Guardian angel

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This article is about the religious concept. For the non-profit group, see Guardian
Angels. For other uses, see Guardian angel (disambiguation).

Icon of a guardian angel

Guardian Angel by Pietro da Cortona, 1656

A guardian angel is a type of angel that is assigned to protect and guide a
particular person, group or nation. Belief in tutelary beings can be traced
throughout all antiquity. The idea of angels that guard over people played a major
role in Ancient Judaism. In Christianity, the hierarchy of angels was extensively
developed in the 5th century by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. The theology of
angels and tutelary spirits has undergone many changes since the 5th century. The
belief is that guardian angels serve to protect whichever person God assigns them
to.

The idea of a guardian angel is central to the 15th-century book The Book of the
Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage by Abraham of Worms, a German Cabalist. In 1897,
this book was translated into English by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–
1918), a co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, who styled the
guardian angel as the Holy Guardian Angel.

Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), the founder of the religion Thelema, considered the
Holy Guardian Angel to be representative of one's truest divine nature and the
equivalent of the "Genius" of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the Augoeides
of Iamblichus, the Atman of Hinduism, and the Daimon of the ancient Greeks.
Following the teachings of the Golden Dawn, Crowley refined their rituals which
were intended to facilitate the ability to establish contact with one's guardian
angel.

Contents
1 In the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
2 Judaism
2.1 Rabbinic literature
2.2 Late and modern Judaism
3 Christianity
3.1 New Testament
3.2 Catholic Church
3.2.1 Angels as guardians
3.2.2 Saints and their angels
3.3 Anglican Communion
3.4 Eastern Orthodox Church
3.5 Lutheran Church
3.6 Methodist Church
3.7 Reformed and Presbyterian Churches
4 Islam
5 Zoroastrianism
6 Hinduism
7 Renaissance magic
8 Thelema
8.1 Aleister Crowley's teachings
8.1.1 Methods of achieving knowledge and conversation
8.1.2 Evolution of Crowley's teachings
9 Literary usage
10 In popular culture
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
13.1 Citations
13.2 Works cited
14 External links
In the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
The guardian angel concept is present in the books of the Hebrew Bible and the Old
Testament, and its development is well marked. These books described God's angels
as his ministers who carried out his behests, and who were at times given special
commissions, regarding men and mundane affairs.[1]

In Genesis 18-19, angels not only acted as the executors of God's wrath against the
cities of the plain, but they delivered Lot from danger; in Exodus 32:34, God said
to Moses: "my angel shall go before thee." At a much later period, we have the
story of Tobias, which might serve for a commentary on the words of Psalm 91:11:
"For He will command His angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways" (Cf.
Psalm 33:8 and 34:5 — 34:7 and 35:6 in Protestant Bibles).

The belief that angels can be guides and intercessors for men can be found in Job
33:23-26, and in Daniel 10:13 angels seem to be assigned to certain countries. In
this latter case, the "prince of the kingdom of Persia" contends with Gabriel. The
same verse mentions "Michael, one of the chief princes".

Judaism
Rabbinic literature
In rabbinic literature, the rabbis expressed the notion that there are indeed
guardian angels appointed by God to watch over people.

Rashi on Daniel 10:7 "Our Sages of blessed memory said that although a person does
not see something of which he is terrified, his guardian angel, who is in heaven,
does see it; therefore, he becomes terrified."[2]

Lailah is an angel of the night in charge of conception and pregnancy. Lailah

serves as a guardian angel throughout a person's life and at death, leads the soul
into the afterlife.[3]

Late and modern Judaism

According to rabbi Leo Trepp, in late Judaism, the belief developed that, "the
people have a heavenly representative, a guardian angel. Every human being has a
guardian angel. Previously the term `Malakh', angel, simply meant messenger of
God."[4]

Chabad believes that people might indeed have guardian angels. For Chabad, God
watches over people and makes decisions directly with their prayers and it is in
this context that the guardian angels are sent back and forth as emissaries to aid
in this task. Thus, they are not prayed to directly, but the angels are part of the
workings of how the prayer and response comes about.[5]

In the view of rabbi Adin Steinsaltz:

The nature of the angel is to be, to a degree, as its name in Hebrew signifies, a
messenger, to constitute a permanent contact between our world of action and the
higher worlds. An angel's missions go in two directions: it may serve as an
emissary of God downward… and it may also serve as the one carries things upwards
from below... The angel cannot reveal its true form to man, whose being, senses and
instruments of perception belong only to the world of action — it continues to
belong to a different dimension even when apprehended in one form or another... The
angel who is sent to us from another world does not always have a significance or
impact beyond the normal laws of physical nature. Indeed it often happens that the
angel precisely reveals itself in nature, in the ordinary common-sense world of
causality.[6]

Christianity

A guardian angel in a 19th-century print by Fridolin Leiber

New Testament
In the New Testament the concept of guardian angel may be noted. Angels are
everywhere the intermediaries between God and man; and Christ set a seal upon the
Old Testament teaching: "See that you despise not one of these little ones: for I
say to you, that their angels in heaven always see the face of my Father who is in
heaven." (Matthew 18:10). Guardian angels work both for single persons and for
communities of people. Revelation 2:1–29 and Revelation 3:1–22 refers of the angels
of the seven churches of Asia who work in the role of their guardians.[7]

Other examples in the New Testament are the angel who succoured Christ in the
garden, and the angel who delivered St. Peter from prison. In Acts 12:12-15, after
Peter had been escorted out of prison by an angel, he went to the home of "Mary the
mother of John, also called Mark". The servant girl, Rhoda, recognized his voice
and ran back to tell the group that Peter was there. However, the group replied:
"It must be his angel"' (12:15). With this scriptural sanction, Peter's angel was
the most commonly depicted guardian angel in art, and was normally shown in images
of the subject, most famously Raphael's fresco of the Deliverance of Saint Peter in
the Vatican.

Hebrews 1:14 says: "Are they not all ministering spirits, sent to minister for
them, who shall receive the inheritance of salvation?" In this view, the function
of the guardian angel is to lead people to the Kingdom of Heaven.

Catholic Church
According to Saint Jerome, the concept of guardian angels is in the "mind of the
Church". He stated: "how great the dignity of the soul, since each one has from his
birth an angel commissioned to guard it".[1]

The first Christian theologian to outline a specific scheme for guardian angels was
Honorius of Autun in the 12th century. He said that every soul was assigned a
guardian angel the moment it was put into a body. Scholastic theologians augmented
and ordered the taxonomy of angelic guardians. Thomas Aquinas agreed with Honorius
and believed that it was the lowest order of angels who served as guardians, and
his view was most successful in popular thought, but Duns Scotus said that any
angel is bound by duty and obedience to the Divine Authority to accept the mission
to which that angel is assigned. In the 15th century, the Feast of the Guardian
Angels was added to the official calendar of Catholic holidays.

In his March 31, 1997 Regina Caeli address, Pope John Paul II referred to the
concept of guardian angels and concluded the address with the statement: "Let us
invoke the Queen of angels and saints, that she may grant us, supported by our
guardian angels, to be authentic witnesses to the Lord's paschal mystery".[8]

In his 2014 homily for the Feast of Holy Guardian Angels, October 2, Pope Francis
told those gathered for daily Mass to be like children who pay attention to their
"traveling companion". "No one journeys alone and no one should think that they are
alone", the Pope said.[9] During the Morning Meditation in the chapel of Santa
Marta, the Pope noted that oftentimes, we have the feeling that "I should do this,
this is not right, be careful." This, he said, "is the voice of" our guardian
angel.[10] "According to Church tradition we all have an angel with us, who guards
us..." The Pope instructed each, "Do not rebel, follow his advice!" The Pope urged
that this "doctrine on the angels" not be considered "a little imaginative". It is
rather one of "truth". It is "what Jesus, what God said: 'I send an angel before
you, to guard you, to accompany you on the way, so you will not make a mistake'".
[10]

Pope Francis concluded with a series of questions so that each one can examine
their own conscience: "How is my relationship with my guardian angel? Do I listen
to him? Do I bid him good day in the morning? Do I tell him: 'guard me while I
sleep?' Do I speak with him? Do I ask his advice? ...Each one of us can do so in
order to evaluate “the relationship with this angel that the Lord has sent to guard
me and to accompany me on the path, and who always beholds the face of the Father
who is in heaven."[11]

The celebration of the Guardian Angel at Fondachelli-Fantina on second Sunday of

July, Sicily
There was an old Irish custom that suggested including in bedtime prayers a request
for the Blessed Mother to tell one the name of their guardian angel, and supposedly
within a few days one would "know" the name by which they could address their
angel. An old Dominican tradition encouraged each novice to give a name to their
guardian angel so that they could speak to him by name and thus feel closer and
more friendly with him.[12] The Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of
the Sacraments discourages assigning names to angels beyond those revealed in
scripture: Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.[13]

In Cardinal Newman's 1865 poem The Dream of Gerontius, the departed soul is met by
his guardian angel who recites:[14]

My work is done
My task is o'er,
And so I come
Taking it home
For the crown is won
Alleluia
For evermore.

My Father gave
In charge to me
This child of earth
E'en from its birth
To serve and save.
Alleluia,
And saved is he.

This child of clay

To me was given,
To rear and train
By sorrow and pain
In the narrow way,
Alleluia,
From earth to heaven.

Angels as guardians

Guardian angel, German postcard, 1900

According to Aquinas, "On this road man is threatened by many dangers both from
within and without, and therefore as guardians are appointed for men who have to
pass by an unsafe road, so an angel is assigned to each man as long as he is a
wayfarer." By means of an angel, God is said to introduce images and suggestions
leading a person to do what is right.[15]
Saints and their angels
Father Giovangiuseppe Califano recounted how, one day, a newly appointed bishop
confessed to Pope John XXIII "that he could not sleep at night due to an anxiety
which was caused by the responsibility of his office". "The pope told him, ‘You
know, I also thought the same when I was elected pope. But one day, I dreamed about
my guardian angel, and it told me not to take everything so seriously.’"[16] Pope
John attributed the idea of calling Second Vatican Council to an inspiration from
his guardian angel.[17]

Saint Gemma Galgani, a Roman Catholic mystic, stated that she had interacted with
and spoken with her guardian angel.[18] Saint Pio of Pietrelcina was known to
instruct his parishioners to send him their guardian angel to communicate a trouble
or issue to him when they could not travel to get to him or another urgency
existed.[19]

Anglican Communion
Justin Fontenot of the Prayerful Anglican states that the "guardian angel concept
is clearly present in the Old Testament, and its development is well marked" and he
continues, stating that in "the New Testament the concept of guardian angel may be
noted with greater precision".[20] Fontenot also cites Jerome, a Church Father, who
said: "'how great the dignity of the soul, since each one has from his birth an
angel commissioned to guard it.' (Comm. in Matt., xviii, lib. II)."[20] In the same
vein, Of the Intercession and Invocation of Angels and Saints, printed in the
Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology, held that "Many learned Protestants think it
probable that each of the faithful, at least, has a guardian angel. It seems
certainly proved by Scripture. Zanchius says that all the Fathers held this
opinion."[21] Building upon sacred scripture and the teachings of the Church
Fathers, Richard Montagu, the Anglican Bishop of Norwich in the 17th century,
stated that "It is an opinion received, and hath been long, that if not every man,
each son of Adam, yet sure each Christian man regenerate by water and the Holy
Ghost, at least from the day of his regeneration and new birth unto God, if not
from the time of his coming into the world, hath by God's appointment and
assignation an Angel Guardian to attend upon him at all assayes, in all his ways,
at his going forth, at his coming home".[22]

Eastern Orthodox Church

Sergei Bulgakov writes that the Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that:

each man has a guardian angel who stands before the face of the Lord. This guardian
angel is not only a friend and a protector, who preserves from evil and who sends
good thought; the image of God is reflected in the creature—angels and men—in such
a way that angels are celestial prototypes of men. Guardian angels are especially
our spiritual kin. Scripture testified that the guardian ship and direction of the
elements, of places, of peoples, of societies, are confided to the guardian angels
of the cosmos, whose very substance adds something of harmony to the elements they
watch over.[23]

As such, before the Eastern Orthodox liturgy of the Communion of the Faithful, a
prayer asks "For an angel of peace, a faithful guide, a guardian of our souls and
bodies, let us entreat the Lord. Amen."[24]

Lutheran Church
Donald Schneider, a Lutheran priest, wrote that the concept of a guardian angel is
found in Psalm 91, which includes a verse stating “For [God] will command his
angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways. On their hands they will bear
you up, lest you strike your foot against a stone”.[25] He states that Martin
Luther may have based Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer found in the Small
Catechism on this text, as these prayers include the supplication "Let your holy
angel be with me, that the evil foe may have no power over me."[25][26]
Methodist Church
John W. Hanner, a Methodist minister and theologian, wrote on the topic of guardian
angels in his Angelic Study, stating that:[27]

Perhaps every Christian has a guardian angel. It may be that there is one angel to
every Christian, or a score of them; or one may have charge of a score of
Christians. Some of the ancient fathers believed that every city had a guardian
angel, while others assigned one to every house and every man. None of us know how
much we are indebted to angels for our deliverance from imminent peril, disease,
and malicious plots of men and devils. Where the pious die, angels are to carry the
soul to heaven, though it be a soul of a Lazarus."[27]

In May and June 1743, Methodists experienced persecution in Wednesbury and Walsall
and the founder of the Methodist Church, John Wesley, was threatened with death by
a mob who dragged him in the rain; however, "Wesley escaped unharmed" and he
"believed that he had been protected by his guardian angel".[28]

Reformed and Presbyterian Churches

18th century rendition of a guardian angel

In Reformed Dogmatics, Heinrich Heppe states that some Reformed theologians
espoused the view of guardian angels, including Bucan, who taught:[29]

That as a rule to each elect person a certain particular good angel is appointed by
God to guard him, may be gathered from Christ's words, Mt. 18. 10, where it is said
'Their angels do continually behold the face of my Father.' Also from Ac. 12.15
where the believers who had assembled in Mark's house said of Peter knocking at the
door, 'It is his angel'. These believers were speaking according to the opinion
received among the people of God."[29]

Islam
There is a similar Islamic belief in the Mu'aqqibat. According to many Muslims,
each person has two guardian angels, in front of and behind him, while the two
recorders are located to the right and left.[30][31]

Zoroastrianism
Main article: Fravashi
Also known as Arda Fravaš ('Holy Guardian Angels'). Each person is accompanied by a
guardian angel,[32] which acts as a guide throughout life. They originally
patrolled the boundaries of the ramparts of heaven,[33] but volunteer to descend to
earth to stand by individuals to the end of their days.

Hinduism
The Ashvins (Sanskrit: अश्विन्, romanized: Aśvin, lit. 'horse possessors'), also known
as Ashwini Kumara and Asvinau,[34] are Hindu twin gods associated with medicine,
health, dawn and sciences.[35] In the Rigveda, they are described as youthful
divine twin horsemen, travelling in a chariot drawn by horses that are never weary,
and portrayed as guardian deities that safeguard and rescue people by aiding them
in various situations.[36][37]

The Ashvins are generally mentioned as the sons of the sun god Surya and his wife
Sanjna, but there are some varying accounts. The goddess Sūryā is described as the
common wife of the Ashvins and they are associated with the dawn goddess Ushas as
her close companions. In the epic Mahabharata the Pandava twins Nakula and Sahadeva
were the spiritual children of the Ashvins.

Renaissance magic
The Enochian system of 16th-century occultist John Dee discusses the guardian
angel. In this dialog between Dee and the angel Jubanladace on p. 18, Cotton
Appendix XLVI 1, the angel says the following:

Dee: If I should not offend you, I would gladly know of what order you are or how
your state is in respect of Michael, Gabriel, Raphael or Uriel.

Jubanladace: Unto men, according unto their deserts, and the first excellency of
their soul, God hath appointed a good Governor or Angel, from among the orders of
those that are blessed. For every soul that is good, is not of one and the self
same dignification. Therefore according to his excellency we are appointed as
Ministers from that order, whereunto his excellency accordeth: to the intent that
he may be brought, at last, to supply those places which were glorified by a
former: and also to the intent, that the Prince of darkness might be counterposed
in God's justice.[a]

Thelema
Main article: Thelema
The term Holy Guardian Angel (HGA) originates in the Catholic Church where a
morning prayer is recited which reads, "Holy Guardian Angel whom God has appointed
to be my guardian, direct and govern me during this day/ Amen".[citation needed]
The idea of a Holy Guardian Angel is central to the book The Book of the Sacred
Magic of Abramelin the Mage by Abraham of Worms, a German Christian Cabalist who
wrote the book on ceremonial magic during the 15th century and which was later
translated by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, a co-founder of the Hermetic Order
of the Golden Dawn. He elaborated on this earlier work, giving it extensive magical
notes, but the original concept goes back to the Zoroastrian Arda Fravaš ('Holy
Guardian Angels').[38] In Mathers' publication of The Book of the Sacred Magic of
Abramelin the Mage, he writes:

If thou shalt perfectly observe these rules, all the following Symbols and an
infinitude of others will be granted unto thee by thy Holy Guardian Angel; thou
thus living for the Honour and Glory of the True and only God, for thine own good,
and that of thy neighbour. Let the Fear of God be ever before the eyes and the
heart of him who shall possess this Divine Wisdom and Sacred Magic.[39]

Later, author and occultist Aleister Crowley popularized the term within his
religious and philosophical system of Thelema.

Aleister Crowley's teachings

Within the system of the magical Order A∴A∴ founded by Aleister Crowley, one of the
two most important goals is to consciously connect with one's Holy Guardian Angel,
representative of one's truest divine nature: a process termed "Knowledge and
Conversation".

It should never be forgotten for a single moment that the central and essential
work of the Magician is the attainment of the Knowledge and Conversation of the
Holy Guardian Angel. Once he has achieved this he must of course be left entirely
in the hands of that Angel, who can be invariably and inevitably relied upon to
lead him to the further great step—crossing of the Abyss and the attainment of the
grade of Master of the Temple.[40]

Crowley considered the Holy Guardian Angel to be the equivalent of the Genius of
the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the Augoeides of Iamblichus, the Atman of
Hinduism, and the Daimon of the ancient Greeks.[41]

Methods of achieving knowledge and conversation

Crowley said that the Abramelin procedure was not the only way to achieve success
in this endeavour:
It is impossible to lay down precise rules by which a man may attain to the
knowledge and conversation of His Holy Guardian Angel; for that is the particular
secret of each one of us; a secret not to be told or even divined by any other,
whatever his grade. It is the Holy of Holies, whereof each man is his own High
Priest, and none knoweth the Name of his brother's God, or the Rite that invokes
Him.[42]

Since the operation described in Abramelin is so complex and requires time and
resources not available to most people, Crowley wanted to provide a more accessible
method. While at the Abbey of Thelema in Italy, he wrote Liber Samekh[43] based on
the Bornless Ritual, a ritual designed as an example of how one may attain the
knowledge and conversation with one's Holy Guardian Angel. In his notes to this
ritual, Crowley sums up the key to success: "INVOKE OFTEN."[43]

Crowley also explains, in more detail, the general mystical process of the ritual:

The Adept will be free to concentrate his deepest self, that part of him which
unconsciously orders his true Will, upon the realization of his Holy Guardian
Angel. The absence of his bodily, mental and astral consciousness is indeed
cardinal to success, for it is their usurpation of his attention which has made him
deaf to his Soul, and his preoccupation with their affairs that has prevented him
from perceiving that Soul.

The effect of the Ritual has been

to keep them so busy with their own work that they cease to distract him;
to separate them so completely that his soul is stripped of its sheaths;
to arouse in him an enthusiasm so intense as to intoxicate and anaesthetize him,
that he may not feel and resent the agony of this spiritual vivisection, just as
bashful lovers get drunk on the wedding night, in order to brazen out the intensity
of shame which so mysteriously coexists with their desire;
to concentrate the necessary spiritual forces from every element, and fling them
simultaneously into the aspiration towards the Holy Guardian Angel; and
to attract the Angel by the vibration of the magical voice which invokes Him.
The method of the Ritual is thus manifold.[43]

Another detailed description of the general operation is given in The Vision and
the Voice in the eighth Aethyr and is also described in Liber 8.[44]

Evolution of Crowley's teachings

Crowley only states that the Holy Guardian Angel is the "silent self" in his early
life. In his late sixties, when composing Magick Without Tears, he states something
very different. According to Crowley's later definition, the Holy Guardian Angel is
not one's 'self', but an independent and discrete being, who may have been a human
like oneself at one stage:

Now, on the other hand, there is an entirely different type of angel; and here we
must be especially careful to remember that we include gods and devils, for there
are such beings who are not by any means dependent on one particular element for
their existence...They are individuals who have picked up the elements of their
composition as possibility and convenience dictates, exactly as we do ourselves...
I believe that the Holy Guardian Angel is a Being of this order. He is something
more than a man, possibly a being who has already passed through the stage of
humanity, and his peculiarly intimate relationship with his client is that of
friendship, of community, of brotherhood, or Fatherhood. He is not, let me say with
emphasis, a mere abstraction from yourself; and that is why I have insisted rather
heavily that the term 'Higher Self' implies a damnable heresy and a dangerous
delusion.[45]
Literary usage

Statue of a guardian angel in Memmelsdorf, Germany.

Guardian angels were often considered to be matched by a personal demon who
countered the angel's efforts, especially in popular medieval drama such as
morality plays like the 15th-century The Castle of Perseverance. In Christopher
Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, c. 1592, Faustus has a "Good
Angel" and "Bad Angel" who offer competing advice (Act 2, scene 1, etc.).[46]

Guardian angels appear in literary works of the medieval and Renaissance periods.
Later the Anglican English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682),
stated his belief in Religio Medici (part 1, paragraph 33):

Therefore for Spirits I am so farre from denying their existence, that I could
easily beleeve, that not onely whole Countries, but particular persons have their
Tutelary, and Guardian Angels: It is not a new opinion of the Church of Rome, but
an old one of Pythagoras and Plato; there is no heresie in it, and if not
manifestly defin'd in Scripture, yet is it an opinion of a good and wholesome use
in the course and actions of a mans life, and would serve as an Hypothesis to salve
many doubts, whereof common Philosophy affordeth no solution:[47]

By the 19th century, the guardian angel was no longer viewed in Anglophone lands as
an intercessory figure, but rather as a force protecting the believer from
performing sin. A parody appears in Lord Byron's 1819 poem Don Juan: "Her guardian
angel had given up his garrison" (Canto I, xvii).

Author A.L. Mengel's 2016 novel War Angel explores the mystery surrounding guardian
angels.