Damage Families Damage Mechanism

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Corrosion

High Temprerature Sulfidic/Naphthenic Acid
Corrosion
High Temprerature H2S/H2 Corrosion
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Corrosion
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Corrosion
Sour Water Corrosion
Amine Corrosion
High Temprerature Oxidation
Acid Sour Water
Cooling Water
Acid Sour Water
Soil-side corrosion
CO2 Corrosion
AST Bottom
Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion (Alkaline
Sour Water)
Ammonium Chloride and Amine
Hydrochloride Corrosion
Thinning (General and Local)
Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC)

Sulfidation
Aqueous Organic Acid Corrosion
Boiler Water and Steam Condensate
Corrosion
Brine Corrosion
Caustic Corrosion
Cavitation
Concentration Cell Corrosion
Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion
Flue Gas Dew Point Corrosion
Fuel Ash Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
Graphitic Corrosion of Cast Irons
Metal Dusting
Oxidation
Oxygenated Process Water Corrosion
Phenol (Carbolic Acid) Corrosion
Phosphoric Acid Corrosion
Component Lining Damage Component Lining Damage
External Corrosion —Ferritic Component
Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

External Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking

External Damage (Thinning and (ExtClSCC) —Austenitic Component
Cracking)
External Damage (Thinning and
Cracking)
External CUI ClSCC —Austenitic Component

Atmospheric Corrosion
Thermal Shock
Caustic Cracking
Amine Cracking
Sulfide Stress Cracking
HIC/SOHIC-H2S
Alkaline Carbonate SCC
Polythionic Acid SCC
ClSCC
Hydrogen SCC-HF
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
HIC/SOHIC-HF
Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking
Dissimilar Metal Weld Cracking
Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking
Hydrofluoric Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking
of Nickel Alloys

Stress Relaxation Cracking (Reheat Cracking)

High Temperature Hydrogen
High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)
Attack (HTHA)
Brittle Fracture
Low Alloy Steel Embrittlement
885 °F Embrittlement
Sigma Phase Embrittlement
Carburization
Brittle Fracture Hydrogen Embrittlement
Liquid Metal Embrittlement
Nitriding
Strain Aging
Temper Embrittlement
Titanium Hydriding
Piping Mechanical Fatigue
Corrosion Fatigue
Mechanical Fatigue
Mechanical Fatigue (Including Vibration-
induced Fatigue)
Creep and Stress Rupture
Stress Rupture Short-term Overheating—Stress Rupture
(Including Steam Blanketing)
Decarburization
Dealloying
Weakening
Graphitization
Spheroidization (Softening)
Fire Damage Gaseous Oxygen-enhanced Ignition and
Combustion
Thermal Fatigue Thermal Fatigue
Refractory Degradation Refractory Degradation
 Thinning Screening Damage Criteria

HCl present
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Corrosion Water present
pH < 7.0
High Temprerature Hydrogen sulfide or Carbonyl sulfide or Sulfur present
Sulfidic/Naphthenic Acid TOp > 204 °C (400 °F)
Corrosion
High Temperature H2S/H2 H2S or hydrogen present
Corrosion TOp > 204 °C (400 °F)
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) H2SO4 present
Corrosion
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) HF present
Corrosion
H2S present
Sour Water Corrosion
Water present
MEA, DEA, DIPA, MDEA, acid gas treating amines present
Amine Corrosion present
TOp ≥ 482 °C (900 °F)
High Temprerature Oxidation
Oxygen present
H2S present
Water present
Acid Sour Water
pH < 7.0
Chlorides < 50 ppm
Cooling Water Equipment in cooling water service
Buried or partially buried
Soil-side corrosion
Material = carbon steel
CO2 present
CO2 Corrosion Water present
Material = carbon steel or < 13 % Cr
AST Bottom Equipment = AST

Material = carbon steel or low-alloy steels, copper alloys

Ammonium Bisulfide Nitrogen or ammonia and H2S present or
Corrosion (Alkaline Sour
Water) NH4HS present
Water present
TOp = 120 °F to 150 °F (50 °C to 65 °C)

Material = carbon steel or low-alloy steels or 300 series SS

or duplex stainless steel or Alloys 400 or 800 or 825 or
Ammonium Chloride and Alloys 625 or C276 or titanium
Amine Hydrochloride NH3 and hydrochloric acid (HCl) present or
Corrosion
Amine salts present
Water present
TOp ≥ 400 °F (205 °C)

Material = copper base alloys or carbon steel or low alloy

steels or 300 Series SS or 400 Series SS or nickel base alloys
Sulfidation
Sulfidation
Sulfur compounds = Hydrogen sulfide or Carbonyl sulfide or
Sulfur presents
TOp ≥ 500°F (260°C).

Material = carbon or low alloy steels or 300 Series SS or 400

Series SS or aluminum or copper or nickel base alloys.
Inorganic substances (e.g. sulfur, ammonia, iron, sulfate
compounds, and H2S) present or
Organic substances (e.g. hydrocarbons and organic acids)
Microbiologically Induced present
Corrosion (MIC) Carbon present
Nitrogen present
Phosphorous present
Water present
Stagnant or low-flow conditions.
pH = 0 to 12
TOp = 0 °F to 235 °F (–15 °C to 115 °C)
Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels
Aqueous Organic Acid
Corrosion organic acids or formic acid or acetic acid or propionic acid
or butyric acid
Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels
Boiler Water and Steam
Condensate Corrosion Dissolved gas (oxygen or carbon dioxide) present
Equiment = Boiler Water and Steam Condensate
Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels or stainless steel
or Aluminum alloys
Brine Corrosion
Chlorides or bromides or sulfates or nitrates present
Salt content present

Material = carbon steel or low-alloy steels or 400 series SS

Caustic Corrosion
NaOH or KOH or calcium hydroxide or phenol present
TOp ≥ 170 °F (75 °C)
All metal
Cavitation Equipment = pump or piping or heat exchanger tubes or
venturis or seals
Material = Carbon steel or Low-alloy steels or Stainless
Concentration Cell Corrosion steels
Water present or aqueous environments
All metal
Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion Table shows erosion-corrosion rates for a number of metals
in seawater at different flow velocities

Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels or 300 series SS

Flue Gas Dew Point Corrosion sulfur or nitrogen or chlorides present
SO2 or HCl or NO2 or CO2 ppresent
TOp < 280 °F (140 °C)
All conventional alloys

Fuel Ash Corrosion

 Oil ash = vanadium pentoxide and sodium oxide, or
vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate. TOp ≥ 1000 °F (540
°C)
Fuel Ash Corrosion
coal ash = sodium and potassium iron trisulfates. TOp =
1030 °F to 1130 °F (545 °C to 610 °C)
waterwall tube = sodium and potassium pyrosulfates. TOp ≥
700 °F (370 °C)
All metals
Galvanic Corrosion
galvanic corrosion present
Material = cast iron
Graphitic Corrosion of Cast
Irons water or moisture present
Temarature ≤ 200 °F (95 °C)
Material = Low-alloy steels or 300 series SS or nickel-based
alloys or heat-resisting alloys
Metal Dusting
Carbon or oxygen present
TOp = 900 °F to 1500 °F (480 °C to 815 °C)
Material = carbon steel or low-alloy steels or 300 series SS
or 400 series SS or nickel-based alloys
Oxidation
Oxygen present
TOp ≥ 1000 °F (540 °C)
Oxygenated Process Water Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels
Corrosion oxygen and water present
Material = carbon steel or 304L or 316L or Alloy C276
Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
Corrosion Phenol present
TOp ≤ 212 °F (100 °C) or ≥ 350 °F (175 °C)
Material = carbon steel or 304L SS or 316L SS or Alloy 20 or
Alloy 825
Phosphoric Acid Corrosion
Phosphoric acid present
Water present
Table Typical erosion-corrosion rates in seawater, mpy
1 fps 4 fps 27 fps
Material
(tidal current) (immersed in seawater flume) (rotating disk)
Carbon steel 6 13 47
Cast iron 9— 54
Silicon bronze 0.2 0.3 57

Admiralty brass 0.3 3 29

Hydraulic bronze 1 0.2 55

G bronze 1 0.3 46
Al bronze 1— 44

Aluminum brass 0.4 — 19

90-10 Cu-Ni 1— 16
70-30 Cu-Ni (0.05 %Fe) 0.3 — 32

70-30 Cu-Ni (0.5 % Fe) <0.2 <0.2 6

Alloy 400 <0.2 <0.2 1

316 SS 0.2 0 <0.2
Alloy C-276 <0.2 — 0.05
Titanium 0— 0
 Component Lining Damage Screening Damage Criteria

Component Lining Damage Component has lining

 External Damage Screening Damage Criteria

External Corrosion —
Ferritic Component Material = carbon steel or Low Alloy Steel or Alloy steel or Cast Iron
TOp = −12 °C to 177 °C (10 °F to 350 °F).
Insulation present
Corrosion Under
Insulation (CUI) —
Ferritic Component Material = carbon steel or Low Alloy Steel or Alloy steel or Cast Iron
TOp = −12 °C to 175 °C (10 °F to 350 °F)
External Chloride
Stress Corrosion Material = austenitic stainless steel.
Cracking (ExtClSCC) — External surface = chloride present
Austenitic TOp = 50 °C to 150 °C (120 °F to 300 °F)
Component
Material = austenitic stainless steel.
External CUI ClSCC — Insulation present
Austenitic
Component External surface = chloride present
TOp = 50 °C to 150 °C (120 °F to 300 °F)

Atmospheric Material = carbon steel or low-alloy steels or copper alloyed

Corrosion aluminum
TOp ≤ 250 °F (120 °C)
All metal
Thermal Shock Fire event present
Rain present
 Internal Stress Corrosion
Screening Damage Criteria
Cracking (SCC)
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
Caustic Cracking
NaOH or KOH or calcium hydroxide or phenol present
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
Amine Cracking
MEA, DEA, DIPA, MDEA, acid gas treating amines present
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
Sulfide Stress Cracking H2S present
Water present
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
HIC/SOHIC-H2S H2S present
Water present
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
Alkaline = calcium or silica or potassium or magnesium or
Alkaline Carbonate SCC bicarbonateat present
Water present
pH > 7.5
Material = austenitic stainless steel or nickel-based alloy
Polythionic Acid SCC
Sulfur compounds = Hydrogen sulfide or Carbonyl sulfide or Sulfur

Material = austenitic stainless steel.

Chlorides present
ClSCC
Water present
TOp > 38 °C (100 °F).
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
Hydrogen SCC-HF
HF present
Material = carbon or low alloy steel
HIC/SOHIC-HF
HF present
Material = Copper-zinc alloys or brass or aluminum brasses or
carbon steel

Amonia/NH3 or Ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate or urea

Ammonia Stress Corrosion or Ammonium Chloride or anhydrous ammonia present
Cracking
Water present
pH > 8.5
Residual stress present
All metal
Dissimilar Metal Weld Cracking Weld present
TOp > 500 °F (260 °C)
All metal
Ethanol Stress Corrosion Ethanol present
Cracking
Residual stress present
 Material = Alloy 400 or Alloy K-500 or Alloy C-22 or Alloy 59 or
Hydrofluoric Acid Stress Alloy C-2000 or Alloy 625 or Alloy 686 or Alloy C-276
Corrosion Cracking of Nickel
Alloys CuF or HF present
Residual stress present
Material = Cr-Mo steels or 2¼Cr-1Mo steel or 1Cr-½Mo or 1¼Cr-
½Mo steel or Types 304H or 316H or 321 or 347 SS or Nickel-based
Stress Relaxation Cracking alloys or Alloy 800H or 800HT or Alloy 617 or 22Cr-35Ni-Nb or
(Reheat Cracking) HSLA steels
PWHT present
TOp ≥ 840 °F (450 °C)
 High Temperature
Screening Damage Criteria
Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)

Material = carbon steel or C-½ Mo or a Cr-Mo low alloy

steel (such as ½ Cr-½ Mo, 1 Cr-½ Mo, 1¼ Cr-½ Mo, 2¼
High Temperature Cr-1 Mo, 3 Cr-1 Mo, 5 Cr-½ Mo, 7 Cr-1 Mo, and 9 Cr-1
Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Mo).
TOp ≥ 177 °C (350 °F).
Hydrogen present
Hydrogen partial pressure ≥ 0.345 MPa (50 psia)
 Brittle Fracture Screening Damage Criteria
Material = carbon steel or a low alloy steel
Brittle Fracture TOp ≤ MDMT or MAT

Damage present

Low Alloy Steel Material = 1Cr-0.5Mo or 1.25Cr-0.5Mo or 2.25Cr-1Mo

Embrittlement or 3Cr-1 Mo low alloy steel.
TOp = 343 °C to 577 °C (650 °F to 1070 °F).
Material = chromium (>12 % Cr) ferritic steel.
885 °F Embrittlement
TOp = 371 °C to 566 °C (700 F to 1050 F).
Sigma Phase Material = austenitic stainless steel.
Embrittlement TOp = 593 °C to 927 °C (1100 F to 1700 F).

Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels or 300 series

SS or 400 series SS or cast stainless steels or nickel base
alloys or HK/HP alloys
Carburization
Hydrocarbons or coke or CO or CO2 or CH4 or ethane
present
TOp ≥ 1100 °F (595 °C)

Material = Carbon steel or Low-alloy steels or high-

Hydrogen strength steels or 400 series SS or precipitation
Embrittlement hardenable stainless steel or duplex stainless steel or
high-strength nickel-based alloys
Hydrogen or H2S or HF present
Ambient TOps or decreases ≥ 150 °F (65 °C)
Liquid Metal Susceptible Alloy contact with Molten Metal based on
Embrittlement Table
Material = Carbon steel or low-alloy steels or 400 series
SS or 300 series SS
Nitriding
Nitrogen or ammonia or cyanides present
TOp ≥ 600 °F (315 °C)
Material = carbon steels or C-0.5 Mo low-alloy steel
(pre-1980)
Strain Aging Equipment = manufactured by the Bessemer or open
hearth process
TOp = Intermediate Temperature
Residual stress present

Temper Material = 2.25Cr-1Mo low-alloy steel or 3Cr-1Mo or

Embrittlement HSLA Cr-Mo-V
TOp = 650 °F to 1070 °F (345 °C to 575 °C)
Material = Titanium or titanium alloys
Hydrogen present
Titanium Hydriding
TOp > 165 °F (75 °C) and pH < 3 or pH > 8
TOp > 165 °F (75 °C) and pH 6-8 and H2S present
Table Some LME Couples Susceptible to Embrittlement
Susceptible Alloy Molten Metal
Carbon steel Lead, cadmium
Low-alloy steel and high-strength
Lead, cadmium
steels

300 series SS Zinc, copper, high-copper brazing alloys

Copper alloys Mercury, lead, lead-tin solders

Alloy 400 Mercury
Nickel alloys Mercury, lead
Aluminum alloys Mercury, tin
Titanium Mercury
 Mechanical Fatigue Screening Damage Criteria

Piping Mechanical Equipment = pipe

Fatigue Vibration present
All metal
Equipment = rotating equipment or Cycling boilers or
Deaerators
Corrosion Fatigue
Surface = stress concentration or residual stress or
pitting or localized corrosion or notches or surface
defects or changes in section or welds
Mechanical Fatigue All metal
(Including Vibration- vibration or water hammer or unstable fluid flow
induced Fatigue) present
 Stress Rupture Screening Damage Criteria
Creep and Stress All metal
Rupture TOp ≥ threshold TOps based on Table

Short-term
Overheating—Stress All fired heater tube or boiler tube materials or
Rupture (Including common materials of construction
Steam Blanketing)
 Table Threshold TOps for Creep
Material TOp Limit
Carbon steel [UTS > 414 MPa (60 ksi)] 650 °F (345 °C)

Carbon steel [UTS > 414 MPa (60 ksi)] 700 °F (370 °C)
Carbon steel—Graphitized 700 °F (370 °C)
C-½Mo 750 °F (400 °C)
1¼Cr-½Mo—Normalized and tempered 800 °F (425 °C)
1¼Cr-½Mo—Annealed 800 °F (425 °C)
2¼Cr-1Mo—Normalized and tempered 800 °F (425 °C)
2¼Cr-1Mo—Annealed 800 °F (425 °C)
2¼Cr-1Mo—Quenched and tempered 800 °F (425 °C)
2¼Cr-1Mo-V 825 °F (440 °C)
3Cr-1Mo-V 825 °F (440 °C)
5Cr-½Mo 800 °F (425 °C)
7Cr-½Mo 800 °F (425 °C)
9Cr-1Mo 800 °F (425 °C)
9Cr-1Mo-V 850 °F (455 °C)
12 Cr 900 °F (480 °C)
AISI Type 304 and 304H 950 °F (510 °C)
AISI Type 316 and 316H 1000 °F (540 °C)
AISI Type 321 1000 °F (540 °C)
AISI Type 321H 1000 °F (540 °C)
AISI Type 347 1000 °F (540 °C)
AISI Type 347H 1000 °F (540 °C)
Alloy 800 1050 °F (565 °C)
Alloy 800H 1050 °F (565 °C)
Alloy 800HT 1050 °F (565 °C)
HK-40 1200 °F (650 °C)
 Weakening Screening Damage Criteria
Material = Carbon steels or low-alloy steels
Decarburization
Gas phase present
Material = copper alloys (brasses or bronzes or Cu-Ni
alloys) or Alloy 400 or Monel
Brasses (>15 % Zn) = Waters resent or stagnant
conditions
Aluminum bronze (> 8 % Al) = HF or chloride acid or
Dealloying seawater
Silicon bronzes = Acidic present
Tin bronzes = Hot brine or steam
Copper nickels (70 to 30) = High heat flux and low water
velocity
Monel = Acid present
Material = carbon steel or ½Mo steels
Graphitization
Temarature = 800 °F to 1100 °F (425 °C to 595 °C)

Material = carbon steel or low-alloy steels or C-½Mo,

Spheroidization 1Cr-½Mo or 1¼Cr-½Mo or 2¼Cr-1Mo or 3Cr-1Mo or
(Softening) 5Cr-½Mo or 9Cr-1Mo steels
TOp = 850 °F to 1400 °F (440 °C to 760 °C)
 Fire Damage Screening Damage Criteria
Material = Aluminum or Titanium or Carbon steels or
Gaseous Oxygen- low-alloy steels or 300 series SS
enhanced Ignition Oxygen present
and Combustion POp ≥ 500 psi
TOp ≥ 1650 °F (900 °C)
 Thermal Fatigue Screening Damage Criteria
All metals
Thermal Fatigue TOp = swings ≥ 200 °F to 300 °F (110 °C to 165 °C)
Startup and shutdown present
 Refractory
Screening Damage Criteria
Degradation

Refractory Material = ceramic fibers or castables or refractory

Degradation brick or plastic refractories
Equipment = Refractory
Alloy
SAE designation
Carbon steels
10xx
11xx
12xx
15xx
Manganese steels
13xx
Nickel steels
23xx
25xx
Nickel-chromium steels
31xx
32xx
33xx
34xx
Molybdenum steels
40xx

44xx
Chromium-molybdenum (chromoly) steels
41xx
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xx
43BVxx
47xx
81xx
81Bxx
86xx
87xx
88xx
93xx
94xx
97xx
98xx
Nickel-molybdenum steels

46xx
48xx

Chromium steels
50xx
50xxx
50Bxx
51xx
51xxx
51Bxx
52xxx
Chromium-vanadium steels
61xx
Tungsten-chromium steels
72xx
Silicon-manganese steels
92xx
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xx
xxBxx
xxLxx
 Type, and composition by weight
Carbon steels Austenite SS: 1xx Series; 200 Series; 300 S
Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max.) Ferritic SS: 400 Series
Resulfurized
Resulfurized and rephosphorized Low Alloy steel (Cr – Mo Steel) grades and
Plain Carbon (Mn 1.00–1.65% max.)
Steel category
Manganese steels
Mn 1.75% 0.5%Mo
Nickel steels 0.5%Cr-0.5%Mo
Ni 3.50% 1.25%Cr-0.5%Mo
Ni 5.00% 2.25%Cr-1.0%Mo
Nickel-chromium steels 5.0%Cr-0.5%Mo
Ni 1.25%; Cr 0.65% or 0.80% 9.0%Cr-1.0%Mo
Ni 1.75%; Cr 1.07%
Ni 3.50%; Cr 1.50% or 1.57% Principal low-alloy stee
Ni 3.00%; Cr 0.77% SAE designation
Molybdenum steels 13xx
Mo 0.20%, 0.25% or Mo 0.25% and S 0.042%[1] 40xx

41xx
Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum (chromoly) steels 43xx
Cr 0.50%, 0.80% or 0.95%; Mo 0.12%, 0.20%, 0.25% or 0.30% 44xx
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels 46xx
Ni 1.82%; Cr 0.50–0.80%; Mo 0.25% 47xx
Ni 1.82%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.12% or 0.35%; V 0.03% min 48xx
Ni 1.05%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.20% or 0.35% 50xx
Ni 0.30%; Cr 0.40%; Mo 0.12% 50xxx
Ni 0.30%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.12%; and added boron[1] 50Bxx
Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.20% 51xx
Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.25% 51xxx
Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.35% 51Bxx
Ni 3.25%; Cr 1.20%; Mo 0.12% 52xxx
Ni 0.45%; Cr 0.40%; Mo 0.12% 61xx
Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.20%; Mo 0.20% 86xx
Ni 1.00%; Cr 0.80%; Mo 0.25% 87xx
Nickel-molybdenum steels 88xx

92xx
Ni 0.85% or 1.82%; Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
Ni 3.50%; Mo 0.25% 94Bxx

ES-1
Chromium steels
Cr 0.27%, 0.40%, 0.50% or 0.65%
Cr 0.50%; C 1.00% min
 Cr 0.28% or 0.50%; and added boron[1]
Cr 0.80%, 0.87%, 0.92%, 1.00% or 1.05%
Cr 1.02%; C 1.00% min.
Cr 0.80%; and added boron[1]
Cr 1.45%; C 1.00% min.
Chromium-vanadium steels
Cr 0.60%, 0.80%, 0.95%; V 0.10% or 0.15% min.
Tungsten-chromium steels
W 1.75%; Cr 0.75%
Silicon-manganese steels
Si 1.40% or 2.00%; Mn 0.65%, 0.82% or 0.85%; Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
High-strength low-alloy steels
Various SAE grades
Boron steels
Leaded steels
e SS: 1xx Series; 200 Series; 300 Series
S: 400 Series

y steel (Cr – Mo Steel) grades and suitable welding consumables

ASTM / ASME standard
Low Alloy Steel Plate
A204 Grade A,B,C A336 Grade F1
A387 Grade 2 CI.1,2
A387 Grade 12 Cl.1,2 A387 Grade 11 CI.1,2 A336 Grade F11
A387 Grade 22 CI.1,2 A336 Grade F22
A387 Grade 5 CI.1,2
A387 Grade 9 CI.1,2

low-alloy stee
Composition
Mn 1.75%
Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042% S
Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or
0.30%
Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%
Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
Cr 0.28% or 0.50%, and added boron
Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%
Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
Cr 0.80%, and added boron
Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or
0.65%
Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%, and added boron
Ni 5%, Cr 2%, Si 1.25%, W 1%, Mn 0.85%, Mo 0.55%, Cu 0.5%,
Cr 0.40%, C 0.2%, V 0.1%
ASTM / ASME standard
SMAW Electrode/ Rod Flux Cored Wires
Low Alloy Steel Pipe
A209 Grade T1 A335 Grade P1 GL76/78A1 GMX 811A1
A213 Grade T2 A335 Grade P2 GL86/88B1
A213 Grade T11, 12 A335 Grade P11, 12 A182 Grade F11 GL86/88B2 GMX 811B2
A213 Grade T22 A335 Grade P22 A182 Grade F22 GL86/88B3 GMX 911B3
A335 Grade P5 GL86/88B6
A335 Grade P9 GL86/88B8