Research/ Essay/ Journal

Name: Pang-es, Emeli P.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Nursing Year/Level: III
Name of Activity: Think! Module No. I Activity No.1

THINK!
1. How many older adults do you know personally?
2. Do you think they are “old”? Do they consider themselves “old”?
3. How do you personally define “old”?
4. Why is aging an issue today?

1. I really can’t put a number to it, but a lot. I am surrounded by older adults, from my grandparents to my
neighbors and to my church members.
2. Yes, I do think they are old. And do they consider themselves old? Yes, most of them do acknowledge it
and some of them don’t’, they act and think like they’re younger than their age, but not in a negative way.
3. Personally, I would define “old” as someone who has lived for a long time and whose body is not as
strong as how they used to be when they were younger.
4. There are numerous reasons why aging is becoming an issue in today's society. For example, most older
adults' savings and investments are depleted, and their income is insufficient to support themselves. Also,
aging seniors are vulnerable to financial exploitation. As one grows older, there is a tendency to be more
trusting and thus more vulnerable to financial exploitation. Furthermore, most of their health is failing,
and they are losing their independence, necessitating family support. Those were the few reasons why
aging seems to be an issue these days.
 Multiple Choice/ True or False/ Identification
Name of Activity: Formative test (pg 18) Module No. I Activity No. 2
No. Answer No. Answer
1 B,E,F
2 A
3 D

Name of Activity: ESSAY Module No. I Activity No.2

THINK!
1. What will you do if you encounter a suspected elderly abuse in a HOSPITAL
SETTING?
2. What will you do if you encounter a suspected elderly abuse in a COMMUNITY
SETTING?

1.2) When an elderly person can no longer care for themselves, they are
frequently surrounded by people who provide the care that they require. This could include
assistance with personal care and routine housekeeping, as well as running errands, managing
money, and other activities that the senior may require assistance with. So, what should we do if
there are suspected abuse in a hospital? First, it’s important to be aware of the possibility of abuse,
look out for signs such as injuries, the patient being agitated, displaying signs of trauma, looking
messy and if so, document them. Talking to the patient is also vital, sit down and have a
conversation with the patient you believe is being abused. They might be scared or ashamed but it's
critical to offer them support. Ask specific questions, instead of asking if the patient has ever been
abused or neglected, the American Medical Association suggests asking the following nine
questions, which you can tailor to the situation depending on your concerns (Has anyone ever hurt
you? Has anyone ever hurt you?....). Call for help, if you suspect elder abuse, you should report it to
 the appropriate authorities. Depending on the circumstances, there are a number of different
agencies you can call for help with elder abuse. Make a report, it is NOT your responsibility to prove
that elder abuse is occurring when you suspect elder abuse. All you have to do is give the
authorities a detailed report outlining why you believe elder abuse is occurring. Lastly, wait for
Adult Protective Services to provide the next steps, Adult Protective Services will investigate the
situation and provide the appropriate level of assistance after you file a report. A caseworker from
Adult Protective Services may be assigned to investigate the elder abuse report further. Elders who
are abused have a 300 percent increased risk of death, as well as worse physical and mental health,
according to the National Center for Elder Abuse (NCEA). It’s part of our job as a healthcare provider
to make sure to put a stop on it.

Multiple Choice/ True or False/ Identification

Name of Activity: Formative test (pg 23) Module No. I Activity No.3
No. Answer No. Answer
1 C
2 B
3 A

Name of Activity: ESSAY Module No. I Activity No.3

THINK!

1. Compare and contrast the Error theory and Somatic Mutation theory.
2. What are the similarities of
Crosslink theory to Molecular
theory?
 1. According to the error theory, errors in ribonucleic acid protein synthesis cause errors in body
cells, resulting in a gradual decline in biologic function. According to my research, if the error-
containing protein is involved in the synthesis of genetic material or the protein-synthesizing
machinery, it has the potential to cause additional errors. If this is the case, the number of error-
containing proteins will increase, resulting in an "error crisis" that will make proper function and
life impossible. The somatic mutation theory on the other hand hypothesizes that Radiation
causes mutations or genetic damage, and radiomimetic agents accumulate, eventually causing
functional failure and death of the organism. The somatic mutation theory is based on the
scientific finding that ionizing radiation reduces life expectancy. Radiation exposure was found
to be recessive, according to researchers. Cell senescence, also known as somatic mutation, is a
process that prevents normal somatic cells from dividing and may play a role in age-related
diseases. In other words, cell senescence underlies and is a pivotal event in human aging and
disease

2. Crosslink theory and molecular theory are both concerned with chemical changes in the body
that contribute to aging. Over time, molecular components such as proteins, lipids, organelles,
and DNA form harmful chemical bonds with one another, resulting in these changes. When
molecules form cross-links, they lose their basic functionality. As cross-linked proteins
accumulate in cells and tissues, they cause increased tissue stiffness and slowed physiological
activities

Name of Activity: RESEARCH 1 Module No. I Activity No.4

 THINK!

What are the integumentary disorders/abnormal conditions common with aging?

Aging is a natural bodily process that occurs as a result of time and the environment. Both of these flaws
wreak havoc on the body over time. The only factor that can be changed is the body's exposure to environmental
stressors. Premature aging can be caused by UV exposure, carcinogens, a poor diet, and mental stress. The aging
process in the human body and organ systems is accelerated by these environmental factors. The following are
some of the diseases or disorders we might experience as we age:
1. Decubitus Ulcer
 They are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue caused by continuous skin pressure. Bedsores are
more common on skin that covers bony body parts including the heels, ankles, hips, and tailbone.
Medical issues that limit their ability to shift positions or force them to spend the majority of their
time in a bed or chair put them at risk for bedsores.
Warning signs of bedsore or pressure ulcers are:
 unusual changes in skin color or texture
 swelling
 pus-like draining
 tender areas
 Infection
 areas of open skin.
 Based on their depth, severity, and other characteristics, bedsores are
classified into one of several stages. The severity of skin and tissue damage varies from red,
unbroken skin to a deep muscle and bone injury. Pressure against the skin limits blood flow to the
skin, resulting in bedsores,
Three primary contributing factors for bedsores are:
 Pressure
 Friction
 Shear

I f you notice signs of a bedsore, move to a different position to relieve the pressure on the affected
area. Contact your doctor if you don't feel better in 24 to 48 hours. If you have a fever, drainage from a sore, a sore
that smells bad, or increased redness, warmth, or swelling around a sore, seek medical attention right away.
 Repositioning yourself frequently to avoid skin stress can help prevent bedsores. Other strategies
include taking care of your skin, eating well, staying hydrated, quitting smoking, managing stress,
and exercising on a regular basis.

FOR SKIN CARE

FOR REPOSITIONING:
 Shift your weight frequently.  Keep skin clean and
dry.
 2. Lift yourself, if possible Herpes

 Select cushions or a mattress

 Protect the skin
that relieves pressure

 Adjust the elevation of your

bed  Inspect the skin daily

 Look into a specialty

wheelchair

Zoster

 Shingles is a painful rash caused by a viral infection. Although shingles can appear anywhere on your
body, it is most commonly seen as a single stripe of blisters that wraps around your torso on either
the left or right side. The varicella-zoster virus causes shingles, which is the same virus that causes
chickenpox. After you've had chickenpox, the virus lies inactive in nerve tissue near your spinal cord
and brain. Years later, the virus may reactivate as shingles. The signs and symptoms of shingles
usually affect only a small section of one side of your body

These signs and symptoms may include

 Itching
 Raised dots on your skin and redness in that area
 Pain, burning, numbness or tingling
  Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over
 Fever, chills, and headache

Contact your doctor promptly if you suspect shingles, but especially in the following
………………..situations:

 The pain and rash occur near an eye. If left untreated, this infection can lead to permanent eye
damage.
 You're 60 or older, because age significantly increases your risk of complications.
 You or someone in your family has a weakened immune system (due to cancer, medications or
chronic illness).
 The rash is widespread and painful.

COMPLICATIONS

 Postherpetic neuralgia- Shingles pain can last for weeks or months after the blisters have healed.

 Vision loss if your rash are in or around your rash.

 Neurological problems- Depending on which nerves are affected, shingles can cause an
inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), facial paralysis, or hearing or balance problems.

 Skin infections if shingles aren’t treated properly.

TREATMENT
PREVENTION
A shingles vaccine may help prevent shingles. You Antiviral drugs can help you heal faster
can get shingles even if you get the shingles and cut your risk of complications.
vaccine. However, this vaccine is likely to shorten They’re most effective if you take them
the course and severity of the disease, as well as within 3 days of the start of a rash, so
lower your risk of developing postherpetic see your doctor as soon as possible.
neuralgia. The shingles vaccine is only used as a
preventative measure. It's not meant to help
people who are already sick with the disease.
Consult your doctor to determine which option is
best for you.
 3. Acrochordon

- also known as skin tags, is a small, soft, hanging piece of skin with a peduncle, or stalk. They
can appear anywhere on the body, but they are most common where skin rubs against skin or
clothing. Skin tags are more common as people get older. They're quite common in people
over the age of 60. It's possible that a tendency for developing skin tags runs in families. They
are most commonly found in the neck, armpits, torso, beneath the breasts, and in the genital
area. If they are in an area where clothing or jewelry rubs against them, they can become
irritated and unsightly.

A skin tag may appear as a small soft bump on the skin at first. It develops into a flesh-colored
piece of skin with a stalk attached to the skin surface over time. A skin tag is easy to move or
wiggle back and forth. A skin tag is not painful, but it can become irritated if it is rubbed
excessively.

Acrochordon are made from a protein called collagen and blood vessels, surrounded by a layer
of skin. It is unknown what causes them. Acrochordon susceptibility appears to be inherited in some people. It's
possible that some people have a higher risk of developing these skin growths due to genetics. It's also linked to
certain strains of the human papillomavirus.

Skin tags are removed by doctors using sharp scissors, a sharp blade, or, less frequently,
freezing or burning them off at the stalk. A chemical (aluminum chloride) or electric
(cauterizing) treatment can be used to stop bleeding. Most health insurance plans will not cover the removal of
skin tags because they are only a cosmetic issue and not a medical issue.
4. Senile Purpura

- also known as actinic purpura, is a benign skin condition that causes bruises, especially on the
forearms and legs. Mucous membranes, particularly in the mouth and other internal organs,
can also be affected. They are most common in the elderly, as their skin and blood vessels
become increasingly fragile and thin. They appear as purplish red patches or spots on the skin
in the early stages. They're also known as blood spots or skin hemorrhages. Large purpura
spots are called ecchymosis, while smaller purpura spots are called petechiae. They do not
occur from any deficiency of vitamins or minerals, neither because of any bleeding disorders.
Senile purpura itself is not harmful, but it may be a sign of an underlying condition

 aging - b lood clotting diseases

 too much exposure to the sun - blood infection
 vascular disorders - thrombocytopenia
 high blood sugar levels
- inflammation of blood vessels - diabetes
- overuse of blood-thinning medicines like steroids & aspirin

- Thinning of skin - Brown or yellow discoloration on fading

- Skin tears very easily - Bruises occur with or without trauma
- Large purplish red bruises - Brown patches remain permanent on skin
- Adjacent skin inelastic and thin - Bruises disappearing in three weeks
- Irregularly shaped lesions from 1-4 cm
  Doctors can usually diagnose senile purpura based on a visual examination alone.
However, they will sometimes use tests to help them make sure the senile purpura is not
caused by something more serious. It is common to receive a complete blood count (CBC),
as well as any number of more specific test. Doctors may also do a test called a punch
biopsy to check the skin and blood cultures

The body can usually heal itself from senile purpura bruises without any assistance.
If the skin is particularly thin, it may tear, resulting in a lesion at the bruise's site.
This cut can be treated similarly to a regular cut. It also aids in the prevention of
further damage to the skin. Long-sleeved shirts and hats can help protect the skin
from the sun, and bumps and bruises should be avoided at all costs. The bruises
can be unsightly, and treating them can help people with senile purpura improve their quality of life. A
studyTrusted Source in the Journal of Drugs and Dermatology found success using an oral medication
designed to treat and prevent senile purpura. Researchers noted that the treatment appeared to safely
and effectively reduce bruises in people with senile purpura. The participants also felt that their skin
looked and felt better when using the medication. Dermatologists may recommend other medicines to
people who are troubled by the sight of the bruises. Senile purpura is not always preventable, but people
can use sunscreen and protect their skin from sun damage as much as possible.
Name of Activity: RESEARCH 2 Module No. I Activity No.5

THINK!

What are the musculoskeletal disorders/abnormal condition common with aging?

Musculoskeletal problems are very common among the elderly. As people get older, their
musculoskeletal tissues lose bone density, cartilage resilience, ligament elasticity, muscular strength, and
fat redistribution, reducing their ability to perform their normal functions. Arthritis and fractures can
cause significant loss of mobility and physical independence in this population, not only physically and
psychologically, but also in terms of increased mortality rates.

1) Osteoarthritis

 The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis, affects millions of people around the
world. When the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over
time, it causes this condition. Although osteoarthritis can affect any joint, it is most
commonly seen in the hands, knees, hips, and spine. Whereas the damage to joints
cannot be reversed, the symptoms of osteoarthritis can usually be managed. Staying
active, eating a healthy diet, and receiving certain treatments may help slow disease
progression and improve pain and joint
function.

 Pain

 Stiffness

 Tenderness

 Loss of flexibility

 Grating sensation

 Bone spurs
 Swelling

 Older age - Genetics

 Sex - Bone deformities

 Obesity - Certain metabolic diseases

 Joint injuries - Repeated stress on joint

Lab test
Imaging test
 X-rays - Cartilage doesn't show up on X-ray  Blood tests - Although there's no blood test
images, but cartilage loss is revealed by a for osteoarthritis, certain tests can help rule
narrowing of the space between the bones in out other causes of joint pain
your joint
 Joint fluid analysis. Your doctor might use a
 MRI - An MRI uses radio waves and a strong needle to draw fluid from an affected joint.
magnetic field to produce detailed images of
bone and soft tissues, including cartilage

Medications Therapy Surgical and other procedure

 Acetaminophen - shown to  Physical therapy - PT can
help some people with show you exercises to
osteoarthritis who have strengthen the muscles
mild to moderate pain around your joint, increase  Cortisone injections
your flexibility and reduce
 (NSAIDs) - Over-the- pain
counter NSAIDs, such as  Lubrication injections
ibuprofen and naproxen  Occupational therapy -
sodium, taken at the occupational therapist can
recommended doses, help you discover ways to
typically relieve  Realigning bones
do everyday tasks without
osteoarthritis pain. putting extra stress on your
already painful joint
 Duloxetine - this  Joint replacement
medication is also approved
to treat chronic pain,
including osteoarthritis
pain.
TREATMENT

2) Sarcopenia
 Your muscles grow larger and stronger from the time you are born until around the age of 30.
However, as you approach your 30s, you begin to lose muscle mass and function. Age-related
sarcopenia, also known as sarcopenia with aging, is the cause. After the age of 30, physically
inactive people can lose as much as 3% to 5% of their muscle mass per decade. Even if you are
physically active, you will experience some muscle loss. Sarcopenia cannot be diagnosed with a test
or a specific level of muscle mass. Muscle loss is significant because it reduces strength and
mobility.

 Living a sedentary lifestyle

 Poor Nutrition
 Malnutrition can occur as a result of older adults eating less. According
to the International Organization for Research on Cancer, up to 41% of women and 38% of men
over 50 eat less protein than the recommended daily allowance. Eating too few vegetables and
fruits, as well as eating a lot of acid-producing foods like grains and processed foods, can reduce
muscle mass.

 a decrease in muscle size

 weakness
 loss of endurance
 poor balance
 trouble climbing stairs

 Exercise - when it comes to muscle mass, the old saying

“use it or lose it” is true. Working the muscles helps maintain muscle mass and strength. When muscles
 Nutrition - Proper nutrition is essential to treat sarcopenia, and may even prevent or delay the condition.
Eating enough protein is an important dietary consideration in preventing sarcopenia. The IOF
recommend that adults eat 1.0-1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of bodyweight daily
 Dietary supplements - taking certain dietary supplements may be another way to improve sarcopenia or
help prevention the condition. For example, taking creatine supplements may increase strength and lean
muscle mass in adults of any age.
 3) Cervical Spondylosis
 The term "cervical spondylosis" refers to age-related wear and tear of the spinal disks in your neck.
Osteoarthritis symptoms include bony projections along the edges of bones as the disks dehydrate
and shrink (bone spurs). Cervical spondylosis is a common condition that gets worse with age. It
affects more than 85 percent of people over the age of 60.

 as you age, the bones and cartilage that make up your backbone and
neck gradually develop wear and tear. These changes can include:
- Dehydrated disks
- Herniated disks
- Bone spurs
- Stiff ligaments

 Stiffness,
 Paresthesia, or abnormal sensations
 Limited range of motion in affected joints.
 Pain 

 Age - normal part of aging

 Occupation - Jobs that involve repetitive neck motions or lots of overhead work put extra stress on your
neck.

 Neck injuries - Previous neck injuries appear to increase the risk of cervical spondylosis.

 Genetic factors

 Smoking - Smoking has been linked to increased neck pain.

 Imaging test Nerve function test
 Neck X-ray  Electromyography
 CT scan  Nerve conduction study
 MRI
 Myelography

Medications Therapy Surgery

 Exercises to stretch and  If conservative treatment
fails or if your neurological
 Nonsteroidal anti- strengthen the muscles in
signs and symptoms — such
 Corticosteroids. your neck and shoulders
as weakness in your arms or

 Muscle relaxants can be taught by a physical legs — worsen, you might

need surgery
 Anti-seizure medications therapist. When nerve roots
 Removing a
are pinched, some people
 Antidepressants herniated disk or
with cervical spondylosis bone spurs
 inflammatory drugs
benefit from traction,  Removing part of a
vertebra
which can help provide
 Fusing a segment of
more space within the the neck using bone

spine. graft and hardware

4) Osteoporosis
- it causes bones to become weak and brittle, to the point where even minor stresses like
bending over or coughing can result in a fracture. The hip, wrist, and spine are the most common sites for
osteoporosis-related fractures. Bone is a living tissue that breaks down and replaces itself on a regular
basis. When the formation of new bone does not keep up with the loss of old bone, osteoporosis
develops.

 Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra

 Loss of height over time

 A stooped posture

 A bone that breaks much more easily than expected

Unchangeable risk factors Dietary factors

 Your sex  Low calcium intake
 Age  Eating disorders
 Race  Gastrointestinal surgery
 Family history
 Body frame size

 Bone density is the single best predictor of bone strength. Bone

density cannot be determined using standard X-rays, but bone
densitometry, a specialized low-dose X-ray technique, can be used
to determine the amount of bone present in various parts of the skeleton. Over the last
decade, research has conclusively shown that bone density is linked to the risk of fracture,
much like blood cholesterol is linked to the risk of heart disease. The higher the risk of
osteoporosis-related fractures, the lower the bone density.
 Treatment plans are frequently based on a prediction of your risk of breaking a b
based on information like a bone density test. If your risk of bone loss and falls is
low, treatment may not include medication and instead focus on modifying risk
factors for bone loss and falls.

 Bisphosphonates - the most widely prescribed osteoporosis medications are bisphosphonates

 Denosumab - produces similar or better bone density results and reduces the chance of all types of
fractures

 Raloxifene (Evista) - this medication acts like estrogen at some parts of the body (bone, heart) and
opposes estrogen effects at other parts (breast, uterus). It reduces the risk of vertebral fractures by 40
percent.

 Bone-building medications - Teriparatide (Bonsity, Forteo), Abaloparatide (Tymlos), Romosozumab

(Evenity)

 Kyphoplasty - A new treatment for osteoporosis spine fractures is called kyphoplasty. Kyphoplasty is a
minimally invasive procedure, which means only tiny incisions are used. Through an incision, a small
balloon is inserted into the collapsed bone to restore its shape. It is then filled with a substance that
hardens and helps the bone expand. Long-term trials of this procedure are ongoing.

Name of Activity: RESEARCH 3 Module No. I Activity No. 6

THINK!

What are the respiratory disorders/ abnormal conditions common with aging?

1. Pneumonia

 Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes the air sacs in one or both lungs to become inflamed. Cough
 with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing can occur when the air sacs fill with fluid or pus
(purulent material). Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and
fungi. The severity of pneumonia can range from mild to life-threatening. Infants and young children,
people over the age of 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems are the most
vulnerable.

 Chest pain when you breathe or cough

 Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older)

 Cough, which may produce phlegm

 Fatigue

 Fever, sweating and shaking chills

 Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak
immune systems)

 Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea

 Shortness of breath

See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or
higher, or persistent cough, especially if you're coughing up pus.

 Get vaccinated
 Make sure children get vaccinated

 Practice good hygiene

 Don't smoke

 Keep your immune system strong

Your doctor will start by asking about your medical history and doing a physical exam,
including listening to your lungs with a stethoscope to check for abnormal bubbling or
crackling sounds that suggest pneumonia.
If pneumonia is suspected, your doctor may recommend the following tests:

 Blood test - sputum test

 Chest x-ray - CT scan
 Pulse oximetry - pleural fluid culture
 Treatment for pneumonia involves curing the infection and preventing
complications. People who have community-acquired pneumonia usually can
be treated at home with medication. Although most symptoms ease in a few
days or weeks, the feeling of tiredness can persist for a month or more.

 Antibiotics. These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia.

 Cough medicine. This medicine may be used to calm your cough so that you can rest. Because
coughing helps loosen and move fluid from your lungs, it's a good idea not to eliminate your cough
completely

 Fever reducers/pain relievers. You may take these as needed for fever and discomfort.

You may need to be hospitalized if:

 You are older than age 65

 You are confused about time, people or places

 Your kidney function has declined
 You need breathing assistance
 Your temperature is below normal
 Your heart rate is below 50 or above 10
 Your breathing is rapid (30 breaths or more a minute)

2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. It's typically caused by
long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People
with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of other
conditions.
 Shortness of breath - Frequent respiratory infections
 Wheezing - Lack of energy
 Chest tightness - Unintended weight loss
 A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white,
yellow or greenish

 Exposure to tobacco smoke - Genetics

 People with asthma - Exposure to fumes from burning fuel

 Occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals

 Respiratory infections - Heart problems

 Lung cancer - Depression

 High blood pressure in lung arteries

To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your signs and
symptoms, discuss your family and medical history, and discuss
any exposure you've had to lung irritants — especially cigarette
smoke. Your doctor may order several tests to diagnose your
 condition.

 Lung (pulmonary) function tests - CT scan

 Chest X-ray - Laboratory tests

 Arterial blood gas analysis

Many people with COPD have mild forms of the disease that require little
treatment aside from quitting smoking. Even in the later stages of the
disease, there is effective treatment that can control symptoms, slow
progression, reduce the risk of complications and exacerbations, and
improve your ability to live an active life.

 Quit smoking - The most essential step in any treatment plan for COPD is to quit all smoking. Stopping

smoking can keep COPD from getting worse and reducing your ability to breathe.

 Medications - Bronchodilators are medications that usually come in inhalers — they relax the muscles

around your airways. Inhaled corticosteroid medications can reduce airway inflammation and help prevent

exacerbations. Theophylline, when other treatment has been ineffective or if cost is a factor, theophylline, a

less expensive medication, may help improve breathing and prevent episodes of worsening COPD.

 Lung therapies - Oxygen therapy, if there isn't enough oxygen in your blood, you may need supplemental

oxygen. Pulmonary rehabilitation program, these programs generally combine education, exercise training,

nutrition advice and counseling.

 Surgery - Lung volume reduction surgery, in this surgery, your surgeon removes small wedges of damaged

lung tissue from the upper lungs. Bullectomy, doctors remove bullae from the lungs to help improve air flow.

Lung transplant. Lung transplantation may be an option for certain people who meet specific criteria.

Transplantation can improve your ability to breathe and to be active.

 3. Asthma
 a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. Asthmatics may
experience wheezing, coughing, increased mucus production, and breathing difficulties. Inflammation
and/or obstruction of the airways, which transport air from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causes these
symptoms.
 Being overweight
 Being a smoker
 Exposure to secondhand smoke
 Dry cough, especially at night or in response to specific "triggers"
 Exposure to exhaust fumes or other types of pollution
 Tightness or pressure in the chest
 Exposure to occupational triggers, such as chemicals used in farming, hairdressing
 Difficulty breathing
and manufacturing
  Wheezing—a whistling
Having a blood sound—when
relative with asthmaexhaling
 Shortness of breath after exercise
 Colds that go to the chest or "hang on" for 10 days or more

 Follow your asthma action plan

 Follow your asthma action plan
 Identify and avoid asthma triggers
 Monitor your breathing
 Take your medication as prescribed
 Identify and treat attacks early
 Pay attention to increasing quick-relief inhaler use

Name of Activity: RESEARCH 4 Module No. I Activity No. 7

 THINK!
What are the cardiovascular disorders/abnormal conditions common with aging?

1. Heart attack

 When the blood supply to the heart is cut off, a heart attack occurs. The most common cause of a blockage
is a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries that supply the heart, forming a plaque
(coronary arteries). A plaque can rupture and form a clot, obstructing blood flow. Parts of the heart muscle
can be damaged or destroyed if blood flow is disrupted. A heart attack, also known as a myocardial
infarction, is a potentially fatal condition.

 Chest pain or discomfort

 Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint
 Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.
 Pain or discomfort in one or both arms or shoulders
 Shortness of breath

If you notice the symptoms of a heart attack in yourself or someone else, call 9-1-1 immediately. The
sooner you get to an emergency room, the sooner you can get treatment to reduce the amount of
damage to the heart muscle!

Prevention
Risk factors
 Age  Medications. Taking medications can
reduce your risk of a subsequent heart
 Tobacco attack and help your damaged heart
function better
 High blood pressure

 Obesity
 Life factors- Maintain a healthy weight
 Diabetes with a heart-healthy diet, don't smoke,
exercise regularly, manage stress and
 Metabolic syndrome control conditions that can lead to a
heart attack, such as high blood
 Family history of heart attacks
pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
 Lack of physical activity

 Stress

 High blood cholesterol or triglyceride

levels.
 2. Stroke
 When the blood supply to a part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, brain tissue is deprived of oxygen
and nutrients, resulting in a stroke. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. A stroke is a medical emergency
that requires immediate attention. Brain damage and other complications can be avoided if action is taken
early. The good news is that stroke deaths in the United States have decreased dramatically in recent years.
Treatments that are effective can also help to prevent stroke disability.

 Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying

 Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg
 Problems seeing in one or both eyes
 Headache.
 Trouble walking Seek

immediate medical attention if you notice any signs or symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to come and
go or they disappear completely. Think "FAST" and do the following:

 Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?

 Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Or is one arm
unable to rise?

 Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is his or her speech slurred or
strange?

 Time. If you observe any of these signs, call 911 or emergency medical help
immediately.

 Exercising regularly

 Managing diabetes

 Controlling high blood pressure (hypertension)

 Lowering the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet

3. Aortic Stenosis
 Quitting tobacco use

 Avoiding illegal drugs

 Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

 Maintaining a healthy weight

 - Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a
narrowing of the aortic valve opening. Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to
the aorta and may also affect the pressure in the left atrium. Although some people have aortic stenosis
because of a congenital heart defect called a bicuspid aortic valve, this condition more commonly
develops during aging as calcium or scarring damages the valve and restricts the amount of blood
flowing through.

 Chest pain

 Trouble breathing or feeling short of breath

 Feeling dizzy or light-headed, even fainting

4. Treatment
 Difficulty walking short distances
Diagnosis
To diagnose aortic valve stenosis, your doctor will review You may eventually need surgery to repair or replace the
 Swollen ankles or feet
your signs and symptoms, discuss your medical history,
diseased aortic valve, even if you don't have symptoms.
and do a physical examination. He or she will listen to
 Difficulty sleeping or needing to sleep sittingAorticup
valve surgery may be done at the same time as
your heart with a stethoscope to determine if you have a
heart murmur that
 may signal
Decline in an aorticlevel
activity valveorcondition. other
reduced ability heart
to do surgery.
normal Surgery to repair or replace an
activities
Your doctor may order several tests to confirm or rule out
aortic valve is usually done through a cut (incision) in the
aortic valve stenosis. Tests fluttering
 Rapid, also can help determine a
heartbeat
cause and the condition's severity. chest. Less invasive approaches may be available.
Surgery options for aortic valve stenosis include:
 Echocardiogram

 Electrocardiogram  Aortic valve repair

 Chest X-ray  Balloon valvuloplasty

 Exercise tests or stress tests

 Aortic valve replacement

 Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan

 Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
 Cardiac MRI (TAVR)

 Cardiac catheterization

Hypertension High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common condition in which the long-term
 force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health
problems, such as heart disease.

 Most people with high blood pressure have no signs or symptoms, even if blood
pressure readings reach dangerously high levels. A few people with high blood
pressure may have headaches, shortness of breath or nosebleeds, but these signs and
symptoms aren't specific and usually don't occur until high blood pressure has
reached a severe or life-threatening stage

Complications
Risk factors
 Age  Heart attack

 Race  Aneurysm

 Family history  Heart failure

 Using tobacco  Metabolic syndrome

 Too much salt  Trouble with memory or understanding

 Drinking too much alcohol  Dementia

 Stress  Weakened and narrowed blood vessels in

your kidneys
 Chronic conditions

 Too little potassium in your diet

 Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your doctor
may recommend that you make lifestyle changes. But sometimes lifestyle changes
aren't enough. If diet and exercise don't help, your doctor may recommend
medication to lower your blood pressure

Medications - The type of medication your doctor prescribes for high blood pressure
depends on your blood pressure measurements and overall health.

 Diuretics-

 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

 Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

 Calcium channel blockers

  Alpha blockers

Researchers continue to study catheter-based ultrasound and radiofrequency ablation of the kidney's sympathetic
nerves (renal denervation) as a treatment for resistant hypertension. Early studies showed some benefit, but more-
robust studies found that the therapy does not significantly lower blood pressure in people with resistant hypertension.
More research is underway to determine what role, if any, this therapy may have in treating hypertension.

Name of Activity: RESEARCH 5 Module No. I Activity No. 8

THINK!

What are the gastrointestinal disorders/abnormal conditions common with aging?

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the
stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe). Food travels from your
mouth to the stomach through your esophagus. GERD can irritate the food pipe and cause heartburn and
other symptoms.

 Chest pain - regurgitation of food or sour liquid

 Difficulty swallowing - Sensation of a lump in your throat
 Heartburn - Chronic cough
 Laryngitis - New or worsening asthma
 Disrupted sleep

Your doctor might be able to diagnose GERD based on a physical examination and history of your signs and symptoms. To
confirm a diagnosis of GERD, or to check for complications, your doctor might recommend:

 Upper endoscopy - Your doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera (endoscope) down your
throat, to examine the inside of your esophagus and stomach.
 Ambulatory acid (pH) probe test - A monitor is placed in your esophagus to identify when, and for how long,
stomach acid regurgitates there.
 Esophageal manometry - This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in your esophagus when you swallow

 Your doctor is likely to recommend that you first try lifestyle modifications and over-the-
 counter medications. If you don't experience relief within a few weeks, your doctor might recommend
prescription medication or surgery.

 Over-the-counter medications - Antacids that neutralize stomach acid, Medications to reduce acid
production, Medications that block acid production and heal the esophagus.
 Surgery and other procedures – Fundoplication, LINX device, Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF)

2. Peptic ulcers - A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining of your stomach or the first part of your small intestine
(duodenum). If the ulcer is in your stomach, it is called a gastric ulcer. If the ulcer is in your duodenum, it is
called a duodenal ulcer.

 H. pylori bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) - this bacterium hurts the mucus that protects the lining of your stomach
and the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum). 
 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) - over time they can damage the mucus that protects the lining
of your
 Burning stomach pain - Heartburn
 Intolerance to fatty foods - Nausea
 Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching

stomach.

 Laboratory tests for H. pylori.

 Endoscopy
 Blood test
 Stool culture
 Urea breath test

 Treatment can include making lifestyle changes, taking medicines, or in some cases having
surgery.

Medications
Lifestyle changes
 Not eating certain foods  Antibiotics

 Quitting smoking  H2-blockers (histamine receptor blockers)

 Proton pump inhibitors or PPIs

 Limiting alcohol and caffeine
  Not using NSAID  Mucosal protective agents

 Antacids

 In most cases, medicines can heal ulcers quickly. Once the H. pylori bacteria is removed, most ulcers do not come
back. In rare cases, surgery may be needed if medicines don’t help. You may also need surgery if your ulcer
causes other medical problems.

3. Diverticulitis - Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that can form in the digestive system's lining. They're
most commonly found in the large intestine's lower section (colon). s. Diverticulosis is the presence of
diverticula. Diverticulitis is a condition that occurs when one or more of the pouches become inflamed and
infected.

 Nausea and vomiting - Fever

 Abdominal tenderness - Constipation or, less commonly, diarrhea. 

 Pain, which may be constant and persist for several days.  Exe
rcise
regularly
- Eat more fiber

 Drink plenty of fluids - Avoid smoking

Treatment
Diagnosis
Diverticulitis is usually diagnosed during an acute attack.  If your symptoms are mild, you may be
Because abdominal pain can indicate a number of treated at home. Your doctor is likely to
problems, your doctor will need to rule out other recommend:
causes for your symptoms
 Antibiotics to treat infection
 Blood and urine tests, to check for signs of
infection.  A liquid diet for a few days while
 A pregnancy test for women of childbearing
your bowel heals
age, to rule out pregnancy as a cause of
abdominal pain.
 If you have a severe attack or have other
 A liver enzyme test, to rule out liver-related health problems, you'll likely need to be
 causes of abdominal pain hospitalized. Treatment generally involves:

 A stool test, to rule out infection in people  IV antibiotics

who have diarrhea.
 Insertion of a tube to drain
 A CT scan, which can identify inflamed or
abdominal abscess
infected pouches and confirm a diagnosis of
diverticulitis. CT can also indicate the  Surgery
severity of diverticulitis and guide treatment.
 Primary bowel resection

 Bowel resection with colostomy

Name of Activity: RESEARCH 6 Module No. I Activity No. 9

 THINK!

What are the urinary disorders/abnormal conditions common with aging?

1. Urinary incontinence - Urinary (or bladder) incontinence occurs when you are not able to keep urine from
leaking out of your urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine out of your body from your bladder.
You may leak urine from time to time. Or, you may not be able to hold any urine.

 Blockage in the urinary system - Nerve and muscle problems

 Brain or nerve problems - Enlarged prostate
 Problems with the urinary system - Diabetes
 Weakness of the pelvic or urethral muscles - Use of certain medicines
 Dementia or other mental health problems that make it hard to feel and respond to
theThere
urge are
to urinate
several treatment approaches for urinary incontinence :

 Lifestyle changes
 keep your bowel movements regular to avoid constipation.
 Quit smoking to reduce coughing and bladder irritation
 Avoid alcohol and caffeinated drinks such as coffee, which can stimulate your bladder.
 If you have diabetes, keep your blood sugar under good control.
 Bladder training and pelvic floor exercises. - Bladder retraining helps you gain better control over your bladder.
Kegel exercises can help strengthen the muscles of your pelvic floor. Your provider can show you how to do them.
 Medicines. Depending on the type of incontinence you have, your provider may prescribe one or more medicines.
These drugs help prevent muscle spasms, relax the bladder, and improve bladder function
 Bladder nerve stimulation. Urge incontinence and urinary frequency can sometimes be treated by electrical
nerve stimulation. Pulses of electricity are used to reprogram bladder reflexes.
 Surgery. If other treatments do not work, or you have severe incontinence, your provider may recommend
surgery. The type of surgery you have will depend on:
 The type of incontinence you have
 the severity of your symptoms
 The cause
2. Diabetes - Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar (also called glucose) and released into your
bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key
to let the blood sugar into your body’s cells for use as energy. If you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t
make enough insulin or can’t use the insulin it makes as well as it should. When there isn’t enough insulin or
cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause
serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
  Urinate (pee) a lot - Are very thirsty
 Lose weight without trying - Are very hungry
 Have numb or tingling hands or feet - Feel very tired
 Have more infections than usual - Have very dry skin
 Have sores that heal slowly

 Tests for type 1 and type 2 diabetes and prediabetes:

 Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test

 Random blood sugar test
 Fasting blood sugar test
 Oral glucose tolerance test

Depending on what type of diabetes you have, blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral
medications may play a role in your treatment. Eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy
weight and participating in regular activity also are important factors in managing diabetes.

 Healthy eating

 Physical activity

 Monitoring your blood sugar

 Insulin

 Oral or other medications

 Transplantation
 3. Urinary tract Infection - affects any part of your urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder,
and urethra. The bladder and urethra are the most commonly infected parts of the urinary tract. Women are
more likely than men to develop a urinary tract infection. A bladder infection can be both painful and
inconvenient. If a UTI spreads to your kidneys, however, it can have serious consequences.

 wanting to urinate more often and urgently, if only a few drops 

 burning pain or a ‘scalding’ sensation when urinating
 a feeling that the bladder is still full after urinating
 pain above the pubic bone
When bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply, they can cause a UTI. To infect the urinary system
 cloudy, bloody or very smelly urine.
usually has to
enter through the urethra or, rarely, through the bloodstream. The most common bacterium to cause UTIs is Escherichia coli
(E. coli). It is usually spread to the urethra from the anus. 
- Drink plenty of water and other fluids to flush the urinary system.
- Go to the toilet as soon as you feel the urge to urinate, rather than holding
on.
- Wipe yourself from front to back (urethra to anus) after going to the toilet.
- Empty your bladder after sex
- Avoid constipation

Antibiotics usually are the first line treatment for urinary tract infections. Which drugs are prescribed and
for how long depend on your health condition and the type of bacteria found in your urine.

Simple infection Frequent infections Severe infections

- Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Low-dose antibiotics - For a severe UTI, you
(Bactrim, Septra, others) - Self-diagnosis and treatment, if you stay in may need treatment with
- Fosfomycin (Monurol)
Name of Activity: RESEARCH 7 Module touch
No. I with your doctor.
Activity No. 10 intravenous antibiotics in
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, - Vaginal estrogen therapy if you're a hospital.
Macrobid) postmenopausal
- Cephalexin (Keflex) - A single dose of antibiotic after sexual
- Ceftriaxone intercourse
 THINK!

What are the neurological disorders/abnormal conditions common with aging?

- Alzheimer’s diseases - The most common form of dementia, it's a progressive disease that
starts with mild memory loss and progresses to the loss of ability to converse and respond to the
environment. Parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language are affected by
Alzheimer's disease. It can have a significant impact on a person's ability to carry out daily tasks.

Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging. Memory problems are

typically one of the first warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease and related
dementias.

 Memory loss that disrupts daily life, such as getting lost in a familiar place or repeating questions.
 Trouble handling money and paying bills.

 Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home, at work or at leisure

 Decreased or poor judgment.
 Misplacing things and being unable to retrace steps to find them.
 Changes in mood, personality, or behavior.

Medical management can improve quality of life for individuals living with
Alzheimer’s disease and for their caregivers. There is currently no known cure for
Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment addresses several areas:

 Helping people maintain brain health.

 Managing behavioral symptoms.
 Slowing or delaying symptoms of the disease.
 Creating a safe and supportive environment
- Always keep keys, wallets, mobile phones and other valuables in the same place at home, so they
don't become lost
- Keep medications in a secure location. Use a daily checklist to keep track of dosages.
- Have the person with Alzheimer's carry a mobile phone with location capability so that a
caregiver can track its location. Program important phone numbers into the phone.
- Remove excess furniture, clutter and throw rugs
- Make sure that the person with Alzheimer's carries identification or wears a medical alert bracelet
- Reduce the number of mirrors. People with Alzheimer's may find images in mirrors confusing or
frightening.
- Install sturdy handrails on stairways and in bathrooms
2. Parkinson’s disease - is a movement disorder that affects the nervous system. Symptoms appear
gradually, and may begin with a barely noticeable tremor in only one hand. Tremors are common, but they
are often
- Tremor - Rigid muscles
- Speech changes - Impaired balance and posture
- Writing changes - Slowed movement (bradykinesia)
- Loss of automatic movements
 accompanied by stiffness or slowed movement. Your face may show little or no expression in the early
stages of Parkinson's disease. When you walk, your arms may not swing. It's possible that your speech
will become hushed or slurred. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease worsen as the disease progresses.
The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown.

- There is no “one way” to diagnose Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there are various
symptoms and diagnostic tests used in combination. It is important to remember that two of the
four main symptoms must be present over a period of time for a neurologist to consider a PD
diagnosis:
 Shaking or tremor
 Slowness of movement, called bradykinesia
 Stiffness or rigidity of the arms, legs or trunk
 Trouble with balance and possible falls, also called postural instability

- Parkinson's disease has no standard treatment (PD). Each person with

Parkinson's disease receives treatment based on his or her symptoms.
Medication and surgical therapy are two options for treatment. Other
treatments include changes in one's lifestyle, such as getting more rest and
exercising.
- There are many medications available to treat the Parkinson’s symptoms, although none yet that
reverse the effects of the disease. It is common for people with PD to take a variety of these
medications — all at different doses and at different times of day — to manage symptoms. While
keeping track of medications can be a challenging task, understanding your medications and
sticking to a schedule will provide the greatest benefit from the drugs and avoid unpleasant “off”
periods due to missed doses.

3. Myasthenia Gravis - characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the

muscles under your voluntary control. It's caused by a breakdown in the

- Drooping of one or both eyelids - Double vision

- Impair speaking - Cause difficulty swallowing
- Affect chewing - Change facial expressions
- Weakness in your neck, arms and legs
 normal communication between nerves and muscles. There's no cure for myasthenia gravis, but
treatment can help relieve signs and symptoms, such as weakness of arm or leg muscles,
double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulties with speech, chewing, swallowing and breathing

Neurological Ice pack test Blood test Repetitive nerve Single-fiber

examination stimulation electromyography

Reflex If you have a A blood test might Doctors attach This test measures
muscle strength droopy eyelid, your reveal the electrodes to your the electrical
muscle stone doctor may apply presence of skin over the activity traveling
Coordination an ice bag to your abnormal muscles to be between your
balance - eyelid. Your doctor antibodies that tested. Doctors brain and your
Senses touch and sight
removes the bag disrupt the send small pulses muscle
after two minutes receptor sites of electricity
and examines
Name of Activity: your
Formative where(pg
test nerve through
32) Module No.theI Activity No.
droopy eyelid for impulses signal electrodes to
No. signs of Answer your muscles toNo. measure the Answer
1 improvement. C move 4 nerve's ability to D
send a signal to
2 A,B,E,D 5 your muscle. B
3 A

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