• Passive voice.

English III
• Reported Speech.
• Modal Verbs, Frequency Adverbs.
• Relatives Clauses Defining and non Defining.
• Composition with appropriate terms according to the subject.
• Ing Form Gerund.
• Adjectives, in spite of, despite the fact.
• Conditionals Sentences. 0 ,I, II and III
• Suffix
•
•
 The Passive voice
The passive is made by using the appropriate form of the verb be followed by the past participle.

• Present Simple. Blue jeans are worn everywhere.

•
• Present Continuous. A new look is being planned for next season.
•
• Present Perfect. Your application for employment with this firm has been
received.
• Past Simple. I’m afraid the wrong measurement were taken.
•
• Used to past. Clothes used to be made in places like Manchester.
•
 The passive voice.
•
• Will Future. Many new jobs will be created by the fast-growing fashion
Industry.
• Going to future. That tiny little mark is not going to be noticed.
• Past Continuous. The matter was being considered when the incident
occurred.
• Past Perfect. The health risk had been known about for years.
• Modal Verb. Mc Queen’s new creation might be worn by a top model.
 Use of passive.
• When we use the passive we only mention the agent who or what is
responsible for something, if it’s important to the meaning to the
sentence.
• The passive is usually used:
• When we want to make the sentence sound formal.
• Example:
• Smoking is not allowed at the reception area.
When we don’t know, don’t care or is obviously from the context who or
what is responsible for something.
• My jewellery has been stolen !
•
• When we don’t want to say who or what is responsible for something.
• Example:
• I’m sorry, but your letter of application for the job was thrown away
accidentally.
 When we want to put particular information at the
end or at the beginning of the sentence.
• Example:
• Olga was born in London. She was brought up by foster parents in
Edinburgh, though.
•
• The passive is also used with verbs such as think, believe, consider, say
and expect followed by the infinitive of the verb( for the present) or to
have + past participle for the past.
•
 Example:
•
•
• He is thought to be the best designer in the world.
• They were expected to have arrived by 10 o Clock last night.
• It’s said that you can not judge a person by their clothes.
 Relative clauses, Defining and no defining

A relative clause gives more information about something or someone in the main
clause. It comes just after the person or the thing you are referring to. And often, but
not always, begins with a relative pronoun such as: who, that or whose.
A defining relative clause makes it clear who or what you are talking about.
Without this information the sentence is not clear o makes no sense.
Example:
Do you want to speak to the man that telephoned earlier?
• Here is the book that tells you everything you need to know about tennis.
•
• The relative pronoun that can refer both people and things, we can use
which and who instead.
• Who gives you more information about people and persons/
• Example:
• Do you want to talk to the man who telephoned earlier?
•
• Which gives you more information about a thing or things
• Example:
• Here is the book which tells you everything you need to know about
tennis.
• Have you got the books that/which ordered las week?
• What’s the name of the old man that/who I saw selling flowers outside the
church?
• Have you done anything that has upset her.
• Help it was the only thing that I could say at that moment.
• Non defining relative clauses.
• Adds extra information. This information is not essential to identify who or what
we are talking about, if we leave the relative clause the sentence would still be
clear an make sense.
• Example:
• John Jackson, who comes from America, is the winner of the year’s competition.
•
 Contrasting Ideas.
• There are several different words and expressions which can be used to
contrast ideas:
• We can use the conjunction but.
• Example:
• I have a good job, but I can not afford to buy a house
• Use the conjunction although or though/ even though, followed by a
subject +verb.
• Example:
• He still lives with his parents although he is in his forties.
• Although he is in his forties he still lives with his parents.
• Use the preposition in spite of/ despite, followed by a noun or gerund.
• Example:
• Jane did well in her exam in spite of not studying at all.
• In spite of / Despite not studying at all, Jene did well in her exam.
• Alternatively, we can use in spite of / Despite followed by the fact that +
a clause.
• Example:
• Johnson still won the elections, in spite of / Despite the fact that he was
unpopular with a great many people.
• In spite of/ Despite the fact that he was unpopular with a great many
people,
• Johnson still won the election.
• Contrasting ideas in two sentences by using the Word however.
• Example:
• She went to a very good school and did well at University. However, she
could not convince herself that she was as good as other people.
 Reported Speech
•
We use reported speech when we say what someone said or though, but do not say
their exact words. A reporting verb ( such as say or tell) is used and changes are
made to the verb tenses. Words which refer to time and place may also need to be
changed.
•
Direct Speech Reported Speech
• Present Simple Past Simple
I want to live in America, He said that he wanted to live in
He said. America.
• Present Continuous Past Continuous.
•
• He is talking on the phone He said that he was talking on the phone
• He said.
• Present Perfect Past Perfect
I have had a Little accident. She said that she had a Little
She said that accident.
• Present perfect continuous Past perfect Continuous
We have been waiting for They said that they had been waiting
Over an hour, they said. For over an hour
• Past simple Past Perfect.
I saw Francis, he said He said that he had seen francis
•
• Past Continuous Past perfect Continuous
They were talking about the He said that they had been talking
Money, he said about the money.
• Past Perfect Past Perfect.
I though I had missed my She said that she had thought she
Flight, she said had missed the flight.
• Although, would, should and (must for strong possibility)
• Can- Could May-Might
• Will- Would Must-had to ( for obligation)
•
• I can go, he said. He said that he Could go
• You Will be late, she said She said that I would be late.
• It may rain, they said They said that it might rain
• You must leave, she said She said that I had to leave.
•
• I will give it to you, he said that
• He said that he would give it to me.
• This book should help you with your grammar, she said
• She said that the book should help me with my grammar.
•
• Words and expressions which tell us when and where things happened.
• Today that day.
• Tomorrow , next day, following day
• Yesterday, the previous day, the day before
• 2 days before, erlier.
• Now, then here, there come and go.
•
• When we report statements or thoughs we choose an appropriate verb
such as say, tell, think, assure, swear, claim, complain etc.
•
• This book was a waste of money
• She complained that the book had been a waste of money.
• The manager Will be able to answer all my questiosn.
• He assured me that the manager would be able to answer all your
questions.
• I don´t think you should go on this holiday
• He advised me not to go on the holiday.
•
•
•
•
 Reported Questions.
• There are some important points to remember when reporting questions in
English:
1.-You do not treat them as questions by using interrogative words order:
you use afirmative Word orders.
2.-You do not put a question mark at the end.
3.-You do not use a auxiliary do/does/did that you use in direct questions.
4.-There are two mains types of questions and two types of report structure.
• Report structure for questions.
• 1.- Yes/no questions
• When you report a yes/no question, you use a If clause( and some times a
whether clause):
• Example:
• Do you speak German?
• He asked her/him, If she/he spoke German.
• Did you see them last night?
• She asked her, If she had seen them last night.
• Questions.
• You still use Wh- Word in the reported question, but the Word order is
different and there is no auxiliary do/did/does.
• Example:
• How often do you go there?
• He asked me how often she went there.
• Where have they gone?
• He asked her where they had gone.
• Why did you phone?
• He asked her why she had phoned.
 Conditional sentences:
• In Conditional sentences, the conditional clause (if) (Whether) may be put
either before the main clause or after it.
a) Zero Conditional:
• When we want to refer to something which always happens or is always
true, we can use: if+ present simple + present simple.
Example:
• Maria is very sensitive, if you get angry with her she starts to cry.
• If you want to start this machine, press this button.
Exercise:
• Water freezes, if ( )
Answer “The temperature drops below zero.
 Other kind of conditionals.

If + present continuous +modal verb + infinitive

Example:
• Who are you talking to on the phone? If you're talking to Anne, Could I talk to
her afterwards?
•
• If you are doing something illegal, you will get into trouble with the police.
•
 b) First conditionals:
When we want to refer to something in the future which is likely or probable, we can use:
If+ present simple + will future.

Example:
• I f you don’t do your homework tonight, Dad will be angry.
• If you ask her to marry you, she’ll probably think it’s a joke.
•
Exercise:
• We’ll go out and celebrate this evening, if ( )
Answer “ you pass your driving test.
•
 Other words and expressions may be used in place of If, The most common
are: unless, as long as, provided, providing, on condition that.
Example:
•
• Unless you improve, you’ll probably fail the exam.
•
• As long as you are careful what you eat in India, you’ll have no
problems.
•
• I’ll lend you the money, on condition that you give it back to me
at the weekend..
Exercise:
• I can lend you my car as long as, (
)
Answer: “you drive carefully.
•
 c) Second conditional:
•
• When we want to refer something in the future or present, which is either
possible, but not probable, unreal imaginary. We can use:
• If + past simple, would ‘d + infinitive
Example:
• If I were rich, I would buy a huge house by the sea.
• Where would you like to live, If you could live anywhere in the world?
Exercise:
• I could buy a new car, if ( )
• Answer” I got this job.
•
• d) Third Conditionals:
• We use it to refer things which happened or didn’t happen in the past,
express regret about something.
• If + past perfect, would ‘d + have ‘ve + past participle.
Example:
• If he had spoken to her, she would have given him some advice.
• If I hadn’t eaten that fish, I wouldn’t have been sick.
• If you’d touched the bomb, you could’ve been killed.
Exercise:
• If American troops hadn’t fought the Japanese country,
Answer they wouldn’t have won.
 suffixes
• Suffixe can change the Word-class and the meaning of the Word.
• Er is ised for the person who does an activity.
• Example:
• Writer, worker, shopper, teacher, pencil Sharpener, bottle opener.
• You can use er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns.
• Suffix or
• Example:
• Actor, operator, Sailor, supervisor, projector.
• Tion, sion is used to make nouns from verbs.
• Example:
• Complication, pollution,, reduction, alteration, donation, admission.
• Ist and ism ( activity or ideology) used for people:
• Marxism, Buddhism, journalism, anarchist, physicist, terrorist.
• For people who play musical instruments:
• Pianist, violinist, cellist.
• Ness, is used to make nouns from Adjectives.
• Example:
• Goodness, readness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness.
• Verbs into Adjective (able)
• Example:
• Drinkable, washable, readable, recognizable, countable, forgivable.
• Verbs. (ise, ize) makes verbs from Adjectives.
• Example:
• Modernise, commercialise, industrialise.
•
• (en and ify) makes verbs fron Adjectives. Verb Succeed Industrialise
• Example: Adverb Successfully Industrially
• Ify (verb) beautify, purify, terrifay Noun Success Industry
• en (verb) widen, losen, shorten, lenghten. Adjective Successful Industrial
• Ment (noun) excitement, enjoyment, replacement.
• Ity (noun) flexibility, productivity, scarcity. Verb Commercialise
• Hood ( Abstract noun) childhood, motherhood, brotherhood Adverb Commercially
• Ship ( Abstrac noun) friendship, partnership, membership. Noun Commerce

Adjective Commercial
• Verb Communicate Act Industrialize Commercialise
• Adjective Communicative Active Industrial Commercial
• Noun Communication Action Industry Commerce
• Adverb Communicativelly, Activelly Industriality Commercialy
• Drink
• Drinkable
• Drink
• Drink
•
• Ive (Adjective) passive, productive, active. Verb Produce
• Al (Adjective) brutal, legal, refusal (noun) arrival. Adverb Productively
• Ous( Adjective) Delicious, furious. Noun Production
• Ful (Adjective) forgetful, hopeful, useful. Adjective¨Productive
• Less (Adjective) useless, harmless, cloudless. Godless, Ticketless,
Stainless
•
 Other preffix are used in English
• Preffix meaning example
• Anti against anti-war, anti-social, ant-ibiotic.
• Auto oneself autograph, auto-pilot, auto-biography.
• Bi two, twice bicicle, bi-month, biannual, bilingual.
• Ex former ex-wife, ex-student, ex-president.
• Micro small micro-computer, microwave.
• Mis badly, wrongly misunderstand, mistranslate
• Mono one, single monotonous, monologue.
• Multy many multy-national, multy purpose, multy-racial
• Over much overdo, overtired, oversleep, overeat, overhear.
• Post after postwar, post-graduate, post-revolutionary.
• Pro in favor of pro-goverment, pro-revolutionary
• Pseudo false pseudo-scientific, pseudo-intelectual.
• Re again retype, reread, replace, rewind.
• Semi half semicircular, semi-final
• Sub under subway, submarine, subdivisión
• Under not enough underworked, underuse, undercooked.
 Transformation words
•
• . "How about going to the cinema tonight?", said Anne
suggested
Anne Suggested to go to the cinema tonight.
•
• 2. My advice to you is to talk to your parents.
would
If I were you, I would like to talk to my parents.
•
• 3. Barry was not strong enough to lift the box.
have
Barry had not enough strength to lift the box
• 4. They started the company in 1997.
set
They set the Company in 1997.
• 5. I think Jean really likes Simon.
Keen
Jean is quite keen on Simon.
• 6. I was made responsible for foreign sales.
Charge
•
They are in charge of foreign sales.
•
• 7. The brothers really enjoyed themselves in Spain last summer.
Time

The brothers spent/ had nice time in Spain last summer.

• 8. The Queen is opening the new school tomorrow afternoon.
Opened
•
The new school will be oponed by the Queen tomorrow afternoon.
•
•
 Prepositions
• This train travels from London ______ Paris. (at, to)
2. We stood at the back ______ the theater. (of, on)
3. She went to Rome __________ France. (versus, via)
4. The store is open daily ________ Monday to Friday. (for, from)
5. I took my hat ________ the table. (of, off)
6. He looks ________ his brother. (despite, like)
7. The children ran ________ the school. (of, out of)
8. He opened the box ________ a screwdriver. (at, with)
9. I will work _________ five o'clock. (until, up)
10. We walked __________ the restaurant. (despite, past)
11. At three o'clock we reached the top _______ the hill. (of, off)
12. You have delivered all of the papers __________ this one. (between, but)
13. The bank is _________ the school. (opposite, out of)
14. __________ the danger, he decided to climb the mountain. (despite, except)
15. The treasure was hidden __________ the earth. (under, up to)
16. A comes __________ B in the alphabet. (before, behind)
17. I went to work ____________ my umbrella. (out of, without)
18. When it is heated, water changes _________ steam. (in, into)
19. Nocturnal animals usually sleep __________ the day. (during, underneath)
20. The squirrel ran _________ the wall. (along, among)
• 1. He lives ______ 19 Tower Road. (at, on)
Prepositions
2. We will be gone ________ two days. (for, since)
3. Tom and his friend will divide the money ___________ themselves. (among, between)
4. They will be returning ______ November. (in, on)
5. I have known him ________ three years. (for, since)
6. Many foods ____________ milk contain calcium. (beside, besides)
7. I will arrive ______ six o'clock. (at, in)
8. He has been gone __________ Friday. (for, since)
9. The store is located ______ North Street. (at, on)
10. She is leaving ______ five minutes. (at, in)
11. Bridget, Leslie and Sarah will discuss the matter _________ themselves. (among, between)
12. I have known her __________ last year. (for, since)
13. We expect them ______ Wednesday. (in, on)
14. The cat was sitting ___________ the stove. (beside, besides)
15. The play begins ______ seven thirty. (at, on)
16. We waited __________ fifteen minutes. (for, since)
17. Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______ 1492. (at, in)
18. There are many possibilities __________ the ones I have mentioned. (beside, besides)
19. She will call us ______ half an hour. (at, in)
20. His birthday is ______ the 8th of January. (in, on)
 Prepositions

• 1. Heat and light radiate ________ the sun. (from, of)

2. Where the event will be held depends ______ the weather. (of, on)
3. She loves to quote ________ Shakespeare's plays. (from, to)
4. You need to concentrate ________ what you are doing. (into, on)
5. The students protested __________ the high student fees. (against, from)
6. A balanced meal consists _______ vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. (of, with)
7. Twenty people applied ________ the job. (for, with)
8. She likes to participate ________ extracurricular activities. (in, with)
9. He paid ________ the meal. (for, on)
10. We do not approve ________ that type of behavior. (of, in)
11. He subscribes ______ four magazines. (of, to)
12. The dog barked ______ the mailman. (at, to)
13. Please refrain ________ smoking. (from, to)
14. Do you concur ________ my conclusions? (for, with)
15. The problem stems ________ a lack of proper training. (for, from)
16. We apologized ________ our absence. (for, to)
17. He is engaged _______ starting a business. (in, on)
18. The two children stared ______ each other. (at, to)
19. They registered _______ the course. (for, of)
20. We rely ________ the city bus service. (on, with)
• Linking words help you connect the ideas in a sentence. I some common linking words to express reasons
and results.
• Linking Words: Reasons
• Because / Because of
• The difference between these two words is that because is followed by a subject + verb, and because of is
followed by a noun:
• The game was canceled because of the rain.
• The game was canceled because it was raining.
• In spoken English, many people say ’cause as a short form of “because.”
• Due to / Owing to
• Due to and owing to are also followed by a noun. These words are a little more formal.
• There’s a lot of traffic today due to the upcoming holiday.
(holiday = noun)
• The after-school program was canceled owing to lack of interest from the students.
(lack = noun)
• Due to the fact that / Owing to the fact that
• Use these phrases before a subject + verb. Again, these phrases are a little more formal.
• Many people are still unemployed due to the fact that the economic recovery has been slower than anticipated.
• The publisher rejected the author’s latest work owing to the fact that the manuscript was full of errors.
• Since / As
• Since and as are more informal, and they are followed by a subject + verb.
• I’m going to bed at 10 PM since I need to get up early tomorrow morning.
• I didn’t go to the gym today, as I had a lot of homework to do.
• Linking Words: Results
• Therefore / Consequently / As a result
• These words are more formal, and are more commonly used in written English.
• Our company’s profits have increased 150% in the past year. Therefore, we’re going to invest in new
equipment and training programs.
• The tennis player had knee surgery mid-October; consequently, she took the rest of the season off.
• There have been heavy rains throughout the interior of the state. As a result, several areas have experienced
flooding.
• So
• “So” is more informal, and more commonly used in spoken English.
• We were hungry, so we stopped at a cafe for a snack.
•
•