Cayley

Olympiad

Past Papers and Solutions

2010-2014
 The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo

(IMOK)
Olympiad Cayley Paper
Thursday 18th March 2010
All candidates must be in School Year 9 or below (England and Wales), S2 or below
(Scotland), or School Year 10 or below (Northern Ireland).

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING

1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden.
Rulers and compasses may be used.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations
and proofs.
Do not hand in rough work.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT. They may contain symbols such as π,
fractions, or square roots, if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or
poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be easier; the last
two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before attempting another.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: you will have done well if you hand
in full solutions to two or more questions.

DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Maths Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. The sum of three positive integers is 11 and the sum of the cubes of these numbers
is 251.
Find all such triples of numbers.

2. The diagram shows a square ABCD and an D

C
equilateral triangle ABE. The point F lies on BC E
so that EC = EF. F
Calculate the angle BEF.

A B

3. Find all possible solutions to the ‘word sum’ on the right. O D D

Each letter stands for one of the digits 0−9 and has the + O D D
same meaning each time it occurs. Different letters stand E V E N
for different digits. No number starts with a zero.

4. Walking at constant speeds, Eoin and his sister Angharad take 40 minutes and
60 minutes respectively to walk to the nearest town.
Yesterday, Eoin left home 12 minutes after Angharad. How long was it before he
caught up with her?

5. A square sheet of paper ABCD is folded along D M

C
FG, as shown, so that the corner B is folded onto
the midpoint M of CD.
Prove that the sides of triangle GCM have
G
lengths in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5.

F
A B

6. A ‘qprime’ number is a positive integer which is the product of exactly two

different primes, that is, one of the form q × p, where q and p are prime and q ≠ p.
What is the length of the longest possible sequence of consecutive integers all of
which are qprime numbers?
 The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo

(IMOK)
Olympiad Cayley Paper
Thursday 17th March 2011
All candidates must be in School Year 9 or below (England and Wales), S2 or below
(Scotland), or School Year 10 or below (Northern Ireland).

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING

1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden.
Rulers and compasses may be used.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations
and proofs.
Do not hand in rough work.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT. They may contain symbols such as π,
fractions, or square roots, if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or
poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be easier; the last
two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before attempting another.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: you will have done well if you hand
in full solutions to two or more questions.

DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Maths Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. A palindromic number is one which reads the same when its digits are reversed, for
example 23832.
What is the largest six-digit palindromic number which is exactly divisible by 15?

2. The diagram shows a regular pentagon CDEFG D C

inside a trapezium ABCD.
Prove that AB = 2 × CD.
E G

A B
F

3. At dinner on a camping expedition, each tin of soup was shared between 2 campers,
each tin of meatballs was shared between 3 campers and each tin of chocolate
pudding was shared between 4 campers. Each camper had all three courses and all
tins were emptied. The camp leader opened 156 tins in total.
How many campers were on the expedition?

4. The diagram shows nine 1 cm × 1 cm

squares and a circle. The circle passes
through the centres of the four corner
squares.
What is the area of the shaded region—
inside two squares but outside the circle?

5. Solve the equation 5a − ab = 9b2, where a and b are positive integers.

6. A bug starts in the small triangle T at the top of

the diagram. She is allowed to eat through a T
neighbouring edge to get to a neighbouring small
triangle. So at first there is only one possible
move (downwards), and only one way to reach
this new triangle.
(a) How many triangles, including T and B, must
the bug visit if she is to reach the small
triangle B at the bottom using a route that is
as short as possible?
(b) How many different ways are there for the
bug to reach B from T by a route of this B
shortest possible length?
 The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo

(IMOK)
Olympiad Cayley Paper
Thursday 15th March 2012
All candidates must be in School Year 9 or below (England and Wales), S2 or below
(Scotland), or School Year 10 or below (Northern Ireland).

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING

1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden.
Rulers and compasses may be used.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations
and proofs.
Do not hand in rough work.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT. They may contain symbols such as π,
fractions, or square roots, if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or
poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be easier; the last
two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before attempting another.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: you will have done well if you hand
in full solutions to two or more questions.

DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Maths Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. The digits p, q, r , s and t are all different.
What is the smallest five-digit integer ‘pqrst ’ that is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5?

2. In the diagram, PQ and TS are parallel.

Prove that a + b + c = 360.

3. Three loaves of bread, five cartons of milk and four jars of jam cost £10.10.
Five loaves of bread, nine cartons of milk and seven jars of jam cost £18.20.
How much does it cost to buy one loaf of bread, one carton of milk and one jar of
jam?

4. The diagram shows seven circles. Each of the three arrows

indicates a ‘line of three circles’.
The digits from 1 to 7 inclusive are to be placed in the circles,
one per circle, so that the sum of the digits in each of the three
indicated ‘lines of three circles’ is the same.
Find all possible values of x.

5. Every cell of the following crossnumber is to contain a single digit. No clue has an
answer starting with zero.
Prove that there is exactly one solution to the crossnumber.

Across Down
2 Sum of the digits of 2 Down. 1 Product of two primes.
4 Prime. 2 Multiple of 99.
5 1 Down + 2 Across + 3 Down. 3 Square of 4 Across.

6. The diagram shows a symmetrical four-pointed star. Four

vertices of the star form a square and the other four vertices
lie on a circle. The square has sides of length 2a cm. The
shaded area is one third of the area of the square.
What is the radius of the circle?
 The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo

(IMOK)
Olympiad Cayley Paper
Thursday 14th March 2013
All candidates must be in School Year 9 or below (England and Wales), S2 or below
(Scotland), or School Year 10 or below (Northern Ireland).

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING

1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden.
Rulers and compasses may be used.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations
and proofs.
Do not hand in rough work.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT. They may contain symbols such as π,
fractions, or square roots, if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or
poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be easier; the last
two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before attempting another.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: you will have done well if you hand
in full solutions to two or more questions.

DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Maths Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. What is the smallest non-zero multiple of 2, 4, 7 and 8 which is a square?

2. The diagram shows a pentagon ABCDE. E

Prove that a + b + c + d = 180 + e.
e°
A
D
a°
d°

b° c°
B C

3. Consider sequences of positive integers for which both the following conditions are
true:
(a) each term after the second term is the sum of the two preceding terms;
(b) the eighth term is 260.
How many such sequences are there?

4. The positive integer m has leading digit 1. When this digit is moved to the other
end, the result is 3m. What is the smallest such m?

5. Pablo plans to take several unit cubes and arrange them to form a larger cube. He
will then paint some of the faces of the larger cube. When the paint has dried, he
will split the larger cube into unit cubes again.
Suppose that Pablo wants exactly 150 of the unit cubes to have no paint on them at
all. How many faces of the larger cube should he paint?

6. The diagram shows an annulus, which is the region

between two circles with the same centre. Twelve
equal touching semicircles are placed inside the
annulus. The diameters of the semicircles lie along
diameters of the outer circle.
What fraction of the annulus is shaded?
 The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo

(IMOK)
Olympiad Cayley Paper
Thursday 20th March 2014
All candidates must be in School Year 9 or below (England and Wales), S2 or below
(Scotland), or School Year 10 or below (Northern Ireland).

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING

1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden.
Rulers and compasses may be used.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations
and proofs.
Do not hand in rough work.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT. They may contain symbols such as π,
fractions, or square roots, if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or
poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be easier; the last
two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before attempting another.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: you will have done well if you hand
in full solutions to two or more questions.

DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Maths Satellite, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. The two-digit integer ‘19’ is equal to the product of its digits (1 × 9) plus the sum
of its digits (1 + 9).
Find all two-digit integers with this property.

2. Six pool balls numbered 1−6 are to be arranged in a

triangle, as shown. After three balls are placed in the
bottom row, each of the remaining balls is placed so that
its number is the difference of the two below it.
Which balls can land up at the top of the triangle?

3. Rachel gave half of her money to Howard. Then Howard gave a third of all his
money to Rachel. They each ended up with the same amount of money.
Find the ratio
amount that Rachel started with : amount that Howard started with.

4. The square ABIJ lies inside the regular octagon ABCDEFGH. The sides of the
octagon have length 1.
Prove that CJ = 3.

5. Four types of rectangular tile have sizes 300 mm × 300 mm, 300 mm × 600 mm,
600 mm × 600 mm and 600 mm × 900 mm. Equal numbers of each type of tile are
used, without overlaps, to make a square.
What is the smallest square that can be made?

6. A couple own a circular piece of land that has area

2500 m2. The land is divided into four plots by two A
X
perpendicular chords that intersect at X. Their
rectangular house H has diagonally opposite corners H
at X and at the centre of the circle O, as shown. The
two plots A and B have a combined area of 1000 m2. O B
What is the area occupied by the house?
 
6ROXWLRQVWRWKH2O\PSLDG&D\OH\3DSHU
 7KHVXPRIWKUHHSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUVLVDQGWKHVXPRIWKHFXEHVRIWKHVHQXPEHUVLV
)LQGDOOVXFKWULSOHVRIQXPEHUV
Solution
/HWXVFDOFXODWHWKHILUVWIHZFXEHVLQRUGHUWRVHHZKDWWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVDUH
      
 = ,  = ,  = ,  = ,  = ,  =  DQG  = . (∗)
7KHVXPRIWKHFXEHVRIWKHSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUVLVZKLFKLVOHVVWKDQKHQFHQRQH
RIWKHLQWHJHUVLVJUHDWHUWKDQ
1RZ 
 =  >  = WKHUHIRUHDWOHDVWRQHRIWKHLQWHJHUVLVRUPRUH

,IRQHRIWKHLQWHJHUVLVWKHQWKHRWKHUWZRFXEHVDGGXSWR  −  =  −  = 

)URP DERYH  +  =  +  = LVWKHRQO\SRVVLELOLW\$OVR
 +  +  = VRWKDWDQGLVDSRVVLEOHWULSOHRIQXPEHUV
,IRQHRIWKHLQWHJHUVLVWKHQWKHRWKHUWZRFXEHVDGGXSWR
 −  =  −  = )URP DERYH +   =  +  = LVWKHRQO\
SRVVLELOLW\$OVR +  +  = VRWKDWDQGLVDSRVVLEOHWULSOHRIQXPEHUV

+HQFHDQGDUHWKHWULSOHVRIQXPEHUVVDWLVI\LQJWKHJLYHQFRQGLWLRQV

 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVDVTXDUHABCDDQGDQHTXLODWHUDO D
C
WULDQJOH ABE 7KHSRLQWFOLHVRQ BC VRWKDW E
EC = EF
&DOFXODWHWKHDQJOHBEF F

A B
Solution
7KHGLDJUDPVHHPVWRLQFOXGHVHYHUDOLVRVFHOHVWULDQJOHV D
C
DQGZHVROYHWKHSUREOHPE\SURYLQJWKLVLVWKHFDVH)RU E ƒ
H[DPSOHVLQFHWKHVTXDUHABCDDQGWKHHTXLODWHUDO
WULDQJOH ABE VKDUHWKHVLGHABDOOWKHLUVLGHVDUHWKHVDPH F
OHQJWK7KDWPHDQVWKHWULDQJOHBCELVLVRVFHOHV
1RZDQJOH EBC LV° − ° = °VLQFHLWLVWKH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHLQWHULRUDQJOHRIDVTXDUHDQGWKH ƒ
LQWHULRUDQJOHRIDQHTXLODWHUDOWULDQJOH+HQFHDQJOHV
BCEDQGCEBDUHHDFK  (° − °) = °EHFDXVH ƒ
WKH\DUHWKHEDVHDQJOHVRIDQLVRVFHOHVWULDQJOH A B
:HDUHDOVRJLYHQWKDWWULDQJOH CEFLVLVRVFHOHV6LQFHZHKDYHZRUNHGRXW
WKDWDQJOH FCE = °ZHGHGXFHWKDWDQJOHCEF = ° − ( × °) = °
)LQDOO\ZHILQGWKDWDQJOHBEF = ∠CEB − ∠CEF = ° − ° = °


 )LQGDOOSRVVLEOHVROXWLRQVWRWKHµZRUGVXP¶RQWKHULJKW 2''
(DFKOHWWHUVWDQGVIRURQHRIWKHGLJLWVíDQGKDVWKHVDPH 2''
PHDQLQJHDFKWLPHLWRFFXUV'LIIHUHQWOHWWHUVVWDQGIRUGLIIHUHQW
(9(1
GLJLWV1RQXPEHUVWDUWVZLWKD]HUR
Solution
)LUVWO\LWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHWKUHHGLJLWQXPEHUµ2''¶OLHVEHWZHHQDQG
7KHUHIRUHVLQFHµ(9(1¶ îµ2''¶ZHKDYH
 < µ(9(1¶ < .
+HQFHWKHILUVWGLJLW(RIµ(9(1¶LVVLQFHLWLVDIRXUGLJLWQXPEHU

:HDUHOHIWZLWKWKHIROORZLQJSUREOHP 2''
2''
9 1
1RZWKHVDPHQXPEHUVDUHDGGHGLQWKHWHQVDQGXQLWVFROXPQVEXW1≠ RWKHUZLVH1
DQG(ZRXOGEHHTXDO7KHRQO\ZD\IRUGLIIHUHQWWRWDOVWRRFFXULQWKHVHFROXPQVLVIRU
WKHUHWREHDµFDUU\¶WRWKHWHQVFROXPQDQGWKHJUHDWHVWSRVVLEOHFDUU\LVVRWKDW1 

7KHUHDUHWZRSRVVLEOHGLJLWV'WKDWJLYH1 QDPHO\DQG%XWLVDOUHDG\WDNHQ
DVWKHYDOXHRI1VRWKDW' 7KHSUREOHPLVWKXV
2
2
9
1RZWKHGLJLW2KDVWREHELJHQRXJKWRSURGXFHDFDUU\EXWFDQQRWEHZKLFKLV
DOUHDG\WDNHQDVWKHYDOXHRI'6RWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVDUH
           
+    +    +    +   
               
EXWWKHVHFRQGDQGIRXUWKRIWKHVHDUHQRWDOORZHGVLQFH9UHSHDWVDGLJLWXVHGIRU
DQRWKHUOHWWHU:HDUHOHIWZLWKWKHWZRSRVVLELOLWLHV
     
+    +   
       
DQGLWLVFOHDUWKDWERWKRIWKHVHZRUN
 :DONLQJDWFRQVWDQWVSHHGV(RLQDQGKLVVLVWHU$QJKDUDGWDNHPLQXWHVDQG
PLQXWHVUHVSHFWLYHO\WRZDONWRWKHQHDUHVWWRZQ
<HVWHUGD\(RLQOHIWKRPHPLQXWHVDIWHU$QJKDUDG+RZORQJZDVLWEHIRUHKHFDXJKW
XSZLWKKHU"
Solution
/HWWKHGLVWDQFHIURPKRPHWRWRZQEHD NP1RZLQHYHU\PLQXWH(RLQWUDYHOVRQH
D
IRUWLHWKRIWKHZD\WRWRZQWKDWLVDGLVWDQFHRI NP6RDIWHUt PLQXWHVKHKDV

WUDYHOOHGDGLVWDQFH
tD
NP .

 

6LPLODUO\LQHYHU\PLQXWH$QJKDUDGWUDYHOVRQHVL[WLHWKRIWKHZD\WRWRZQWKDWLVD
D
GLVWDQFHRI NP%XWVKHKDVKDGPLQXWHVH[WUDZDONLQJWLPH6RDIWHU(RLQKDV

EHHQZDONLQJIRUt PLQXWHVVKHKDVEHHQZDONLQJIRUt + PLQXWHVDQGVRKDV
WUDYHOOHGDGLVWDQFH
(t + ) D
NP .

:HDUHDVNHGKRZORQJ(RLQKDVEHHQZDONLQJZKHQWKH\PHHW7KH\PHHWZKHQWKH\
KDYHWUDYHOOHGHTXDOGLVWDQFHVZKLFKLVZKHQ
tD (t + )D
= .
 
:HFDQFHOWKHDIURPHDFKVLGHDQGPXOWLSO\ERWKVLGHVE\WRREWDLQ
t t + 
 × =  × .
 
6LPSOLI\LQJZHJHW
t =  (t + ),
ZKLFKZHVROYHWRJLYHt = 
7KXV(RLQFDWFKHVXSZLWK$QJKDUDGDIWHUKHKDVZDONHGIRUPLQXWHV
 $VTXDUHVKHHWRISDSHUABCDLVIROGHGDORQJFGDV D M
C
VKRZQVRWKDWWKHFRUQHU BLVIROGHGRQWRWKHPLGSRLQW
M RICD
3URYHWKDWWKHVLGHVRIWULDQJOHGCMKDYHOHQJWKVLQ
WKHUDWLR G

F
A B
Solution
7KLVSUREOHPGRHVQRWJLYHXVXQLWVDQGVRZHFKRRVHWKHPVRWKDWWKHVLGHOHQJWKRIWKH
VTXDUHLVs6LQFH MLVWKHPLGSRLQWRICDZHKDYHCM = s7KHQZHGHILQHx = CG
6LQFH BC = s GB = s − x%XWDVGM LVWKHLPDJHRIGBDIWHUIROGLQJ GM = s − xWRR
D s M s
C
s x
−x
G

s − x
F
A B
1RZ3\WKDJRUDV
WKHRUHPIRUWULDQJOHMCGJLYHVXV
  
s + x = (s − x) .
:HPXOWLSO\RXWWRJHW
   
s + x = s − sx + x .


(OLPLQDWLQJWKHxWHUPVDQGGLYLGLQJE\ sZKLFKLVQRW]HURZHREWDLQ

s = s − x,

ZKLFKKDVWKHVROXWLRQx =  s

7KXVWKHWULDQJOHGCM KDVVLGHVRIOHQJWKx =  s sDQGs − x =  s0XOWLSO\LQJDOO

WKHVLGHVE\ZHJHWs s DQGs VRWKHVLGHOHQJWKVDUHLQWKHUDWLR    DV
UHTXLUHG
 $µTSULPH¶QXPEHULVDSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUZKLFKLVWKHSURGXFWRIH[DFWO\WZRGLIIHUHQW
SULPHVWKDWLVRQHRIWKHIRUPq × pZKHUH qDQGpDUHSULPHDQG q ≠ p
:KDWLVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHORQJHVWSRVVLEOHVHTXHQFHRIconsecutiveLQWHJHUVDOORIZKLFK
DUHTSULPHQXPEHUV"
Solution
7RKHOSWRXQGHUVWDQGWKLVSUREOHPLWLVQDWXUDOWRWHVWWKHILUVWIHZQXPEHUVWRVHHZKLFK
VPDOOQXPEHUVDUHTSULPHDQGZKLFKDUHQRW
LVQRWDTSULPHVLQFHLWKDVQRSULPHIDFWRUV
DQGDUHQRWTSULPHVVLQFHWKH\DUHSULPH
LVQRWTSULPHVLQFHLWLV × 
LVQRWTSULPHVLQFHLWLVSULPH
 =  × LVWKHILUVWTSULPHQXPEHU
LVQRWTSULPH
LVQRWTSULPHVLQFHLWLV ×  × 
LVQRWVLQFHLWLV × 
 =  × LVDQRWKHUTSULPH
LVQRW
LVQRWVLQFHLWLV ×  × 
2IFRXUVHZHFDQQRWSURYHDJHQHUDOUHVXOWMXVWE\FRQWLQXLQJWKHOLVWEXWLWFDQJXLGHXV
WRDSURRIVXFKDVWKHRQHWKDWIROORZV

:HQRWHWKDWQRPXOWLSOHRILVHYHUTSULPHVLQFHDPXOWLSOHRILVDPXOWLSOHRI × 
7KLVPHDQVWKDWDVWULQJRIFRQVHFXWLYHTSULPHQXPEHUVFDQEHRIOHQJWKDWPRVWWKUHH
EHFDXVHDQ\VHTXHQFHRIIRXURUPRUHFRQVHFXWLYHLQWHJHUVLQFOXGHVDPXOWLSOHRI
:HDUHWKHUHIRUHOHGWRDVNZKHWKHUDQ\VWULQJVRIWKUHHFRQVHFXWLYHTSULPHQXPEHUV
H[LVW:HKDYHORRNHGDVIDUDVDQGQRWIRXQGDQ\EXWZHZLOOFRQWLQXHVHDUFKLQJ
XVLQJWKHIDFWWKDWQRQHRIWKHQXPEHUVLVDPXOWLSOHRI
)RUWKHQXPEHULVSULPHDQGVRQRWTSULPH
)RULVQRWTSULPHQRUDUHWKHRWKHUV
)RULVQRWTSULPH
)RULVQRWTSULPHQRULV
)RULVQRWTSULPHQRUDUHWKHRWKHUV
)RUDOOWKUHHDUHTSULPHEHLQJ ×   × DQG × 
6RZHKDYHIRXQGDVHTXHQFHRIWKUHHFRQVHFXWLYHTSULPHVDQGKDYHDOVRSURYHGWKDWQR
VHTXHQFHRIIRXURUPRUHFRQVHFXWLYHTSULPHVH[LVWV

7KXVWKHORQJHVWSRVVLEOHVHTXHQFHRIFRQVHFXWLYHLQWHJHUVDOORIZKLFKDUHTSULPH
QXPEHUVKDVOHQJWK
 
6ROXWLRQVWRWKH2O\PSLDG&D\OH\3DSHU
 $SDOLQGURPLFQXPEHULVRQHZKLFKUHDGVWKHVDPHZKHQLWVGLJLWVDUHUHYHUVHGIRU
H[DPSOH
:KDWLVWKHODUJHVWVL[GLJLWSDOLQGURPLFQXPEHUZKLFKLVH[DFWO\GLYLVLEOHE\"

Solution
:HQRWHWKDWEHLQJGLYLVLEOHE\LVWKHVDPHDVEHLQJGLYLVLEOHE\DQGE\
:HDOVRQRWHWKDWDQXPEHULVGLYLVLEOHE\LIDQGRQO\LIWKHXQLWVGLJLWLVRU

+RZHYHURXUQXPEHUFDQQRWHQGLQD,QGHHGLQPDWKHPDWLFVHYHU\QXPEHUEHJLQV
ZLWKDQRQ]HURGLJLW$SDOLQGURPHKDVHTXDOILUVWDQGODVWGLJLWVVRWKHODVWGLJLWLVQRQ
]HUR
+HQFHZHVHHNDSDUWLFXODUVL[GLJLWSDOLQGURPHZKLFKEHJLQVDQGHQGVLQDQGZKLFKLV
GLYLVLEOHE\

7KHODUJHVWVL[GLJLWSDOLQGURPHVEHJLQQLQJDQGHQGLQJLQKDYHWKHIRUPddIRU
VRPHGLJLWd7KLVLVGLYLVLEOHE\ZKHQWKHGLJLWVXPLVDPXOWLSOHRIDQGWKHUHIRUH
 + dLVGLYLVLEOHE\6Rd = RU+HQFHWKHQXPEHUUHTXLUHGLV

 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVDUHJXODUSHQWDJRQCDEFG D C
LQVLGHDWUDSH]LXPABCD
3URYHWKDWAB =  × CD
E G

A B
F
Solution
)LUVWRIDOOZHDPDVVVRPHEDVLFIDFWV
6LQFHWKHH[WHULRUDQJOHVRIDQ\SRO\JRQDGGXSWR°WKHH[WHULRUDQJOHVRIDUHJXODU
SHQWDJRQDUHHDFK° ÷  = °7KXVWKHLQWHULRUDQJOHVDUHHDFK
° − ° = °

1RZZHFODLPWKDWWULDQJOHAEFLVLVRVFHOHV,QGHHG∠AEF = °VLQFHLWLVDQ
H[WHULRUDQJOHRIWKHSHQWDJRQ$OVRVLQFHABDQGDC DUHSDUDOOHO∠EAFLV
VXSSOHPHQWDU\WR∠EDCWKH\DUHDOOLHGDQJOHV6R∠EAF = ° − ° = °WRR

7KLVJLYHVXVWKDWAF = EF
6LPLODUO\WULDQJOHBGFLVLVRVFHOHVDQGBF = GF

%XWQRZAB = AF + FB = EF + FG = CD + CDEHFDXVHWKHVLGHVRIDUHJXODU
SHQWDJRQDUHHTXDOVRAB =  × CDDVUHTXLUHG


 $WGLQQHURQDFDPSLQJH[SHGLWLRQHDFKWLQRIVRXSZDVVKDUHGEHWZHHQFDPSHUVHDFK
WLQRIPHDWEDOOVZDVVKDUHGEHWZHHQFDPSHUVDQGHDFKWLQRIFKRFRODWHSXGGLQJZDV
VKDUHGEHWZHHQFDPSHUV(DFKFDPSHUKDGDOOWKUHHFRXUVHVDQGDOOWLQVZHUHHPSWLHG
7KHFDPSOHDGHURSHQHGWLQVLQWRWDO

+RZPDQ\FDPSHUVZHUHRQWKHH[SHGLWLRQ"

Solution
(DFKFDPSHUHDWVKDOIDWLQRIVRXSRQHWKLUGRIDWLQRIPHDWEDOOVDQGDTXDUWHURIDWLQ
RIFKRFRODWHSXGGLQJ7KLVLVDWRWDORI
   
+ + =
   
WLQVRIIRRGSHUSHUVRQ

,IWKHUHDUH NSHRSOHWKH\WKXVXVH NWLQVRIIRRGLQWRWDO7KLVJLYHVXVWKHHTXDWLRQ


N = ,

VRWKDW

× 
N =

= .
7KHUHIRUHWKHUHDUHFDPSHUVRQWKHH[SHGLWLRQ

 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVQLQHFPîFPVTXDUHV
DQGDFLUFOH7KHFLUFOHSDVVHVWKURXJKWKH
FHQWUHVRIWKHIRXUFRUQHUVTXDUHV
:KDWLVWKHDUHDRIWKHVKDGHGUHJLRQ²LQVLGH
WZRVTXDUHVEXWRXWVLGHWKHFLUFOH"

Solution
&RQVLGHUWKHUHJLRQRIWKHELJVTXDUHZKLFKOLHVRXWVLGHWKHFLUFOH7KHOLQHVLQWKHILJXUH
GLYLGHWKHUHJLRQLQWRHLJKWSDUWVIRXULQWKHIRXUFRUQHUVTXDUHVZKLFKDUHDOOLGHQWLFDO
E\V\PPHWU\DQGIRXULQWKHIRXUHGJHFHQWUHVTXDUHVZKLFKDUHDJDLQDOOLGHQWLFDOE\
V\PPHWU\

7KHVKDGHGDUHDFRQWDLQVRQHSDUWRIHDFKVRUWDQGVRWDNHVXSH[DFWO\DTXDUWHURIWKH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHELJVTXDUHDQGWKHFLUFOHZKLFKZHFDQZRUNRXW
7KHELJVTXDUHKDVDUHD FP EHLQJPDGHXSRIVTXDUHVHDFKPHDVXULQJFP × FP 

%\3\WKDJRUDV
WKHRUHPWKHGLDJRQDORIDFP× FP VTXDUHKDVOHQJWK  FP 7KH
UDGLXVRIWKHFLUFOHLVWKHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHFHQWUHRIWKHPLGGOHVTXDUHWRWKHFHQWUHRID
FRUQHUVTXDUHVRLVWKHOHQJWKRIRQHGLDJRQDOLQWRWDO

+HQFHWKHDUHDRIWKHFLUFOHLVπ ( ) = π


3XWWLQJWKLVDOOWRJHWKHUZHVHHWKDWWKHHQWLUHUHJLRQRXWVLGHWKHFLUFOHKDVDUHD − π 
DQGVRWKHVKDGHGUHJLRQKDVDUHD
 − π
.

 

 6ROYHWKHHTXDWLRQa − ab = bZKHUHaDQGbDUHSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUV

Solution
1RWLFHWKDWWKHULJKWKDQGVLGHb LVDOZD\VSRVLWLYHVLQFHWKHVTXDUHbLVDOZD\V
SRVLWLYH+RZHYHUWKHOHIWKDQGVLGHa − ab = a ( − b)LVRQO\SRVLWLYHIRUb ≤ 
6RJLYHQWKDWbLVDSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUZHFDQFRQVLGHUIRXUFDVHVVHSDUDWHO\QDPHO\
b = , , , 

,I b = WKHQWKHHTXDWLRQEHFRPHV( − ) a =  ×  WKDWLVa = 7KLVKDVQR

VROXWLRQIRUDSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUa
,I b = WKHQWKHHTXDWLRQEHFRPHV( − ) a =  ×  WKDWLVa = VRWKDW
a = 7KLVJLYHVWKHVROXWLRQa =   b = 

,I b = WKHQWKHHTXDWLRQEHFRPHV( − ) a =  ×  WKDWLVa = 7KLVKDV

QRVROXWLRQIRUDSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUa
,I b = WKHQWKHHTXDWLRQEHFRPHV( − ) a =  × WKDWLVa = 7KLVJLYHV
WKHVROXWLRQa =  b = 

7KXVWKHVROXWLRQVDUHa =  b = DQGa =  b = 

 $EXJVWDUWVLQWKHVPDOOWULDQJOHT DWWKHWRSRIWKH T
GLDJUDP6KHLVDOORZHGWRHDWWKURXJKDQHLJKERXULQJHGJH
WRJHWWRDQHLJKERXULQJVPDOOWULDQJOH6RDWILUVWWKHUHLV
RQO\RQHSRVVLEOHPRYHGRZQZDUGVDQGRQO\RQHZD\WR
UHDFKWKLVQHZWULDQJOH
D +RZPDQ\WULDQJOHVLQFOXGLQJT DQGBPXVWWKHEXJ
YLVLWLIVKHLVWRUHDFKWKHVPDOOWULDQJOHBDWWKHERWWRP
XVLQJDURXWHWKDWLVDVVKRUWDVSRVVLEOH"
E +RZPDQ\GLIIHUHQWZD\VDUHWKHUHIRUWKHEXJWRUHDFK
BIURPT E\DURXWHRIWKLVVKRUWHVWSRVVLEOHOHQJWK" B

Solution
6KDGHWKHGRZQZDUGVSRLQWLQJWULDQJOHVJUH\DQGOHDYHWKHXSZDUGVSRLQWLQJWULDQJOHV
ZKLWH:HVHSDUDWHWKHWULDQJOHVLQWRURZVZKLFKDOWHUQDWHEHWZHHQZKLWHDQGJUH\
WULDQJOHV6RDVVKRZQLQILJXUHURZFRQVLVWVRIMXVWWKHWRSWULDQJOHT URZ
FRQVLVWVRIWKHJUH\WULDQJOHEHORZT URZFRQVLVWVRIWKHWZRZKLWHWULDQJOHVQH[WWRLW
DQGVRRQ)LQDOO\URZFRQVLVWVRIWKHERWWRPWULDQJOHB

)LJXUH )LJXUH


1RWLFHWKDWDQ\PRYHE\WKHEXJLQFUHDVHVWKHURZQXPEHUE\DWPRVW6RLQRUGHUWR
JHWIURPURZWRURZWKHEXJPXVWYLVLWDOOIRXUWHHQURZVRQWKHZD\VRPXVWYLVLW
DWOHDVWIRXUWHHQWULDQJOHV+RZHYHUWKHEXJFDQGRLWLQIRXUWHHQIRUH[DPSOHE\
IROORZLQJWKHSDWKGHSLFWHGLQILJXUH7KLVVHWWOHVSDUWD

)RUSDUWEQRWHWKDWDQ\SDWKE\WKHEXJWKDWYLVLWVRQO\IRXUWHHQWULDQJOHVPXVW
LQFUHDVHWKHURZQXPEHUZLWKHYHU\VWHS+RZHYHUIURPDQ\RGGQXPEHUHGURZRQDQ
XSZDUGVSRLQWLQJWULDQJOHWKHRQO\ZD\WRLQFUHDVHWKHURZQXPEHULVWRPRYHGLUHFWO\
GRZQZDUGV

7KDWPHDQVZHPLJKWDVZHOOMRLQHDFKXSZDUGVSRLQWLQJWULDQJOHZLWKWKHWULDQJOHEHORZ
LWWRIRUPDGLDPRQGVKDSHGFHOODVVKRZQLQILJXUHWKH\FRPHDVDSDLU

)LJXUH )LJXUH
8VLQJWKLVZHFDQFRXQWWKHQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIUHDFKLQJHDFKFHOO&OHDUO\
WKHUHLVRQO\RQHZD\WRUHDFKWKHWRSFHOO

)RUHYHU\FHOOORZHUGRZQRQHPXVWILUVWUHDFKRQHRIWKHQHLJKERXULQJFHOOVDERYH6R
WKHQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIUHDFKLQJHDFKFHOOLVWKHQXPEHURIZD\VRIUHDFKLQJLW
IURPDERYHDQGWRWKHOHIWSOXVWKHQXPEHURIZD\VRIUHDFKLQJLWIURPDERYHDQGWRWKH
ULJKW&RQWLQXLQJLQWKLVZD\ZHJHWWKHWDEOHRIQXPEHUVVHHQLQILJXUH

+HQFHWKHDQVZHUWRSDUWEWKHQXPEHURIZD\VRIUHDFKLQJWKHERWWRPFHOOLV

Alternative method forD

$QDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGRIILQGLQJWKHPLQLPXPQXPEHURIWULDQJOHVYLVLWHGLVWRFRQVLGHU
WKHVWUDLJKWOLQHVDFURVVWKHGLDJUDP7KHUHDUHVHYHQKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVDQGWKUHHOLQHVLQ
HDFKGLDJRQDOGLUHFWLRQ7KLVPDNHVDWRWDORIVWUDLJKWOLQHV7KHEXJZLVKHVWRFURVV
DOORIWKHPVRPXVWFURVVDWOHDVWHGJHV,QFURVVLQJHGJHVWKHEXJPXVWYLVLWDW
OHDVWWULDQJOHV

6ROXWLRQVWRWKH2O\PSLDG&D\OH\3DSHU
 7KHGLJLWVpqrsDQGt DUHDOOGLIIHUHQW
:KDWLVWKHVPDOOHVWILYHGLJLWLQWHJHUµpqrst ¶WKDWLVGLYLVLEOHE\DQG"

Solution
1RWHWKDWDOOILYHGLJLWLQWHJHUVDUHGLYLVLEOHE\
1H[WQRWLFHWKDWLIDQXPEHULVGLYLVLEOHE\DQGWKHQLWLVGLYLVLEOHE\DQGKHQFH
KDVODVWGLJLWt HTXDOWR6LQFHDOOWKHGLJLWVDUHGLIIHUHQWWKDWPHDQVDOOWKHRWKHUGLJLWV
DUHQRQ]HUR
$PRQJILYHGLJLWQXPEHUVWKRVHWKDWEHJLQZLWKDUHVPDOOHUWKDQDOOWKRVHZKLFKGR
QRW6RLIZHILQGDQXPEHURIWKHUHTXLUHGIRUPZLWKILUVWGLJLWWKHQLWZLOOEHVPDOOHU
WKDQQXPEHUVZLWKODUJHUILUVWGLJLWV
6LPLODUO\WKRVHZLWKILUVWWZRGLJLWVDUHVPDOOHUWKDQDOORWKHUQXPEHUVZLWKGLVWLQFW
QRQ]HURGLJLWV$QGLQIDFWWKRVHZLWKILUVWWKUHHGLJLWVDUHVPDOOHUWKDQDOORWKHUV
+HQFHLIZHILQGVXFKDQXPEHUZLWKWKHUHTXLUHGSURSHUWLHVLWZLOOEHVPDOOHUWKDQDOO
RWKHUV
6ROHWXVWU\WRILQGDQXPEHURIWKHIRUPµs¶ 
$QXPEHULVDPXOWLSOHRIIRXURQO\LILWVODVWWZRGLJLWVIRUPDPXOWLSOHRIIRXU6RZH
QHHGFRQVLGHURQO\WKHFDVHZKHUHs LVHYHQ
6LPLODUO\DQXPEHULVDPXOWLSOHRIWKUHHLIDQGRQO\LIWKHVXPRILWVGLJLWVLVDPXOWLSOH
RIWKUHH6LQFH +  +  + s +  =  + sZHRQO\QHHGFRQVLGHUWKHFDVHZKHUHs LV
DPXOWLSOHRIWKUHH
7KXVLVWKHRQO\QXPEHURIWKHIRUPµs¶ ZKLFKLVGLYLVLEOHE\DQG
DQGDVZHKDYHH[SODLQHGDORQJWKHZD\LWLVWKHVPDOOHVWQXPEHUZLWKWKHUHTXLUHG
GLYLVLELOLW\SURSHUWLHV
 

 ,QWKHGLDJUDPPQDQGTSDUHSDUDOOHO
3URYHWKDWa + b + c = 

Solution
:HGHVFULEHMXVWWZRRIWKHPDQ\GLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVWKDWDUHSRVVLEOH
Method
'UDZDOLQHU RSDUDOOHOWRPQDQGTSSDVVLQJWKURXJKR7KLVOLQHGLYLGHVWKHDQJOH b°
LQWRWZRSDUWVVXSSRVHWKHVHSDUWVKDYHVL]HVb°DQGb °DVVKRZQ
P Q

U R

T S
7KHQDQJOHVa°DQGb °DUHVXSSOHPHQWDU\EHFDXVHPQDQGU RDUHSDUDOOHODVDUH
DQJOHVb °DQGc°7KHUHIRUH
a + b  = 
DQG b + c = .
%\DGGLQJWKHVHWZRHTXDWLRQVZHREWDLQWKHGHVLUHGUHVXOWVLQFHb + b = b

Method
([WHQGQRDQGTSXQWLOWKH\PHHWDWDQHZSRLQWU 

7KHQDQJOHV∠PQRDQG∠SU RDUHVXSSOHPHQWDU\EHFDXVHPQ DQGTU DUHSDUDOOHOWKDW

LVa° + ∠SU R = °
+RZHYHUZHKDYH
∠SU R + ∠U RS + ∠RSU = °
E\SURSHUWLHVRIDQJOHVLQDWULDQJOH7KLVPHDQVWKDWa° = ∠U RS + ∠RSU 

:HDOVRKDYHb° + ∠U RS = ° = c° + ∠RSU VLQFHWKH\DUHDQJOHVRQDVWUDLJKWOLQH

3XWWLQJDOOWKLVWRJHWKHUZHJHW
a° + b° + c° = ∠U RS + ∠RSU + (° − ∠U RS) + ( ° − ∠RSU ) = °,
DVQHHGHG


 7KUHHORDYHVRIEUHDGILYHFDUWRQVRIPLONDQGIRXUMDUVRIMDPFRVW…
)LYHORDYHVRIEUHDGQLQHFDUWRQVRIPLONDQGVHYHQMDUVRIMDPFRVW…
+RZPXFKGRHVLWFRVWWREX\RQHORDIRIEUHDGRQHFDUWRQRIPLONDQGRQHMDURIMDP"

Solution
:HZULWHBIRUWKHSULFHRIDORDIRIEUHDGLQSHQFHM IRUWKHSULFHRIDFDUWRQRIPLONLQ
SHQFHDQGJ IRUWKHSULFHRIDMDURIMDPLQSHQFH7KHQZHFDQLQWHUSUHWWKHJLYHQ
LQIRUPDWLRQDVVD\LQJ
B + M + J = 

DQG B + M + J = .
,IZHGRXEOHWKHILUVWHTXDWLRQZHJHW
B + M + J = ,
DQGLIZHWKHQVXEWUDFWWKHVHFRQGHTXDWLRQIURPWKLVZHJHW
B + M + J = ,
RULQZRUGVWKHWRWDOFRVWRIDORDIRIEUHDGDFDUWRQRIPLONDQGDMDURIMDPLV…
 

 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVVHYHQFLUFOHV(DFKRIWKHWKUHHDUURZVLQGLFDWHV
DµOLQHRIWKUHHFLUFOHV¶
7KHGLJLWVIURPWRLQFOXVLYHDUHWREHSODFHGLQWKHFLUFOHVRQH
SHUFLUFOHVRWKDWWKHVXPRIWKHGLJLWVLQHDFKRIWKHWKUHHLQGLFDWHG
µOLQHVRIWKUHHFLUFOHV¶LVWKHVDPH
)LQGDOOSRVVLEOHYDOXHVRIx
Solution
/HWXVZULWHa, b, c, d, eDQGf IRUWKHVL[YDOXHVLQWKHRXWHUFLUFOHVDVVKRZQDQGZULWH
sIRUWKHFRPPRQVXPRIWKHWKUHHOLQHV

7KHJLYHQFRQGLWLRQVWKHQVD\WKDW
a + x + d = s,

b + x + e = s,

DQG c + x + f = s.
,IZHDGGWKHVHHTXDWLRQVWRJHWKHUZHJHW
a + b + c + d + e + f + x = s.
+RZHYHUWKHVXPa + b + c + d + e + f + xLVHTXDOWRVLQFHWKHQXPEHUVDUH
DQGLQVRPHRUGHU6RUHZULWLQJZHJHW
x +  = s,
ZKLFKVD\VWKDWx +  LVDPXOWLSOHRI:HFDQTXLFNO\FKHFNWKDWWKLVKDSSHQVRQO\
ZKHQx = , RU+HQFHDOORWKHUYDOXHVRIxDUHLPSRVVLEOH/DVWO\ZHGHPRQVWUDWH
ZLWKWKUHHH[DPSOHVWKDWWKHVHWKUHHYDOXHVRIxDUHDOOSRVVLEOH


 (YHU\FHOORIWKHIROORZLQJFURVVQXPEHULVWRFRQWDLQDVLQJOHGLJLW1RFOXHKDVDQ
DQVZHUVWDUWLQJZLWK]HUR
3URYHWKDWWKHUHLVH[DFWO\RQHVROXWLRQWRWKHFURVVQXPEHU

Across Down
6XPRIWKHGLJLWVRI'RZQ 3URGXFWRIWZRSULPHV
3ULPH 0XOWLSOHRI
'RZQ$FURVV'RZQ 6TXDUHRI$FURVV
Solution
)LUVWO\WKHDQVZHUWR'2:1KDVWREHRQHRIRU
,QDOORIWKHVHFDVHVWKHVXPRIWKHGLJLWVLVWKHVDPHWKHDQVZHUWR $&5266LV
WKXV
.QRZLQJWKHILUVWGLJLWLVLPPHGLDWHO\DOORZVXVWRQDUURZGRZQ'2:1WR
$OVR'2:1EHJLQVZLWKDQDQGLVWKHVTXDUHRI$&5266DQLQWHJHUZKLFKHQGVLQ
7KHQXPEHU = LVWRRVPDOOZKLOHDQGVXEVHTXHQWVTXDUHVKDYHIRXURU
PRUHGLJLWV+HQFH$&5266LVDQG '2:1LV
:HQRZXVHWKHFOXHIRU$&5266ZHJHW
µx¶ +  +  = µy¶,
ZKHUHxLVWKHPLVVLQJWRSOHIWKDQGGLJLWDQGyLVWKHPLVVLQJERWWRPOHIWKDQGGLJLW
&OHDUO\yLVVLQFHHYHQLIxZHUHLWZRXOGQRWEHELJHQRXJKWRJLYHDWRWDORI
:HFDQWKHQVXEWUDFWWRILQGWKHDQVZHUWR '2:1LWLVJLYHQE\
 −  −  = .
:HKDYHXQLTXHO\LGHQWLILHGYDOXHVIRUDOOQLQHGLJLWVXVLQJWKHFOXHV

,QFKHFNLQJZHREVHUYHWKDWZHKDYHQRWXVHGWKHFOXHIRU'2:1KRZHYHU
 =  × VRLWGRHVLQGHHGZRUN
 

 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVDV\PPHWULFDOIRXUSRLQWHGVWDU)RXUYHUWLFHV
RIWKHVWDUIRUPDVTXDUHDQGWKHRWKHUIRXUYHUWLFHVOLHRQDFLUFOH
7KHVTXDUHKDVVLGHVRIOHQJWKaFP7KHVKDGHGDUHDLVRQHWKLUG
RIWKHDUHDRIWKHVTXDUH

:KDWLVWKHUDGLXVRIWKHFLUFOH"

Solution
Method
6LQFHWKHVKDGHGDUHDLVRQHWKLUGRIWKHDUHDRIWKHVTXDUHWKHDUHDQRWVKDGHGLVWZR
WKLUGV6RHDFKZKLWHWULDQJOHKDVDQDUHDRI

 × 
 × a = a.

+RZHYHUWKHEDVHRIDZKLWHWULDQJOHLVaVRWKHKHLJKWhFPLVJLYHQE\
 × a × h =  a +HQFHh =  a
  
1RZWKHGDVKHGOLQHLQWKHILJXUHFRPSULVHVWZRRIWKHVHKHLJKWVDQGDGLDPHWHURIWKH
FLUFOH%XWWKHGDVKHGOLQHKDVDOHQJWKRIaWKHOHQJWKRIDVLGHRIWKHVTXDUH7KXVWKH
UDGLXVRIWKHFLUFOHLV a

Method
:HILUVWFXWWKHVWDULQWRHLJKWFRQJUXHQWWULDQJOHVDVVKRZQ

(DFKWULDQJOHPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGWRKDYHEDVHr WKHUDGLXVRIWKHFLUFOHDQGKHLJKWaDV
LQGLFDWHGIRUWKHVKDGHGWULDQJOH
8VLQJWKHIRUPXODIRUWKHDUHDRIDWULDQJOHDQGWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVHHLJKWWULDQJOHV
WRJHWKHUKDYHDUHDRQHWKLUGRIWKHDUHDRIWKHZKROHVTXDUHZHJHW
 × 
 × r × a = 
 × a ,
ZKLFKZHVROYHWRREWDLQr = a

6ROXWLRQVWRWKH2O\PSLDG&D\OH\3DSHU
 :KDWLVWKHVPDOOHVWQRQ]HURPXOWLSOHRIDQGZKLFKLVDVTXDUH"

Solution
7KHFRQGLWLRQVVWDWHWKDWWKHUHTXLUHGQXPEHULVDPXOWLSOHRIRIRIDQGRI
UHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVPHDQVWKDWLWLVDPXOWLSOHRI ×  7KHUHIRUHZHQHHGWRILQGWKH
VPDOOHVWQRQ]HURPXOWLSOHRI  ×  ZKLFKLVDVTXDUH
,QWKHSULPHIDFWRULVDWLRQRIDVTXDUHQXPEHUHDFKSULPHFDQRQO\RFFXUDQHYHQ
QXPEHURIWLPHV7KXVWKHVPDOOHVWQRQ]HURPXOWLSOHRI ×  WKDWLVDOVRDVTXDUHLV
 × ZKLFKLV

 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVDSHQWDJRQABCDE E
3URYHWKDWa + b + c + d =  + e
e°
A
D
a°
d°

b° c°
B C
Solution
0DQ\GLIIHUHQWVROXWLRQVDUHSRVVLEOHZHJLYHMXVWRQH
E

e°
A
D
a°
d°

x° b° c° y°
X B C Y
:HH[WHQGVLGHVDVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUHOHWOLQHVEA CBPHHWDWX OLQHVED BC PHHWDW
Y DQGOHW x° y°EHWKHDQJOHVRIWULDQJOHEXY DWX DQGY UHVSHFWLYHO\
$SSO\LQJµDQJOHVLQDWULDQJOHDGGWR°¶WRWKHWULDQJOHVAXB CYDDQGXYEZHJHW
WKHHTXDWLRQV
x + a + b = ,
y + c + d = ,
DQG x + y + e = .
$GGLQJWKHILUVWWZRHTXDWLRQVDQGVXEWUDFWLQJWKHWKLUGZHREWDLQ
a + b + c + d − e = .
7KHUHIRUH
a + b + c + d =  + e
DVUHTXLUHG
 

 &RQVLGHUVHTXHQFHVRISRVLWLYHLQWHJHUVIRUZKLFKERWKWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQVDUHWUXH

D HDFKWHUPDIWHUWKHVHFRQGWHUPLVWKHVXPRIWKHWZRSUHFHGLQJWHUPV
E WKHHLJKWKWHUPLV

+RZPDQ\VXFKVHTXHQFHVDUHWKHUH"

Solution
/HW aDQGbEHWKHILUVWDQGVHFRQGWHUPVUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHQWKHILUVWHLJKWWHUPVDUH
a, b, a + b, a + b, a + b, a + b, a + b, a + b.
+HQFHZHVHHNVROXWLRQVWRWKHHTXDWLRQ
a + b = , ()
ZKHUH aDQGbDUHSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUVVLQFHDQ\VXFKVROXWLRQZLOOJHQHUDWHDVHTXHQFHRI
SRVLWLYHLQWHJHUVRIWKHUHTXLUHGVRUW
1RZ a =  − b =  ( í b)ZKLFKLVDPXOWLSOHRI7KHUHIRUHaLVD
PXOWLSOHRIVRWKDWaLVDPXOWLSOHRI
/HW a = kZKHUHkLVDSRVLWLYHLQWHJHU7KHQHTXDWLRQEHFRPHV
 × k + b = ,

VRWKDW

k + b = .
6LQFH bDQGk DUHSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUVWKHUHDUHWKHUHIRUHRQO\WZRSRVVLEOHYDOXHVIRUk
QDPHO\DQG:KHQk = ZHKDYHa = DQGb = :KHQk = ZHKDYH
a = DQGb = +HQFHWKHUHDUHWZRSRVVLEOHVHTXHQFHV


 7KHSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUmKDVOHDGLQJGLJLW:KHQWKLVGLJLWLVPRYHGWRWKHRWKHUHQGWKH
UHVXOWLVm:KDWLVWKHVPDOOHVWVXFKm"

Solution
Method
,WLVXVHIXOWRILQGZKDWKDSSHQVZKHQWKHGLJLWVIURPWRDUHPXOWLSOLHGE\7KH
WDEOHVVKRZWKHUHVXOWLQJODVWGLJLWV

'LJLW d /DVWGLJLWRI × d 'LJLW d /DVWGLJLWRI × d

   
   
   
   
   

:HNQRZWKDWmHQGVLQD)URPWKHWDEOHWKHRQO\GLJLWWKDWFDQEHPXOWLSOLHGE\WR
JLYHDXQLWVGLJLWRILV7KXVmHQGVLQDQGVRmHQGVLQ
+HQFHZHQRZZLVKWRILQGDWZRGLJLWQXPEHUµa¶ZKLFKFDQEHPXOWLSOLHGE\WRJLYH
VRPHWKLQJHQGLQJLQ6LQFH  ×  = DQG −  = ZHUHTXLUH × aWR
HQGLQDQGIURPWKHWDEOHZHGHGXFHWKDWa = 7KXVmHQGVLQDQG
 ×  = 
&RQWLQXLQJZHZLVKWRILQGDWKUHHGLJLWQXPEHUHQGLQJLQµb¶ ZKLFKFDQEH
PXOWLSOLHGE\WRJLYHVRPHWKLQJHQGLQJLQ,QDVLPLODUZD\ZHGHGXFHWKDWWKH
RQO\DQVZHULVDQG ×  = 
6LPLODUO\ZKHQZHORRNIRUDIRXUGLJLWQXPEHUHQGLQJLQZKLFKFDQEHPXOWLSOLHG
E\WRJLYHVRPHWKLQJHQGLQJLQZHILQGRQO\DQG ×  = 
:KHQZHORRNIRUDILYHGLJLWQXPEHUHQGLQJLQZKLFKFDQEHPXOWLSOLHGE\WR
JLYHVRPHWKLQJHQGLQJLQZHILQG ×   =  
6R mLVDQGLQGHHGZKHQZHPRYHWKHWRWKHHQGZHJHW
  =  ×  

Method
7KHLQWHJHUmFOHDUO\KDVPRUHWKDQRQHGLJLW
6XSSRVHWKDW mKDVWZRGLJLWVVRWKDWm = µa¶ DQGm = µa¶ %XWµa¶ =  + a
DQG µa¶ = a + 7KHUHIRUHZHKDYH
 ( + a) = a + ,
WKDWLV
 = a
ZKLFKKDVQRVROXWLRQVVLQFHaLVDQLQWHJHU
6XSSRVHWKDW mKDVWKUHHGLJLWVVRWKDWm = µab¶ ,QDVLPLODUZD\ZHREWDLQ
 ( + µab¶) =  × µab¶ + ,
WKDWLV
 =  × µab¶,
ZKLFKDOVRKDVQRVROXWLRQVVLQFHµab¶ LVDQLQWHJHU
6LPLODUO\ZHILQGWKDWmFDQQRWKDYHIRXUGLJLWVEHFDXVH =  × µabc¶ KDVQR
VROXWLRQV)LYHGLJLWVDOVRIDLOVEHFDXVHLVQRWDPXOWLSOHRI%XWLV
 ×  7KXVWKHVPDOOHVWVXFKmKDVVL[GLJLWVDQGLV
 

 3DEORSODQVWRWDNHVHYHUDOXQLWFXEHVDQGDUUDQJHWKHPWRIRUPDODUJHUFXEH+HZLOO
WKHQSDLQWVRPHRIWKHIDFHVRIWKHODUJHUFXEH:KHQWKHSDLQWKDVGULHGKHZLOOVSOLW
WKHODUJHUFXEHLQWRXQLWFXEHVDJDLQ

6XSSRVHWKDW3DEORZDQWVH[DFWO\RIWKHXQLWFXEHVWRKDYHQRSDLQWRQWKHPDWDOO
+RZPDQ\IDFHVRIWKHODUJHUFXEHVKRXOGKHSDLQW"
Solution
6XSSRVHWKDWWKHODUJHUFXEHLVPDGHXSRIn × n × nVPDOOHUFXEHV
1RZWKHXQSDLQWHGVPDOOHUFXEHVIRUPDFXERLGDQGZHFDQZRUNRXWWKHQXPEHURI
XQSDLQWHGVPDOOHUFXEHVLQWKHIRUPabc+HUHaLV nLIQHLWKHUWKHOHIWQRUWKHULJKWIDFH
LVSDLQWHGRUn −  LIH[DFWO\RQHRIWKHWZRIDFHVLVSDLQWHGRUn −  LIERWKDUH
6LPLODUO\ bLVn n − RUn − GHSHQGLQJRQZKLFKRIWKHIURQWDQGEDFNIDFHVLV
SDLQWHGDQGcLVn n − RUn − GHSHQGLQJRQZKLFKRIWKHWRSDQGERWWRPIDFHVDUH
SDLQWHG
6RZHDUHWU\LQJWRH[SUHVVDVDSURGXFWRIWKUHHQXPEHUVWKDWGLIIHUE\DWPRVW
1RZWKHSULPHIDFWRULVDWLRQRILV ×  ×  × &RPELQLQJWKHDQGJLYHV
 =  ×  × ZKLFKLVRIWKHGHVLUHGIRUP$Q\RWKHURSWLRQKDVWKHIRUP
 =  × r × sRU =  × r × sRU =  × r × sDQGQRQHRIWKHVHLVSRVVLEOHVLQFH
RQHRIrDQGs ZLOOGLIIHUIURPWKHILUVWIDFWRUE\PRUHWKDQLQGHHGRQHRIr DQGsZLOO
EHJUHDWHUWKDQEHFDXVH ×  ×  < 7KXV ×  × LVWKHRQO\ZD\RIZULWLQJ
LQWKHUHTXLUHGIRUP
)LQDOO\ abc =  ×  × FRUUHVSRQGVWRHLWKHU
abc = (n − ) × (n − ) × n ZLWK n = ,

RU

abc = (n − ) × (n − ) × (n − ) ZLWK n = .
7KHVHLQWXUQFRUUHVSRQGWRHLWKHUWZRRUILYHIDFHVEHLQJSDLQWHGLIKHKDVPDGHD
 ×  ×  FXEHKHVKRXOGSDLQWWZRDGMDFHQWIDFHVLIKHKDVPDGHD ×  × FXEH
KHVKRXOGSDLQWILYHRIWKHVL[IDFHV


 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVDQannulusZKLFKLVWKHUHJLRQ
EHWZHHQWZRFLUFOHVZLWKWKHVDPHFHQWUH7ZHOYHHTXDO
WRXFKLQJVHPLFLUFOHVDUHSODFHGLQVLGHWKHDQQXOXV7KH
GLDPHWHUVRIWKHVHPLFLUFOHVOLHDORQJGLDPHWHUVRIWKH
RXWHUFLUFOH

:KDWIUDFWLRQRIWKHDQQXOXVLVVKDGHG"

Solution
7KHWZHOYHGLDPHWHUVRIWKHVHPLFLUFOHVDUHUHJXODUO\VSDFHGHDFKLV °IURPWKHQH[W
&RQVLGHUWZRDGMDFHQWVHPLFLUFOHVVHHWKHILJXUH/HWAEHWKHFHQWUHRIWKHILUVWDQGOHW
BEHWKHSRLQWRIWDQJHQF\RIWKHILUVWVHPLFLUFOHZLWKWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHVHFRQG)LQDOO\
OHW OEHWKHFHQWUHRIWKHDQQXOXV

°
O
B

$QJOH ABOLVDULJKWDQJOHVLQFHOBLVDWDQJHQWDQG ABLVDUDGLXV7KXVDQJOHOABLV

°EHFDXVHWKHDQJOHVLQWULDQJOHOABVXPWR°
,IZHOHWAB = WKHQOA = WKLVLVDIDPRXVSURSHUW\RID°, °, °WULDQJOH
FRPLQJIURPFRQVLGHULQJLWDVKDOIRIDQHTXLODWHUDOWULDQJOH
7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHRXWHUUDGLXVRIWKHDQQXOXVLVDQGWKHLQQHUUDGLXVLVVRWKH
DQQXOXVKDVDUHDπ ×  − π ×  = π7KHVHPLFLUFOHVKDYHUDGLXVVRWZHOYHRIWKHP
KDYHWRWDODUHD ×  × π ×   = π 7KHUHIRUHWKHVKDGHGDUHDLQWKHJLYHQGLDJUDPLV
π − π = π 
+HQFH RIWKHDQQXOXVLVVKDGHG
24
1 2014
Solutions to the Olympiad Cayley Paper

C1. The two-digit integer ‘19’ is equal to the product of its digits (1 × 9) plus the sum of its
digits (1 + 9). Find all two-digit integers with this property.

Solution
If such a two-digit number has first digit a and second digit b, then its value is 10a + b.
The given condition then says that the product ab of the digits, plus the sum a + b of the
digits, is equal to 10a + b, in other words,
ab + a + b = 10a + b.
Subtracting b from both sides, we obtain
ab + a = 10a.
Since a two-digit number cannot have first digit zero, we have a ≠ 0 and we can divide
both sides by a to get b + 1 = 10, that is, b = 9. This shows that a number with this
property has second digit 9.
We therefore check the numbers 19, 29, 39, …, 89 and 99, and find that all of them have
the required property.

C2. Six pool balls numbered 1−6 are to be arranged in a triangle, as

shown. After three balls are placed in the bottom row, each of the
remaining balls is placed so that its number is the difference of
the two below it.
Which balls can land up at the top of the triangle?

Solution
First we observe that the ball numbered 6 is on the bottom row of the triangle, since
there are no permitted numbers which differ by 6 (because the furthest apart are 1 and 6
itself, and they differ by only 5).
This tells us not only that 6 cannot appear at the top, but also that 5 cannot. Indeed, if 5
is at the top, then the middle row is 1 and 6 in some order, and that means 6 is not on the
bottom row.
If 4 is at the top, then the numbers below are either 2 and 6 (which, as above, is not
permitted), or 1 and 5. In the latter case, the numbers below the 5 have to be 1 and 6, but
we have already used the 1, so this cannot happen.
That just leaves three possibilities for the top number: 1, 2 and 3. The following
examples show that they can all be achieved.

1 2 3

3 4 3 5 2 5

5 2 6 4 1 6 4 6 1

Cy14
 25
2
C3. Rachel gave half of her money to Howard. Then Howard gave a third of all his money to
Rachel. They each ended up with the same amount of money.
Find the ratio
amount that Rachel started with : amount that Howard started with.

Solution
Suppose Howard starts with h pence and Rachel with r pence. Then Rachel gives 2r to
Howard; so after this Howard has h + 2r .
Next, Howard gives one third of his money to Rachel, so he has two thirds left. Thus he
now has
2
3 (
h +
2
r
)
, that is,
2h
3
r
+ .
3
We are told that they then have the same amount of money, and so each of them has half
the total amount. Therefore
2h r h r
+ = + .
3 3 2 2
Multiplying both sides by 6, we get
4h + 2r = 3h + 3r,
and subtracting 3h + 2r from both sides we get h = r or, in words, Howard and Rachel
started with the same amount of money. So the ratio we were asked to find is 1 : 1.

C4. The square ABIJ lies inside the regular octagon ABCDEFGH. The sides of the octagon
have length 1.
Prove that CJ = 3.

Solution
The exterior angles of any polygon add up to 360°, so E D
for a regular octagon they are 45° each. That means the
interior angles are 180° − 45° = 135° each. F C
I
Since the angle ABI is a right angle, the angle IBC is
135° − 90° = 45°. G J B

Consider now the line JB. H A

This is the diagonal of the unit square ABIJ , and so
2 2
JB2 = 1 + 1 = 2,
by Pythagoras' theorem for the triangle ABJ .
Also, ∠JBI = 45°, so ∠JBC = ∠JBI + ∠IBC = 45° + 45° = 90°.
This means that triangle JBC is right-angled at B. We have computed JB2 and we know
BC = 1, so, applying Pythagoras' theorem to triangle JBC, we now get
2
CJ 2 = JB2 + 1
= 2 + 1,
that is, CJ = 3, as required.
Cy14
326
C5. Four types of rectangular tile have sizes 300 mm × 300 mm, 300 mm × 600 mm, 600
mm × 600 mm and 600 mm × 900 mm. Equal numbers of each type of tile are used,
without overlaps, to make a square.
What is the smallest square that can be made?

Solution
Let us say that one unit is 300 mm, so that the permitted tiles are 1 × 1, 1 × 2, 2 × 2 and
2 × 3.
Since the sides of all the tiles have lengths that are a whole number of units, any square
made out of them will have sides of length N that is a whole number of units. This square
has area N 2.
Also, the total area of one tile of each type is 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 = 13, so N 2 is a multiple of
13. The smallest such N is 13 itself, so we ask ourselves if such a tiling is possible with
13 copies of each tile. It can indeed be done, as the example in the figure shows.

This square, which we have proved to be the smallest possible, measures 13 units on
each side, or 3.9 m × 3.9 m.

Cy14
 427
C6. A couple own a circular piece of land that has area
2500 m2. The land is divided into four plots by two A
perpendicular chords that intersect at X. Their X
rectangular house H has diagonally opposite corners at X
and at the centre of the circle O, as shown. The two plots H
A and B have a combined area of 1000 m2. O B
What is the area occupied by the house?

Solution
Suppose the couple construct two new fences, by reflecting the two given perpendicular
chords in the lines through the walls of their house.

N
NW NE

H
W E

SW SE
S

This creates a symmetric configuration, as shown, so that their piece of land now
consists of:
(i) one central plot, containing the couple's house;
(ii) two plots W and E, of the same size and shape, at the west and east;
(iii) two plots N and S, of the same size and shape, at the north and south;
(iv) four plots NW, NE, SW and SE, all of the same size and shape, in each corner, at
the northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast.
The original two plots A and B, with the combined area 1000 m2, now consist of N and
NW, and E and SE.
But those areas are equal, respectively, to S and SW, and W and NE, so those have a
combined area of 1000 m2. That means that all the regions, apart from the central one,
have a combined area of 2000 m2, leaving 500 m2 inside the central region.
Of this, one quarter is the couple's house, since the couple's house consists of everything
in the central region northeast of the centre of the circle. So their house occupies 125 m2.

Cy14