Arab academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Submitted to:
Dr. El Sayed Hegazy

Prepared by:
Eng. Mohamed Abdel Aziz Fahmy
 Advanced Structure Analysis
Introduction
1- Longitudinal strength calculation
2- Local strength calculation
3- Transverse strength calculation
4- Docking strength calculation
5- Building berth calculation
6- Launching calculation
7- Strength calculation in damaged condition
8- Strength after repair

1- Longitudinal strength calculation

CH.1: Loads acting on ships during service

 There are two types of loading (stresses) acting on a ship during

service:

a) General structure stresses: which appear at any point along the

ship’s length (with different values)

b) Local stresses: which appear in certain places due to local loads

acting on it

a) General
structure stresses

Longitudinal
Water pressure Racking stresses bending of ship’s
hull

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 2

 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AP FP
W
L
Bonjean
Curves

Stepped Weight Curve (WC)

G 

B
Bouyancy Curve (BC)

Load
Curve

Shear Force Diagram (SFD)

Qmax
Zero Shear

Still Bending Moment Diagram (Mstill)

Mmax

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 3

To be noticed that:

 The calculating components (MStill, MHog, MSag) are called static

components of bending moment
 There is another component; dynamic component of bending moment
(MDynamic) to be added to the above mentioned components to get the
total bending moment
MTotal = MStatic + MDynamic

 There are imperial formula to calculate MDynamic

Stress Distribution on Mid-Ship Section

From simple beam theory we get:

 
M .y
where,
I

M: Bending moment acting on the section

I : Moment of inertia about the neutral axis of the section
y: Distance of the point in the section at which a stress to be calculated from
the neutral axis

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 4

 Calculation of the moment of inertia of a mid-ship
section about the neutral axis of the section

Steps:

1. Draw the mid-ship section of the ship showing only all longitudinal
stiffeners with its scantling
2. Numbering all these longitudinal members

No Item Ai Xi M Yi ii Ii i
(Scantling Area) (Distance (Moment (xi – e) (ii + Ai * (xi – e)2 (M/I * yi)
from base about base ** ***
line) line)
1
2
3
.
.
.

A M
** e = M / A
*** ii = I + (Ai*L2)

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 5

 Approximate formula for calculating maximum static
bending moment (Mmax) at mid-ship section

Mmax =  L / k , where k = 29 – 32 passenger

 in tons 22 – 30 cargo
Qmax =  / k L : in meters 40 – 50 tanker
35 – 40 Bulk carrier

Notice:

 Shearing force at any section is equal to the sum of all forces located
on the right or the left of the section

 Bending moment at any section is equal to the sum of all moments

located on the right or the left of the section

e.g.:
A box barge has 5 compartments 200 m long. The weight of the barge is
uniformly distributed along the length. 500 tons of cargo is added at each of
the end compartments.

Draw the shearing force diagram (S.F.D) and bending moment diagram
(B.M.D) and find the value of maximum bending moment.

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 6

 500 ton 500 ton

A B
500/40 12.5 t/m

W.C.
1000/200 B.C. 5 t/m

7.5 t/m 12.5 - 5

Load Curve

Q =Q
A max =7.5*40 =300

S.F.D.
Zero Shear

B.M.D.

M A = (7.5*40)*20 = 6000

M = [(7.5*40)*80]-[(5*60)*30]
B

= 24000 - 9000 = 15000



 QA = 7.5 * 40 = 300 ............ Qmax
 QB = 0 ............ Zero shear

 MA = 7.5 * 40 * 20 = 6000
 MB = 300 * 80 – 300 * 30
= 24000 – 9000
= 15000 ............ Mmax

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 7

 Solution of statically undetermined beams
In these problems the number of unknowns more than three

M A M B

Y A Y B

Unknowns = 4
Equilibrium Equations
 X =0
 Y = 0
 M= 0
 Eq. 4

Compatibility Equation:

1. Super position method

MA P MB

Y A Y B

 M=0 MA = MB
 Y=0 YA = YB = P/2
 X = 0
 == 0
Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 8
 
 MA

M L
1  A
3EI

MB

M BL
2 
6 EI

PL2
3   
16EI

A = 
2. Three Moments Equations

MA MB MC MD
q(x)

A B C
D

Y A Y
D

6 unknowns (MA, MB, MC, MD, YA, YD), So 6 equations are needed:

A = 0 BA = BC  Y = 0

D = 0 CB = CD  M = 0

From 3:

M A L M B L BA M L M L BC
   q( X )  B  C   q( X )
6EI 3EI 3EI 6EI

From 4:

M B L M C L CB M L M L CD
   q( X )  C  D   q( X ) 
6 EI 3EI 3EI 6 EI

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 9

e.g.:
Draw the Bending Moment Diagram for the following continuous beam.
q (t/m)
o P q

0 1 2 3

M0 M1 M2 M3

M =PL/4
max

at point of load

M =q L²/8
max o M =0.1283qL
max

at 0.5L at 0.5774L

4 unknowns (M0, M1, M2 and M3), So 4 equations are needed:

0 = 0 10 = 12

3 = 0 21 = 23

0  0 (q0 )  0 ( M 0 )  0 ( M1 ) 3  3 (q)  3 ( M 2 )  3 ( M 3 )
3
qL M L ML qL3 M L ML
 0  0  1 0   2  3 0
24EI 3EI 6 EI 45EI 6 EI 3EI
M1 q0 L2 M 2 qL2
 M0   1  M3   2
2 8 2 15

10  10 (q 0 )  10 ( M 0 )  10 ( M 1 ) 12  12 ( P)  12 (M1 )  12 (M 2 )

3
q L M L M L 3 PL2 M1L M 2 L 4
 0  0  1   
24EI 6 EI 3EI 16EI 3EI 6 EI

q0 L2
3=4 M0  M2   0.375PL 5
4

 21   21 ( P)   21 ( M1 )   21 ( M 2 )  23   23 (q)   23 ( M 2 )   23 ( M 3 )
PL2 M1L M 2 L 6 7qL3 M L M L 7
     2  3
16EI 6 EI 3EI 360EI 3EI 6 EI

6=7 M 1  M 3  0.375PL  0.467qL 8

From 1, 2, 5, 8 the unknown moments M0, M1, M2 and M3 can be determined

q0 M1 = L[0.074qL 17.625P  18]
M0 = L[ L(  0.3q)  36P  36.375]
4
qL
M2 = L[0.3qL  36P  36] M3 = L[  18P  18]
12

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 10

EX.:
Draw the Bending Moment Diagram for the following continuous beam.
q P q o

0 1 2 3

M0 M1 M2 M3

M =3PL/16
max

at point of load
M =0.1283qL
max M =q L²/8
max
o

at 0.5774L at 0.5L

2 unknowns ( M1 and M2), So 2 equations are need

10 = 12 21 = 23

10  10 (q)  10 ( M 0 )  10 ( M 1 ) 12  12 ( P)  12 ( M 1 )  12 ( M 2 )

qL3
ML 1 Pab( L  b) M 1L M 2 L 2
  1   
45EI 3EI 6 LEI 3EI 6 EI

6 EI
qL3 ML 5PL3 ML M L L
 1   1  2 
1=2 45EI 3EI 64 * 6 LEI 3EI 6 EI 3
M2 

 21   21 ( P)   21 ( M 1 )   21 ( M 2 )  23   23 (q0 )   23 ( M 2 )   23 ( M 3 )
Pab( L  a) M 1 L M 2 L 4 q0 L3 M 2 L 5
    
6 LEI 6 EI 3EI 24EI 3EI

q0 L3 M 2 L
4=5   6
24EI 3EI

From 3, 6 the unknown moments M1, M2 can be determined

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 11

Slop Deflection Method
It has advantage to the other methods that it can be used in case of spring
type support

Sign convention:
CW CCW

For Moment: negative positive +ve -ve B.M.D +ve -ve

Slop : positive negative

=+ve =-ve

 : Rigid Body Rotation P

B
A

BB  AA 
tan 
L A' B'

Note:
 In case of rigid body support  = 0
I
  stiffness
L

Slop Deflection equation:

Mi,i-1 Mi,j
Q

i-1 i j j+1

Mij Mji
Q

i Lij j
 Assume the moment direction in +ve

M ij Lij M ji Lij
i      i (Qij )   ij . . . . . . .1
3EI ij 6 EI ij
M ij Lij M ji Lij
j      j (Qij )   ij . . . . . . .2
6 EI ij 3EI ij

Solving 1 & 2 for Mij & Mji . . . . . .

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 12
 2 EI ij 2 EI ij
M ij  [2 i (Qij )   j (Qij )]  [2 i   j  3 ij ] . . . . . . .3
Lij Lij
2 EI ij 2 EI ij
M ji  [2 j (Qij )   i (Qij )]  [2 j   i  3 ij ] . . . . . . .4
Lij Lij

 Assume supports i & j are fixed ,so

2 EI ij
M ij  [2 i (Qij )   j (Qij )] M ij . . . . . . .5
Lij
2 EI ij
M ji  [2 j (Qij )   i (Qij )] M ji . . . . . . .6
Lij

 Equation 5 & 6 are obtained on the assumption that the ends

i & j are fixed.

 Therefore the moments Mij & Mji are called fixed ends
moments and they can be obtained directly from tables of
bending of simple beams.

 For example:

Mij P Mji Mij Mji Mij Mji

q q

a b
i L j i L j i L j

Pab2 qL2 qL2

M ij   
L2 12 30
Pba 2 qL2 qL2
M ji  2  
L 12 20

 So equations 3 & 4 become

2 EI ij
M ij  M ij  [2 i   j  3 ij ] . . . . . . .7
Lij
2 EI ij
M ji  M ji  [2 j   i  3 ij ] . . . . . . .8
Lij

 By applying equilibrium equations at each support we get:

M i ,i 1  M ij  0
2 EI i ,i1 2 EI ij
M i ,i1  [2 i   i1  3 i ,i1 ]  M ij  [2 i   j  3 ij ]  0 ......9
Li ,i1 Lij

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 13

  Equation 9 contains three unknowns i ,i1 , j is called Three
Slops Equation
 Applying equilibrium equations at any support, we get the
necessary number of equations to find out the unknown
slops at all supports
 Substitution the slops in equations 7 & 8, we get the
unknown moments at each support

Note:
 When drawing the B.M.D. draw the arrow direction and
neglect the sign
 Determine the moments value

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 14

Moment Distribution Method

This method is useful in case of more than two members meeting

in one joint

Sign convention:
CW CCW

For Moment: negative positive +ve -ve B.M.D +ve -ve

Slop : positive negative

=+ve =-ve

mi = Applied external moment

m i

2 4
i

From slop deflection method (previous lecture)

2 EI i 4
M i4  M i4  [2 i   4  3 i 4 ] . . . . . . .1
Lij
But, 4  0  i4  0 M i4  0 (No load)

4 EI i 4
M i4    i   K i 4 i 4 . . . . . . .2
Li 4
4 EI i 4
Where, Ki4   4 Ek i 4 , ki 4  I i 4 =Stiffness Factor
Li 4 Li 4

Similarly we can get

M i1   K i1 i1 . . .3 M i 2   K i 2 i 2 . . .4 M i 3   K i 3 i 3 . . .5

In General M ij   K ij ij . . . . . . .6

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 15

Balance of joint i
mi  M i1  M i 2  M i3  M i 4
  i ( K i1  K i 2  K i 3  K i 4 ) . . . . . . .7
 i   m i
. . . . . . .8
K i1  K i 2  K i 3  K i 4

Substitute 8 in 2

Ki4
M i4  , K i 4  4 Ek i 4
K i1  K i 2  K i 3  K i 4 mi
.

ki4

k i1  k i 2  k i 3  k i 4 mi
M i4 . . . . . . . .9

Similarly
k i1
M i1 
k i1  k i 2  k i 3  k i 4 mi
. . . . . . . .10
ki2

k i1  k i 2  k i 3  k i 4 mi
M i2 . . . . . . . .11
ki3

k i1  k i 2  k i 3  k i 4 mi
M i3 . . . . . . . .12

k ij
  ij
In General

j n
k ij
,where n=number in joint i . . . . . . .13
j 1

 Result 1:
The external moment effecting on joint i mi is distributed to other
member with a suitable ratio to the stiffness factor of all united
member in joint

Moment at the far end (at point 1, 2, 3 and 4)

1. consider the case when the other end is fixed
Mi4 M4i=?
M i 4 Li 4 M 4i Li 4
4    0 i 4
6 EI i 4 3EI i 4

1 1
M 4i  M i4  carry over factor
2 2

 Result 2:
The moment value at the far end for any member is equal to the
half of moment that appears at the near end when the far end is
fixed

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 16

 consider the case when the other end is simply supported

In this case M 4i  0 ,where this end is simply supported Mi4 M4i=?

i 4
Means that carry over factor = 0

 Result 3:
The moment at the far end in the case of simply supported end,
the carry over factor is equal to zero (C.O.F = 0), hence the
moment is zero.

 M 4i  M 4i  2ki 4 (2 4   i  3 i 4 )

0 0 0
i
 2 4   i  0  4   . . . . . . .14
2
Substitute 14 in 1

M i 4  M i 4  2ki 4 (2 i   4  3 i 4 )

0 0
i
M i 4  2ki 4 (2i  )
2
2
3 x 3
 2 Eki 4 ( i )  2
 4 Eki 4 ( i )
2 4 . . . . . . .15
Compare between 15 & 2
3 3
ki 4 = Reduced stiffness factor = kijR  kij
4 4

 Result 4:
When the far end is simply supported, so we deal with the reduced
stiffness factor

2. Consider the case when the member intersect with the axis of
symmetry of the system
Mij Mji
i j
M ij  M ji

In this case M ij  M ji

Hence carry over factor = 1

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 17

  Result 5:
The moment at the far end in the case of symmetric axis, the carry
over factor is equal to one (C.O.F = 1)

M ij Lij M ji Lij 1 M ij Lij

i    i  
3EI ij 6 EI ij 2 EI ij
I
M ij  2 E ij  i
Lij
2
x 1
 2 Ekij ( i )   4 Ekij (  i )
2 . . . . . . .16
2
Compare between 16 & 2
1 1
kij = Modified stiffness factor = kijM  kij
2 2

 Result 6:
When the member at the axis of symmetry, so we deal with the
reduced stiffness factor

Summary

Carry Over Stiffness Moment at Far

Far End
Factor Factor End

Mij I ij
1 1
k ij  M ij
2 Lij 2

Mij
3
0 kijR  kij 0
4

Mij Mji
1
i j
1 kijM  kij M ij  M ji
2

 M ij  ij .mi
  ij  1 at one joint (sum of distribution factor at one joint
should be equal to one)

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 18

 Grillage in Ship Structures
Grillage is a system of inter connecting beams.

There are two types of grillages:

Open Grillage Closed Grillage

 Ship’s hull consists of number of grillages ( Deck grillage,

Side grillage, Bottom grillage and Bulkhead grillage )

 Solution Of Open Grillage

Assumptions:

1. The beams intersect at right angle, which is true for ship

structure.
2. The external loads are carried only by members of higher
number.
3. The other members are loaded by reactions at connecting
Nodes.
4. Neglecting all reactions between members at the nodes
except vertical reactions.

 The purpose of grillage solution is to find out the unknown

vertical reactions at nodes.

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 19

Example: Solve the following grillage and then draw the B.M.D. for
each member. The grillage is subjected to uniform pressure (p)
(Kg/cm2)
b d b d'

q=p.s 1 2 1 2'
(t/m) R1 e f

a R2=R2' c a c'
d L=2B

q=p.s 1
(t/m) R2 R2 R1 R2'

R1
f =0.0052 L³
11
EI
 To get the unknowns R1 & R2 , from
the slop and deflection tables at R2
points 1, 2 for both transverse f =0.0026 L³
12
EI
members ab & cd and longitudinal
member ef R2'
f =0.0026 L³
12'
EI

W1 (long) = W1 (trans ab) .....1

W2 (long) = W2 (trans cd) .....2

W1 (long)  W1 ( R1 )  W1 ( R2 )  W1 ( R2 )
 f11 .R1  f12 .R2  f12 .R2 .....3
W2 (long)  W2 ( R1 )  W2 ( R2 )  W2 ( R2 )
 f 21 .R1  f 22 .R2  f 22 .R2 .....4
W1 (trans)  W1 (q )  W1 ( R1 )
B4 B3 .....5
 q  0.0052 R1
384Ei Ei
W2 (trans)  W2 (q)  W2 ( R2 )
B4 B3 .....6
 q  0.0052 R2
384Ei Ei

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 20

  Coefficient f11 is presenting the deflection value at point 1 as
a result of a unit force at the same point.
 Coefficient f12 is presenting the deflection value at point 1 as
a result of a unit force at point 2.
 In General: Coefficient fij is presenting the deflection value at
point i as a result of a unit force at point j

 Notice that: fij = fji

Coefficient fij is called influence coefficient and can be directly
calculated from the beam formulas table

By applying equations 1 & 2, So 3 = 5 & 4 = 6

From the formulas table:
pL3 B3
f11   0.0416
192EI EI
L L
1( ) 2 ( ) 2
pa 2 x 2 3L 3L L L L
f12  3
(3bL  3bx  ax)  4 23 (3   L  3    )
6 EIL 6 EIL 4 4 2 4 2
L 18L2 9 L2 L2 L3 B3
 (   )  0.0208
16  4  6 EI 8 8 8 384EI EI
f12  f12  f 21
L 3L
3 3 1( ) 3 ( ) 3
pa b 4 4 27 L3 B3
f 22     0.0176
3EIL3 3EIL3 3  64  64EI EI
L L
1( ) 2 ( ) 2
pb 2 x 2 3L 3L L L L
f 22  3
(3aL  3ax  bx)  4 43 (3   L  3    )
6 EIL 6 EIL 4 4 4 4 4
L 36L2 9 L2 L2 13L3 B3
 (   )  0.0084
16  16  6 EI 16 16 16 12288EI EI
So
B4 B3
f11 .R1  f12 .R2  f12 .R2 
q  0.0052 R1
384Ei Ei
3 3 3
B B B B4 pB B3
0.0416 R1  0.0208 R2  0.0208 R2    0.0052 R1
EI EI EI 384Ei 2 Ei
0.0364R1  0.0416R2  0.0013B p
2

B4 B3
f 21 .R1  f 22 .R2  f 22 .R2 
q  0.0052 R2
384Ei Ei
3 3 3
B B B B4 pB B3
0.0208 R1  0.0176 R2  0.0084 R2    0.0052 R2
EI EI EI 384Ei 2 Ei
0.0208R1  0.0208R2  0.0013B p
2

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 21

 q=p.s
R2 R1 R2'
(t/m)

c d e f

Bending Moment Diagram

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 22

 Effective Breadth of Plating
max  max

beff beff

Broad Flanged Beam

M .y
 For simple beam theory we know that  where,
I
σ:stress at any point in the section, y:distance of the point
from N.A of the section, I:moment of inertia of the section.

 This theory is based on the assumption that the stress

distribution is uniform across the breadth of the flange.

 This is not true in the case of broad flanged beam, where the
stress is not uniformly distributed (see the figure).

 To calculate the stresses in broad flanged beam by using

simple beam theory, we can use the concept of effective
breadth of plating.

 Thus the effective breadth of plating (beff) is defined as that

part of the plate which if computed as uniformly stressed
equal to the value of maximum stress would be able to
withstand the same load acting on the original flange.

 The value of effective breadth (beff) depends on:

 Boundary conditions of the beam (fixed, simple, cantilever)
 Type of loading
 Scantling of the beam

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 23

  There are many methods to calculate the effective breadth
 beff 
ratio   :
 b 
o According to some classification societies
(beff)=40t – 60t , where t: flange thickness.

o Simple formulas:
1
 Simple supported beam  beff  L
3
1
 Fixed end beam  beff  L
6
 Using the concept of effective breadth, any cross stiffened
plate (closed grillage) can be converted to
open grillage and solve it as before.

 Notice that:
if calculated beff is bigger than the spacing between girders (s),
then beff must be taken equal to (s)
If beff(calculated)>s, then beff = s

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 24

 Transverse Strength of Ships

i
1 i
2

i
3

i 4

i5
q = p.s
p = T t/m²
q = Ts t/m

Transverse Strength of Cargo Ships

Hog 0.5h
a b
I
Sag 2I

: wave length h: wave height L: ship length d 2I c

L = h = /20
3I
f
6I
e

c e
Tanker

Bracket floor Solid floor

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 25

  Why stiffeners 2 is lighter than 1?
(Consider that they have the same
stiffness)
1 2

 Because it’s obvious that stiffeners 1 is approximately

doubled weight stiffeners 2 by the number of stiffeners

 Determine the neutral axis of the given  section.

M ( Ai yi )
e 
A A
(2  0.00151)  (0.0011 0.5)

(2  0.0015)  (0.0011)  (0.8  0.001)
0.0035
  0.73(m)
0.0048
I  A1 y12  i1  A2 y22  i2  A3 y32  i3  neglect(i1 , i3 )
 0.001 (1)3 
 [2  0.0015 (0.27) 2 ]  [0.0011 (0.23) 2 ]     [0.8  0.001 (0.73) 2 ]
 12 
 0.00078(m )4

a (T+0.5h-D)
b c
I I

Idealized Mid-Ship Section 2I 2I

5I 5I
e d
f

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 26

Example: Draw the B.M.D for the following section.

a b
B  D  20(m) i

s  1(m) i

D d c
p   1(t / m 2 ) i
2
q  p.s i

 1 1  1(t / m) f 2i
e

 Stiffness factor  Distribution factor

3 3 kab 3i  4 3
ab kabR   i  i ba    = 0.43
4 4 kab  kbc 4  7i 7
bc kbc  i kbc i4 4
bc    = 0.57
3 3 kab  kbc 7i 7
cd kcdR  i  i
4 4 kbc i4 4
k ce  i cb    = 0.36
ce kbc  kcd  kce 11i 11
ef kef  2i kcd 3i  4 3
cd    = 0.27
kbc  kcd  kce 4  11i 11
kce i4 4
ce    = 0.36
kbc  kcd  kce 11i 11
kce i 1
ec    = 0.33
kce  kef 3i 3
kef 2i 2
ef    = 0.67
kce  kef 3i 3

 Fixed End Moments

Mab = Mba = Mbc = Mcb = Mcd = Mdc = 0
ql 2 1 (10)2 100
Mce =    = +3.33
30 30 30
ql 2 1 (10)2 100
Mec =    = -5
20 20 20
ql 2 1 (10)2 100
Mef =    = +8.33
12 12 12
ql 2 1 (10) 2 100
Mfe =    = -8.33
12 12 12

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 27

 Joint a b c d e f
Member ab ba bc cb cd ce dc ec ef fe
 - 0.43 0.57 0.36 0.27 0.36 - 0.33 0.67 -
F.E.M. 0 0 0 0 0 +3.33 0 -5 +8.33 -8.33
Balance -1.2 -0.9 -1.2 -1.1 -2.2
C.O. -0.6 -0.55 -0.6 -1.1
Sum 0 0 -0.6 -1.2 -0.9 +1.58 0 -6.7 +6.13 -9.43
Balance +0.2 +0.14 +0.2 +0.2 +0.4
C.O. +0.1 +0.1 +0.1 +0.2
Sum 0 0 -0.5 -1 -0.76 +1.88 0 -6.4 +6.43 -9.23
Balance -0.04 -0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.02
C.O. -0.02 -0.005 -0.02 -0.01
Sum 0 0 -0.52 -1.04 -0.79 +1.83 0 -6.43 +6.41 -9.24
Balance +0.22 +0.3 +0.007 +0.01
C.O. +0.15 +0.004 +0.005
Sum 0 +0.22 -0.22 -0.89
-0.79 +1.834 0 -6.423 +6.42 -9.235
Balance -0.055
-0.042 -0.055 +0.001 +0.002
C.O. -0.027 +0.000 -0.027 +0.001
Sum 0 +0.22 -0.247 -.0.945 -0.832 +1.78 0 -6.45 +6.422 -9.234
Balance +0.012 +0.015 +0.009 +0.019
C.O. +0.008 +0.005 +0.009
Sum 0 +0.232 -0.232 -0.937 -0.832 +1.785 0 -6.441 +6.441 -9.225

0.232
0
a 0.232
b

0.832 0.937
0
d 1.785
c

f
e 6.441

6.441

9.225

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 28

 Local Strength of Ships

1. Local strength of double bottom:

a) Idealization of D.B.:
The bottom structure is idealized by an open grillage (beff):
 The longitudinal members are keels and side girders
 The transverse members are solid floors
The section of the member is I-beam

b) Boundary conditions:
If not specified, we can apply the following simple rule:
- When a weak member connected to a strong
member, the end of the weak member is considered
fixed, while the end of the strong member is
considered simply supported.

c) Effect of longitudinals:
f
the thickness of plating is increased by: t  to  where,
s
t0: original thickness, f: area of each longitudinal, s:
longitudinal spacing

d) Load on D.B.:

w = cargo

pw   (T  0.5h)
p  pw  pc arg o
w
p   (T  0.5h) 
L B

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 29

2. Local strength of side assembly:

a) Transverse system of framing:

I 1

I 2

( T+0.5 h - y )

b) Longitudinal system of framing:

Web frames

BHD

E
Side D
longitudinals
C
B
A

 T+0.5h-y
A B C D E

q = (T+0.5h-y).s
 T+0.5h

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 30

3. Local strength of deck structure:

a) Transverse system of framing:

Deck Beams
A A BHD A BHD

B
B B

C C
C
H.O.
D
D D

E E E

Loads on deck consists of:

- Cargo pressure = w/A
- Shipped water: by equation from ship building
specifications( related to the class)

b) Longitudinal system of framing:

Deck side girder Deck transverse

BHD

Deck
longitudinals

Deck
center
girder

A F
B C D E

p = pcargo + pwater

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 31

Example: Given the following data of a single deck dry cargo ship with
longitudinal system of framing;
L =124 m B =16 m D =9.5 m T =7.2 m
Distance between transverse bulkheads 14 m
Distance between solid floors 3.5 m
One center girder (keel)
Specific volume of cargo 1.8 m3/ton
Distance between longitudinals (s) 0.7 m
Area of inner bottom longitudinal 26.8 cm2
Area of outer bottom longitudinal 27.36 cm2
Scantling of vertical keel 1200x15 mm
Thickness of inner bottom plating 10 mm
Thickness of outer bottom plating 13 mm
Thickness of horizontal keel 16 mm
Thickness of solid floor 13 mm
Normal stress in inner bottom plating due to hogging -920 Kg/cm2
Normal stress in outer bottom plating due to hogging -1260 Kg/cm2
In sagging condition, these values are respectively 520, 710 Kg/cm2

 Find the value of maximum resultant stress in bottom plating

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 32

 Finite Element Method
 1-Node Element F
F=ku where, F = Force
k = stiffness of spring
u = Displacement

, when u=1 F k

 2-Nodes Element Stiffness Matrix

of F 1 F 2

F1  k11u1  k12 u 2 2-Nodes Member 1 2

F2  k 21u1  k 22 u 2 F 1
= F 2

k11u1 k21u1
 F1   k11 k12   u1 
 
k 22  u 2 
. F + F
F2  k 21
1 2

k12u2 k22u2

 kij = stiffness at i as a result of unit displacement at j

Stiffness Matrix
of
 3-Nodes Element Triangular Plate Element

 Fx1   k x11 k x12 k x13 0 0 0   u1  Fy , v 3 3

 F  k k x 22 k x 23 0 0 0  u 2  Fx , u
 x 2   x 21  
3 3
3
 Fx 3   k x 31 k x 32 k x 33 0 0 0  u 3 
  .  Fy , v
 F y1   0 0 0 k y11 k y12 k y13   v1  1 1

Fx , u
 Fy 2   0 k y 23   v2 
1 1

0 0 k y 21 k y 22 Fy , v
2 2

     1

 Fy 3   0 0 0 k y 31 k y 32 k y 33   v3  Fx , u 2 2
2

 Fx1   k x11 k x12 k x13 k x14 0 0 0 0   u1 

 F  k k x 22 k x 23 k x 24 0 0 0 0  u 2 
 x 2   x 21   Fy , v Fy , v
 Fx 3   k x 31 0  u 3 
2 2 3 3

k x 32 k x 33 k x 34 0 0 0 Fx , u Fx , u
    
2 2 3 3

 Fx 4  k x 41
4 3
k x 42 k x 43 k x 44 0 0 0 0  u 4 
  .
 F y1   0 0 0 0 k y11 k y12 k y13 k y14   v1 
 
 Fy 2   0 0 0 0 k y 21 k y 22 k y 23 k y 24   v 2  Fx , u
1 1 1 2 Fx , u
  
2 2

 Fy 3   0 0 0 0 k y 31 k y 32 k y 33 k y 34   v3  Fy , v Fy , v
 
1 1 2 2

 Fy 4   0 0 0 0 k y 41 k y 42 k y 43 k y 44   v 4 
  

Stiffness Matrix
of
Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 33
Rectangle Plate Element
 Finite Element Method Procedures

 Solution of a structure by FEM is summarised as follows:

1. Divide the structure into a number of finite elements (the
element could be a beam, a rectangle plate or a triangle
one), then numbering the nodes

2. Assume displacement function at any point

u  C1  C 2 x  C3 y
where, C1 - C6 are unknown constants
v  C 4  C5 x  C 6 y

 C1 
C 
 2
  
u 1 x y 0 0 0  C 3 
 ( x, y )      . 
v  0 0 0 1 x y  C 4 
C 5 
 
C 6 
 ( x, y)  H ( x, y).C . . . . . .1

 From this equation we can get the vertical and horizontal displacement at any point (x,y)

3. Displacement at Nodes
u  1 x1 y1 0 0 0 
 1   1    1 ( x1, y1)   .C
v1  0 0 0 1 x1 y1
u  1 x2 y2 0 0 0
 2   2    2 ( x2, y 2)  
y 2
.C
v 2  0 0 0 1 x2

u  1 x3 y3 0 0 0 
 3   3    3 ( x3, y3)   .C
v3  0 0 0 1 x3 y3

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 34

 u1  1 x1 y1 0 0 0   C1 
u  1 x 2 y2 0 0 0  C 
 1       2
2

   3  1 x3
 u y3 0 0 0  C 3 
 2       . 
   v1  0 0 0 1 x1 y1 C 4 
 3   v  0 0 0 1 x2 y 2  C 5 
    
2

 v3  0 0 0 1 x3 y3 C 6 

 Or   A.C From this equation we can get the displacement at nodes

C  A1 . . . . . . .2

By substitution 2 in 1

 ( x, y )  H ( x, y ) A 1 . . . . . . .3

 From this equation we can get the relation between displacement at any point inside the
element and the displacement at nodes

4. Express the relation between strain and displacement at

nodes
Strain  x, y, xy
 x 
  u v u v
 ( x, y )    y  x  ,  y  ,  xy  
  x y y x
 xy 
By using the previous equation at step 2 we get:
u 
x   (C1  C 2 x  C3 y )  0  C 2  0  C 2
x x
v 
y   (C 4  C5 x  C 6 y )  0  0  C 6  C 6
y y
u v  
 xy    (C1  C 2 x  C3 y )  (C 4  C5 x  C 6 y )  C3  C5
y x y x

 C1 
C 
  x  0 1 0 0 0 0   2 
  C 
 ( x, y )    y   0 0 0 0 0 1. 3   ( x, y)  GC
  0 0 1 0 1 0 C 4 
 xy    C 
 
5

C 6 

By substitution 2 in it
 ( x, y )  GA 1 or

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 35

 ( x , y )  B . . . . . .4

 From this equation we can get the strain at any point as a function of the nodal displacements

The Matrix B  GA1 is called Strain Matrix

5. Stress calculation at any point inside element

1
x  ( x   y )
 x  E
  1
   y  but  y  ( y   x )
  E
 xy   2(1   )
 xy   
G E
 x   1  0   x 
  1  
  y     1 0 . y  or
  E  0 2(1   )  xy 
 xy   0

 
 x  1  0   x 
  E   
 ( x, y )   y   1 0 .  y  . . . . . .5
  1  
2
 1     
 xy  0 0   xy 
 2 

Or
 ( x, y)  D ( x, y) . . . . . .6

By substitution 4 in 6
 ( x, y )  DB

 ( x , y )  S . . . . . .7

 From this equation we can get the stress at any point

The Matrix S is called Stress Matrix

6. Determine stiffness matrix for each element

 Fx1   u1 
F  u 
 x2 
   K . 2 ( F )1  k1 ( )1 , ( F ) 2  k 2 ( ) 2
F
 y1   v1 
 Fy 2   
v2 
( F ) n  k n ( ) n where, n = number of elements

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 36

 7. Stiffness matrix for whole structure

 ( F ) 1   k1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   ( )1 
( F )   0  
 2  k2 0 0 0 0 0 0  ( ) 2 
( F ) 3   0 0 k3 0 0 0 0 0  ( ) 3 
    
 .  0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 
  . so we can get
 .  0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 
 
 .  0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 
  
 .  0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 
 
( F )   0 k n  ( ) n 
 n  0 0 0 0 0 0

F = K . . . . . .8

Where, F: Force matrix at nodes for whole structure

K: Stiffness matrix for whole structure

: Displacement matrix for all nodes in the structure

8. When knowing the boundary conditions, applying
compatibility and equilibrium modes, we can solve equation
8 to get all the nodal displacements.

Advanced Structure Analysis Mohammad Abdel Aziz Fahmy 37