it picks up packets and data for all devices on the network
That‘s it – Wireshark will now listen in to all transmissions
Wireshark launches – by default it‘s split into 3 panes

The top pane shows IP‘s & protocols
You can filter these results by protocol and by IP, and I‘ll cover that another time.
For now, select the Protocol header – and your results will sort by protocol.
ANALYSE >DisplayFilter
HTTP
Select HTTP
OK

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HTTP ONLY is nowdisplayed
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
2. Wireshark
3.
XIII. Result
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Define protocol and give names of any twoprotocols.
2. Define packet and give itsuse.
3. What kinds of data are present inpacket?
4. What is meaning of packetsniffer?
5. ―Packet sniffer itselfis passive.‖stateTrueor falseand justifyyour answer.
6. Give the name of two components of packet sniffer with itsuse.
7. What is wireshark ?Give the names of wireshark GUI components.Write any 5 usage of

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wireshark?
8. Give the use of filter and searsh inwireshark.
9. List names of different operating system on which wireshark can beinstalled.

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10. What is use of wincap software? Is it necessary to install for wireshark?Why?
11. Givethe meaningof―configureaspacket sniffer‖.
12. How wireshark is useful inindustry?
XV. Exercise
Student should Capture packet of TCP,UDP, HTTP, FTP using wireshark
(Space for Answer)
1) PROTOCOL:-Protocols exist for several different

applications. Examples include wired networking
(e.g., Ethernet), wireless networking (e.g., 802.11ac),
and Internet communication (e.g., IP).
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) PACKET:-A packet is a small amount of data

sent over a network, such as a LAN or the Internet.
USE:-Packets are the basic units of communication
over a TCP/IP network. Devices on a TCP/IP
network divide data into small pieces, allowing the
network to accommodate various bandwidths, to
allow for multiple routes to a destination, and to
retransmit the pieces of data which are interrupted
or lost.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) A packet consists of control information and user

data; the latter is also known as the payload.
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Control information provides data for delivering the
payload (e.g., source and destination network
addresses, error detection codes, or sequencing
information).
..............................................................,..........................
...........................................
4) A packet analyzer, or packet “sniffer”, is a kind
of software or hardware that can intercept and
monitor packets as they traverse a network. In this
way, IT professionals and cybercriminals alike can
effectively check on the contents of files and
communications traveling to, from, or within a
network.
...........................................................,.............................
........................................
5) yes, Packet Sniffers are a type of Passive Service.
Because, It observes messages being sent and
received by applications and protocols running on
your computer, but never sends packets itself. ...
Instead, a packet sniffer receives a copy of packets
that are sent/received from/by application and
protocols executing on your machine.
...........................................................,.............................
........................................
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6) 1- Hardware : standard network adapters .
2- Capture Filter : This is the most important part .
It captures the network traffic from the wire, filters
it for the particular traffic you want, then stores the
data in a buffer.
3- Buffers : used to store the frames captured by the
Capture Filter
...........................................................,.............................
........................................
7) WIRESHARK:-Wireshark is a network protocol
analyzer, or an application that captures packets
from a network connection, such as from your
computer to your home office or the internet.
COMPONENT:-1] packet display filter field
2] packet-contents window 3] packet-header details
window 4] packet-listing window 6] command
menus .
USES:-1} Network administrators use it to
troubleshoot network problems.
2}Network security engineers use it to examine
security problems.
3} QA engineers use it to verify network
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applications.
4}Developers use it to debug protocol
implementations.
...........................................................,.............................
........................................8) USE:-Filters are also used
by other features such as statistics generation and
packet list colorization (the latter is only available to
Wireshark).
...........................................................,.............................
........................................9) Windows,
OS X, Linux,
and UNIX.
...........................................................,.............................
........................................
10) WinPcap has been recognized as the industry-
standard tool for link-layer network access in
Windows environments, allowing applications to
capture and transmit network packets bypassing the
protocol stack, and including kernel-level packet
filtering.
...........................................................,.............................
........................................11) Packet sniffing is the
practice of gathering, collecting, and logging some
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or all packets that pass through a computer
network, regardless of how the packet is addressed.
...........................................................,.............................
........................................
12) Wireshark is a must-have (and free) network
protocol analyzer for any security professional or
systems administrator. It's like Jaws, only for
packets. Wireshark is the world's leading network
traffic analyzer, and an essential tool for any
security professional or systems administrator. This
free software lets you analyze network traffic in real
time, and is often the best tool for troubleshooting
issues on your network.
..........................................................,..............................
.......................................
/ Suggestions for further Reading

https://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsug_html_chunked/ChCapCaptureFilterSection.html


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………………………………………………..

………………………………………………..


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Practical No.9:Setup FTP Client/Server and Transfer the File using FTP
Use of FTP client server
1. Setup FTP clientserver
2. Transfer file usingFTP
Create FTP Client server network
2. Practice good Housekeeping
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the commonly used protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.
FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IPprotocols to enable data transfer.

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No
1. Computers with Windows Server
2008 R2
X. Procedure
We will use Windows Server 2008 R2 to configure FTP.

If IIS is not installed,
1. Navigate to Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Server Manager in Windows
ServerManager
2. Go to Roles node. Right-click on Roles, and click AddRoles.
3. In the Add Roles window, open Server Roles and check Web Server(IIS).
4. Proceed through the setup wizard, and click Install. Wait for the installation tocomplete.
If IIS is installed already (as a Web server),
1. Navigate to Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > ServerManager
2. In the Windows Server Manager, go to Roles node, and expand Web Server(IIS).
3. Right-click on Web Server (IIS), and click on Add RoleServices.
4. In the Add Role Services window, go to Roles Services, and check FTPServer.
5. Confirm that IIS Management Console is checked under Management Tools.

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6. Click Next, and then Install. Wait for the installation tocomplete.
Transferring files
To transfer files, you should add an FTP site. Once the FTP site is enabled, clients can transfer to
and from the site using the FTP protocol.
Setting up an FTP site
1. Navigate to Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Internet InformationServices
(IIS)Manager.
2. Once the IIS console is open, expand the local server.
3. Right-click on Sites, and click on Add FTP Site.

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4. In the Add FTP Site window, type the FTP server name and the content directory path, andclick
Next. The directory path should be the same as the one we set permissions to allow anonymous
access above,weused: %SystemDrive%\ ftp \ftproot
5. In the Binding and SSL Settings window, type the IP address of the server. Check the Start FTP
Site Automatically option. Choose SSL Based on Constraint. ClickNext.
6. Now, select Basic forauthentication.

Note: Basic authentication means there is no encryption used. Thus, username/password are sent
in clear text. Basic authentication matches the username/password from the Active Directory
database. You can also create accounts in IIS. This can be done from under Management Tools in
Web Server (IIS) role. Under Authorization, you can select All Users to allow FTP access to all
users from the domain. Also, check both Read and Write under Permissions Based on
Requirement.
7. Click Finish. Now, the FTP site creation iscomplete.
Accessing files on the FTP server
To access files on the FTP server, open a file explorer and type ftp://serverIP. The FTP server
asks for a username and password. Enter the username and password (Windows or Active
Directory credentials) and click Logon. The files and folders display under the FTP server.

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XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
1. Computers with Windows Server 2008 R2
XIII. Result
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. FTP isbuilton architecture(Client-server/P2P)
2. Identify the incorrectstatement
a) FTP stands for File Transfer Protocolb) FTP uses two parallel TCP connections
c) FTP sends its control informationin-band
d) FTP sends exactly one file over the data connection
3. Draw Diagram forFTP
4. What is FTP? How itworks?
XV. Exercise
Student should setup FTP client server and transfer file using FTP
(Space for Answer)
1)
FTP isbuilton (client-server) architecture(Client-
server/P2P).
........................................................................................
..................................
2) FTP sends its control informationin-band.
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........................................................................................
..................................
3)
........................................................................................
..................................
4)
*FTP stands for file transfer protocol.FTP is a
standard communication protocol used for the
transfer of computer files from a server to a client
on a computer network.
*Work:-If you send files using FTP, files are either
uploaded or downloaded to the FTP server. When
you're uploading files, the files are transferred
from a personal computer to the server.
........................................................................................
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..................................

https://www.deskshare.com/resources/articles/ftp-how-to.aspx



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Practical No.10: Install TCP/IP protocol and configure Advanced features of TCP/IP Protocols like
IP address,Subnet mask,gateway, primary and secondary DNS
Install TCP/IP protocol with advanced features
1. Setup Network with TCP/IPprotocol
Implement Sub netting for improved Network address Management
Install TCP/IPProtocol
VII. Minimum Theoretical Background
Protocol:
It is a set of rules and conventions used for communication between network devices.
Protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well
as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received.
Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable
and/or high-performance network communication.

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It determines the type of error checking to be used.

Transmission control protocol (TCP), Internet protocol (IP), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), File transfer protocol (FTP) etc.
TCP/IP:
❖ Transmission Control protocol/lnternet Protocol, used to connect computers on the Internetor
network.
❖ TCP/IP is built into the UNIX Operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de
facto standard for transmitting data overnetworks.
❖ Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller
packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassemblesthe
packets into the originalmessage.
❖ Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the rightdestination.
❖ TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA model,named
after the US Government agency that initially developed TCP/IP. The four layers of the
DARPA model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and NetworkInterface.
TCP/IP model
IP address:
❖ An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device(e.g.,
computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.
❖ An IP address is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IPnetwork.
Two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are in use: IP Version4 (IPv4) and IP Version6
(IPv6).
❖ IPv4 addresses are of 32 bits that are canonically represented in dot-decimal notation, which
consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g.,
172.16.254.1
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❖ IPv6 addresses are of 128 bits that are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimaldigits
separated bycolons.
e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334
❖ The IPv4 address space can be subdivided into 5 classes Class A, B, C, D and E. Eachclass
consists of a contiguous subset of the overall IPv4 address range.
Host Host
A B
Application Layer Application Layer

(HTTP) (HTTP)
Transport Layer (TCP) Transport Layer (TCP)
Network Layer (IP) Network Layer (IP)
Host to Network Layer Host to Network Layer
Media for Data

Transfer
Fig. Communication in TCP/IP model
No
HDD 250GB
X. Procedure
Complete the following steps to install and configure the TCP/IP protocol.
1. Start->Control Panel->Network and Internet->Network Sharing center,Change adaptersetting
2. Right-click the connection to which you want to add a network component, andthen
clickProperties.
3. If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is listed, skip to Step 6. If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is not
listed, clickInstall.
4. In the Select Network Component Type dialog box, click Protocol, and then clickAdd.
5. From the Network Protocol list, select TCP/IP Protocol and clickOK.
6. From the General tab (for local area connections) or the Networking tab (for all other
connections), select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then clickProperties.

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7. Configure TCP/IP either automatically ormanually.
Contact your network administrator to find out if there is a DHCP server installed onyour
network.
▪ Automatically – You can automatically configure TCP/IP services if you have a DHCP serveron
your network. This automatic process ensures easy and accurate installation of TCP/IP because
your local computer is configured with the correct IP address, subnet mask, and default
gateway.
To configure automatically, select Obtain an IP address automatically, and then click OK.
▪ Manually – You must configure TCP/IP manually if you do not have a DHCP server on your
network, or if you are configuring a Windows server to be a DHCP server. In this case, you
must manually enter valid addressing information after the TCP/IP protocol software is
installed on your computer. To avoid duplicate addresses, be sure to use the values for IP
addresses and subnet masks that are supplied by your networkadministrator.
To configure manually, select Use the following IP address, specify the necessary parameters,
and then click OK.
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
XIII. Result
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Defineprotocol
2. Give four examples of protocol with its fullname.
3. Write the name of layers inTCP/IP?
4. Give the use of IPaddress.
5. Give and explain the address format of IPv4 and IPv6. Give the use of network layer in
TCP/IP.
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6. How 192.168.276 is type of class C IPaddress?
7. Convert theIPv4address―192168.276‖to binary format of32 bits.

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XV. Exercise
Student shalt uninstall TCP/IP from the computers and install again.
Student shall prepare a list of computer names and its IP address available in laboratory.
(Space for Answer)
1)
A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow
electronic devices to communicate with each other.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………....................................
2)
1] DNS (Domain Name System)
2] FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
3] HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
4] HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure).
.....,......................................,......................................,.........
.............................,..............
3)
1] Transport layer
2] Network layer
3] Datalink layer
4] physical layer.
.....,......................................,......................................,.........
.............................,..............
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4)
IP addresses are the identifier that allows information
to be sent between devices on a network: they contain
location information and make devices accessible for
communication. The internet needs a way to
differentiate between different computers, routers,
and websites.
.....,................................,........................................,.............
.................,..........................
5)
*An IPv4 is a 32-bit decimal address. It contains 4
octets or fields separated by 'dot', and each field is 8-
bit in size. *Whereas an IPv6 is a 128-bit hexadecimal
address. It contains 8 fields separated by a colon, and
each field is 16-bit in size.
*USE:-This layer is mainly responsible for the
transmission of the data between two devices on the
same network. The functions carried out by this layer
are encapsulating the IP datagram into frames
transmitted by the network and mapping of IP
addresses into physical addresses.
...,......................................,......................................,...........
...........................,.............
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https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IP

………………………………………………..………………………………………………..

…………………………………………..........………………………………………………..


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Practical No.11:Configure and use Telnet Client Server
Know the use of Telnet Server
Configure TelnetServer
understanding of the limitations.
5. Communication:Communicate effectively in oral and written form.
1. Configure TelnetServer
IV. Relevant Course Outcomes
Install TelnetServer
2. Practice goodHousekeeping
Telnet is a client-server protocol,based on a reliable connection-orientedtransport. Typically, this
protocol is used to establish a connection to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port number 23
Telnet is a protocol used on the Internet or local area network to provide a bidirectional interactive
text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection

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No
HDD 250GB
X. Procedure
Enabling the Telnet Server
1. Go to Start -> Control Panel ->Programs.
2. In the Programs and Features section, click Turn Windows features on or off. If the User
Account Control permission warning pops up, click on Continue. And if you are prompted foran
administrator password, type itin.
3. In the Windows Features dialog box, select the Telnet Server checkbox.
4. Click OK and wait for the installation tofinish.
Starting the Telnet Server

1. Go to Control Panel, and then go to System -> AdministratorTools.
2. Click on the Services applet (services.msc if you prefer to use Run command or StartSearch).
3. Locate the―Telnet‖service, right-click on it and selectProperties.
4. In theStartupType drop down menu, select ―Automatic‖instead of ―Disabled‖.
5. Click on Apply button.
6. Right-click on the―Telnet‖serviceagain, but thistime selectStartoptionon right-click
contextmenu. Telnet Server service should be running afterthis.
7. Click OK

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XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
XIII. Result
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. What is Telnetserver
2. List Applications of Telnet Server
3. Which Port number is used by TelnetService
XV. Exercise
Student should Setup Telnet server and use Telnet Server
(Space for Answer)
1)
Telnet is a protocol used on a network to provide a
two-way interactive command line interface (CLI)
using a virtual terminal connection.Telnet Server
allows command line access to an embedded module
over an IP network.
.............................................................................................
.............................................
2)
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Telnet is an application protocol used on the Internet
or local area network to provide a bidirectional
interactive text-oriented communication facility using
a virtual terminal connection. ... The name stands for
"teletype network". Historically, Telnet provided
access to a command-line interface on a remote host.
.............................................................................................
...........................................
3)
Telnet service is available on port 23 of the host
machine.
.............................................................................................
...........................................

https://www.windows-commandline.com/enable-telnet-server-windows/
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Practical No.12: Configure and work with Remote desktop application available with Operating
System
Understand Remote desktop application
1. Setup Remote DesktopApplication
Understand system based remote desktop application
The RemoteApp and Desktop Connections feature offers several benefits:
RemoteApp programs launch from the Start menu just like any other application.
Published Remote Desktop connections are included alongside RemoteApp programs on the Start
menu.
Changes to the published connection (such as newly published RemoteApp programs) are
automatically reflected on the user‘s Start menu, without any effort on the user‘s part.
RemoteApp programs can be easily launched with Windows Search.
Users only have to log on once, to create the connection. From that point on, updates happen with no
prompt for user credentials.
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RemoteApp and Desktop Connections does not require domain membership for client computers.
RemoteApp and Desktop Connections benefits from new features in Windows Server 2008 R2, such
as Personal Desktop assignment or per-user application filtering.
RemoteApp and Desktop Connections is built on standard technologies such as XML and HTTPS,
making it possible for developers to build solutions around it. It also offers APIs that allow the client
software to support other types of resources, in addition to RemoteApp programs and Remote
Desktop connections.
No
HDD 250GB
X. Procedure
1. Open RemoteApp and Desktop Connections in Control Panel, either by opening Control Panel, orby
using WindowsSearch.
2. Click Set up a new connection with RemoteApp and Desktop Connections . This will start the new
connectionwizard.
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3. Enter the URL of the connection. This URL will generally be of theform:
https://<servername>/rdweb/feed/webfeed.aspx
Here,―<servername>‖is thehost name ofthe RDWeb Accessserver. Thewizard shouldlook like this:
Note: RemoteApp and Desktop Connections uses HTTPS to connect to the server. In order to connect
properly, the client operating system must trust the SSL certificate of the RD Web Access server. Also, the
server name in the URL must match the one in the server’s SSL certificate.
4. Click Next.
5. Click Next . The RemoteApp and Desktop Connections client software will now contact the RD Web
Access server to set up the connection. You will be prompted to authenticate to the webserver.
6. Enter your credentials. Now the RemoteApp and Desktop Connections client software willfinish
setting up theconnection.

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In a moment, the process will complete, and you will see a wizard page that summarizes the results.
7. Click Finish .
Now the RemoteApp and Desktop Connections Control Panel will show your newly created connection:
You can return to this summary page anytime you need to manage your connections.
The Start menu will now contain the RemoteApp programs from the new connection:
You can also access these programs by using Windows Search:

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XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
HDD 250GB
XIII. Result
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. What is Remote DesktopApplication
2. How to Use to Remote DesktopApplication
3. Which other remote desktop applications areavailable
4. Which are benefits of Remote DesktopApplication
XV. Exercise
Use Remote Desktop Application show the output
(Space for Answer)
1) In computing, the term remote desktop refers to

a software or operating system feature that allows
a personal computer's desktop environment to be
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run remotely on one system, while being displayed
on a separate client device. Remote desktop
applications have varying features.
.........…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
2) 1]Make sure you have Windows 10 Pro. To
check, go to Start > Settings > System > About and
look for Edition.
2]When you're ready, select Start > Settings >
System > Remote Desktop, and turn on Enable
Remote Desktop.
3]Make note of the name of this PC under How to
connect to this PC. You'll need this later.
.........…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………....
3) 1]TeamViewer.
2] Splashtop Business Access.
3] ConnectWise Control.
4] AnyDesk.
5] Zoho Assist.
6] VNC Connect.
.........…………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………
4) BENIFIT :
1] Easily monitor, control and maintain devices
connected to the network.
2] Quickly troubleshoot using the remote access.
3] Effortlessly access the files on connected devices,
servers or network.
4]Define the access rights to files and folders for
different categories of users.
.........…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
https://www.computerworlduk.com/galleries/it-business/best-remote-desktop-software-for-small-
businesses-3673923/

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Practical No.13:Configure DHCP server
Configure DHCP server
1. Setup DHCPserver
Understand assigning IP address Dynamically
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is to assign network settings automatically to
every workstation in the network by a central server rather than configuring them locally on each.
A host configured to use DHCP is enabled to configure itself completely and automatically
according to directions from theserver.

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No
1. Computers with Windows Server
2016
X. Procedure
How to Configure DHCP on Windows Server 2016
DHCP is used to dynamically assign IP addresses to client machines. This tutorial is written to help
you to install and configure DHCP on Windows Server 2016. Once you have followed this article,
go ahead with creating scopes and start leasing out IP addresses
Prerequisites
1. The administrator account has a strongpassword.
2. Latest updates areinstalled.
3. Firewall is turnedoff.
4. Static IP isconfigured.
Configure DHCP on Windows Server 2016

Step 1. Open Server Manager and click Add roles and features.
Step 2. Click Next to start the Role and Feature Wizard.
Step 3. Choose Role-based or feature-based installation and click Next.

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Step 4. Choose the server on which you want to configure DHCP and click Next.
Step 5. Choose DHCP from server roles. As soon as you choose DHCP, a new window appears. Click
Add Features.
Step 6. Click Next. The DHCP Server Feature is enabled.

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Step 7. Click Next. The .NET Frameworks that are required for the DHCP server are already pre-
selected.
Step 8. Read the explanation about the DHCP function, then click Next.
Step 9. Click Install.
Step 10. Click "Complete DHCP configuration".

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Step 11. Click Next to continue with the DHCP Post-Install Wizard.
Step 12. Click Commit (Choose Skip AD authorization if your machine is on workgroup).
Step 13. Click Close and you are done with configuring DHCP.

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XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
1. Computers with Windows Server 2016
XIII. Result
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Explain DHCP
2. What is the use of DHCPserver
3. Explain working of DHCPserver
4. Differentiate between Dynamic IP and Static IPaddress
XV. Exercise
Student should configure DHCP server
(Space for Answer)

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1) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is
a network management protocol used to automate
the process of configuring devices on IP networks,
thus allowing them to use network services such as
DNS, NTP, and any communication protocol based
on UDP or TCP.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) A DHCP Server is a network server that

automatically provides and assigns IP addresses,
default gateways and other network parameters to
client devices. It relies on the standard protocol
known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or
DHCP to respond to broadcast queries by clients.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) HOW WORKS:
DHCP works at the application layer to
dynamically assign the IP address to the client and
this happens through the exchange of a series of
messages called DHCP transactions or DHCP
conversation. DHCP Discovery: The DHCP client
broadcast messages to discover the DHCP servers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) When a device is assigned a static IP address, the

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address does not change. Most devices use dynamic
IP addresses, which are assigned by the network
when they connect and change over time.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2016


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Practical No.14:Create two subnets and implement it with calculated subnet masking
Understand subnet and use of subnet
Calculate subnet mask
1. Create twosubnets
Implement Sub netting for improved Network address Management
Create twosubnet
VII. Minimum Theoretical Background
What isSubnetting?
Subnetting is a process of dividing a single large network in multiple smaller networks.
Subnet: A subnet allows the flow of network traffic between host: to be segregated based on a network
configuration. By organizing hosts into logical groups, subnetting can improve network security and
performance. Sub netting can be useful in variety of ways, including simplifying network administration,
enabling you to use different physical media such as Ethernet and FDDI and adding a layer of security to
your network. The most common use of sub netting is to control network traffic.
Subnetting is done by borrowing host bits and using them as network bits. For example network address
(192.168.1.0) and its subnet mask (255.255.2550) as expressed in binary. Notice that the address bits that
have corresponding mask bite set to 1 represents the network address. Address bits that have
corresponding mask bits set to 0 represents the individual host address.
Network address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Subnet mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

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With this address.the bits from octets 1, 2, and 3 are used to identify the network portion ofthe address.
However, multiple subnets of network can be created by borrowing bits from the fourth octet. To do
30.bits from left to right are taken. In the following table, the bit witha value of 128 is borrowed.
Network address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Subnet mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
This changes the subnet mask from 255.255.2550 to 255.255.255.128.

The more host bits are used for subnets, the more subnets are available. However, as more subnets are
created, the less host addresses are available per subnet. In the following table, both the 128 and the 64
bit are borrowed. Only 6 .bits are left for the host addresses, and the mask is now 255.255.255.192.
Network address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000

Subnet mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
Subnet Mask: A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into two parts. One part identifies the host
(computer); and the other part identifies the network to which it belongs.
It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by performing
bitwise AND operation on the Net mask.
Subnet Mask is the most recognizable aspect of subnetting. Similar to P addresses, Subnet Mask consists
four bytes (32 bits) and is often written using the same ―dotted-decimal‖notation. For example. a very
common subnet mask in its binary representation:
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000, is typically shown in the equivalent and in more readable form
as given below
255.255.2550
IP address has two component network and host address. Network address refers to the address of
the network to which Host address refers to the host of that network.
e.g. IP address 192.168.7.21 has two parts
1. 192.168.7.0 -> refers networkaddress
2. 0.0.0.21 -> refers host address
TCP/ 1P requires subnet mask to work. For example using a 255.255.2550 subnet mask, which shows
that the network It) Is 192.168.7.0. and the host address is 0.0.0.21. When a packet arrives on the
192.168.7.0 subnet (from the local subnet or a remote network), having a destination address of
192168.721, host computer will receive it from the network and process it.
IMP TIP: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000, Is an Invalid subnet mask because the leftmost
bitissetto„0‟.„Conversely,therightmostbitsinavalidsubnetmaskmustbesetto„0‟,not„1‟.So: 11111111
11111111 11111111 11111111is also invalid.

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Table A
Mask Binary (Fourth Field) # Subnet bits # Host bits Subnets Hosts
255.255.255.128 10000000 1 7 2 126
255.255.255.192 11000000 2 6 2 62
255.255.255.224 11100000 3 5 6 30
255.255.255.240 11110000 4 4 14 14
255.255.255.248 11111000 5 3 30 6
255.255.255.252 11111100 6 2 62 2
Class C masks
No
HDD 250GB
2.. Switch (min. 8 ports) 8 ports 1
X. Procedure
Creating SubnetMask
Step.1 Determine the network class (Suppose Class C) 192.168.7.0 falls in Class C range (192 -
223). The default Subnet Mask is 255.255.2550, leaving the last octet available
Step. 2 Determine how many bits are needed to create subnets. For example calculate for 20 hosts
using formula 2x-2 where x represents the no of bits in host mask. Refer the table given above.
Step.3 From above table new assign 255.255.255.224 address for subnet mask.
Creating two Subnets

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step 1 Borrow host bit from IP address (Example. 192.168.7.0) and use them as network bits.
step.2 Create first subnet by borrowing one rightmost bit of host address as per below table.
Network address 192 168 7 0

11000000 10101000 00000111 00000000
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 128
11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000
Step. 3 Create second subnet by borrowing two rightmost bit of host address as per below table.
Network address 192 168 7 0
11000000 10101000 00000111 00000000
Subnet Mask 255 255 255 192
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
Step 4: Two subnets created are:
1.192.168.7.128
2.192.168.7.192
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
HDD 250GB
2.. Switch (min. 8 ports) 8 ports
3. AnyotherResource
XIII. Result
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. What isSubnet?
2. What is SubnetMask?

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3. Which are the two parts of IPaddress?
4. Write down the formula to compute SubnetMask.
XV. Exercise
Compute the Subnet Mask for Class C for 30 Host and Write down the steps
(Space for Answer)
1) The practice of dividing a network into two or

more networks is called subnetting.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) A subnet mask is a 32-bit number created by

setting host bits to all 0s and setting network bits to
all 1s.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) network part and host part.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) To find the total number of subnets available

simply raise 2 to the power of 5 (2^5) and you will
find that the result is 32 subnets.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/it-ops/simplify-routing-how-to-organize-your-network-into-
smaller-subnets
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………………………………………………..
………………………………………………..


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Practical No.15:Create IPv6 environment in a small network using simulator (preferably open
source based)Part-I
Knowthe use IPv6
Create IPv6Environment
1. Create IPv6 Environmentusingsimulator
IPv6environment

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Fig. IPv6 Header

No
HDD 250GB
3. Router
4. Linux OS
5. CORE Network Simulator
X. Procedure
Set up the network configuration
Use the CORE Network Simulator to set up the network shown in the diagram below with one router,
two switches, and four hosts. We will investigate IPv6 addressing fundamentals using this simple
network.
Simple IPv6 network

To make the network diagram easier to read, use the View → Show menu command to hide all
information except node names (to clean up the display). Also, you can click on Selection Tool and grab
the text that represents each node name and move it to a spot where it is not hidden by the link. Then, use
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the Configure right-click menu command on each node to change the node name so that the network look
like the following image:
Configure the simulated nodes
We want to study the same procedures we would use in a real network without allowing the CORE
Network Emulator to set the network configurations for us, so we will clear the IP addresses that the
CORE Network Emulator configures by default on every interface before starting the simulation.
Right-click on each router and host and select the Configure contextual menu command. Then, clear the
IPv4 address and IPv6 address field on every node.
Delete IP addresses by clicking on the trash icon next to each field

Also, since we will not use dynamic routing in this scenario, we will change the settings on the
router r1 so that dynamic routing protocols are not started when the node starts up.
Clear dynamic routing protocol services from the router r1

In the Configure dailogue box, after clearing the IP addresses on both of the router‘s interfaces, click on
the Services… button, then clear the OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 services. Also clear the radvd service (because
we will explore stateless address autoconfiguration in a later post). Then press the Applybutton.

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Start the simulation
Start the network emulation by clicking in the start the session icon in the tool bar or by clicking on the
menu command, Session → Start.
Examine the link-local unicast IPv6 addresses
After we start the network simulation we created, we expect to observe that the interfaces on each
simulated router and on each simulated host have link-local IPv6 addresses automatically configured.
We will also run some simple network tests and observe the results. With the current configuration,
nodes on the same link should be able to communicate with each other but nodes that are separated by the
router should not be able to communicate with each other1. For example, host h1 should be able to ping
host h2, but not host h4.
Link-local unicast IPv6 address, defined
When an IPv6 interface starts up, it is required to automatically configure itself with a link-localunicast
IPv6 address2. Link-local IPv6 addresses consist of a specific 64-bit IPv6 prefix, fe80::/64, and a unique
64-bit interface identifier derived from the MAC address of the interface3.
Link-Local unicast IPv6 addresses are created for purposes such as auto-address configuration and
neighbor discovery on a single link. A link may be a point-to-point connection between two interfaces or
a switched layer-2 domain such as an Ethernet network.
Link-local unicast addresses only work on the link on which they are configured because IPv6 routers are
required to not forward any packets with link-local source or destination addresses to other links.
Using the ifconfig Observer Widget
We can use the Core Network Emulator‘s Observer Widget tool to view the interface configuration on
each node and take note of the IPv6 address on each interface. Click on the Observer Widget tool (the
magnifying glass icon in the toolbar) and select the ifconfig widget. Then, hover the mouse pointer over
each node to see the displayed interface configuration.

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Using the ifconfig ObserverWidget
Using the ip command
Alternatively, we can open up a terminal window on each node running in the simulated network and use
normal Linux commands to view the configuration.
Double-click on any node to open a terminal window (for example, host h1). Then, execute the
command:
root@h1:~# ipaddr show
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdiscnoqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
8: eth0: mtu 1500 qdiscpfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:00:00:aa:00:01 brdff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::200:ff:feaa:1/64 scope link
Record all IPv6 addresses
Write down the IP addresses and MAC addresses on each node in a table for future reference. This will
be useful when we are running programs like ping where we need to know the IPv6 address of the
destination node. Knowing the MAC addresses is useful when we are analyzing packets in
the Wireshark protocol analyzer.
In our example, the CORE Network Emulator assigns MAC addresses, in numerical order4, starting with
00:00:00:aa:00:00 and incrementing by one for every other interface attached to a link.
After inspecting each node using either the Observer Widget or the Linux ip command, we generate the
following table:
Node name Interface MAC address IPv6 addresses
Router r1 eth0 00:00:00:aa:00:00 fe80::200:ff:feaa:0/64
eth1 00:00:00:aa:00:03 fe80::200:ff:feaa:3/64
Host h1 eth0 00:00:00:aa:00:01 fe80::200:ff:feaa:1/64

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Network tests with link-local addresses
Before we configure the network, let‘s see how the IPv6 network works in it‘s initial state.
From host h1, ping host h2, the eth0 interface on router r1, and host h4.
Host h1 interface eth0 to Host h2 interface eth0
We see that Host h1 can send and receive IPv6 data packets to and from Host h2 using the pingcommand
with the link-local IPv6 address. The interfaces of both hosts are on the same link.
root@h1:~# ping6 -c 1 -I eth0 fe80::200:ff:feaa:2
PING fe80::200:ff:feaa:2(fe80::200:ff:feaa:2) from fe80::200:ff:feaa:1 eth0: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::200:ff:feaa:2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.105 ms
--- fe80::200:ff:feaa:2 ping statistics ---

1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.105/0.105/0.105/0.000 ms
Note that weuse the -I eth0 option to indicate that the destination address is reachablethrough
interface eth0. Link-local IPv6 addresses are not routable so the source system does not know which
interface on which to send the ping packet. We need to specify the source interface when using link-local
IPv6 addresses.
Ona Linuxsystem, thesamecommand can bewritten with a―zone‖suffixas:
$ ping6 fe80::200:ff:feaa:2%eth0
But the -I eth0 option is supported the same wayon most operatingsystems, whilethe―zone‖suffixis
not.
Host h1 interface eth0 to Router r1 interface eth0
We see that Host h1 can send and receive IPv6 data packets to and from the eth0 interface on
Router r1 using the ping command with the link-local IPv6 address. These interfaces are on the same
link.
64 bytes from fe80::200:ff:feaa:0: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.335 ms
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Host h1 interface eth0 to Host h4 interface eth0
We see that Host h1 cannot send and receive IPv6 data packets to and from Host h4. These interfaces are
on different links.
To reach Host h4, a data packet from Host h1 must first arrive at the router‘s interface eth0 and then be
forwarded on to the router‘s interface eth1 toward Host h4. By definition, the router is not allowed to do
this because the source IPv6 address of the ICMP (ping6) packet is a link-local address.
From fe80::200:ff:feaa:1icmp_seq=1 Destination unreachable: Address unreachable

1 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors, 100% packet loss, time 0ms
root@h1:~#
Experiment with globally reachable unicast IPv6 addresses
With no additional configuration, devices on the same subnet can reach each other using IPv6 but in
order for nodes on one subnet to communicate with nodes on another subnet and with nodes in other
networks, a unique and reachable unicast IPv6 prefix must be assigned to each subnet.
The IPv6 protocol expects that more than one IPv6 address may be added to each interface. In thiscase,
we already have a link-local address on each interface in the simulation and we will now add a globally
unique reachable address to eachinterface.
The documentation IPv6 prefix
The authorities that assign IPv6 addresses have thoughtfully reserved a special prefix for use in
documentation and in examples like this one, so if we ever connect this simulation to a real IPv6
networks it will not cause any problems. The prefix allocated for documentation purposes
is 2001:0DB8::/32.5
So, in our example, we will assign the following prefixes to each subnet:

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Subnet Router Interface Subnet prefix
Subnet 1 Router r1 eth0 2001:DB8:0:1::/64
Subnet 2 Router r1 eth1 2001:DB8:0:2::/64

We use the Background Annotation Tools (from the tool bar) to mark up the Core Network Emulator
canvas so we have a visual reminder of the subnets and addresses we will use.
Marked up canvas showing subnets and prefix addresses

Manually configure global IPv6 addresses
Now, let‘s assign addresses to each interface. We do this manually because we imagine we‘re anetwork
administrator who wants to configure addresses that are easy to remember and who wants the default
routerinterfacesonasubnettoendin―1‖,assomenetworkadminswould,inanIPv4network.So,we do not use
stateless autoconfiguration of IPv6 addresses in this example (we‘ll discuss it in a later post). On each
host and router, enter the commands as follows to manually configure a global IPv6 address on each
interface. Each host also needs a default routeconfigured:
root@r1:~# ip -6 addr add 2001:DB8:0:1::1/64 dev eth0
root@r1:~# ip -6 addr add 2001:DB8:0:2::1/64 dev eth1
root@h1:~# ip -6 addr add 2001:DB8:0:1::100/64 dev eth0

root@h1:~# ip -6 route add ::/0 via 2001:db8:0:1::1 deveth0


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After manually configuring the IPv6 interface addresses, we can inspect each interface using the ipaddr
show command (or Core Network Emulator‘s Observer Widget tool) and see that the IPv6 addresses are
configured on each interface and we see that the prefixes 2001:DB8:0:1::/64 and 2001:DB8:0:2::/64 have
a global scope (as opposed to a link scope). For example, on router r1:
root@r1:~# ip -6 addr show
1: lo: mtu 65536
6: eth0: mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2001:db8:0:1::1/64 scope global
12: eth1: mtu 1500 qlen1000
root@r1:~#
Network tests with global addresses
We verify that all addresses are configured according to our address plan. We see each interface now has
a link local IPv6 address and a global IPv6 address.

2001:DB8:0:1::1/64
eth1 00:00:00:aa:00:03 fe80::200:ff:feaa:3/64

2001:DB8:0:2::1/64

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2001:DB8:0:1::100/64

2001:DB8:0:1::101/64

2001:DB8:0:2::100/64

2001:DB8:0:2::101/64
Host h1 to Host h3
Because packets with global address prefixes in the source and destination address fields can be
forwarded by a router, we expect that a node in Subnet 1 should be able to communicate with a Node in
Subnet 2 (because both subnets are directly connected to the router). We test that using
the ping6 command to test if Host h1 can reach host h3:
root@h1:~# ping6 -c 1 2001:DB8:0:2::100
PING 2001:DB8:0:2::100(2001:db8:0:2::100) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.280 ms
--- 2001:DB8:0:2::100 ping statistics ---

root@h1:~#
Note that we no longer need to specify the source interface when using global addresses because there is
no ambiguity about to which subnet a global prefix is associated.
Inspect IPv6 packets
We will use the Wireshark packet analyzer to capture and view IPv6 packets on the interfaces of
router r1. This will give us some insight into how the IPv6 protocol resolves addresses in a local subnet
and between two subnets.
Start Wireshark
First we start Wireshark using the contextual menu in the CORE Network Emulator. Right-click on
router r1 and select Wireshark and then eth0. Repeat the process and also select eth1.

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Start Wireshark on both router interfaces, eth0 and eth1

Now we should see two Wireshark windows open, each one displaying data on a different interface.
SSH session between two nodes on same link
Now, start a connection within subnet 1, between host h1 and the eth0 interface on router r1. For this
example, we will start an SSH session between h1 and r1.
First, we need to enable the SSH server deaemon on the router r1 with the command:
root@r1:~#/etc/init.d/sshstart
Then, on host h1, start the SSH session to r1. Since each node is linux container, use your own userid (in
my case it is brianl) and your user password to access the remote node because Xubuntu will not allow
you access to the root user on the Linuxcontainer.
root@h1:~# ssh brianl@2001:DB8:0:1::1
brianl@2001:db8:0:1::1's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 13.10 (GNU/Linux 3.11.0-19-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
0 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.
brianl@r1:~$ ls
Desktop Downloads Music Public Videos
DocumentsDropbox Pictures Templates
brianl@r1:~$exit
logout
Connection to 2001:DB8:0:1::1 closed.
root@h1:~#
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Looking at the Wireshark window on r1 interface eth0, we see some new destination addresses (these are
multicast addresses used by the Neighbor Discovery Protocol) and we see the two systems communicate
to match the MAC address of router r1‗s interface eth0 with the destination IPv6 address.
Captured packets on Router r1 interface eth0

We‘ll cover more about the Neighbor Discovery Protocol, which in this case operates like the IPv4 ARP
protocol, in a future post.
SSH session between two nodes on differentlinks
Next, we‘ll open an SSH session that passes between the two subnets, from host h1 to host h4.
We need to enable the SSH server on host h4, first:
root@h4:~#/etc/init.d/sshstart
Then, we start the SSH session from host h1 to hosth4:

root@h1:~# ssh brianl@2001:DB8:0:2::101
brianl@2001:db8:0:2::101's password:
Looking at the Wireshark window that is capturing traffic on r1 interface eth1, we see that the Neighbor
Discovery Protocol uses both multicast addresses and the link local addresses as part of the process to
resolve the destination MAC address with the destination IPv6 address.

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Captured packets on Router r1 interface eth1

Again, we‘ll discuss the neighbor discovery process more in another post.
Finish and clean up
We end the simulation and save the configuration. Click on the red Stop the session button on the tool bar
or use the menu command:
Session → Stop
Then save the configuration using the menu command:
File → Save
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
HDD 250GB
3. Any other Resources
4.
5.
XIII. Result

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV. Practical Related Questions
1. Differentiate between IPv4 andIPv6
2. Explain IPv6 PacketFormat
XV. Exercise
Student should setup IPv6 Environment using Simulator
(Space for Answer)
1) IPv4 is 32-Bit IP address whereas IPv6 is a 128-

Bit IP address. IPv4 is a numeric addressing method
whereas IPv6 is an alphanumeric addressing
method. IPv4 binary bits are separated by a dot(.) ...
IPv4 offers 12 header fields whereas IPv6 offers 8
header fields.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) An IPv6 packet has three parts: an IPv6 basic

header, one or more IPv6 extension headers, and an
upper-layer protocol data unit (PDU). An upper-
layer PDU is composed of the upper-layer protocol
header and its payload, which maybe an ICMPv6
packet, a TCP packet, or a UDP packet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XVI. References/ Suggestions for further
Readinghttps://getipv6.info/display/IPv6/Educating+Yourself+ab
out+IPv6http://www.brianlinkletter.com/tag/core/

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…………………………………………..........………………………………………………..


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Practical No.16:Create IPv6 environment in a small network using simulator (preferably open
source based)Part-II
Know the use of IPv6
Create IPv6 Environment
1. Create IPv6 Environment usingsimulator
Create IPv6 Environment using simulator
No
HDD 250GB
X. Procedure

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In Part 1 of this series,we performed some practical experiments to show how interfaces in an IPv6
network configure themselves with link-local IPv6 addresses when they start up. We also showed how to
manually configure IPv6 addresses on a Linux system. In this post, we will use an open-source network
simulator to demonstrate another method of assigning an IPv6 address to an interface: Stateless
AddressAuto-configuration (SLAAC).
We will use the CORE Network Emulatorto set up a simple IPv6 network and then run some practical
exercises to show how to set up a open-source IPv6 router to perform auto-configuration using
either radvd or quagga. We‘ll use open-source routing software to demonstrate real router configuration
procedures and investigate how IPv6 routers and hosts communicate to assign globally unique unicast
IPv6 addresses to hosts the using Stateless Address Auto-configuration and the Neighbor
DiscoveryProtocol (NDP).
Stateless Address Auto-configuration
Stateless Address Auto-configuration (SLAAC) is an IPv6 function that simplifies network
administration1. SLAAC is the preferred way to assign IPv6 addresses on hosts in an IPv6 network.
To enable auto-configuration, the network administrator manually enters in the router‘s configuration file
the prefixes that routers will advertise to the hosts on each link. Then, the router advertises that prefix to
all hosts on the link via the Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
Host Interface ID
The hosts use a combination of the IPv6 network prefix learned from the router and their own interface
MAC address to create a unique IPv6 address.
Router Interface ID
Routers do not allow their interface addresses to be auto-configured2. The network administrator must
manually configure IPv6 addresses on each router interface.
Default Routes on Hosts
Each host uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol to learn about all routers attached to the same link and
automatically configure default routes to the advertising routers.
When using IPv6, hosts may have multiple default routes to different routers on the same link, which
may provide for more efficient routing to different destinations.
Router Advertisement Daemon (radvd)
The Router Advertisement Daemon (radvd) is open-source software that implements stateless address
auto-configuration using the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). It listens for messages from hosts
requesting prefix information and periodically sends out advertisement messages describing information
about the router to all hosts on the link.
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Default configurations and file locations
To realistically emulate SLAAC configuration procedures on a simulated Linux IPv6 router, we need to
use the built-in functions of the CORE Network Emulator and some undocumented information about the
virtual node configuration files.
CORE uses LXC Network Namespaces to implement virtual nodes in the simulation. The CORE GUI
hides from the user the complexities involved in starting routing daemons on Linux containers using
network namespaces (which is what the designers intended). To show how we would configure a router
using Linux commands we will modify the configuration procedures that take into account the way
CORE virtualizes nodes and starts services on the virtual nodes.
Each node in the simulation consists of a lightweight virtual machine that only isolates the network stack
and a few selected files. Because the rest of the filesytem is shared between all the virtual nodes and the
host Linux system, we need to know which files on the simulated nodes we can modify and which we
should not. The configuration files will be in non-standard locations on the simulated nodes and,
unfortunately, this is not well documented. It is better to use only Linux configuration commands and
leave configuration files and startup scripts alone.
Set up the network topology
Start the CORE Network Emulator with the following commands:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/core-daemon start
$ core-gui
Load a network configuration file
We will use the same network configuration that we created and saved in Part 1 of this series. Open
the *.imn file you saved. In my case, I named it IPv6-addresses.imn.
Simulated IPv6 network topology

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Configure the network initial state
If we allow it to, the CORE Network Emulator will set up IP addresses, generate the contents of
configuration files, and start daemons for us. However, in a case where we wish to practise using the
Linux command-line to configure each virtual node, we need to change the CORE default settings before
we start the simulation.
Complete the following steps to set up the network scenario so that we can use (mostly) realistic
command-line procedures to configure the nodes in the simulated network.
Determine the services we will use on each node
To keep things simple, we will start only the services we need on each node.
On router r1, we need only two services: IPForward and radvd.
On each host, h1 to h4, we do not need any services configured. Even the DefaultRoute service can be
cleared because it is only useful if we configure a static IP address using the CORE GUI, and we won‘t
do that in this case.
Verify that no IP addresses are assigned in the CORE Network Emulator
IP addresses should not be configured on any of the interfaces because we want to configure these using
Linux commands on each simulated node after starting the simulation. Since we are using a saved
network scenario from Part 1 of this series,where we already cleared the IP addresses, we should already
have the correct configuration. But, it never hurts to check.
Right-click on each node and select Configure from the drop-down menu. In the configuration window,
ensure every IP address field is blank. If not, clear them by clicking on the trash icon next to the field and
then click Apply.
Delete IP addresses by clicking on the trash icon next to each field

Clear all services on each host, h1 to h4
Right-click on each host node in the CORE canvas and select Services…
Then, clear all services on the host nodes so that nothing is selected. Click on Apply to save the changes.

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Clear all services on each host node

Enable the radvd service on the router r1
We need to enable radvd so we can manage it after we start the scenario in the CORE NetworkEmulator,
but we do not want CORE to create a radvd configuration file for us. Because we ensured no IP
addresses were assigned in CORE in Step 1 above, CORE will not automatically generate the contents of
theradvd.conf.
Right-click on router r1, then select Services from the drop-down menu. Clear all services so that none
are selected. Then, click on the radvd service to enable it.
Enable only the radvd service in IPv6 router

Next, click on thesmall ―tool‖icon next toradvdin theServiceswindow. Thiswill open
the radvdconfiguration window. You don‘t change anything in this window. Confirm that
the radvd.conf file that CORE will generate on router r1 is empty. Also note that CORE will create the
file in a non-standard location: /etc/radvd/radvd.conf. This is because CORE creates a mount namespace
for the new file /etc/radvd/radvd.conf so it does not affect the host computer‘s configuration of the
configurations of other nodes in the simulation. (Remember: all virtual nodes share the same filesystem,
except where specific folders are provided with their own mount namespace by CORE Services scripts).

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Check radvd.conf contents and location

Close the radvd window. Then, click Apply on the Services window.
Verify the IPForward service configuration on router r1
When starting a simulation scenario, the CORE Network Emulator executes commands on the router that
configure Linux kernel parameters to enable IP Forwarding. It does not update the /etc/sysctl.conf file
because that file is not isolated to the simulated node.
Click on the ―tool‖icon next to the IPForwardservice. Thiswill open the IPForwardservice configuration
window. You can see the kernel parameters that will be set by this service. The CORE Network
Emulator will execute the script shown when the router is started. We see the IP Forwarding
configurations will enable IPv4 and IPv6 forwarding. (These configurations can be changed in this
window and then saved, if you want the router to start with a different set of parameters.)
Details of the IPForward service configuration

On the simulated router, after it is running in the simulation, you can verify the IP Forwarding parameter
values with the following command3:
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root@r1:~# sysctl -a | grep forwarding
Run the simulation
Start the simulation by clicking on the green start the session icon in the CORE toolbar or use the menu
command:
Session → Start
CORE simulation starting up

Configure the simulated IPv6 router
Double-click on the router r1 in the canvas. This will open a terminal window on r1.
The radvd.conf configuration file
First we create the configuration file. On this simulated Linux router, the radvd service expects the
configuration file is /etc/radvd/radvd.conf.
root@r1:~# vi /etc/radvd/radvd.conf
Enter the following text to configure the prefixes we have chosen to use on each link. These are the same
prefixes we used in Part 1 of this series.
interface eth0
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
prefix 2001:db8:0:1::/64 { };
};
interface eth1
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
prefix 2001:db8:0:2::/64 { };

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};
There are other radvd configurations that can be entered in this file but we‘ll just keep it simple for now.
Unless they are explicitly configured, all other radvd parameters use their defaultvalues.
Start radvd
Now, start the radvd service4. Right-click on the router r1 and select the following menu command from
the contextual menu:
Start radvd service on r1

This starts the radvd daemon. You can verify this by checking the processes running on r1 with the ps -
ef command:
root@r1:~# ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 23:38 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/sbin/vnoded -v -c /tm
root 52 1 0 23:38 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/quagga/zebra -u root -g
root 126 1 0 23:57 pts/7 00:00:00 /bin/bash
root 191 1 0 23:58? 00:00:00 radvd -C /etc/radvd/radvd.conf -
root 193 1 0 23:58? 00:00:00 radvd -C /etc/radvd/radvd.conf -
root 195 126 0 23:58 pts/7 00:00:00 ps -ef
root@r1:~#
If radvd does not start, it is probably due to a syntax error in the configuration file.
Check IP assigned addresses
After starting radvd, we should see that the hosts have automatically configured IPv6 addresses using the
prefixes we configured on the router.

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We can verify this using the CORE Network Emulator‘s Observer Widget tool or by entering the ip -6
addr show command on each simulated node‘s terminal window. For example, on host h1, we see the
link-local address with thelink-localprefix fe80::/64 and a global unique address using theprefix
advertised by the router 2001:db8:0:1::/64:
root@h1:~# ip -6 addr show

1: lo: mtu 65536
50: eth0: mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2001:db8:0:1:200:ff:feaa:1/64 scope global dynamic
valid_lft 86400sec preferred_lft 14400sec
root@h1:~#
Checking the r1, we see that only the IPv6 link-local address is assigned, as expected. We need to
manually assign IP addresses on routers.
1: lo: mtu 65536
48: eth0: mtu 1500 qlen1000
54: eth1: mtu 1500 qlen1000
root@r1:~#
Router interface IP addresses
Stateless Address Auto-configuration will not assign an interface ID to the router‘s interfaces — neither
to the router‘s own interfaces nor to interfaces on another router connected to the same IPv6 link. We
need to assign IPv6 addresses on the router interfaces with the following commands:

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We can verify the addresses are assignedusingthe ip -6 addr show command.

1: lo: mtu 65536
48: eth0: mtu 1500 qlen 1000
54: eth1: mtu 1500 qlen1000
root@r1:~#
Network experiments
Now we can run some tests to see how stateless address auto-configuration and radvd works.
First, we will make a note of the IPv6 addresses assigned to each interface. Check the IPv6 addresseson
each nodewith the ip -6 addr show command and write them down. In this case, the IPv6 addresseson
each interface are listed in the table below:

2001:DB8:0:1::1/64
eth1 00:00:00:aa:00:03 fe80::200:ff:feaa:3/64

2001:DB8:0:2::1/64

2001:DB8:0:1:200:ff:feaa:1/64

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2001:DB8:0:1:200:ff:feaa:2/64

2001:DB8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:4/64

2001:DB8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:5/64
Communication tests
Now, let‘s verify that nodes can communicate with each other using the assigned IPv6 configurations.
We can test this using the ping6 command.
For example, we ping from host h1 to host h4:
root@h1:~# ping6 2001:DB8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:5
PING 2001:DB8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:5(2001:db8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:5) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:5: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.212 ms
^C
--- 2001:DB8:0:2:200:ff:feaa:5 ping statistics ---
root@h1:~#
Inspect configuration information
Now, let‘s have a look at the information on the hosts‘ interfaces. Here we see the configurations
that radvd makes on the host.
For example, a default address is automatically configured using information provided to the host about
the router running radvd. We can see this by entering the command:
root@h1:~# ip -6 route show
2001:db8:0:1::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 expires 86205sec
fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256
default via fe80::200:ff:feaa:0 dev eth0 proto ra metric 1024 expires 1605sec
root@h1:~#

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Here we see the default route is via the address fe80::200:ff:feaa:0, which is the link-local address of
router r1. We also see some other information about the route.
Next, we look at the IPv6 addresses configured on the hosts, such as h1:
root@h1:~# ip -6 addr show
1: lo: mtu 65536
50: eth0: mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2001:db8:0:1:200:ff:feaa:1/64 scope global dynamic
valid_lft 85979sec preferred_lft 13979sec
root@h1:~#
Compare these address configurations to the static addresses configured on the router. We see that the
automatically-configured addresses on the hosts have a expiration timers set (valid for 85,979 more
seconds and preferred for 13,797 more seconds, in the example above) but the manually configured static
IPv6 addresses have no expiration time set (they will remain valid ―forever‖):
1: lo: mtu 65536
48: eth0: mtu 1500 qlen 1000
54: eth1: mtu 1500 qlen1000
root@r1:~#

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Stop the radvd service on the router r1 (use the CORE contextual menu command). We should see that
the timers of the automatically-configure IPv6 addresses on the hosts now keep counting down to zero (if
we wanted to wait that long), because they no longer periodically receive Router Advertisement messages
with new timer information.
Inspect the auto-configuration protocol messages
Start Wireshark on router r1 interface eth0.
Start the radvd service again.
Look at the Router Advertisement messages sent from the router to the hosts. You can see the default
parameters used by radvd in each message.
Wireshark capture of Router r1 interface<em?eth0<em="" style="overflow-wrap: break-

word;"></em?eth0<>

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As a last test, add new prefixes to the radvd.conf file. Restart the radvd service. Look at the Wireshark
capture to see the new messages. Also, check the IPv6 address configuration on the hosts to see the new
addresses added to each host‘s interface eth0.
Configuring a real Linux router
For reference, I will describe below how to configure radvd on a real Linux router, where we are usinga
normal filesystem. Previously, we showed some modified procedure when working with a simulated
router but we should also know the actual procedures we would use on a realrouter.
We will cover only the configurations that would configure a router the same way we configuredour
simulated router, above. We omit other real-world configuration scenarios, fornow.
On a Linux router, we create the radvd configuration file and then start the radvd daemon using
the service initialization scripts. Then we permanently configure the router‘s interface addresses by
updating the interfaces configurationfile.
The radvd.conf configuration file
On a real Linux router we would first we create the radvd.conf configuration file. Check your
documentation to see where the configuration file is located5. In an Ubuntu filesystem, radvd expects the
configuration file is /etc/radvd.conf.
$ sudovi/etc/radvd.conf
We would configure the prefixes we have chosen to use on each link. Forexample:
interface eth0
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
prefix 2001:db8:0:1::/64 { };
};
interface eth1
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
prefix 2001:db8:0:2::/64 { };
};
Next, we would ensure that the file permissions are correct. Radvd will not start unless the configuration
file has secure permissions so that no other users can write to the file.
&sudochmod 644 /etc/radvd.conf
$ ls -l /etc/radvd.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 642 Apr 26 22:57 /etc/radvd.conf
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Start radvd
Now, we would start the radvd service.
$ sudo serviceradvdstart
Then, we would permanently configure radvd to start when the system starts orreboots:
$ sudo update-rc.dradvd defaults
$ sudo update-rc.dradvd enable
Router interface IP addresses
We would assign the router‘s interface IPv6 addresses. On a normal router, we would permanently
configure these interfaces by adding information to the file /etc/network/interfaces. For example:
$ sudovi/etc/network/interfaces
Then add interface configurations, suchas:

iface eth0 inet6 static
address 2001:db8:0:1::1
netmask 64
iface eth1 inet6 static
address 2001:db8:0:2::1
netmask 64
Then we would restart the networking service. NOTE: we assume the Linux router is based on a minimal
system and that there is no other software managing networking, such as the Ubuntu Network Manager.
$ sudo servicenetworkingrestart
Or,
$ sudo /etc/init.d/networkingrestart
XI. Precaution
XII. ResourcesUsed
No
HDD 250GB

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3. Any other Resources

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XIII. Result
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. How IPv6 Environment is created
XV. Exercise
Student should implement IPv6 environment using simulator
(Space for Answer)
1) Hosts automatically create IPv6 addresses by

combining the subnet prefix with an interface ID
that is generated from an interface's MAC
address. In the absence of routers, a host can
generate only link-local addresses. Link-local
addresses can only be used for communication
with nodes on the same link.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

https://getipv6.info/display/IPv6/Educating+Yourself+about+IPv6http://www.brianlinkletter.com/tag/c
ore/

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………………………………………………..………………………………………………..

…………………………………………..........………………………………………………..


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Computer Network

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1

Practical No.1: Configure Peer-to-Peer Network with at least three hosts

❖ Configuring peer to peer network

“Crossover cable isused”

❖ To set a static IP on your Windowscomputer

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 3

3. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click onProperties.

❖ How to create a workgroup

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 4

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 5

3)In Client-Server Network, Centralized server is

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 7

XVI. References/ Suggestions for furtherReading

Performance indicator Weightage

Prabhakar Balaji More (2011630170)

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of Teacher

Process Related(35) Product Related (15) Total(50)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 8

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 9

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 10

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 11

4) Because, network is a collection of computers,

2] Twisted pair cable: The twisted-pair cable was

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 14

References/ Suggestions for further Reading

Performance indicator Weightage

Prabhakar Balaji More (2011630170)

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of Teacher

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 15

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 14

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 17

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 19

c] Unicast: from one source to one destination i.e.

d] The star topology is configured by connecting all of

e] Terminators are not always needed. For example,

I]* MESH TOPOLOGY: If suppose, N number of

XVI. References/ Suggestions for furtherReading

Prabhakar Balaji More (2011630170)

Marks Obtained Dated Signature of Teacher

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 23

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 24

Pin ID Side A Side B

❖ RJ45 Connector and CrimpingTool

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 25

Fig. RJ 445 Pin out

fig. Straight-Thru and Crossover cable

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 26

fig. Straight-Thru and Crossover cable

Functionality Difference between Straight Cable and Cross Cable

Crossover cableis used when:

• Connecting a router to arouter

❖ Straight-through cables are used when:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 28

(The wire colors line up to form a standard cat 5 cable)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 29

1) * TRANSMISSION MEDIA: The main

*CONNECTIR: Connectors are an important tool for

2) Two basic types of twisted-pair cable exist: