1. The document provides background information on volcanoes in New Zealand. It describes the three main types of volcanoes - cone volcanoes, caldera volcanoes, and volcanic fields. It gives examples of specific volcanoes that fall into each category.
2. Additional information is provided on eruption products like tephra, pyroclastic flows, lava, lahars, and volcanic gases. Atmospheric effects and volcanic earthquakes are also discussed.
3. The worksheet that follows asks students to characterize the three volcano types, consider signs that a volcano may erupt, and whether new volcanoes can form in areas without volcanoes. Diagrams are to be labeled and materials from example volcanoes are
1. The document provides background information on volcanoes in New Zealand. It describes the three main types of volcanoes - cone volcanoes, caldera volcanoes, and volcanic fields. It gives examples of specific volcanoes that fall into each category.
2. Additional information is provided on eruption products like tephra, pyroclastic flows, lava, lahars, and volcanic gases. Atmospheric effects and volcanic earthquakes are also discussed.
3. The worksheet that follows asks students to characterize the three volcano types, consider signs that a volcano may erupt, and whether new volcanoes can form in areas without volcanoes. Diagrams are to be labeled and materials from example volcanoes are
1. The document provides background information on volcanoes in New Zealand. It describes the three main types of volcanoes - cone volcanoes, caldera volcanoes, and volcanic fields. It gives examples of specific volcanoes that fall into each category.
2. Additional information is provided on eruption products like tephra, pyroclastic flows, lava, lahars, and volcanic gases. Atmospheric effects and volcanic earthquakes are also discussed.
3. The worksheet that follows asks students to characterize the three volcano types, consider signs that a volcano may erupt, and whether new volcanoes can form in areas without volcanoes. Diagrams are to be labeled and materials from example volcanoes are
1. The document provides background information on volcanoes in New Zealand. It describes the three main types of volcanoes - cone volcanoes, caldera volcanoes, and volcanic fields. It gives examples of specific volcanoes that fall into each category.
2. Additional information is provided on eruption products like tephra, pyroclastic flows, lava, lahars, and volcanic gases. Atmospheric effects and volcanic earthquakes are also discussed.
3. The worksheet that follows asks students to characterize the three volcano types, consider signs that a volcano may erupt, and whether new volcanoes can form in areas without volcanoes. Diagrams are to be labeled and materials from example volcanoes are
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EARTH SCIENCE
NOVEMBER 3/6 ASYNCHRONOUS ACTIVITY
THE VOLCANOES OF NEW ZEALAND
BACKGROUND All of New Zealand’s active volcanoes are in the North Island but the remains of extinct South Island volcanoes are easy to spot in places such as Dunedin and Banks Peninsula. White Island in the Bay of Plenty is New Zealand’s most continuously active volcano. When it is not erupting there is a constant plume of steam from fumaroles on the crater floor. Fumaroles are vents that emit steam and other gases. The Taupo Volcanic Zone contains many active volcanoes of different types, some are cones such as Ruapehu, Tongariro, and Ngauruhoe. Others are calderas-large basin shaped depressions caused by the collapse of a volcano after a violent explosion. Two calderas are currently active, Taupo and Okataina. Mt Tarawera is part of the Okataina caldera and produced New Zealand’s deadliest eruption since European settlement in 1886. Egmont Volcano in Taranaki has been created by the same processes as the cone volcanoes of the Taupo Volcanic Zone and is still considered active. Auckland city is built on a field of about 50 small, young, volcanic cones. The most recent eruptions formed Rangitoto Island about 600 years ago. Future eruptions in the Auckland area are likely to be at new sites rather than from existing cones because of the particular type of volcanism involved. A line of active undersea volcanoes called the Kermadec Arc extends over 1000km north east from the Bay of Plenty coast. It includes both cone and caldera volcano types.
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Eruption Products
Fall Deposits .Magma and rock around the vent are exploded upwards into an eruption plume. This fragmented rock is moved by the wind and ‘rains’ down from the plume as fall deposits. These deposits are usually called tephra. Tephra is divided into 3 size rangesash (less than 2mm wide), lapilli (2-64mm wide), and blocks or bombs (more than 64mm wide).
Flow Deposits. Fast moving flows of ash and pumice that ‘fountain’ out of the vent and are carried along the ground by hot gases are called pyroclastic flows. This flow tends to travel along valleys but can be explosive enough to flow over mountains! (eg the Taupo eruption flowed over Tongariro).
Lava. Magma (molten rock) that flows out onto the surface of the Earth where it cools and hardens.
Lahars . Fast flowing streams or rivers that carry volcanic debris (rock and ash) from a crater lake down the sides of a volcano. They can also be caused by heavy rainfall remobilising ashfall deposits.
Volcanic gases. Mainly steam and carbon dioxide with smaller amounts of sulphur and chlorine compounds, gases are only hazardous within a kilometre or two of the crater. Atmospheric effects. Electrical storms caused by ash clouds, darkness during the day, rain and acid rain due to volcanic dust seeding clouds.
Volcanic earthquakes. Seismic waves due to the movement of rock, magma or gases in or under the volcano.
Landslides (debris avalanches) Rock slides triggered by earthquakes or magma movement changing the slope angle so loose material runs off the steep sides of volcanoes.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Watch the short video clip on volcanic hazards in New Zealand.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC-Vk4EzMbg
2. Access the factsheet about to volcanoes in New Zealand (See Files in MS Teams)
3. Answers and perform the activities on the worksheet.
VOLCANOES WORKSHEET
1. From the video, what are the three types of volcano in New Zealand? Characterize each one.
TYPE OF CHARACTERISTICS ILLUSTRATION
VOLCANO cone shape made of igneous rock typically symmetrical; can CONE be asymmetric if wind was VOLCANO blowing during an eruption and rock landed primarily on one side. lava flows spread outward from the main vent build up over a period of months or years, depending on activity volcanic fields consist of one or more volcanoes within a VOLCANI defined area that is separate C FIELD from other volcanic areas and that has an internally consistent tectonic/structural setting. Most of the volcanoes are monogenetic, each having only a single eruptive episode lasting from weeks to decades before becoming extinct, and are of small volume A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma CALDERA chamber in a volcanic VOLCANO eruption. Large circular or oval depressions more than 1 km (0.6 mile) in diameter.
2. Can you tell when a volcano is going to erupt?
Volcanic deformation, or changes to the ground, is a common sign of an impending volcanic eruption. Swelling, cracking or sinking of the ground . Noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity and new or enlarged areas of hot ground. Subtle swelling of the ground surface. Small changes in heat flow.
3. In your own opinion, do you think volcanoes can pop up in areas where there are no volcanoes? In my opinion I don’t think so that volcanoes can pop up everywhere because usually all active volcanoes are located at the plate boundaries.
4. Put the following labels in the correct boxes on the diagram.
magma pipe, magma chamber, cone, vent, eruption plume
If the main magma pipe became blocked, mark with an X where another vent might develop.
ERUPTION PLUME
VENT MAGMA PIPE
CONE
MAGMA CHAMBER
5. Use the information above (See Supplemental Information ) and the volcano fact sheets for Ruapehu and Taupo to draw and label common eruptive materials and other volcanic hazards from each volcano
FLOW DEPOSITS FLOW DEPOSITS
FALL DEPOSITS ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS VOLCANIC GASES
LANDSLIDES LAV A LAHAR S FLOW DEPOSITS FLOW FALL FALL ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITS DEPOSITS DEPOSITS EFFECTS
