Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science

BCA/B.Sc.IT Semester-6
601- Multimedia
Unit-2 Components of Multimedia-1 (Text and Graphics)

 Text
 Text is an important component of multimedia. It is used to represent
or display information in textual form. It is very easy to represent to
content on multimedia platform.
 It contains alphanumeric and some other special characters.
 Keyboard is usually used for input of text; however, there are some
internal (inbuilt) features to include such text.
 Characters that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs.
The use of Text
 Heading / Title
 Bullet / list
 Paragraph
 Scrolling text
 Navigation
 Text as graphics
Text applying guidelines:
 Be concise
 Use appropriate fonts
 Make it readable
 Consider type style and colors
 Use restraint and be consistent
Text cases
 In some situations, such as for passwords, a computer is case
sensitive, meaning that the text’s upper-and lowercase letters must
match exactly to be recognized.
 But nowadays, in most situations requiring keyboard input, all
computers recognize both the upper-and lowercase forms of a
character to be the same. In that manner, the computer is said to be
case insensitive
Purpose
 To guide the user in navigating through the application.
 To explain how application work
 Deliver the information for which the application was designed.
Text consists of two structures:
 linear
 Non-linear
Linear: A single way to progress through the text, starting at the
beginning and reading to the end.

Non-linear: Information is represented in a semantic network in which

multiple related sections of the next are connected to each
other. A user may then browser trough the section of the
next, jumping from one text section to another.

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 Factors affecting of text
1. Size: the size of the text
2. Background and foreground color: The color in which the text is
written in / on
3. Style: Also known as typeface and font.

Text technology
1. Based on creating letters, numbers and special characters.
2. May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical
symbol, Greek letter etc[©™≈ƒ]
3. Text elements can be categories into:
 Alphabet characters: A-Z
 Numbers: 0-9
 special characters: Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …..] , Sign or symbols
[*&^%$#@!…..]

 Font
 A font is a collection of characters with a similar design. These
characters include lowercase and uppercase letters, numbers,
punctuation marks, and symbols.
 Changing the font can alter the look and feel of a block of text. Some
fonts are designed to be simple and easy to read, while others are
designed to add a unique style to the text.
 In the language of web designers a font is the combination of properties
for a set of characters including typeface, size, pitch, and spacing. The
typeface is the most important quality of a font, defining the shape of
each character.
 The size refers to the character's height (measured in points), the pitch
indicates the number of characters displayed per inch and spacing
shows the distance

Font families
The wide variety of fonts on the Internet is organized into groups, called
font families. The fonts within a font family show typeface similarities
and can be therefore used in combination on certain web pages. The
font family members may differ from each other in a way that one of
them may be bold, another italic or using small caps, etc. For instance,
the Arial font family includes the original Arial font, the Arial Black font,
which is bold, and Arial Narrow, which is thinner than the rest. Some
of the most popular font families include Times New Roman, Verdana,
Helvetica, etc.

Two classes of fonts:

Serif text
 Decorative strokes added to the end of a letter’s
 Serifs improve readability by leading the eye along the line of type
 Serifs are the best suited for body text
 Serif faces are more difficult to read in small scale (smaller than 8pt)
and in very large sizes.

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Sans serif text
 Sans serif faces doesn’t have decorative strokes
 A sans serif text has to be read letter by letter.
 Use sans serif faces for small (smaller than 8pt) and very large sizes
 Used for footnotes and headlines

Font vs. typeface

Font
1. A ‘font’ is a collection of characters of a particular size and style
belonging to a particular typeface family.
2. Usually vary by type sizes and styles.
3. The sizes are measure in points
4. This includes the letter set, the number set, and all of the special
character.
Typeface
1. A ‘typeface’ is a family of graphic characters that usually includes many
type sizes and styles.
2. A typeface contains a series of fonts. For instance, Arial, Arial Black,
Arial Narrow and Arial Unicode MS are actually 4 fonts under the same
family.

Font Effect
The technology of font effects in bringing viewer’s attention to content
Case: UPPER and lower cased letter
Style: Bold, Italic, Underline, Superscript and Subscript, Strikethrough
Effects: Embossed or Shadow
Colors: Foreground and Background

Faces in Font

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Text/Font file Format
Text files contain textual data and may be saved in plain text or rich
text formats. While most text files are documents created and saved by users,
they can also be used by software developers to store program data. Examples
of text files include word processing documents, log files, and saved email
messages.

Types of Text file format

 DOC/DOX
 RTF
 TXT
 HTML
 PDF
 ZIP

 DOC/DOCX

 Microsoft's Word (word processing) software saves documents using

the .doc filename extension.
 These files contain special formatting codes that identify how the text
with look ( bold, italic, color, typeface, etc.) as well as how the page lays
out (margins, indentation, pagination, etc.)
 This file format was superceded in Word 2007 with the .docx filename
extension.
 DOCX files incorporate XML (EXtensible Markup Language) coding
rules that help integrate a document with Internet applications.
 As a result, earlier versions of Word cannot read DOCX documents,
but Microsoft does provide software that converts DOC documents into
a DOCX format.
 Word 2007 can read DOC documents and is able to save new
documents in a DOC format when using the Save As option.

 RTF

 It Stands for Rich Text Format.

 RTF documents are designed to transfer documents between word
processing software.
 These files use .rtf filename extensions.
 While the text formatting options are as "rich" as those used by Word,
RTF files have limited page layout options.
 For example, you cannot create columns, add page numbers, headers,
or footers.
 The WordPad word processor included with Windows defaults to
creating RTF documents.

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 TXT

 TXT documents only contain text.

 Any computer can read a TXT file, but don't expect it to look pretty
 The Notepad text editor included with Windows defaults to creating
TXT documents.
 This format only stores the text itself, with no information about
formatting, fonts, page size, or anything like that.
 It is portable across all computer systems and can be read and
modified by a huge range of software applications.
 The details of the format are freely available and standardized.

 HTML

 It stands for HyperText Markup Language.

 It use either .htm or .html filename extensions.
 HTML files contain codes that browsers, like Internet Explorer or Safari,
translate into Web pages
 The document can be viewed in any web browser.
 It can be edited in a text editor by someone who knows HTML, or in any
number of “rich text” editors, word processors, HTML editors and so on.
 PDF

 It stands for Portable Document Format.

 PDF files use a .pdf filename extension.
 These files are created using a software package from Adobe called
Acrobat.
 This software must be purchased and converts files created by other
software’s, like Microsoft's Word, into a read-only PDF file.
 The document can be viewed and printed on all major platforms, using
free software provided by Adobe.

 ZIP

 ZIP files are compressed data files.

 Files of ZIP format use the .zip filename extension.
 At one time you needed to use WinZip to compress (zip) and
uncompressed (unzip) ZIP files, but many personal computers now
recognize this file format and will unzip the files.
 ZIP files can contain several compressed files under one filename, called
an archive, when using the WinZip software

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 Images and File Format
What is Image ?

 An image consists of a rectangular array of dots called pixels.

 The size of the image is specified in terms of width X height, in numbers
of the pixels.
 The physical size of the image, in inches or centimeters, depends on the
resolution of the device on which the image is displayed.
 The resolution is usually measured in DPI (Dots Per Inch).
 An image will appear smaller on a device with a higher resolution than
on one with a lower resolution.
 For color images, one needs enough bits per pixel to represent all the
colors in the image.
 The number of the bits per pixel is called the depth of the image.

File Format

 Choosing the right file format to save your images in is of vital

importance. There are three image formats in constant use on the net
— GIF, JPG and PNG. Each is suited to a specific type of image, and
matching your image to the correct format should result in a small, fast-
loading graphic. Saving and exporting into these formats will require a
decent image editor.
 When choosing the format for your image, you should always be
conscious of both the image’s quality and file size.
 An image is a picture that has been created or copied and stored in
electronic form. An image can be described in terms of vector
graphics or raster graphics. An image stored in raster form is sometimes
called a bitmap. An image map is a file containing information that
associates different locations on a specified image with hypertext links.

Types of images

There are two types of images - still images and animated images
1. Still images
 Still images are the images everyone is used to - from pictures taken
with a camera to paintings on canvases.
 Still images were the first images introduced to the computer world
in the form of pictures and icons.
 Still images represent the majority of the images used today, since
they tend to be of small file size and require less disk space than
animations or movies.
 They also don't require special software to be installed in order to
view them - today every operating system, be that Windows or Linux,
can open a still image without the need of additional software.
 The most popular file formats for still images are JPG and PNG.

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 2. Animations
 Animated images were introduced to the computer world shortly
after the still images.
 In the Internet world, animations were introduced by animated GIF
files. GIF was originally a file format for still images, but is now
synonymous with animated images.
 GIF animations usually are short, not more than several seconds
long, and consist of less than 10 still images.

Image File Format

1. TIFF (also known as TIF), file types ending in .tif

 TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF images create very large
file sizes. TIFF images are uncompressed and thus contain a lot of
detailed image data (which is why the files are so big).
 TIFFs are also extremely flexible in terms of color (they can be grayscale,
or CMYK for print, or RGB for web) and content (layers, image tags).
 TIFF is the most common file type used in photo software (such as
Photoshop), as well as page layout software (such as Quark and
InDesign), again because a TIFF contains a lot of image data.
 TIFF or Tagged Image File Format are lossless images files meaning that
they do not need to compress or lose any image quality or information
(although there are options for compression), allowing for very high-
quality images but also larger file sizes.
 The TIFF image format is easy to use with software that deals with
page layout, publishing and photo manipulation via fax, scanning,
word processing, etc.

2. JPEG (also known as JPG), file types ending in .jpg

 JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, which created this
standard for this type of image formatting.
 JPEG files are images that have been compressed to store a lot of
information in a small-size file. Most digital cameras store photos in
JPEG format, because then you can take more photos on one camera
card than you can with other formats.
 A JPEG is compressed in a way that loses some of the image detail
during the compression in order to make the file small (and thus called
“lossy” compression).
 JPEG files are usually used for photographs on the web, because they
create a small file that is easily loaded on a web page and also looks
good.
 JPEG files are bad for line drawings or logos or graphics, as the
compression makes them look “bitmappy” (jagged lines instead of
straight ones).

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3. GIF, file types ending in .gif

 GIF stands for Graphic Interchange Format. This format compresses

images but, as different from JPEG, the compression is lossless (no
detail is lost in the compression, but the file can’t be made as small as
a JPEG).
 GIFs also have an extremely limited color range suitable for the web but
not for printing. This format is never used for photography, because of
the limited number of colors. GIFs can also be used for animations.

4. PNG, file types ending in .png

 PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics. It was created as an open

format to replace GIF, because the patent for GIF was owned by one
company and nobody else wanted to pay licensing fees. It also allows
for a full range of color and better compression.
 It’s used almost exclusively for web images, never for print images. For
photographs, PNG is not as good as JPEG, because it creates a larger
file. But for images with some text, or line art, it’s better, because the
images look less “bitmappy.”
 When you take a screenshot on your Mac, the resulting image is a PNG–
probably because most screenshots are a mix of images and text.
 PNG or (Portable Network Graphics) is a recently introduced
format, so not everyone is familiar with it. But PNG has been
approved as a standard since 1996. It is an image format
specifically designed for the web. PNG is, in all aspects, the
superior version of the GIF.

5. BMP

 The Windows Bitmap or BMP files are image files within the
Microsoft Windows operating system. In fact, it was at one point
one of the few image formats.
 These files are large and uncompressed, but the images are rich in
color, high in quality, simple and compatible in all Windows OS
and programs.
 BMP files are also called raster or paint images.BMP files are made
of millions and millions of dots called ‘pixels,’ with different colors
and arrangements to come up with an image or pattern.

6. PCX

 PCX stands for “Picture Exchange”, which is a Paintbrush Bitmap

image format developed by ZSoft Corporation.
 It was developed as one of the initial bitmap image formats for DOS
and Windows.
 PCX image format has been replaced by newer improved formats
like PNG and BMP it is still used by a number of fax and scanning
applications.

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7. EPS- Encapsulated Postscript

 The EPS format is a vector based graphic. EPS is popular for saving
image files because it can be imported into nearly any kind of
application.
 This file format is suitable for printed documents. Main
disadvantage of this format is that it requires more storage as
compare to other formats.

8. AI

 AI is a graphics file format created by Adobe systems. It is short for

Adobe Illustrator Artwork file.
 AI files are vector based graphics contained in a single page. The
content of AI file can be used widely because the graphics retains
their details at maximum zoom level.
 Logos and Print media are the primary sector for AI images. AI files
are lot like EPS files except they have restricted and compact
syntax. CorelDRAW comprises a wide range of tools for AI images.

9. PDF- Portable Document Format

 PDF format is vector graphics with embedded pixel graphics with

many compression options.
 When your document is ready to be shared with others or for
publication.
 This is only format that is platform independent. If you have Adobe
Acrobat you can print from any document to a PDF file. From
illustrator you can save as .PDF.

10. DXF File

 DXF is short for Drawing Interchange Format or Drawing Exchange

Format. Commonly known as AutoCAD DXF format, is a CAD data
file format.
 Presently the format specifications are available as PDF but this
format is rarely used in AutoCAD applications.

 Graphics and File Format

What is Graphics?

 A graphic is an image or visual representation of an object.

Therefore, computer graphics are simply images displayed on a
computer screen.
 Graphics are often contrasted with text, which is comprised of
characters, such as numbers and letters, rather than images.
 In general, the term graphic refers to a design or visual image
displayed on a variety of surfaces, including canvas, paper, walls,
signs, or a computer monitor.

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Types of Computer Graphics

1. Raster Graphics:

In raster graphics pixels are used for an image to be drawn. It is

also known as a bitmap image in which a sequence of image is into
smaller pixels. Basically a bitmap indicates a large number of pixels
together.

2. Vector Graphics:

In vector graphics, mathematical formula are used to draw different

types of shapes, lines, objects and so on.

Applications

■ Computer Graphics are used for aided design for engineering

and architectural system- These are used in electrical
automobile, electro-mechanical, mechanical, electronic devices.
For example: gears and bolts.
■ Computer Art – MS Paint.
■ Presentation Graphics – It is used to summarize financial
statistical scientific or economic data. For example- Bar chart, Line
chart.
■ Entertainment- It is used in motion picture, music video,
television gaming.
■ Education and training- It is used to understand operations of
complex system. It is also used for specialized system such for
framing for captains, pilots and so on.
■ Visualization- To study trends and patterns. For example-
Analyzing satellite photo of earth.

1. Raster Graphics

 Raster images use bit maps to store information. This means a

large file needs a large bitmap. The larger the image, the more disk
space the image file will take up.
 As an example, a 640 x 480 image requires information to be stored
for 307,200 pixels, while a 3072 x 2048 image (from a 6.3 Megapixel
digital camera) needs to store information 6,291,456 pixels.
 We use algorithms which compress images to help reduce these file
sizes. Image formats like jpeg and gif are common comp ressed
image formats.
 Scaling down these images is easy but enlarging a bitmap makes it
pixelated or simply blurred. Hence for images which need to scaled
to different sizes, we use vector graphics.
File extensions: .BMP, .TIF, .GIF, .JPG

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 2. Vector Graphics

 Making use of sequential commands or mathematical statements

or programs which place lines or shapes in a 2-D or 3-D
environment is referred to as Vector Graphics.
 Vector graphics are best for printing since it is composed of a
series of mathematical curves. As a result vector graphics print
crisply even when they are enlarged.
 In vector graphics, the file is created and saved as a sequence of
vector statements.
 File extensions : .SVG, .EPS, .PDF, .AI, .DXF

 Digital Image Representation

 Digital image is represented by a matrix of numeric values each
representing a quantized intensity value.
 Intensity value can be represented by o 1-bit: black & white images o 8-
bits: grayscale images o 24-bits: color images (RGB)

1-Bit Image
 Images consist of pixels (picture elements in digital images).
 A 1-bit image (also called binary image) consists of on and off bits only
and thus is the simplest type of image.
 Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1), so also referred to as binary
image.
 Such an image is also called a 1-bit monochrome image since it
contains no color.
 1-bit images can be satisfactory for pictures containing only simple
graphics and text.
 A 640 x 480 monochrome image requires 38.4 kilobytes of
storage(640×480).

8-Bit Image

 Each pixel has a gray-value between 0 and 255.

 Each pixel is represented by a single byte; e.g., a dark pixel might have
a value of 10, and a bright one might be 230
 The entire image can be thought of as a two-dimensional array of pixel
values. We refer to such an array as a bitmap, - a representation of the
graphics/image.
 Image resolution refers to the number of pixels in a digital image (higher
resolution always yields better quality but increases size).
 Each pixel is usually stored as a byte (a value between 0 and 255), so
a 640×480 gray scale image requires (307,200) kilo bytes of storage.

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24-Bit Image

 In a 24bit Image each pixel is represented by 3 bits that is RGB.

 This format support 256X256X256 combines color.
 A 640X480 bit color represented 921.6KB.
 24bit color image represent by red,green,blue and mix of all three color.

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