dV 3

2 5 . 1 3 cm / s ec.
dt
Mathematics and Surveying and Transportation
Engineering PROBLEM 3:
A rectangular prism with dimensions
PROBLEM 1: of 3 x 4 x 6 cm. is inscribed in a
A 1 km x 1 km square lot is divided into 5 equal parts, one sphere, find the radius of the
square at the middle, while the other four are right sphere.?
triangles.
SOLUTION :
a.) Find the dimensions of the square at the middle. (2R)2 = (5)2 + (6)2
b.) If this square is further divided, find the dimensions of R = 3.91 m.
the small square at the middle.
c.) Find the percentage ratio of the smallest area to the
biggest area. PROBLEM 4:
Find the distance from point (5, 6, 7) to the origin.
SOLUTION :
a.) Dimensions of the square
at the middle. SOLUTION :
1 d2 = (5-0)2 + (6-0)2 + (7-0)2
A1 (1000) 2 d = 10.49
2
A1 200,000
x12 200,000 PROBLEM 5:
x1 4 4 7 . 2 1m Find the slope of the line that passes through (1,2) if the area is
bounded by this line and the coordinates axes in the 1 st quadrant
b.) Square is further divided, find the dimensions of the
is a minimum.
small square at the middle.
1 SOLUTION :
A2 (200,000)
5 xy
A
A2 40,000 2
x22 40,000 y y 2

x2 200 m x 1
c.) Percentage ratio of the smallest area to the biggest y
x
area. y 2
40,000
Ratio (100) y y
(1000) 2 A
2 y 2
Ratio 4% 2
dA 1 y 2 2y y 1
0
PROBLEM 2: 2
dy 2 y 2
A conical water tank with its vertex down has a height of
2 2
20 cm., and a radius of 10 cm. at the top. Water leaks such 2y 4y y
that the water surface falls at a rate of 0.5 cm/sec. 2
Compute the rate of change of volume when h = 8 cm. y 4y
y 4
SOLUTION : 4
x 2
r 2h 4 2
V
3 y y1
r 10 m
x x1
h 20
4 0
h m 2
r 0 2
2
2 PROBLEM 6:
h Two trains are running in the same direction on two
h
parallel tracks. The trains are 85 m. and 65 m. respectively
2
V and running at 120 kph and 240 kph. If the trail end of the
3 first train is 210 m. ahead of the front end of the second
3 train.
h
V
12 a.) Determine the times required for the front end of the
second train to reach the tail end of the first train.
dV 2 dh
3h
dt 12 dt

b.) Determine the total distance traveled by the second

train from the initial position when it has complete
overtaken the first train.

dV 2 c.) Determine the distance traveled by the first train from

3 8 0.5 the initial position until both ends of the two trains abreast
dt 12
each other.
 2 2
SOLUTION : 4x – 24x + 4y – 8y + 15 = 0
a.) Time required for the front end of the second train to
reach the tail end of the first train. a.) Classify the equations above.
b.) Determine the points of intersection of the two curve
c.) Determine the distance between the two points of
intersection.

SOLUTION :

a.) Classify the equations above.

2
x – 6x + 3y + 11 = 0 PARABOLA
66.67t = 210 + 85 + 33.33t – 85 2 2
4x – 24x + 4y – 8y + 15 = 0
33.33t = 360 CIRCLE
t = 6.3 sec.
b.) Points of intersection of the two
b.) total distance traveled by the second train from the curve.
2
initial position when it has complete overtaken the first x – 6x + 3y + 11 = 0 multiply by 4
train.
2
4x – 24x + 12y + 44 = 0
2 2
4x – 24x + 4y – 8y + 15 = 0
2
4y – 20y – 29 = 0

4y2 – 20y = 29

210 + 85 + 33.33t = 66.67t – 65 By completing squares

2
33.33t = 4y – 20y + 25 = 29 + 25
2
t = 10.80 sec. (2y – 5) = 54

Total distance traveled by second train to overtake the 2y – 5 = ± 7.35

first train. y = 6.17
y = 1.174
= 66.67 (10.8)
= 720 m. when y = 6.17
2
x – 6x + 3(6.17) + 11 = 0
c.) Distance traveled by the first train from the initial 2
x – 6x + 9 = -29.51 + 9
2
position until both ends of the two trains abreast each (x - 3) = -20.51
other. x is complex.

when y = -1.174
2
x – 6x + 3(-1.174) + 11 = 0
2
x – 6x + 9 = -7.478 + 9
2
(x - 3) = 1.522
x = 4.233
x = 1.767

210 + 85 + 33.33t = 66.67t When x = 4.233, y = -1.174

t = 8.85 sec. When x = 1.767, y = -1.174
Total distance traveled by the first train
Until the two train abreast each other. Points of intersection:
Distance = 33.33 (8.85) (4.233, -1.174) and (1.767, -1.174)
Distance = 295 m.
c.) Distance between the two points of intersection.
PROBLEM 7: Distance = 4.233 – 1.767
A cylinder is inscribed in a cube. Find the volume of the
Distance = 2.466
solid inside the cube but outside the cylinder.

SOLUTION :

2 2
V 2 1 2
V 1.72 cu. cm.

PROBLEM 10:
A framer owns two square lots of unequal size, together
2
containing 6568 m . If the lots were contiguous. It would
require 356 m. of fence to enclose them in a single
enclosure of six sides. Find the dimension of the smallest
PROBLEM 8: lot.
A cone is inscribed in a cube such that the base is in one
of the face of the cube 1 cm x 1 cm. SOLUTION :
2 2
A=x +y
2 2
SOLUTION : x + y = 6568
2 3x + 3y + y – x = 356
0.5 1 2x + 4y = 356
V
3 x + 2y = 178
V = 0.262 cu. cm. x = 178 – 2y
2 2
x + y = 6568
2 2
(178 - 2y) + y = 6568
PROBLEM 9: 2 2
31684 – 712y + 4y + y = 6568
Given the following equations of the curve 2
2 5y – 712y + 25116 = 0
x – 6x + 3y + 11 = 0
y = 78 m. 2x = 6
x = 178 – 2(78) x=3
2 2
x = 22m. y – (3) = 4
2
Dimension of smallest lot is 22 m. x 22 m. y = 13

PROBLEM 11: y 13
A sphere has a radius of 15 and its center is at the origin. The point is at 3, 13
Which of the following points is inside the sphere.
I ( 4, 6, -12) PROBLEM 14:
II (-10, -9, 4) Evaluate the following limits
III ( 1, -2, 7) 2
4x x 5
a. lim
a.) I and III only x 1.25 16x 2 25
b.) II and III only
c.) III only 2
x x 12
d.) I, II and III b. lim
x 3 2x 2 6x
SOLUTION : 3 2
2 2 2
r = (4 – 0) + (6 - 0) + (-12 – 0)
2 x 4x 21x
c. lim
r = 14 < 15 x 3 2
2 2 2 2 x 10x 21
r = (-10 - 0) + (-9 - 0) + (4 – 0)
r = 14.04 < 15
2 2 2
r = (1 - 0) + (-2 - 0) + (7 – 0)
2 SOLUTION :
r = 7.35 < 15
2
4x x 5
Since the distance is less than 15, all points are inside the a. lim
x 1.25 2
sphere. 16x 25
8x 1 8 1.5 1
PROBLEM 12: 0.229
Francis set out from a certain point at 6 kph. After he had 32x 32 1.5
gone 2 hours, Cruz set out to overtake him and went 4 km. 2
rd
the first hour, 5 km. the second hour, 6 km. the 3 hour x x 12
b. lim
and so on gaining 1 km. per hour. After how many hours x 3 2
were they together.? 2x 6x
2x 1 32 1
1.17
SOLUTION : 4x 6 43 6
3 2
x 4x 21x
c. lim
x 3 2
x 10x 21
3 2
t = time in hours Cruz could overtake Francis. ( 3) 4 3 21( 3) 72
a=4
d=1 3
2
10( 3) 21 0
n=t
Do not exist
(t +2) total time of travel for Francis
Distance traveled by Francis = 6(t +2)
n
S 2a n 1d
2
t
6 t 2 2 4 t 1 1 PROBLEM 15:
2 In a certain Barangay, 80% have cellphones. If you select 2
12 t 2 t 8 t 1 persons from this Barangay.

a. Find the probability that both have cellphones.

b. Find the probability that one has a cellphone while other
2 is none.
12t 24 8t t t
2 c. Find the probability that both have no cellphones.
t 5t 24 0
t = 8 hours
SOLUTION :
PROBLEM 13: a.) Probability that both have cellphones.
What point in the curve y2 – x2 = 4 is nearest to point (6,0). P = P1P2
P = 0.8 (0.8)
SOLUTION : P = 0.64
2 2
y –x =4 b.) Probability that one has a cellphone while the other is
2yy’ – 2x = 0
none.
x P = P1P2
y'
y P = 0.8 (1 - 0.8)
2 2
d = (x - 6) + (y – 0)
2 P = 0.16
2 2 2
d = (x - 6) + y
2dd’ = 2(x – 6) + 2yy’ = 0 c.) Probability that both have no cellphones.
x 6 P = P1P2
y' P = (1 – 0.8)(1 - 0.8)
y P = 0.04
x x 6
PROBLEM 16:
y y
A sphere having a center at the origin has a radius of 15.
Which of the points is outside the sphere? Hydraulics and Geotechnical
A. (1, 2, -7)
B. (8, 6, 12) Engineering
C. (10, 9, 4)
D. (-4, 8, -7) PROBLEM 1:
A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to
SOLUTION : reservoir B as shown. The loss of head from A to 1 is 3
Using (1, 2, -7) times the velocity head in the 150 mm pipe and the loss of
2 2 2 2
r = (1 – 0) + (2 - 0) + (7 – 0) head from 2 to B is 25 times the velocity head in the 100
r = 7.34 < 15 (inside the sphere) mm pipe. When the discharge is 25 liters/ sec.

Using (8, 6, 12)

2 2 2 2
r = (8 – 0) + (6 - 0) + (12 – 0)
r = 15.62 > 15 (outside the sphere)

Using (10, 9, 4)
2 2 2 2
r = (10 – 0) + (9 - 0) + (4 – 0)
r = 14.04 < 15 (inside the sphere)
1. Compute the horsepower output of the pump in
Using (-4, 8, -7) kilowatts.
2 2 2 2
r = (-4 – 0) + (8 - 0) + (-7 – 0) 2. Compute the pressure head at 1.
r = 11.36 < 15 (inside the sphere) 3. Compute the pressure head at 2.
therefore point (8, 6, 12) is outside the sphere.
SOLUTION :
PROBLEM 17 : 1. Power output of pump :
In an organization, there are Civil Engineers, Electrical 0.02
Engineers, and Mechanical Engineers. The sum of their V1
ages is 2,160; their average age is 36; the average of the 2
C.E. and M.E. is 39; of the M.E. and E.E. 32(8/11); of the 0.15
C.E. and E.E. 36 (2/3). If each C.E. had been one year, each
4
E.E. 7 years and each M.E. 6 years older, their average age V1 = 1.13 m/s
would have been greater by 5 years. Find the average age 0.02
of the Civil Engineers. V2
2
Ans. 45 yrs. 0.10
4
V2 = 2.55 m/s
2 2
V3 P3 V4 P4
Z 3 HA Z 4 HL
2g 2g
0 + HA = 240 + HL
2 2
PROBLEM 18 : 3V1 25V2
HL
A block of copper has a mass of 50 kg. and a density of
8.91 g. per cubic cm.
2g 2g
a.) Find the volume of the copper. 2 2
3 1.13 25 2.55
b.) If this block is converted to a cylinder with the HL
same volume, find the base area if the length is 2 9.81 2 9.81
1500 cm. HL = 8.48 m.
c.) Find the diameter of the cylinder.
HA = 240 + 8.48
SOLUTION :
HA = 248.48 m
a.) Volume of the copper.
W Power output = Q E
V E = H. A.
D
E = 248.48 m.
50,000 Power output = 0.02 (9.81)(248.48)
V
8.91 Power output = 48.75 kW
3
V 5 6 1 1 . 6 7 cm 2. Pressure head at 1 :
2 2
b.) Base area if the length is 1500 cm. VA PA V1 P1
ZA Z1 Hf1
V AL 2g 2g
5611.67 A 1500 2 P1 2
1.13 3 1.13
2 0 0 0 ( 20)
V 3 . 7 4 cm 2g 2g

c.) Diameter of the cylinder.

D2
A
4
P1
2 19.74m.
3.74 D
4
D 2 . 1 8 cm .
3. Pressure head at 2 :
 2 2 2. Skin friction :
V1 P1 V2 P2
Z1 HA Z2 ult f b
2g 2g
ult
design
2 2 P2 FS
1.13 2.55
19.74 20 248.48 20 360 2
2g 2g ult

720 kN
P2 ult
267.95m.
ult f b

720 f 64.74
PROBLEM 2:
A valve is suddenly closed in a 200 mm pipe. The
Qf 655.26 kN
increase in pressure is 700 kPa. Assuming that the pipe is
rigid and the bulk modulus of water is 2.07 x 109 N/m2. 3. Length of pile :
f C. P L
a.) Compute the celerity of the pressure wave.
655.26 0.76 55.5 0.36 4 L
b.) Compute the velocity of flow.
c.) If the length of the pipe is 650 m. long. Compute the L 10.90 m.
water hammer pressure at the valve if it is closed in 3 sec.
PROBLEM 4:
SOLUTION : A confined aquifer has a source of recharge as shown in the
figure. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is 40m/day
a.) Celerity of pressure wave. : and its porosity is 0.25 . The piezometric head in the two
EB wells 1350 m. apart is 65 m. and 60 m. respectively from a
C common datum. the average thickness of the aquifer is 25 m.
and the average width is 4 km.
2.07 x 109
C
1000
c = 1438.75 m/s

b.) Velocity of the flow. :

Increase in pressure
Ph = CV
700000 = 1000 (1438.75) V
V = 0.486 m/s 1. Compute the rate of flow through the aquifer in m3/day.
2. Compute the seepage velocity
c.) Water hammer pressure when it is closed in 3 sec. : 3. Compute the time of travel from the head of the aquifer to a
point 3 km. downstream in days.
2L
t
C SOLUTION :
2 650 1. Rate of flow :
t h
1438.75 i
L
t 0.904 sec.
65 60
i
1350
0.904
Ph 700
3
Ph 210.83 kPa.
i 0.0037
A 25 4000
PROBLEM 3:
A 0.36 m. square pre stressed concrete pile is to be driven A 100,000 m 2
in a clayey soil as shown in the figure. The design capacity Q Ki A
of the pile is 360 kN, with a factor of safety of 2. Q 40 0.0037 100,000

1. Compute the end bearing capacity of the pile. 3

Q 1 4 8 0 0 m / d ay
2. Compute the skin friction expected to develop
along the shaft of the pile.
2. Seepage Velocity :
3. Compute the length of the pile if = 0.76.
Q
V
SOLUTION : A
14800
1. End bearing capacity of piles : V
qu 111 100,000
C V 0.148
2 2
V
C 55.5 kN/m2 VS
n
b c NC A tip 0.148
VS
h 55.5 9 0.36 0.36 0.25
VS 0.592
Qb 64.74 kN
3. Time to travel 3km downstream :
Dis tan ce a.) Compute the lateral pressure in the cell for a failure to
t occur.
SeepageVelocity b.) Compute the maximum principal stress to cause
3000 failure.
t c.) Compute the normal stress at the point of maximum
0.592 shear.
t 5068 days
SOLUTION :
PROBLEM 5: a.) Lateral pressure in the cell :
A tank 12 m. high filled with oil having a unit weight of 9.4
3 31
kN/m is to be built on a site. The existing soil profile tan 28
consists of a 3m. sand layer underlain by a 14 m. clay x
layer. The water table is on the ground surface. Neglecting x 55.93
the weight of the tank.
65
Sin 28
a.) Compute the compression 55.93 65
index of clay. 3
b.) Compute the settlement under 3 13.14 kPa
the center of the tank. (lateral pressure in the cell)
c.) Find the minimum depth in
the ground to which the tank b.) maximum principal stress to cause failure:
must be placed in order to minimize 65 65
settlement. 1 3
1 13.14 130
SOLUTION :
1 143.14 kPa
1. Compression index : c.) normal stress at the point of the maximum shear :
PL 70
P.I. N 3
LL PL
N 13.14 65
40 20
0.645 78.14 kPa
N
LL 20
LL 51% PROBLEM 7:
Cc 0.009 LL 10 A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1.2 m. deep is lined
with a smooth stone. Well laid and has a hydraulic slope
Cc 0.009 51 10 of 0.002. Using n = 0.013.
Cc 0.369 a.) What is the capacity of the channel in m /s.
3

b.) What savings in earth excavation could have been

b. Settlement under the center of the tank : offered by using more favorable proportions but adhering
Po 18.88 9.81 3 17.31 9.81 7 to the same delivery and slope.
c.) What savings in lining per meter length by using more
Po 79.71 favorable proportions but adhering to the same delivery
P 9.4 12 and slope. ?

P 112.8 kPa
SOLUTION :
a.) Capacity of channel :
CCH P Po
S log A = 5.6 (1.2)
1 e Po
A = 6.72 m2
0.369 1400 112.8 79.71 P = 1.2(2) + 5.6
S log
1 1.27 79.71 P = 8 m.
S 8 7 . 1 5 mm A
R
P
c. Minimum depth in the ground to which the tank must be 6.72
placed in order to minimize settlement. R
8
R = 0.84

A R 2/3 S 1/ 2
Q
n
1/ 2
6.72(0.84) 2 / 3 0.002
Q
0.013
3
Q 20.58 m / s
PROBLEM 6: 2. Savings in earth excavation by using more favorable
A cohesive soil specimen has a shearing resistance equal proportions. :
to 29 and a cohesion of 31 kPa. If the maximum shearing
stress of the soil sample is equal to 65 kPa. Use most efficient section :

b = 2d
d
R
2
b=bd
b = 2 d2
 2/3 1/ 2 GS e
AR S
Q
n S 1 e w
2/3
2d
2 d
0.001
1/ 2 2.68 0.73 1
2 S 1 0.73
20.58
0.013 3
d 1.794 1.97 g r /c m
S
b = 2d b. Dry density of the soil :
b = 2 (1.794) 2.68 1
b = 3.578 m.
dry 1 0.73
Savings in excavation :
Savings = 5.6 (1.2) – 1.794 (3.587 ) 3
655 g r /c m
Savings = 0.2849 m2 dr y

3. Savings in lining per meter length :

Lining of old channel = [1.2 (2) + 5.6](1) c. Water content at a degree of saturation of 92% and
2
Lining of old channel = 8 m 100%.

Lining of new channel

Gs
S
= [ 1.794(2) + 3.587](1) e
2
= 7.175 m
2.68
0.92
Savings in lining = 8 – 7.175 0.73
2
Savings in lining = 0.825 m /m. 0.25
25%

At 100%,
PROBLEM 8:
A conical having a radius of base equal to 35 cm. and a 2.68
100
height of 65 cm. has its base at the bottom. 0.73
a.) If water is poured into the tank, find the total volume to 27.24%
fill up.
b.) How much additional water is required to fill the tank if PROBLEM 10:
3
0.025 m of water is poured into the conical tank. A saturated clay layer has a thickness of 30 m. with a
3
c.) Find the height of free surface if 0.025 m of water is water content of 59% and a specific gravity of 2.76.
poured into a conical tank.
a.) Determine the saturated density of the clay.
SOLUTION : b.) Compute the total stress at the bottom.
a.) Total volume to fill up : c.) Compute the effective stress at the bottom.
2
r h
v SOLUTION :
3 a.) Saturated density of the clay :
2 Gs
0.35 0.65
v S
3 e
3 59 2.76
v 0.0834m 100
e
b.) Additional water required to fill the tank. e = 1.628
GS e
V1 = 0.0834 – 0.025
Sat 1 e w
V1 = 0.0584 m3
2.76 1.628
3. Height of free surface : (1)
Sat 1 1.628
3
V (0.65) 3
1 .6 7 g r /c m
sa t
V1
h13
0.0834 (0.65)3 b.) Total stress at the bottom :
GS e
0.0584
h13 Sat w
1 e
h1 = 0.577 m.
2.76 1.628
(9.81)
PROBLEM 9: Sat 1 1.628
A soil has a specific gravity of 2.68 and a void ratio of 0.73 3
if the degree of saturation is 92%. 16.38 kN /m
sa t
a.) Compute the total density of the soil. Total stress = 16.38 (30)
b.) Compute the dry density of the soil. Total stress = 491.40 kN /m2
c.) Compute the water content at a degree of saturation of
92% and 100%. c.) effective stress at the bottom:
Effective stress = (16.38 – 9.81)(30)
Effective stress = 197.10 kN/m2
SOLUTION :
a.) Total density of the soil :
Structural Design and Construction b.) If the compressive stress at the bottom fiber is 12 MPa
and the tensile stress at the top fiber is 2 MPa.
PROBLEM 1: c. If the compressive stress at the top fiber is 16 MPa and
A 400 mm square column shown is supported by square
zero at the bottom fibers.
footing on 5 piles as shown. Dimensions are a = 0.75 m., b
= 2 m., effective footing depth = 0.6 m., Ultimate pile
capacity = 320 kN SOLUTION :
a.) Value of P and e when the compressive stress of 21
Column axial loads : MPa.
D = 420 kN P
L = 360 kN f
E = 210 kN A
P
21
Column moment, ME due to earthquake 300(600)
= 160 kN.m P 3780 kN e 0

Required strength of the footing is based on.:

U = 1.32D + 1.1L + 1.1E b.) Value of P and e when compressive stress at the
a.) Compute the critical beam shear stress at ultimate bottom is 12 MPa and tensile stress at the top is 2 MPa.
loads. b.) Compute the ultimate punching shear stress. P MC
c.) Compute the maximum design moment. f
A I
SOLUTION : P 6M
f
a.) Critical beam shear stress at ultimate loads. bd bd 2
P 6 Pe
Pu = 1.32D + 1.1L + 1.1E f
Pu = 1.32(420) + 1.1(360) + 1.1(210) bd bd 2
Pu = 1181.4 kN P 6e
f 1 stress at the top
Mu = 1.32(0) + 1.1(0) + 1.1(160) tbd d
Mu = 176 kN.m P 6e
f 1 stress at the bottom
Ultimate reaction of pile at row (1) b bd d
Pu MuC P 6e
R 2 1 equation (1)
A I 300(600) 600
2
I=Ad P 6e
Assume area of one pile = 1 12 1 equation (2)
2 300(600) 600
I = 2(1) (2) = 4
C = 1.0 Divide equation (1) by (2)
1181.4 176(1) 1 600 6e
R
5 4 6 600 6e
R = 280.28kN < 320 kN (safe) 600 6e 3600 36e
Vu = 280.28(2) 30e 4200
Vu = 560.56 kN e 140 mm
Vu P 6 140
12 1
bd 300 600 600

560560 P = 900,000 N
P = 900 kN
3500 600
c.) Value of P and e when compressive stress at the top
0.31 MP a
fiber is 16 MPa and zero at the bottom fibers.
b.) Ultimate punching shear stress. P MC
P MC f
R A I
A I At the bottom of the beam :
1181.4 176(0) P 6e
R f 1
5 4 b bd d
Ru = 236.28 kN P 6e
0 1
Vu = 1181.4 – 236.28 300 600 d
Vu = 945.12 kN 6e
Vu 1 0 At the top of the beam :
d P 6e
bod 6e f
b bd
1
d
1 0
b 4 1000 4000 mm. 600 P 6 100
o 600 6e 0 16 1
300 600 600
945120 600
e P = 1440,000 N
4000 600 6 P = 1440 kN
0.463 MP a e 100 mm

c.) Maximum design moment.

Mu = 2R(0.80) PROBLEM 3:
Mu = 2 (280.28)(0.8) A 9 m. high retaining wall is laterally supported at the top
Mu = 448.45 kN.m and fixed at the base. The wall resists active earth pressure
increasing from 0 at the top to 52 kN/m at the base per
PROBLEM 2: meter length along the longitudinal axis.
A beam with width b = 300 mm and depth d = 600 mm is to
be prestressed. Considering a 15% prestress loss, a.) Determine the design moment at the base. Apply the
2
fixed end moment equation WL at the top and WL at
compute the value of prestressing force P and eccentricity 2

e.
30 20
a.) If the compressive stress of 21 MPa. the base. EI is constant.
b.) The lateral support at the top of the wall was removed, 2
determine the design moment at the base. P 22 6 120
4
c.) Determine the resulting base shear if the wall is free at P = 273696 N
the top. P = 273.70 kN

SOLUTION : b.) Based on bearing capacity of bolts.

P = AbFp
a.Design moment at the base when the top is laterally
P = 16(22)(6)(1.2)(400)
supported.
P = 1013760 N
P = 1013.76 kN

WL2 c.) Based on block shear strength.

M
20
2
59 9
M
20
M = 210.6kN.m

b. Design moment at the base when the support at the top

was removed. Av = (200 – 25- 25- 12.5)(16)
52 Av = 2200 mm2
P 9 1
2 At = (100 – 12.5 – 12.5)(16)
P = 234 At = 1200 mm2
M = 3P
M = 3(234)
P = 0.30 Fv Av + 0.50 Fu At
M = 702 kN.m
P = 0.30(400)(2200) + 0.50 (400)(1200)
P = 504000 N
P = 504 kN
c. Base shearing if the wall if the lateral support is
removed at the top : Second possible failure in block shear :

P V
52 9
V
2
V 234 kN.
Av = (200 – 25- 25- 12.5)16
Av = 2200 mm2
PROBLEM 4: At = (140 – 12.5 – 25)(16)
Two plates each with thickness t = 16 mm are bolted At = 1640 mm2
together with 6 – 22 mm bolts forming a lap connection.
Bolt spacing are as follows :
S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm P = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fy At
Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm P = 0.30(400)(2200) + 0.5 (400)(1640)
P = 592000 N
Allowable stress : P = 592 kN
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate = 0.60 Fy Use P = 504 kN5.
Tensile stress on net area of the plate = 0.50 Fu
Shear stress of the bolt : Fv = 120 MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt : Fp = 1.2 Fu

Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the PROBLEM 5:

following conditions. A column section shown is reinforced with 8 – 32 mm
bars, with a clear concrete cover of 40 mm for the 12 mm
ties. Due to reversal of lateral forces. The design axial
load due to the reversal effect of DL, LL and WL changes
as follows
a.) Based on shear capacity of bolts.
b.) Based on bearing capacity of bolts. Along the positive x – direction :
c.) Based on block shear strength. Mu = -420 kN.m
Vu = 370 kN
SOLUTION : Nu = 1320 kN

Along the negative x – direction :

Mu = +420 kN.m
Vu = 370 kN
Nu = 450 kN

Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa

A. ) Allowable shear strength for simplified calculation.

a.) Based on shear capacity of bolts. 1.) For members subject to shear and flexure only.
 1
Vc f C 'b w d
6
2.) For members subject to an axial compression.
1 Nu
Vc 1 f C 'b w d
6 14 Ag
B. ) Allowable shear strength for detailed calculation
1.) For members subject to shear and flexure.
1 Vd
Vc f C ' 120 w u b w d 0.3 f C 'b w d
7 Mu
Vu d
shall not be greater than 1.0
Mu
Where Nu is negative for tension

2.) For members subject to an axial compression.

1 Vd
Vc f C ' 120 w u b w d
7 Mu
Where :
4h d
Mm Mu Nu
8
Vu d
is not limited to 1.0
Mu
Vc = shall not be greater than :
0.3N u
Vc 0.3 1 fc ' bw d
Ag
When Mm is negative :
0.3N u
Use Vc 0.3 1 fc ' bw d
Ag

3.) For members subject to significant axial tension.

1 0.3N u
Vc 1 fc ' bw d
6 Ag
Min. area of shear reinforcement :
b wS
AV
3 fy
When factored shear force Vu exceeds the shear strength
Vc, shear reinforcement shall be provided and the shear
strength Vs shall be computed where shear reinforcement
perpendicular to the axis member :
Av f d
y
AS
S
a.) Determine the concrete shear strength for the positive x
– direction using simplified calculation.
b.) Determine the concrete shear strength for the negative
x – direction using simplified calculation.
c.) Determine the required spacing of shear reinforcement.
Apply provisions on spacing limits of reinforcement when
applicable.