39

(b) Geometric diagram of potassium K

19

Potassium atom

3. (a) Valency: The number of electrons

donated or accepted by an atom of an element so as to have
electronic configuration of nearest noble gas is called its valency.
(b) Metal iron exhibits variable valency +2 and +3.
4. Refer to “Formation of sodium ion” on Page 56 of the Textbook.
5. (a) Uses of radioactive radiation :
(i) They are used to kill the cancerous cells and are useful in
the cure of cancer.
(ii) They are used to irradiate vegetables and the fruits; as they
kill the disease causing bacteria.
(b) Refer to the Answer 8 of the Exercise 4.3.


5. LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY
EXERCISE

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. 1. symbol 2. atoms 3. negative 4. radical 5. neutral
B. 1. Chemical formula of aluminium sulphate is Al2(SO4)3.
2. When magnesium reacts with oxygen; it forms magnesium
oxide.
3. The substance/substances which take part in a chemical reaction
are known as reactants.
4. When a chemical equation is made concise by using symbols and
formulae, then it is called an unbalanced equation.
25
 5. When wood burns in air, then this reaction is not violated the law
of conservation of mass.
C. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (a)
D. 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
E. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. (a) Symbol : A symbol represents short form of an element.
(b) Qualitative information conveyed by a symbol :
(i) A symbol represents a specific element.
(ii) A symbol represents one atom of an element.
Quantitative information conveyed by a symbol :
A symbol represents the mass of element, equal to its atomic
mass. It represents how many times it is heavier than atomic
mass unit [amu] which is defined as 1/12th mass of carbon
atom.
2. (a)
Chemical formula : The chemical formula of a substance
(element or compound) is the symbolic representation of actual
number of atoms present in one molecule of that substance.
(b) Formula HCl represents that one molecule of hydrochloric acid
has 1 atom of hydrogen and 1 atom of chlorine.
3. (a) Variable valency : Certain metals exhibit more than one
valency are said to exhibit variable valency.
(b) If an element exhibits two different positive valencies (variable
valency); then suffix ‘ous’ is attached at the end of the name
of the element for, lower valency and suffix ‘ic’ is attached
at the end of the name of the element for higher valency. For
example, iron exhibits two valencies i.e., 2+ and 3+. The lower
valency of iron (2+) is named ferrous and the higher valency
of iron (3+) is named ferric.
4. (a) Magnesium sulphate → MgSO4.
(b) Aluminium sulphate → Al2(SO4)3
(c) Aluminium phosphate → AlPO4.
(d) Potassium chlorate → KClO3
(e) Potassium nitrate → KNO3

26
5. (a)
Chemical equation : A chemical equation is a statement that
describes a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and formulae.
(b) A chemical equation should always be balanced because in
such a equation the relative proportion of atomic masses of
the reactants and the products remain constant. Knowing the
relative proportions of the masses of the reactants and products
in such a equation, we can calculate the mass of the reactants
required or the products formed for any other situation.
6. (a) 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
(b) 2Mg + O2 2MgO
(c) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
7. (a)
Law of Conservation of mass : According to this law, “The
mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction”. It means total mass of reactants is always equal to
total mass of products in a chemical equation.
(b) Refer to the Information conveyed by a balanced chemical
equation on Page 75 of the Textbook.
8. (a) Catalyst : A substance which does not take part in a chemical
reaction, but changes the rate of chemical reaction, is called
‘catalyst’.
(b) ‘Catalyst’ speeds up the rate of chemical reaction. For example,
potassium chlorate on strong heating decomposes to form
potassium chloride and oxygen gas.
MnO2
2KClO3 Heat 2KCl + 3O2
(Potassium chlorate) (Potassium chloride) (Oxygen)
If a mixture of 4 parts of potassium chlorate and one part of
manganese dioxide is heated, it liberates oxygen at a much
lower temperature. Moreover, the rate of evolution of oxygen
is very fast. Thus, manganese dioxide is a positive catalyst.
THEME ASSIGNMENT
1. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
A. (i) atom (ii) molecule (iii) Negative
B. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False
C. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (v) (b)

27
D. (i) The molecular formula is the symbol of the element with a
subscript on the right hand side, representing number of atoms
in its one molecule.
(ii) The molecular formula of magnesium nitride is Mg3N2.
(iii) If the number of atoms for various elements of the reactants
is equal to number of atoms for various elements of products
then this equation is called balanced chemical equation.
2. Refer to the Answer 1 of the Exercise.
3. (a) Refer to the Answer 2 (a) of the Exercise.
(b) Chemical formula KNO3 represents that one molecule of
potassium nitrate has 1 atom of potassium, 1 atom of nitrogen
and 3 atoms of oxygen.
4. (a) KNO3 (b) Al2O3 (c) CaSO4
(d) KCl (e) NH4OH
5. (a)
Chemical equation : A chemical equation is a statement that
describes a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and formulae.
(b) Refer to the “information conveyed by a balanced chemical
equation” on Page 75 in the Textbook.


6. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
EXERCISE

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. 1. combination 2. decomposition 3. displacement
4. neutralisation 5. precipitation
B. 1. Hydrogen burns in air by producing a pop sound along with sparkles.
2. Red lead oxide on heating strongly forms lead monoxide and
oxygen.
3. The reaction between magnesium and oxygen is an exothermic
reaction.
4. The decomposition of sodium bicarbonate is an example of
endothermic reaction.
5. The reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralisation
reaction.
28
C. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
D. 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True
E. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Chemical combination: When two or more elements or compounds
react chemically to form one new product only, then the reaction
which takes place is called chemical composition or chemical
combination.
Examples 1: Hydrogen reacts with chlorine in presence of sunlight
to form hydrogen chloride.
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Example 2: Lead monoxide reacts with oxygen on heating to form
red lead oxide, a single new product.
heat
6PbO + O2 2Pb3O4
2. Chemical decomposition: When a single chemical compound
decomposes on heating or by some other kind of energy, so as to
form two or more new substances then the chemical reaction which
takes place, is called chemical decomposition.
Examples 1: Mercuric oxide on strong heating decomposes to form
mercury and oxygen.
heat
2HgO 2Hg + O2
Example 2: When limestone is heated strongly, it decomposes to
form two new compounds, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
heat
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide

3. Chemical displacement: When a more electropositive element

displaces a less electropositive element from its aqueous solution,
the reaction which takes place is called chemical displacement.
Example 1: Zinc (more electropositive) reacts with dilute sulphuric
acid to displace hydrogen (less electropositive) and forms zinc
sulphate solution.
Zn + H2SO4 (dil) ZnSO4 + H2

29
 Example 2: Magnesium (more electropositive) displaces iron (less
electropositive) from iron sulphate to form magnesium sulphate
solution.
FeSO4 + Mg MgSO4 + Fe
4. Chemical double displacement : A chemical reaction, in which
two compounds in their aqueous solution react by exchanging their
radicals is called chemical double displacement.
Example 1 of neutralisation reaction:
Acid + Base Salt + Water
Hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide solution to form
potassium chloride and water.
KOH + HCl KCl + H2O
Example 2 of Precipitation reaction:
Sodium sulphate solution (colourless) reacts with barium chloride
solution (colourless) to form sodium chloride solution and insoluble
precipitate of barium sulphate.
Na2SO4(sol.) + BaCl2(sol.) 2NaCl + BaSO4 (ppt.)
5. (a) Exothermic reaction : The chemical reaction which proceed
with the release of heat energy, is called exothermic reactions.
For example, when magnesium ribbon is heated from its tip-in
a Bunsen flame it catches fire and burns with a dazzling white
flame with release of heat and light energy the product form is
magnessium oxide.
heat
2Mg + O2 2MgO + Heat Energy
(Magnesium) (Oxygen) (Magnesium
oxide)
(b) Endothermic reaction : The chemical raction which proceed
with the absorption of heat energy, is called endothermic
reaction. For example; when sodium bicarbonate is heated
strongly, it swells up to form sodium carbonate, steam and
carbon dioxide gas. The reaction take place only on heating,
i.e., with the absorption of energy.
2NaHCO3 + Heat energy Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
(Sodium (Sodium (Steam) (Carbon
bicarbonate) carbonate) dioxide)
6. (a) Acidic oxide : Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic

30
 compounds of oxides. These compounds can also be called as
acid anhydrides. Acid anhydrides usually have a low melting
and boiling points except compounds like SiO2 and B2O3, which
have high melting points and form giant molecules.
Examples; CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O5, NO2, etc.
(b) Basic oxide : Metal reacts with oxygen to give basic compounds
of oxygen. These compounds are usually ionic in nature. During
the formation of these compounds, a large amount of energy
is released. These compounds readily react with water except
few exceptions. Examples of the basic oxides are Na2O, K2O,
CaO, MgO, etc.
7. (a)
Amphoteric oxide : Amphoteric oxides are compounds of
oxygen which exhibit both acidic as well as basic characteristics.
These oxides when react with acid undergoes neutralisation
reaction to form salt and water. They exhibit basic property
of the compounds. Similarly, these oxides react with alkali to
form salt and water exhibiting acidic property. Aluminium, zinc,
lead and tin react with oxygen and form amphoteric oxides like
Al2O3, ZnO, PbO and SnO.
(b) Neutral oxide : Some compounds reacts with oxygen to form
oxides which does not exhibit acidic nor basic characterisitcs.
In other words neutral oxides neither react with acids nor with
bases. For example, nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO),
carbon monoxide (CO), etc.
THEME ASSIGNMENT
1. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
A. (i) energy (ii) charcoal (iii) white
B. (i) True (ii) False (iii) True
C. (i) (c) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) (v) (a)
D. (i) When limestone (CaCO3) is heated strongly, it decomposes into
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
(ii) Zinc reacts with copper sulphate solution to displace copper
and form zinc sulphate.
(iii) The acidic oxide reacts with water to form soluble compound,
commonly called acid.
2. (a) Chemical reaction : When one or more substances undergo a

31
 chemical change with the absorption or release of energy, so
as to form one or more new products, then the change taking
place, is called chemical reaction.
(b) Necessary conditions for chemical reaction to take place :
(i) There must be one or more substances to take part in a
chemical reaction.
(ii) There must be release or absorption of energy during a
chemical reaction.
(iii) There must be one or more new substances formed during
a chemical reaction.
3. (a) Combination reaction : When two or more elements or
compounds react chemically to form one new product only, then
the reaction which takes place is called chemical composition
or chemical combination reaction.
Example 1 : Hydrogen reacts with chlorine in presence of sunlight
to form hydrogen chloride.
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
(Hydrogen) (Chlorine) (Hydrogen chloride)
Example 2 : Lead monoxide reacts with oxygen on heating to form
red lead oxide, a single new product.
heat
6PbO + O2 2Pb3O4

(Lead (Oxygen) (Red lead oxide)
monoxide)
Example 3 : Ammonia gas, reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to
form ammonium chloride, a single new product.
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

(Ammonia) (Hydrogen (Ammonium
chloride) chloride)
(b) Decomposition reaction : When a single chemical compound
decomposes on heating or by some other kind of energy, so as
to form two or more new substances then the chemical reaction
which takes place, is called chemical decomposition reaction.
Example 1 : Mercuric oxide on strong heating decomposes to form
mercury and oxygen.
heat
2HgO 2Hg + O2

(Mercuric (Mercury) (Oxygen)
oxide)
32
 Example 2 : When limestone is heated strongly, it decomposes to
form two new compounds, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
heat
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide

Example 3 : Sodium nitrate on strong heating decomposes to sodium

nitrite and oxygen.
heat
2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2

(Sodium (Sodium (Oxygen)
nitrate) nitrite)
4. (a) Displacement reaction : When a more electropositive element
displaces a less electropositive element from its aqueous
solution, the reaction which takes place is called chemical
displacement reaction.
Example 1 : Zinc (more electropositive) reacts with dilute
sulphuric acid to displace hydrogen (less electropositive) and
forms zinc sulphate solution.
Zn + H2SO4 (dil) ZnSO4 + H2

(Zinc) (Sulphuric acid) (Zinc sulphate) (Hydrogen)

Example 2 : Magnesium (more electropositive) displaces iron

(less electropositive) from iron sulphate to form magnesium
sulphate solution.
FeSO4 + Mg MgSO4 + Fe
(Iron sulphate) (Magnesium) (Magnesium sulphate) (Iron)
(b) Double displacement reaction : A chemical reaction, in which
two compounds in their aqueous solution react by exchanging
their radicals is called chemical double decomposition reaction.
Example 1 of neutralisation reaction:
A
cid + Base Salt + Water
Hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide solution to
form potassium chloride and water.
KOH + HCl KCl + H2O
(Potassium (Hydrocloric acid) (Potassium (Water)
hydroxide) chloride)
Example 2 of precipitation reaction :
Sodium sulphate solution (colourless) reacts with barium
33
 chloride solution (colourless) to form sodium chloride solution
and insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate.
Na2SO4(sol.) + BaCl2(sol.) 2NaCl + BaSO4 (ppt.)
(Sodium (Barium (Sodium (Barium
sulphate) chloride) chloride) sulphate)
5. (a) Oxide : Oxide are binary compounds formed by the reaction
of oxgygen with other elements. Oxygen is highly reactive in
nature. They react with metals and non-metals to form oxides.
(b) Refer to the ‘Classification of oxides’ on Pages 87 and 88 of
the Textbook.


7. HYDROGEN
EXERCISE 7.1

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. 1. Henry Cavendish 2. free hydrogen 3. nine
4. cells 5. magnesium oxide
B. 1. Sodium metal reacts with cold water to form sodium hydroxide
and hydrogen gas.
2. Zinc dissolves in sodium hydroxide to form sodium zincate and
hydrogen gas.
3. In laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas the reactants are zinc
and dilute sulphuric acid.
4. In laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas copper sulphate is used
as catalyst.
5. The acid used to make acidulated water in the electrolysis of water
is sulphuric acid.
C. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)
D. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
E. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Metals react with cold water to form hydrogen gas:
(i) Potassium: 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
(ii) Sodium: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

34