Module 2, Specific Objective 1

Concepts and Indicators of Development:

The Concept of Development has Undergone Change Overtime. Up until the 1970s, the Focus of Society
was on a Concept called Economic Development. However, this had Inherent Shortcomings, ie, it didn’t
Focus upon Human Development.

More Recently, because of Environmental Impact upon the Global Environment, the Concept of
Development had to Change again to include Environmental Concerns and making the World's
Resources Last; to Produce a new Concept of Development called Sustainable Development.

The Concept of Development Evolved to include Different Kinds of Development to Reflect what was
Important at that Time. Each Type of Development Builds upon the Preceding One.

Economic Development  Human Development  Sustainable Development.

Economic Development Focuses upon the Material Growth; the Dollar Value Increase from One Period
to the Next. Previous to 1970s, the Focus was on the Amount of Money a Nation made during a Period
of Time. Growth / Development would have been Augmentation of Cash Overtime.

Even though Economic Development has given way overtime, Economic Indicators are still Important
even today. Economic Development had a Significant Drawback: Economic Development Displayed
Nothing about the Quality of Life Enjoyed by Society, ie, Nothing about their Health, Happiness,
Lifestyle, etc...Economic Development is about Maximization of Profit and is Self – Defeating.

Human Development Builds Upon the Concept of Economic Development. It attempts to Diversify the
Focus of Economic Development to Include Human Concerns. Economic Development is still Important
but it is now going to be Multifaceted.

Amartya Sen and Mahbub Ul Haq are Nobel Prize Winners for their Work in Human Well Being and
Human Development / Indicators. They Proposed:

1. Without Factoring the Quality of Human Life and Without Focusing on Well Being of People,
there can be NO Development.
2. True Development can only occur when there is an Expansion of Human Choice; when there
are Greater Opportunities for the Empowering of a People and Opportunities for People to
Maximise their Human Potential.

While they proposed Unique Human Elements to Development, there is still need for Money. They
Created Human Development Indicators / Human Development Index (HDI) which constitutes part of
Human Development Paradigm (HDP). True Development can only be Assessed through Material and
Non – Material Elements.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a Statistical Tool used to Measure a Country's Overall
Achievement in its Social and Economic Dimensions, ie, the Health of People, their Level of Education
Attainment and their Standard of Living.

Sustainable Development suggests that the Environment in which we Live in is Non - Renewable. The
Environment has to be taken care of. Any Development must find a Unique Equilibrium.

There Cannot be Impacts to the Environment which are Not Calculated in our Developmental Thrust,
ie, Use of our Resources becomes the Focal Point of Sustainable Development.

Sustainable Development is Development that Meets the Needs of the Present Without Compromising
the Ability of Future Generations to Meet their Own Needs. Sustainable Development is Driven by a
Concept called Conservationism.

Sustainable Development finds an Equilibrium between Money, Human Well Being and the
Environment, that is Practical and can be Maintained. It goes further than Human Development in its
Strife for Equity, Respect and Dignity of Human Life.

Sustainable Development seeks to Ensure that Future Generations will be Catered For. It arose from
Recognition that if Human Society Continues along the Path set Pre 1970s, we will Ultimately Consume
Ourselves.

Sustainable Development, while Practical for Already Developed Nations (Due to Vast Stores of
Wealth, Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and All Necessary 1st World Infrastructure), 3rd
World or Developing Nations face all the Challenges of Development. (Opposite to those Listed Above).

The Caribbean consists of 3rd World Nations whose Resources have already been Exploited and
Depleted. Eg. Gold Repatriated to Spain.

In order for 3rd World Nations to ever Embark upon Sustainable Development Paradigm, we need a
Paradigm Shift in the way that Development is Pursued in the Caribbean.

Challenges Facing Caribbean Development / Developing Nations:

1. Historical Capitalism: This Reflects the several Systems of Production. Eg. Repartimiento,
Encomienda, Plantation, Indentureship. One European Nation After Another has Successfully,
Continuously, Purposefully Exploited the Caribbean's Wealth.

2. Historical Precedent of Neglect for Human Dignity: Our Societies (Eg. Guyana, Cuba, Trinidad and
Tobago) have been Built Upon the Exploitation of Human Beings. In today's Society, there is a
Phenomenon called Social Injustice; where Human Rights are not Respected. Whenever one Person
is not Treated with Respect or Equitable Treatment, there can be NO Development.
3. Lack of Resources: In order to Achieve Development, there must be an Income. Many Caribbean
Countries Lack a Basis to Build an Economic Platform (Except Trinidad and Tobago). The Lack of
Resources can be Linked to the Historical Aspects of Exploitation.

Minerals in the Ground are also Considered Resources (Including those Necessary for Plant
Growth). Our Resources have been Monetized and Stolen.

4. Legacies of the Plantation: This deals with Two Major Issues: Productivity and Empowerment.

Productivity: A Person's Willingness to put out Labour / Effort. The Plantation Society created a
Poor Work Ethic. This means that as a Caribbean People, we use Opportunities to Avoid Work
rather than Contribute Positively (Least Work for Same Pay).

Empowerment: For People to Contribute Positively in Society, People must be Empowered.

Traditionally, Legacies of the Plantation Inhibits these Factors due to Social Stratification Divisions
that Divide and Rule to Regulate Society.

Classism Disrupts rather than Unify Society. Social Justice aims to Achieve Perfect Equity. There is
Social Justice Breaches: Some Groups are Deprived of their Human Rights as it is Embedded in our
Ideology.

Lack of Money: Much of the Caribbean's Wealth has been Repatriated  A 3rd World to
Metropolitan Movement of Money. The Europeans stole from the Caribbean, thus, the Caribbean
suffers from Economic Crises.

Lack of Education: Opportunities given to Caribbean People is Minimal since they Lack Knowledge.
Thus, Caribbean People only Attract Labour Based Jobs, ie, Income and Quality of Life are Small.
This is Associated with Lack of Empowerment Opportunities.

5. Heavy Dependence upon Traditional Industry: Traditional Industries are Primary Industries (Eg.
Agriculture, Extraction Industries). They are a Major part of Employment. These Jobs are Low
Yielding. Since the only Jobs Available are low Yielding Jobs, there is an Unwillingness among People
to Advance themselves.

These Traditional Industries make up a Significant part of the GNP. It is often times a Poor Use of
Land and Labour Resources. Traditional Industries may be Susceptible to Disease, Natural Disasters,
ie, Losses can be easily Incurred because of the Heavy Dependence on these types of Industries. Eg.
Grenada  Loss of Nutmeg Farms.
6. Internal Problems in Certain Societies: This Echoes Social Stratification. Eg. Guyana  Alienation /
Exclusion of the Amerindians. They are Inhibited from Contributing to Development. They are seen
as Inferior. Thus, Growth in Society becomes Limited / Stagnated / Arrested.

7. Negative Social Attitudes of Society: Exclusion of People due to Race, Religion. Social Attitudes to the
Environment are Self – Destructive. It is Short Sighted to think Resources on our Planet are
Inexhaustible.

8. Lack of Opportunity for the Masses: Eg. Lack of Healthcare, Education, Empowerment Opportunities.

9. Lack of Proper Government Planning / Abuse of Government Resources: A Government is given the
Responsibility of using National Wealth to Meet the Developmental Objectives of the Nation. If
they don’t Plan, the Money is going to be Expended.

Abuse of Resources, Corruption, Theft, Misappropriate Use of Money in High Places  Lack of Good
Governance.

10. Inequitable Distribution of Income: Ideally, Equity is not just a Personal Attitude but it is part of the
Government Agenda. A Government is Mandated to find Equity for the People. Eg. Creating more
Educational Opportunities or giving People more National Wealth.

They should Promote Equity of Income Generation. However, in the Caribbean, Socioeconomic
Polarisation exists: There are Obscenely Wealthy People and then Poverty Stricken People. While
some People enjoy High Quality of Life and have Access to Human Development Factors, the
Majority of People are Disenfranchised.

11. Attitudes to Minority Groups: A Social Injustice Breach  Poor Attitudes to People who are
Different. Intolerance to Sub Culture Groups  Exclusion of Groups, therefore, Dehumanization of
Groups. If one Person is Dehumanized, there is no Development.

In Overview, the Caribbean has to Change Social, Economic and even Industrial Attitudes to make these
more Compliant with the Sustainable Development Paradigm. In order to become more Geared
towards Sustainability, all Caribbean Nations need to Address certain Problem Areas.
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Paradigm (SDP)

The MDG was Created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as part of the Paradigm
for Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Nations. It is Goals / Objectives for 3rd World
Nations. These are Prescribed from Global Planners. Even though these are Ideals, they can't always be
Implemented due to Lack of Resources in a Nation, hence, they must be taken with a certain degree of
Flexibility.

1. Reduction of Poverty.
2. Increase in Literacy.
3. Stabilizing the Growth Rate of the Economy.
4. Providing Opportunities for the Empowerment of the Masses.
5. Creating Opportunities for Social, Political and Economic Inclusion of Disenfranchised Groups.
6. Promoting Equitable Distribution of Income.
7. Stabilizing Employment Levels: People should have Sustainability of Employment. Some jobs may be
Seasonal due to Weather, etc...
8. Stability of the Political Process / System: Eg. Haiti has the worst track Record for Development in
the Western Hemisphere.
9. Dealing with Issues Uniquely Relevant to Women and Children: Protection of Weaker People in
Society. This is not Limited to Men Exploiting Women but also to Women in Work Place, Maternity,
etc... One Developmental Problem is that there is an Androcentric World. Men have no Tolerance
for Women's Problems.
10. Reduction of Diseases: Eg. Communicable and Non – Communicable Diseases.
11. Promoting Socioeconomic Equity: Methods to Ensure those who are at Risk Enjoy some Level of
Economic Well Being.
12. Promoting Environmental Conservation.
13. Introducing and Using Technology as part of the Manufacturing Process: One of the Major
Drawbacks is that our Rate of Output / Productivity is very Low. To Increase Output / Productivity,
one must use Technology as part of the Manufacturing Process. More Money  More Human
Services Provided.

Pillars of Development (POD):

This is the Philosophical Ideology of Mahbub Ul Haq. The Idea of HDP was originated by Mahbub Ul
Haq. In the HDP, there were about 30 Major Factors (HDI) to consider. Some were more Outstanding
than others. Eg. Life Expectancy, Mortality Rates, Levels of Literacy, Access to Education, Standard of
Living and GDP per Capita.

The HDP seeks to assess Key Elements that Impact upon Human Well Being. Other factors are to be
considered since there needs to be certain Pillars of Development in place to understand HDP. These
Address a Major Area of any Nation's Developmental Thrust.
 1. Sustainability.
2. Equity.
3. Empowerment.
4. Productivity.

These may be Studied separately but are Interrelated to Produce an Ideal Developmental Situation.
Pillars of Development recognise certain Human Needs need to be Satisfied for Sustainability to be
Achieved. The Pillars need to be Achieved in the following Order:

Empowerment  Equity  Productivity  Sustainability.

Indicators of Human Development (IOD): Indicators of Human Development are Variables / Factors
than can be Quantified (Assessed as a Means of Understanding Advances made by a Nation in Achieving
Development). For these HDI, the factors must be seen as Important throughout the World.

Material Indicators are Economic / Infrastructural in Nature. They can be Quantified by Money. They
are important because it is a Guide to allow a Nation to Understand its Economic Position. However,
Material Indicators Don’t Tell the Quality of Life enjoyed by a People; nothing about its Well Being.
Material Indicators include:

1. Levels of Output: This is the Product of a Nation over a given Period of Time. Two Concepts are
applied here: Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the Value of
Goods and Services Generated and Sold within the Economic Boundaries of a Nation. GNP is the
GDP + Export Earnings.

GDP and GNP are useful because:

a. It allows for Economic Growth from one Period to the Next to be seen.
b. It creates Averages per Capita Income.
c. It allows for Long Term Economic Planning.
d. It allows for Annual Budget Allocation.
e. National Income Figures make Comparisons with other Nations and Attract Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI).

However, GNP and GDP tells us nothing about:

a. The Allocation of a Nation's Money.

b. The Needs of a People being Met.
c. The State of Poverty of a Nation.
d. Inequitable Distribution of Income.
e. Mismanagement of Money (Corruption).
f. How much Money was used to Repay Debt.
g. The Status of Environment.
h. The Opportunity of Empowerment of the People.
2. Per Capita Income: This is based upon a Simple Formula:

Total Income (GDP∨GNP)

Average Money =
Total Population

Per Capita Income is Useful for:

a. Getting an Average of Money to Compare with other Countries.

Per Capita Income Fails to Say Anything about:

a. Income Generation.
b. Levels of Well Being as a People.
c. Levels of Productivity of a People.
d. Polarisation / Racism.

Per Capita Income presents a Theoretical Ideal, but in Reality, it is Untrue.

3. Employment Levels may tell about:

a. How many People are still Dependent Upon Government Resources. It is important to tell the
Nation how much Jobs are Available and Needed.

However, Employment Levels don’t tell about:

a. Stratification in Occupation.
b. Levels of Education.
c. Income Levels.
d. Income Distribution.
e. Seasonality (Eg. In Jamaica, 40000 Jobs are Created in the Harvest Season).
f. Make Work Schemes (Eg. Caribbean Societies create Short Term Employment to Please the
Masses such as CEPEP, URP).

4. Levels of Investment / Infrastructural shows:

a. How much has been Added Physically to a Nation. Eg. New Roads. Money has been spent on
Infrastructure which is Beneficial to the Physical Development. Ideally, by Improving Investment,
there may be Increased Productivity Potential.

Levels of Investment / Infrastructural fail because:

a. The Benefits may not be felt by the entire Nation.

b. Nothing is said about Environmental Destruction (Alteration of Landscape).
 c. Nothing is said about who the Employment Opportunities were given to.

5. Gini Coefficient: This is a Mathematical Evaluation of Income Distribution in a Society. 0 represents

Perfect Equity and 100 represents Inequity. In the Caribbean, the Gini Coefficient is between 20 and
70. This implies Economic Polarity, ie, Unequal Distribution of Income.

Non – Material Indicators Quantify the Difficult Understanding of Human Well Being. To Understand
Well – Being / Quality of Life, Uniquely Human Indicators have been created:

1. Equity Between Classes: This is relevant on both the Economic and Social Spectrum because it is
about Socioeconomic Equity. The Social Spectrum implies the Equity of People's Lives; No Social
Stratification occurs when there is Perfect Equity. There is creation of an Egalitarian Society.

In the Caribbean, there are Tremendous Challenges in Achieving the Non – Material Indicators of
Development. Consider Caribbean Societies that came from a History of Stratification. In the
Caribbean, there was Traditionally the Elite Class; who enjoyed Wealth and Social Prestige.
Everyone Else was Poor and Disenfranchised. This becomes a Developmental Challenge for the
Caribbean.

The Caribbean is Characterized by Social and Economical Polarisation. In the Caribbean, there is a
Perpetuation of a Superior and Inferior Class. Because of Classism, a Negative International
Reputation is Formed that creates Social Injustice Infringements.

Eg. Amerindians in Guyana  No Voice in Politics and Economics of the Country. Inequity is a
Scandal where a Nation Alienates People and Steals from them. This applied not only to
Amerindians but also Old People, Women, Children, etc...

Strategies that can be Implemented to Improve Equity:

Equity is important for People to feel Value in themselves. It is worth more than Money and speaks
about Psychological Wealth. Thus, a Government must be Proactive in its Treatment of Classes and
they need to Institute Policies / Laws to make the Distribution of Income more Equitable.

One major Indicator of Development is People's ability to Afford Basic Needs of Life. A Government has
to make every Effort to meet the needs of those who are at risk in the Population through Proper
Management of Money.

This is to Ensure those who are Old, Sick and Young are treated Equally. Eg. Old Age Pension, Disability
Cheques, Widows and Orphans Relief Funds, Social Welfare Expenditure, becomes a Means of those
Helping those who cannot help themselves. Equitable Distribution of Income  Redistribution of
Income.
A Government must be Proactive in creating Taxation Policies / Laws. In many Developed Nations, there
are Tax Policies that fall under Progressive Taxation Policies: The More You Earn, The More You Return.
Progressive Tax Policies work in two ways:

a. It Reduces Economic Polarity.

b. It Alleviates the Burden on Government Resources.

Investment in Education: Making Educational Opportunities more Accesible. Many Caribbean Countries
have become Aware of the Need to Educate People. Education = Empowerment. To Promote
Productivity, one must be given Education.

Creating Access to Education means that there is Optimisation of Human Resources and the Nation can
now do more. It means that International Ratings Increase. Creating Access to Education means that
there is an Alleviation of Burdens of the State  They are Gainfully Employed.

Without Education, Lesser Developed Nations will be Doomed to Remain in Socioeconomic Stagnation
and Labour Jobs. Without Education, a Caribbean People will be Perpetually Disenfranchised. Building
more Schools, more Jobs in Education, giving more Scholarships, ie, Empowering People who Show
Prowess.

Additionally, the Government can Provide Funding for Groups that have been Traditionally Alienated.
This is called Positive Discrimination: One group is Promoted over Other Groups. Eg. In USA Universities,
there are suppose to have 10% Non – Caucasian People.

Even though it is Discrimination, it is Geared Towards Empowerment of Traditionally Disenfranchised

Groups.

The Empowerment of Women through Education: In Caribbean Societies, there is Gender Stereotypes
(Eg. They should be in the Kitchen). The Empowerment of Women, while it works with Empowerment
and Equity, also Adds to the Productivity of a Nation.

By Depriving Women, a Nation is Stagnating their Own Development and Hampering their Own Future.
Positive Discrimination is also referred to as Affirmative Action. Eg. Scholarships for Women / Certain
Races only.

2. Productivity: Productivity related to Empowerment and Sustainability. It is a Concept that deals with
how much is Produced by a Nation in a given Period of Time. However, Levels of Production is
Impacted by certain Psychological and Emotional Factors such as Motivation of a People, Levels of
Moral, etc...

Productivity deals with how Happy a Person is. Moral, Level of Happiness, etc... deals with the
Optimisation of Output. If Moral, Happiness is Low  Output is Small.
 Productivity is influenced by Levels of Education and can be Limited by Attitudes including
Stratification. These are part of the Plantation Legacy. Eg. Rascism. There are still some Amerindians
who live in the Bush and Don't Contribute Positively to Society.

Discrimination and Biases (Gender, Religion) Decrease Productivity. The Work Environment of a
People Affects on Levels of Productivity. With Improved Infrastructure, there is Increased
Productivity. Adequate Salary Levels increase Productivity. Everyone wants to feel like he is Worth
Something.

The Use of Technology Improves a Person's Output. Mechanization and Computerisation in

Government Agencies Bring Us in the 21st Century and Beyond. In order for Caribbean Societies to
achieve High Levels of Productivity, there must be a Change of Attitudes.

3. Political Stability and Good Governance: To achieve a Stable Political System, Longevity is needed to
put a Time – Frame for which Developmental Initiatives can be Implemented. Eg. Housing Plans,
Railways, etc...

The Concept of Good Governance means that a Government Governs for Everyone; regardless of
Race, Party Affiliation, Religion. Because of the Legacy of the Plantation, Politics is a Divisive
Stratification. Eg. In Guyana, Politics is Fractured along Race. When one party is in Power, one Race
is Neglected.

Good Governance Overcomes the Plantation Legacy and makes Sensible Use of Limited Resources
for Practical Application and Planning Development. Good Governance is about Promoting Equity
within a Nation. Equity may have Socioeconomic Impacts, ie, the Government is Tasked with putting
Socially Conscious Laws and Policies in place for the Population to Access the Wealth of a Nation.

The Laws must reach the "At Risked" Population. Good Governance implies Fighting Corruption
and getting Rid of Nepotism. Then, Good Governance is about Promoting Transparency.
Transparency is a Factor Evaluated on a Global Scale. Caribbean Countries rank among the Lowest
in Transparency Scales, therefore, Caribbean Countries have a lot of Corruption and Nepotism.

The Transparency International Body is the Corruption Perception Index. Barbados ranks 74 / 175
while Trinidad and Tobago ranks 85 / 175.

4. Environmental Purity / Consciousness: There needs to be Responsible Environmental Factors. Even

though the Environment is Physical, the Real Problem is the Human Attitude to the Environment.
As a HDI, the Environment is a Habitat that needs to be Safe.

Mans' Attitudes are Riddled with Misuse, Exploitation and Mismanagement. Historically, most of
the Damage has Already Been Done. Man's Utilization of Resources is Correlated to World's
Environmental Problems.
 This is a Futile Endeavour. Environmental Conservationism is a part of any Sustainable
Development Paradigm; Ensuring that we are able to Meet our Needs and Needs of the Future.
Environmental Consciousness needs a Radical Reassessment of Caribbean's People Attitudes to
the Environment.

Awareness, Education and Sensitization of the Public are needed in order to Change our Attitude.
The Government must be Participant in the Change Process in the School Curriculum (Eg. Inclusion
of Education about Forestry, Coral Reefs and Tourisms). They must Create Laws to Protect the
Environment from Exploitation and Systems must be Implemented to Enforce the Laws.

5. Healthcare: "Health is Your Wealth". Healthcare is a System to Give Society Access to Health.
Health is a means by which People Remain Healthy by Raising Lifespan and Quality of Life.

In the Caribbean, because of Financial Positions of Caribbean Nations, Provision of Healthcare is

often Ineffective, Non – Effective or Inadequate. Many Caribbean Nations are making Efforts to
Expand Healthcare.

Eg. There are New Hospitals in Couva, New and Refurbished Hospital Wings. The Expansion of the
Medical Sector includes the Services Available to Society. In Trinidad and Tobago, we can now
Access Advanced Medical Services such as Brain and Plastic Surgery.

In Trinidad and Tobago, however, there are many Challenges facing the Industry:
a. Lack of Trained Personnel: Equipment is Present but not much to use them.
b. Lack of Proper Working Machinery.

Some Caribbean Nations, Eg. Cuba, has Globally Recognized Healthcare for its Efficiency,
Productivity and Competence. Cuba Exports Surgeons. Trinidad and Tobago has taken several steps
with the Provision of more Physical Infrastructure and the Introduction of a New System to Access
Drugs: CDAP. CDAP is the only way for Poverty Stricken to Access Drugs.

6. Improved Institutions and Attitudes Within Society: This deals with a Human Quality of Treatment
within the Public Sectors. Trinidad and Tobago has just Received Gold  Diamand Sates by
Improving Attitudes / Treatments of certain Aspects / Sectors of the General Population.

The Launch of Effort through Public Campaign is a Viable Option. With Better Treatment, the
Population will feel more Satisfied and they don't feel Alienated from Government Structure.

7. A Rationally Coordinated System of Policy Measures: This deals with the Planning of Money. There
must be a Greater Level of Coordination and Correspondence in Planning and Implementation of
Plans so that Redundancy / Misuse of Resources will be Eliminated.

This is a Chronic Problem. Without Coordination, there is Bound to be Wastage of Resources.

Module 2, Specific Objective 2
Factors that Hinder / Promote Development:

1. Gender Inequality.
2. Political Ideologies and Popular Movements.
3. Distribution of Wealth and Resources.
4. Class Boundaries and Stratification Issues.
5. Entrepreneurship / Entrepreneurship Activities.
6. Natural and Human Induced Disasters.
7. Government Policies.
8. Technology Factors.
9. Global Conditions.
10. Quality and Relevance of Education.
11. Tourism's Contributions and Challenges.

Any Nation in the World depends on Combinations of these Variables to Stimulate its own Levels of
Development.

Any Nation can Implement these Strategies to Advance their Levels of Development:

1. Discovery of Natural Resources.

2. Increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
3. Expansion of the Skilled Labour Force.
4. Implementation of Technology.
5. Diversifying the Economy.

Gender Inequality: In the Caribbean the Society has been Characterised by Patriarchy (Patriarchy
describes a Social System where Men are always Dominant and Women are Treated as 2nd Class
Citizens). European Countries run on Patriarchy Lines and they brought this Mindset to the New World.
They Organized Political and Social Relations in the light of it.

Patriarchy Influences Caribbean Social Relations to an Extraordinary Degree. Examples:

a. Male Dominance in Relationships often Leads to Families becoming Sites of Oppression and
Coercion for Females (Spouses and Daughters).
b. Women's Education tends to be Geared to the Female Stereotype of Domestic and Nurturing
Skills, while that of Men is Focuses on Science, Practical Construction Skills and High Level
Intellectual Activities (Debating).
c. Statistically, Poverty affects more Women than Men, largely because most Single Parent
Families are Headed by a Female (Mother or Grandmother).
Gender Inequality Hinders the Attainment of Sustainable Development because:

a. A Group in Society (Eg. Women) are Perceived to be Inferior: They are Alienated, Voiceless and
Disenfranchised. When Women are Stereotyped against, there is a Social Justice Breach. Social
Justice suppose to Maintain Equity of Treatment; regardless of Age, Religion and Education.

b. Productivity of a Society is Negatively Impacted: Productivity means Development is Based on

Output. If groups are Restricted from Working, Productivity is Hampered.

c. Reduced Taxation Revenue for a Government: If there are Less Persons Working, there is a Less Tax
Generation. If a Government has Little Money, they Can't Provide for the At Risked in Society.

d. Strain on Limited Government Resources: The Government has Little Money so the Development of
the Whole Nation is Decreased.

e. Invisible / Intangible Psychological Impact of Discrimination / Alienation: A Group in Society will feel
Inferior which will have a Negative Impact on Self Esteem, Psychological Health and Well Being.

f. Potential of a Nation is Reduced: In order for Sustainability, every Human Resource must be
Optimised. If a Group is made to feel Inferior, a Nation is Limiting Potential Growth.

g. Negative International Reputation / Perception: A Country will be seen as a Backward People. As a

Nation, we are seen as Creating a Minority Group (A Group whose Rights, Dignity, Social, Political
and Economic Voices / Participation is taken away from them).

Overcoming Challenges that Hinder Development:

a. Promote Educational Access to Disempowered Groups for Empowerment and Enfranchisement.

b. Sensitization of the Need for Every Member of Society to become Aware.

c. Creating Legislation to Defend and Protect Women from Abusive Situations (Eg. Sexual Exploitation):
Creation of Laws that make Affirmative Action; to Advance Disempowered Gender Groups to deal
with Women Issues (Eg. Maternity, Pregnancy).

Often times, Women's Problems are Treated as Hindrances rather than part of Life. Attitudes
towards Women Stem from an Androcentric Show. Men are Insensitive to these Unique Women
Situations.

d. Empowering Women: Allowing them to Participate in Society. Eg. More Women at Heads of
Organizations.
e. Creating Sexual Harassment Laws.

f. Creating Equal Opportunity Bills: Once one is Qualified for a Job, there is no reason why one
shouldn’t get the Job. One should Meet the Criteria to get a Job. There is Pressure to Promote
Greater Levels of Transparency. Eg. Same Salary for Women.

g. Attempt to De – Genderise Occupation: Eg. How to Remove Stereotype from Nurses?

Political Ideologies and Popular Movements: Politics is about Utilization of Power in the Administering
of Plans and Policies for the Benefit of a Nation. Since it is about Making Plans for a Nation, a Political
Model is Linked with an Economic Model. Politics is thus about Deciding how to Best Use a Nation's
Limited Resources. There are Essentially Two Political Ideologies and a Resultant Hybrid Third:

Political Model Economic Model

Democracy Capitalism. /
The Free Market Model.

Communism The Planned Economic Model. /

Central Economic Model.

Democracy + Communism = Hybrid Mixed Economic Model.

In the Caribbean, there are Variations of both Political Models. Democracy is Associated with British
West Indian (BWI) Nations and Communism is Associated with Cuba. The Economic Structure Correlates
with the Political Structure and this Dictates how a Nation's Resources are to be used.

Central Economic Model (CEM) Implies that the Government Owns all of the Factors of Production and
Resources Except Labour. The State is Responsible for the Production of Goods and Services,
Administration and Business.

The Communist System creates Policies based upon the Need to Equally Distribute a Nation's
Resources to Every Member of the Population. One of the Driving Motivational Concepts of
Communism is Equity. Equity is a Gargantuan in their Thinking.

Development is Consistent with Government's Planning. In Theory, Communism seeks to Promote a

Classless / Egalitarian Society; where Everyone has Equal Rights.

If a Society is Moving Towards Equity, then SEEP will Follow and Sustainability will become a Reality.
Eg. Same Healthcare, Education, Mobility Factors. Ideally, the Pillars of Development can be Fulfilled.
Shortcomings of Communism:

1. Decision Making Structure is Inconsistent with the Needs of the Masses: Inefficient Policy Making
since Heads are "Out of Touch" with the People.

2. No Private Ownership of Resources: There is Little Desire by the Worker to make the Business Work
since there is No Profit Incentive. This Lack of Private Ownership of Business Reduces Income
Generation Potential and results in a Lackadaisical Attitude.

3. Wastage of Resources in National Enterprises: There is Mismanagement of Resources and this

means that Business Enterprises in the Government won't Profit. Eg. In Trinidad and Tobago, a
Hybrid Political Model is used. Caroni State Limited used an Inefficient System of Production and
this put a Strain on Government Resources. ($2000 to Produce and Sold for $800).

4. Police State: A Communist State is also referred to as a Police State. The Leaders are Fearful of
Losing their Leadership Position, therefore, they Rule with Brutality. Eg. Cuba doesn’t want
International Media Coverage. Anyone who Opposes Cuban Heads becomes an Enemy of the State.

5. Fiscal Period: The Planned Economic Model is Organized for a Fiscal Period (Eg. One Year). There are
No Revisions of these Plans. There are No Changes if Affected by Global Crises or Outside Factors.
Because there is No Planning for Contingencies, there are Hardships on People.

6. Inflexible: State Planning cannot Adapt to the Changing Needs of the People since it is Not Flexible.
Eg. Diseases, Natural Disasters, Climate are not Accounted for. In the 1960s, Jamaica Experimented
with Communism and their Economy Worsened.

Free Market Model (FMM) is Associated with Democracy. There is a Possibility to Solve the Problems
of Communism. FMM sees the Government as a Facilitator of Business and Economic Growth in a
Society. FMM DOES NOT Provide All Goods and Services. They do, however, Provide Basic Services
such as:

a. Policing.
b. Laws / Justice.

There is no Educational, Health or Housing Services provided. In the FMM, Economic Activity is
Governed by the Law of Demand and Supply.

The Law of Supply and Demand Defines the Effect that the Availability of a Product and the Desire for
that Product has on Price. Generally, if there is a Low Supply and a High Demand, the Price will be High.
In contrast, the Greater the Supply and the Lower the Demand, the Lower the Price will be.
Essentially, in the FMM, the Government leaves the Producers to Produce and the Prices will be Decided
by the Consumers.
There is a High Level of Inequity. Those who Own the Factors of Production and Resources of a Nation
are Exceedingly Wealthy and those who don’t own are Poverty Stricken. The Factors of Production
include:

1. Land.
2. Labour.
3. Capital.
4. Management / Enterprise.

Any Business needs these 4 to Facilitate Business. The FMM is Individualistic and Promotes
Socioeconomic Polarity and Classism. FMM is Opposite to Communism. FMM will Never Achieve SEEP
and doesn’t Exist in the World. FMM has to be Tempered by Government Participation in the Economy.

Mixed Economic Model (MEM): There is an Incorporation of the FMM and CEM, and hence, a Dual
Emphasis.

FMM  $$$.

CEM  Distribution of Resources / Equity.

MEM  $$$ + Equity (Strives to get a Compromise between Economic and Social Development).

The MEM is the most Efficient Model in Achieving Sustainable Development. There should be Sensible
Use of Resources. The MEM allows Government to Plan for a Nation's Developmental Objectives. The
Government also Produces Certain Goods and Services that it Deems Essential for Human and Material
Development.

Eg. In Trinidad and Tobago, the Government Produces Education, Healthcare, Water, Electricity. The
things that the State Produces are what the Nation depends on for Sustainable Development.

There are Similar Disadvantages to that of the Communist System. One thing that is Consistent with
the Communist Model is that the MEM Ensures Everyone has Equal Access to the Wealth of a Nation.
They Strive for High Levels of Equity in Distribution of Resources. MEM is referred to as the Welfare
State as Government Participates in the Redistribution of Resources.

Eg. Grants used to Aid the "At Risked" Population. Such Grants Care for those who can't Achieve the
Minimum Standard of Living by Giving Aid. The State is Attempting to Ensure that Everyone is able to
Achieve some Minimal Quality of Life.

The MEM also allows for Private Ownership of Resources. However, the State Reserves the Right to
Intervene.

Eg. In the Mid 2000s, Bad Weather in Russia caused the Potato and Wheat Crops to Fail. The Global Price
of Corn Increased. In Trinidad and Tobago, Chicken Prices Increased. The Oligopoly of Chicken Producers
in Trinidad and Tobago gathered and Decided to Increase Price of Chicken. The Government became
Aware of this. Since Food is a Major Human Indicator, this Upset the Population. The Government asked
the Oligopoly to Reduce their Prices but they Refused. The Government then Accessed Suriname's
Chicken and Flooded the Market with a Cheaper Alternative. This Forced the Oligopoly to Lower their
Prices or Face Bankruptcy. The Government Protects the Population from Price Gauging.

The Caribbean has a Few Nations that uses the MEM (Eg. BWI Nations). These Nations show Highest
Levels of Development. Eg. Bahamas, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago.

Popular Movements / Ideologies: These must Contribute / Impact / Alter the Concept of
Development:

a. Feminism.
b. Rastafarianism.
c. Environmental Consciousness.
d. Negritude.
e. Social Justice and Human Rights.
f. Health Consciousness.

Popular Ideology is defined as a System of Ideas or Beliefs (that isn’t Politically Oriented) which People
begin to Adopt as Part of their Lives. A Popular Ideology has the Potential to Change the Way People
Live.

Popular Ideology can become a Lobbying Agent / Force. Eg. One of the Lobby Groups that came in the
Spotlight was the Highway Re – Route Movement. They raised Awareness to Issues relating to the
Environment and Development. If the Movement was Successful, the Government would have had to
make a more Suitable, Friendly Alternative than having the Highway pass through the Lagoon.

Functions of Lobby Groups:

1. These Lobby Groups bring Pressure to Bear upon Society and Government's Policies based upon an
Issue that they Perceive to be Important.
2. Lobby Groups, based on Popular Ideologies, can bring about Change in the way Government
Administrates Policies.
3. A Lobby Group can be a Voice for those who don’t have a Voice. A Minority / Marginalised /
Invisible / Disenfranchised Group of People can now be heard.
4. A Lobby Group can Raise Awareness on an International Scale; bringing about further Pressure on
Society / Government to Act.

A Lobby Group, based upon Popular Ideology, is an example of the Practise of Democracy.
Democracy  Idea of Free Choice. Even if People don’t agree with matters, they have a chance to Voice
their Discontent.

Feminism relates to Equity in Women. Feminism tries to Create Stronger Pillars of Development. To
Promote Development, they Ensure the Minority is given the Treatment / Respect that they Deserve.
Equity tries to Ensure Fairness regardless of Pre – Existing Stratification Barriers.
Rastafarianism is a Basis of Rebellious Ideologies. Eg. Bob Marley  Creation of Reggae. Rastafarianism
is based upon a Principle of Equity of Treatment. In Rastafarian Ideology, a Concept of Babylon comes
to Signify all that is Inequitable. Rastafarianism is an effort to Preserve / Maintain Equal Treatment for
all Classes of People.

Environmental Consciousness represents a Tangible Minority. We recognise our Ability to Change the
Environment and we Aim to Control these Abilities to Not Harm the Environment. “Thinking Green”
means to Consider the Environment when we make Decisions.

Additionally, even on the Smallest Scales, People are Changing their Attitudes to the Environment. This
Aids Sustainable Development.

Negritude is a Platform for the Promotion of Equity of a Disenfranchised Group. It is a Literary

Movement that Explores the Atrocities / Travesties that would have taken place due to European
Exploitation.

Eg. Exploitation of African Group. Although it might have Catalyzed due to this group, it can Reflect Any
Type of Exploitation. It helps to Ensure that the Exploitation Never Occurs Again.

Social Justice and Human Rights are Heavily Linked. Social Justice Helps to Preserve and Ensure that
there are Human Rights. In the Caribbean, there have been Heavy Disregard for Human Exploitation. It
became a Legacy of our Society. One group or the other has been Exploited.

Eg. Amnesty International is a Human Rights Watchdog Group that Focuses on Prisoners in the World’s
Prisoners. Human Rights / Social Justice / Natural Rights are Articles on the UN Convention on Human
Rights.

These Articles (created by the UN Charter) Seeks to Create Rules on how Any Human is to be Treated,
ie, You are supposed to have certain Inalienable Rights, which means no matter Where you are, Once
you are Human, you are Guaranteed those Rights. Social Justice Strives to Ensure that these Rights are
Maintained for Minority Groups such as Old, Sick Suffering, etc...

Health Consciousness is a Recognition of your Own Need to Preserve your Levels of Health. In recent
times, the Global Society is More Conscious to Health. Most Diseases are Lifestyle Diseases and are due
to our Diet and Lack of Exercise. This Relates to Development because it would Increase Productivity.

The People are more Inclined to Live Better Lives so the Quality of Life is Improved. Eg. Cancer Society:
An Ideology that Influences Behaviour. In the Caribbean, there are a Few Organisations based on
Popular Movements.

CAFRA: Caribbean Feminist Research Association.

CANARI: Caribbean Natural Resource Institute.

CHRI: Caribbean Human Rights Initiative.

Distribution of Wealth and Resources must Ideally be Equitable. The Caribbean has come from a
History of Socio Economic Polarisation. In the Caribbean, it was Normal for One Group to have All and
Another to have None.

The Plantocracy / Bourgeoisie Class had All. That Polarization has been Transposed to Caribbean
Society until now. Therefore, Equitable Distribution of Resources is one of the most Pressing /
Challenging. Among the Problems being Faced by Society is:

1. The Lack of Resources: Constant Pressure on how Money is Spent.

2. To Fill the most Urgent Needs: Is your most Urgent need Helping the People to become Empowered
through Education? Or Vaccination via Healthcare?

Government Spending must also Help the Society in the Greatest Way. Any Government must Spend
Money in order to Help those Most at Risk, ie, to Ensure that those Persons have Access to the Wealth
of a Nation in some way or another.

Everyone in the Society can at least Enjoy a Minimum Standard of Living. This is done by placing
Subsides on Basic Human Needs. A Subside is a Cost that is Absorbed by a Body / Government.

It makes a Commodity more Affordable / Accessible. In Trinidad, persons who are Disabled have
Subsides on Electric and Water Bills.

Welfare Expenditure: Welfare is Highly Criticised and Considered "Wasted Money" because it is Free
Money given away Without Gaining Any Return. Welfare Includes Pension, Public Assistance, Box Lunch
and Widow’s Benefits. These Encourage Exploitation of the Public System by the People.

CDAP, in Trinidad, is for some the Only Way Persons in Society can Access Drugs. Free Health Care,
Access to Cheap Loans from Government Agencies: ADD, HDC TTMF.

Changing Class Boundaries and Stratification Issues: The Caribbean comes from a Legacy of
Stratification. The Stratification is Essentially based upon Socioeconomic Factors. There is No Caribbean
Country that does not face Stratification Challenges. This causes Inequity.

The Quality of the Life of a Person is Reduced. Class Structures, based on Race, Gender, Wealth, always
Alienate a Group of Persons. Classism of any kind is always Counterproductive.

a. Antagonistic Work Relationships: There is obvious Hatred / Aggression between Persons. There is a
Gap between Employer and Worker. Management becomes Equivalent to the Bourgeoisie Class
and the Worker sees Himself as being Oppressed. The Worker will usually take Steps to Sabotage or
Reduce the Levels of Productivity.

b. Poor Work Ethic: There is a Demotivated Work Force. People do the Least in Order to Draw a
Salary. To Redress this Negative Work Attitude, a Paradigm Shift is required; where People have to
Address their Own Cultural Attitudes.
c. Institutionalised Injustice: Caribbean People Perceive that the System is Built to Oppress them.
They believe that there is No Opportunity for Redress.

People feel Disempowered especially when there are Certain Groups have Money / Position who
always seem to Succeed / Get Away with Something. There is the Perception that if you have
Money, you are Immune to the Effects of Society. This leads to Antagonism of the Upper Class.

d. Discrimination: This Implies a Negative Perception of a Group: Race, Gender, Age, Group. Any Class
Factor is used to Alienate. People's Quality of Life is Negatively Impacted and their Human Rights
are Encroached.

In order to deal with Stratification and the Negative Impacts it has on Development, Caribbean
Societies have to Address those Areas that Perpetuate Classism, such as Addressing Race Politics,
Inaccessibility of Education, Laws that Allow Socioeconomic Polarity. Eg. Creating Progressive
Taxation Laws, Training Opportunities for the Masses (Empowerment of the People).

Entrepreneurial Drive and Activity: An Entrepreneur is a Person who Creates his Own Avenue for
Business. Therefore, the Entrepreneur has been part of the Caribbean History. The Entrepreneur
becomes Important to Promote Self-Reliance and Reduce Dependency.

He also Creates Employment Opportunities for others in Society. He now takes on the Responsibility of
Giving Others Empowerment through Jobs. Entrepreneurship is as Important as Enfranchisement.

The Entrepreneur Adds to the National Purse because he Stimulates Economic Activity, Creates Jobs for
Others and he Pays Taxes. The Entrepreneur and the Entrepreneurial Attitude must be Encouraged.

Ways in which Government Stimulate Entrepreneurship:

1. Legislation: Government can Create Laws to make a Friendly Environment; an Environment that
Promotes the Start-Up of the Business. Such things as Offering Loans, Eg. In Trinidad, there is the
Ministry of Small and Micro Business Development. Essentially, Laws have to make the Wealth of a
Nation Accessible to a Country.

The Government should make available Technical Advice. Eg. How to Market your Goods.
Government's Incentives such as Tax Rebates for Small Businesses. Consider that Corporation Tax
Exempts Small Businesses until they start Earning a Certain Amount. Subsides on Machinery,
Awards Program that are Incentives.

Creating Specialised Vending Areas for Small Producers Eg. Vending Areas in Cities, Farmers’ Market
(NAMDEVCO). The Government can also Partner with the Private Sector to Make Preferential
Vending Areas possible.

2. Education: Promoting Educational Opportunities in Business, Programmes for Training and

Advancement, Scholarships for the Business Minded. In recent times, CAPE has introduced Tourism
and Entrepreneurship.
Natural and Man-Made Disaster: Review Module 1, Objective 5.

Government Policy: All Government Policies must Seek to Promote Human Development and
Environmental Preservation whilst still Generating Wealth for a Nation. Governments must Fulfill the
Sustainable Development Paradigm. The Policies must Create Empowerment / Equity / Productivity
and therefore Sustainability.

Ministry of Labour: Promote the Creation of Jobs and can Stimulate a Healthier Working Environment.
OSH ensures Standards are Met. Ministry of Labour may also Decide on more Equitable Minimum
Wage. Maternity Issues / Benefits, Child Labour Laws, Creating Work Schemes, ie, Creating Work
Opportunities for the People.

Ministry of Education: Improved Physical Facilities. Eg. More Schools, Whiteboards instead of
Blackboards. Training Teachers by creating more Tertiary Places and Scholarships. Institute Universal
Primary and Secondary Teachings. All Governments in Trinidad have sought out to provide more
Scholarships each year.

More Scholarships, Free Box Lunch and giving Laptops to students Adds to Education and Moves
towards Sustainable Development. The GATE Program: Trinidad is the only Nation in the Caribbean
country to have this Program.

Ministry of Social Justice: All about Empowering Minorities. Equitable Distribution of Aid / Finances.
More Proactive Approach.

Ministry of the Environment: Creating Legislation to Protect / Safeguard the Environment, Creating
Watchdog Agencies. Eg. EMA to Monitor how our Landscape is Altered. They are also Responsible for
Spreading Awareness of Environmental Concerns. This might be a part of the Educational Aspect.
Promoting Sustainability through the Environment.

Only in 2015, the Hunting Season was opened in Trinidad. Creating Laws to Protect what we already
have. Alterations to our Natural Environment will have Long Term Negative Effects. There is Disregard
for Existing Laws.

Use of Technology and Technological Factors: Technology and Mechanisation is a Reality of the
Industrial and Social Landscape of the World. The Use of Technology has Never been a Major Point in
the Caribbean. The Caribbean has Evolved from Labour Intensive Forms of Agriculture.

The Legacy in the Caribbean is Not Dependent on Technology but on the Labour. Labour Intensive
Production is Not Sustainable as People are usually Lazy. The Use of Technology will have Benefits of
Enormous Scale and can Impact upon the Economy by Providing Higher Levels of Productivity, Output
and Income.

Technology and Education: Easier Means of Communication, Faster Rates of Learning and more Efficient
Methods of Record Keeping.
Technology and Tourism: Creating Visibility, Advertising on the Internet, Bookings and Reservations,
Increased Market Shared due to Remote Capability Provided through Technology.

Technology and Medicine: In the Caribbean, we are Dependent upon Metropolitan Medical Services.
This is due to not having the Necessary Specialists and or Equipment. Medical Services will Impact upon
our Pillars of Development by making out Population Healthier.

Advantages:

a. Higher Levels of Efficacy, Output and Income Generation.

b. Lowered Cost of Production.
c. Creation of Spin-Off Jobs.
d. Greater Access to Knowledge.
e. Greater Access to Recreation.
f. Greater Access to Education.
g. More Reliable Systems of Information Storage and Retrieval.

Challenges to the Use of Technology:

a. Costly: Caribbean Countries have Little Money.

b. Technology requires High Amounts of Energy and not all Caribbean Countries Produce Energy.
c. Landscape of some territories Prevent Use of Technology.
d. Jobs will be Rendered Redundant / Obsolete.
e. Incur Unforeseen Expenditure.
f. It may put Traditional Industries into Jeopardy. Eg. Fast Food Production may Render Traditional
Foods as Undesirable.
g. Because of the Access to all Types of Movies, the Local Drama Industry is Undesirable.
h. New Types of Illegal Activities Eg. Privacy, Access to Questionable Material.
i. Detritions of the Social and Moral Fabric of Society.
j. Displacement of Local Producers of Goods due to Online Shopping.
k. Outflow of the Nation’s Wealth due to Online Shopping.

Global Conditions: There are Certain Global Issues that are Pressing to how Caribbean Countries deal
with these. There are Environmental Issues, Human Well-Being Issues (MDG’s), National Security
Issues (Global Threats).

The Caribbean is a Member of the Global Environment and that Problems that Face the World, Face
the Caribbean as well. Because of our Small Size (Economically, Population, Geography), the Caribbean
is More Susceptible to Global Changes than are many of the Larger Territories of the World.

Eg. Inflation: Large Nations can Better Deal with it than Small Nations due to Stronger Economy. The
Countries are too Small to Change Global Situations therefore we are More Reactive than Proactive.
We follow International Trends. The LDC’s (Lesser Developed Countries) usually have a Legacy of
Dependency upon Metropolitan Nations.
Changes in Patterns of Spending in Tourism can Happen if there is an Economic Crisis in the World and
this will affect LDC’s. Eg. In 2008, 2012 there were Crashes due to Drop in Oil Prices Actions. In 2015,
there is an Impending Crash. Our Situation of Economic Dependency means that Changes in National
Economics will have a Ripple Effect on the Caribbean.

In 2008 and 2012, because of Recession, Caribbean Countries (Barbados, St Vincent, St. Lucia,) took a
Downturn (Not Trinidad due to Possession of Oil and Gas). This is one thing that is Important that
affects Oil Based Economies (Trinidad and Tobago).

In 2013, the United States, which is our Major Importer of Crude Oil, discovered how to get Oil out of
Shale Clay through Fracking. This means that our Main Buyer has Reduced Consumption. This Impacts
us even though it was not a Global Crisis.

Global Changes in the Economy:

1. Climate Change: In the mid 2000’s, the Price of Corn and Wheat Increased.
2. Bad Weather in Russia: Chicken Prices Increased.

In order to Enjoy Sustainability, our Attitudes to the Environment must Change. Environmental
Concerns seem to affect 3rd World Nations. Whether it’s because of our Luck / Geographical Location,
the 3rd World Nations have the most Forests.

The World has become Aware that the Forests are the Lungs of the Earth. The Nations with Forests are
therefore Important Eg. Guyana. Metropolitan Nations want other Nations with Forests to become
More Conservative with their Exploitation of the Forest Reserves.

However, they do nothing to help Subside the Income Generated by these Nations. The Metropolitan
Nations are also the ones that Consume the Products Eg. Lumber. The Millennium Development Goals
become Problematic to Caribbean Nations.

They were supposed to become a Reality in 2015, but this has not happened. In truth, Caribbean
Nations don’t have enough Money to Achieve Advances in Millennium Development Goals.

There is also a Lack of Investments by Metropolitan Nations. Sometimes, these can be Good / Poor and
this Reflects the Global Environment. Eg. If America has hard times, we shall not get anything from
them. Caribbean Nations depend on FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), therefore without FDI, we can’t do
anything.

Our Lack of Accumulated Wealth Accounts for our Dependency upon IMF (International Monetary
Funds) and the World Bank. Taking Loans from the World Bank / IMF can lead us to a Worse Position
than we were before.

Human Trafficking: This is Important for the Caribbean because the Caribbean becomes a Major
Transhipment Point for the Movement of Human Cargo especially from South America. African
Refugees are using the route from Africa to the Caribbean then to the United States. Human Trafficking
is Modern Day Slavery.
The Movement of Drugs is related to Human Trafficking. The Caribbean is under Heavy Suspicion and
Immigration Laws change because of this. South America sends Drugs to the Caribbean.

Environmental Factors: Our Economics depend on Ecotourism. Any Natural Event, Global in Scale, will
Affect our Ecotourism.

Quality and Relevance of Education: Investment in Education is the Investment in Development. Any
kind of Empowerment must begin with Education simply because you Cannot give Everybody Access to
a Loan. Education is Easiest / Most Practicable.

Therefore, the Caribbean must make Educational Opportunities available in order to Improve your
Human Resource. To get rid of Inequity, you have to give everybody the Opportunity to become
Mobile. Education is the most Sensible Way for this.

Since Indentureship, Caribbean People have realised that Education allows the most Social Upward
Movement. We must make our Education Compatible and Equivalent with that of the world. We must
take our Education into the 21st Century, ie, What is Done in the Caribbean must have a Global
Relevance and must be Seen by the World to have a High Quality.

This is an Ironic Twist because in 2004, the Caribbean Abandoned GCE as an A’ Level Examination Body
and Adopted CAPE, which is Not Globally Recognised. While we know that GCE is better, we moved to
CAPE to gain a Level of Autonomy and Self-Respect.

Caribbean Students therefore have Difficulties getting into Foreign Universities. In order to Improve
Education, we need: Modern Classrooms, the Use of Technology and the Need of Teacher Training for
the 21st Century Methods of Training.

All these require Money, which the Caribbean has little of. We are Limited by one thing or another. In
recent times, the CAPE body has been Introducing More Subjects. This is an Advancement in our
Education. UWI has also Introduced more degrees Eg. Degree in Maritime Engineering.

Tourism: This has the most Significant Potential to Boost Development in the Caribbean because the
Caribbean has the Ecological Basis that Acts as a Magnet for Metropolitan Tourism. The Majority of our
Tourist Clients come from North America and the Western Hemisphere: The Netherlands.

Many Caribbean Countries (Tobago, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Jamaica) depend Heavily upon Tourism for
most of their GDP. Tourism creates Several Developmental Opportunities such as Employment
Opportunities for many.

Eg. Barbados Boasts that more than 80% of their Population is Employed by Tourism (Directly,
Indirectly). More than 40% of their GDP is from Tourism Investment / Spending. This means that
Tourism can be a Viable Factor in Economic Development.

Upstream and Downstream Industries: Assume Tourism is the Main Industry:

Upstream is What Goes Into: Flight Agencies, Insurances.

Downstream is What Comes Out: Taxi Services, Restaurants.

Some Industries may be both Upstream and Downstream.

Tourism is Important for Development because it Helps to Stabilise the Economy through Foreign
Exchange. We are Import Based Countries. Eg. We Use Foreign made Toothpaste and Toothbrush,
Foreign made Toilets, Soap, Tea Bags Microwaves, Cars, Clothes, etc. Most things we use are Dependent
upon a Foreign Investor.

Tourism gives us Foreign Revenue to Purchase these Items. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Central Bank of
Trinidad and Tobago had Limited US dollars, this was in Parallel with the US Recession. Tourism
Promotes Inertia. Once there is Positive Feedback, Tourism will Grow.

Our Perception can Increase and this Continues our Tourist Potential. Tourism Raises our
Environmental Appreciation. Eg. People will come from Japan and Australia come to see the Buccoo
Reef and Scarlet Ibis. People will come to the Realisation that these are Worth Something and will try to
Utilise it.

People may also Change their Attitude to the Environment. Etiquette is taught in Barbados so as to
Improve the Hospitality of the Nation. Caribbean People’s Attitude is very Bad. Trinidad is Based on Oil
and Gas so we do not focus on Hospitality. Therefore, Trinidad will have a Bad Reputation; as being
Disrespectful Hosts.

Many of the Major Hospitality Agents have Invested in the Caribbean. Everyone of our Four Star Hotels
in the Caribbean (Except Sandal’s in Jamaica, whose Management is Foreign but it Originated in Jamaica)
Originated from Foreign Investors.

Negatives of Tourism:

1. Cultural Imperialism: When Locals see a Tourist living his Life, they will want to Adopt their Identity
and Drop their Own. This can lead to Cultural Erasure.

2. Stratification of Society: Eg. In Some areas in Jamaica, there is Negril, which is Especially for the
Tourists. Locals are Unwelcomed. In Tobago, Pigeon Point Park was Accused of having a Racist
Eurocentric Agenda where Pigeon Point was Catering Exclusively for White People. Black People
(Local People) could not get into Pigeon Point Park.

3. Inflation: Due to Indirect Increase of Goods, Local Consumers have to Pay Higher Tourist Prices.

4. Diseases: Movement of People Implies Movement of Pathogens. In Recent Times, there have been
Several Influenza Scares: Bird Flu, Swine Flu, Ebola, etc. This means there can be Diseases brought
In that We Aren't Prepared For. STI’s and STD’s can pass as well due to Sex Tourism Industries.
 Eg. Barbados, Tobago and Jamaica. In the 1990’s, Simona Fricker from the Netherlands had Sexual
Interactions with Several Men. These men were all in the Sex Tourism Industries. Back then, there
were No Laws regarding Knowingly Giving Someone HIV / AIDS.

5. Decay in Morals and Values: Due to Sexual Conduct / Misconduct of People. It may Spark
Underground Drug Industries (Debauchery Tourism: Weed, Alcohol and Sex, also known as
Hedonism). This can cause Problems with the Law.

6. Civil Problems: Due to Violence Towards Tourists. Eg. In 2011, a Tourist Couple with the Last Name
Green were Attacked in Tobago.

Challenges Facing Tourism in the Caribbean:

1. Lack of Publicity and Marketing on the Caribbean’s Part: To Sell Something, you have to Make it
Visible (Advertise). There needs to be Vigorous Marketing Campaigns by the Nations
themselves. There is also an Agency for this: CTO.

2. Lack of Infrastructure and Modern Conveniences: To make Tourists Comfortable, you must have
Infrastructure to Allow Mobility: Proper Roads, Air and Seaports. (These cost Money). Lack of
Infrastructure is also seen in the Water and Electric Shortages. Creating Infrastructure means
Diversifying your Tourism Product.

Eg. Grenada was one of the First Nations to Embark on “Yachtie” Tourism. Other Nations have
not Embarked on this because of a Lack of Money. Trinidad has followed Grenada with this Type
of Tourism.

3. Levels of Crime: Eg. Green’s in Tobago. Also occurs in Jamaica and Trinidad. Metropolitan
Nations provide Bulletins and Advisories about the High Crime Rates in these Countries.

4. Poor Attitudes: Some Nations are Hostile towards Tourists. Eg. Trinidadians.

5. Natural Disasters: These will Destroy the Ecology / Infrastructure that Generates Income.
Tourism is Highly Fickle / Capricious, meaning, it is Subject to Changes in Trends. Tourism based
Nations must be Dynamic and Constantly Change their Advertising.

Once they Lose their Appeal, it is Difficult to get it back. Natural Disaster can Nullify your
Tourism Industry for a Period of Time. The Long Term Spin-Off means that you can Lose your
Tourism entirely.

6. Political Instability: Eg. Haiti. For the Tourist to feel Safe, there must be Law, Police etc.

7. Lack of Diversification: Caribbean depends upon SSS (Sun, Sea, Sand: Ecotourism). The
Caribbean is Not Particularly Unique (they all have the same Tourist Niche). We therefore
Compete with Each Other and this will Lead Us Nowhere.
Trinidad is Developing a Cultural Niche (Carnival), Guyana is Developing Adventurous Niche
(Adventure Activities), Cuba has a Health Niche.

St. Vincent, St. Lucia and Grenada has Developed a Spa Niche where they Utilise their Secondary
Volcano Features. Tobago is Developing a Niche where they Sell Culture and Heritage with the
Tobago Heritage Festival.
Module 2, Specific Objective 3
Globalisation and Development:

Globalisation is an Unavoidable, Revolutionary, Macroeconomic Concept that Envisions the World as a

Global Economy.

Globalisation Emphasizes that for Facilitation of Global Trade; there must be Understood and Accepted
Standards of Trade and Fair Trading Practices. Only when these are Achieved will another Objective of
Globalisation called Trade Liberalisation (The Movement of Goods, Capital and People across
International Boundaries with Minimal Restrictions) be Accomplished.

So, Globalisation Attempts to Promote Equity for all Buyers and Sellers, and to Remove all Barriers to
Trade such as Taxes and Tariffs, Quota Restrictions and Duties. Essentially, Globalisation is an Ideology
that Attempts to Promote Business in a Global Platform.

Agents of Globalisation / Multilateral Agencies:

1. International Monetary Fund (IMF).

2. The World Bank.
3. World Trade Organization (WTO).
4. Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA).

As a Business Concept, Globalisation seems to Favour Technology Advanced Manufacturers

(Metropolitan Nations) more than Developing / LDCs (Lesser Developed Countries) / 3 rd World Nations.
Therefore, it is often times to the Demerit of Developing Nations.

According to Globalisation, the Producers and Movers of Goods get all the Business. Metropolitan
Countries are Pushing Globalization because they Perpetuate Economic Control on a Worldwide Level.
Globalisation can be Divided into certain Categories:

1. Economic Globalisation: Money and Goods.

2. Socio – Cultural / Ideological Globalisation: Cultural Imperialism.
3. Political Globalisation: Impact of Metropolitan Policies.
4. Media and Telecommunications Globalisation.

Positives / Benefits of Globalisation:

1. An Open Market Policy is Promoted: More Accessibility to Markets  More Profits.

2. Because of Increased Competition in the Market, Local Producers are Pushed to Improve their
Products, Business Strategies and Level of Efficiency. It means Cost – Effectiveness.

3. Expansion of Choices for Consumer: They can Make Better Decisions  Higher Quality of Life.
4. With Free Movement of Capital, Goods, etc...There are New Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Opportunities. Foreign Investors can now come in the Country and Employ Local Workers. Economic
Turnover and the Multiplier Effect will Continue.

5. Greater Levels of International Exposure (Eg. Tourism Advertising via Media). A Household Name can
be Gained by the Movement of Goods. Eg. Trinidad and Tobago Bitters.

6. International Aid will become Easier.

7. Increased Tourism Opportunity: There is Removal of many Restrictions to Travel. Ideally, with
People being able to Move more Efficiently, there is more Tourism.

8. Higher Levels of Scrutiny: Promotes a Higher Level of Accountability and Transparency in which
Caribbean Governments Conduct themselves.

9. Adoption of Beneficial Ideology: Eg. Gender Equity, Environmental Conservationism, Better Attitudes
towards Elderly and Children.

Negatives / Drawbacks of Globalisation:

1. Local Industries Forced into Downsizing and Closure: For Caribbean Entrepreneurs, the Future is
Grim because their Businesses are Small Scale and Lack Technology. It also Leads People to
Losing their Entrepreneur Spirit.

2. Unemployment: A Government will now be Faced with a Great Social Welfare Burden; Creating
an Enormous Opportunity Cost for Development.

3. Disparity in Socio – Economic Status of a Nation: Foreign Industries can Pay their Employees
more; Distorting Wage Scales in the Nation. This can Cause Socio – Economic Polarisation.

4. New Types of Crimes, Diseases, Invasive Species: Eg. Trinidad and Tobago Exporting Cocaine in
Juice Tins, Growth of Drug Industry, Money Laundering, Cyber Crimes, Black Markets and
Smuggling of Illegal Objects.

Eg. Movement of Diseases (STDs) {In Barbados, AIDS is Rampant}. Diseases can be
Environmental (Eg. Red Palm Mite Raging in the Caribbean. Coconuts thus get Scarce and
Expensive). Eg. Invasive Species (Lion Fish) are Introduced (No Natural Predators  They Alter
the Ecosystem).

5. Exploitation of Natural Resources: Extracting Companies Mine Quickly; no Time left for
Restoration of Resources.
 6. Outflow of Cash from the Caribbean: Online Shopping has an Economic Edge. Many Persons are
Cut Out from Making a Living.

7. Cultural Erasure and Imperialism: Forms of Media Content are being Bombarded by
Metropolitan Messages. Eventually, we Identify with the Metropolitan Messages. We become
Discontent with our Ideology and Idolize theirs.

8. Promotion of Neo – Marxism, Neo – Colonialism and Neo – Imperialism: This Implies that the
Bourgeoisie Class (Metropolitan Nations) Exploit the Proletariats (LDCs).

Facilitators / Agents of Globalisation:

World Trade Organization (WTO): The Most Representative Agent of Globalisation because they Craft
Rules for International Trade and Movement of Goods.

This comes in the Form of Economic Opportunity (Trade of Resources). The WTO began as the GATT
(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and the same Principles that Applied then, Applies now.

In order to Sell Goods to Participants within the WTO, Nations must Adhere to their Taxation and
Trading Policies. The Caribbean had no Choice; We Depend on Metropolitan Goods. However, to be
Allowed into Global Trade, the WTO Requires Certain Prerequisites to be Fulfilled:

a. Democratic System of Government.

b. A Free Market Model of Economy.
c. A Nation must Remove all Barriers to Trade.

The WTO Policies are Filled with Double Standards. This is because China doesn’t Fulfill the
Prerequisites, yet, they are in the WTO (Because they Produce Everything!).

The WTO is the Global Institution that Adjudicates on Trading Disputes between its Members. The WTO
is Controlled by Metropolitan Nations, therefore, the Global Nations (Eg. USA, UK, France, Germany,
Russia), the WTO and their Relationship with LDCs, Fulfill a Neo – Marxist Paradigm.

Economic Partnership Agreement: This is a Trade Agreement. The Cotonou Agreement is an EPA which
Replaces the Lomé Agreement. The EPA allows a "Phase Out" of Preferential Trading while allowing
WTO Trade Liberalisation Policies to be Implemented.

The Cotonou becomes a Compromise; the ACP Nations will be allowed a Transitional Phase. The EPA
allowed the ACP Nations to Integrate into Economic Globalisation Ideology. The EPA becomes a
Continuation of Good Will to "One Time" Colonial Territories.
Challenges Resulting from Discontinuation of Lomé:

1. Social / Cultural:
a. There is a Negative Impact to Cultural Identity. For 500 Years, ACP Nations were Planting
Bananas but they had to Stop. This Causes Cultural Dislocation.
b. There is Social Incohesion in Communities. Certain Societies are kept together because of
Occupation. Certain Societies Bond because of Jobs (Eg. Fishing Villages). With the Loss of
the Banana Industry, there is Social Dislocation and Loss of Tradition.
c. Unemployment Produces Psychological Impacts (Eg. Fear of not Feeding Family).
d. Change in Use of Land as Farmers will no Longer see Arable Land as Viable.

2. Economic:
a. Unemployment: Direct and Indirect Employment Negatively Affected. There are Negative
Spinoffs such as Greater Burdens on Government Resources.
b. Less People Contributing to GDP: Reduced GDP  Rationalization of Expenditure 
Hardships on People. There will be Social Welfare Cutbacks (Spending that Seeks to Reach
the "At Risked" Population). Those who are Living Dangerously Close to the Poverty Line
will Fall Under the Poverty Line.
c. Decrease in Capital Investment / Expenditure: There will be Reduced Development (Eg. To
Construct Infrastructure). There will be a Contraction of Locally Generated Employment and
Ripple Effects will Occur (Eg. CEPEP will come to an end).
d. Migration in Search of Better Opportunities.
e. Loss of Investor Confidence as a Spiral of Decrease Occurs (Negative International
Reputation). In a Worst Case Scenario, there may be Capital Flight. Also, FDI and New
Investment will be Inhibited.

International Monetary Fund is a Bank which Helps Nations Meet their Balance of Payments Need, ie,
Help with Expenses.

The IMF will only Lend Money if a Nation Adheres to its Recommendations, Policies, Structural
Adjustments and Austerity Measures. The IMF makes these Policies to Ensure they are Repaid. The
Structural Adjustments are Sound on Paper but in Reality, they Sink a Nation. Among the Policies are:

1. Devaluation of Currency: Through Devaluation of Currency, your Items will be Cheaper on

Foreign Markets, ie, Metropolitan Money has more Buying Power. Ideally, more Exports will
Sell. The Problems are:

a. Devaluation of Currency does not Factor in the Types of Goods we Export: Our "Market
Goods" are Inelastic in Demand.

b. Developing Nations are Import Based Economies, thus, by Devaluating Currency, we Pay
more for Import Goods.
2. Downsizing of the Public Sector: This Results in Unemployment. The Public Sector is
Government Jobs. The Government is the Biggest Employer in any Nation. Via Downsizing, a
large Portion of the Population will be Rendered Redundant.

3. Reduction in Public Spending and Social Welfare: Eg. Cut in Pension, School Feeding
Programmes. Hardships will be Created for the "At Risked" Population.

4. Privatization of Industry: There are National and Private Industries.

A National Industry is Driven by Economic Incentives. It Acts in the Long Term Welfare of the
Nation. It is Owned by and Works for the Benefit of a Nation. A National Industry may be
Subsidized by a Government, ie, the Price of Goods to the Consumer needn’t be for a Profit.

Eg. Goods such as Electricity, Water and Telecommunications in Trinidad. National Industries
Help us to Enjoy the Wealth of a Nation by Providing Goods that are Uneconomical to Buy in
Small Quantities.

A Problem with National Industries is Inefficient Production of Goods. This Leads to Wastage,
Corruption and Theft; Resulting in Leakages. The Government thus Loses Money.

Private Industries are Driven by a Profit Incentive, therefore, the Goods that are Produced will
be Sold at the Highest Possible Profit Margin. The Goods will be Produced as Cheaply and
Efficiently as Possible.

The IMF Recommendation for Privatization can be Negative for the People, ie, if a Private
Company had to Sell Basic Goods such as Water and Electricity, it would be Sold without
Subsides and the Consumer will have to Pay Full Prices.

The Goods that Government Produces on Large Scales are Necessary for Development. If these
end up in the Hands of Private Owners, there will be Exploitation.

5. Salary Caps and Salary Cuts: Salary Caps Imply that One's Salary Remains Fixed for a Period.
Government Workers are Allowed to Negotiate their Salaries at certain Intervals. A Salary Cut is
where the Whole Public Sector's Salary is cut by 10%.

6. Savings Tax: Tax on Savings in the Bank. Eg. 10% Tax on People who Owned more than $75000
in the Bank.

7. Blacklisting: A Nation will have to Revise its Importation List; some Goods will be seen as
Unnecessary. Eg. In the 1980s, many Goods were Deemed Luxury Goods (Rum, Imported
Tobacco Products and Fruits). Blacklisting Results in Reduced Outflow of Cash.
 This Created Hardships because Industries Plunged into Turmoil. Eg. The Baked Goods Industry
Suffered because of the Lack of Currents to make "Currents Roll." The Local People then used
their Ingenuity to make Paw Paw Rolls; which Replaced the Currents Roll.

8. Implementing New Taxes: Eg. Land, Motorvehicle, VAT. This Creates a Greater Burden in Society.
Reduced Salary  Devalued Currency  Increased Tax.

9. Democratic System of Government: The IMF can Create more Challenging Times for a Nation.
People can Revolt and Rebel during Hardships. Eg. The 1990 Coup.

The World Bank has the same Stipulations for Borrowing as the IMF. The World Bank is also Responsible
for Implementing Structural Adjustment Policies that have Led to LDCs Facing Long Term Difficulty;
Damaging their Economies more than it Helps.

Difference between these Multilateral Agencies:

The IMF Focused Attention on Lending Money for Balance of Payments Deficits whereas the World
Bank is a Project Lender; Focusing its Attention on Capital Lending for Developmental Initiatives and
Infrastructure that could Improve the Quality of Life for a People.

The World Bank Lends Money for Expansion of Health Facilities, Regularization of Water and Water
Treatment Facilities, Electrification Projects, Improved Measures and Strategies to Help Prevent the
Spread of Diseases. There is a more Humane Side to the Activities of the World Bank.

Underdevelopment: This is a Feature of Caribbean Economic Reality and it has Linkages to a History of
Exploitation and Capitalism. Our Imperial Powers have Monetized and Repatriated the Wealth of the
Caribbean, ie, NONE of the Caribbean Wealth was Re – Invested in its Development.

This Underdevelopment was Motivated because of an Attitude of Exploitation and an Attitude that sees
the Caribbean as Expendable. Underdevelopment is Linked to Actions of Multinational Enterprises. The
World Bank, IMF and our Imperial Masters can be Perceived as Agents of Underdevelopment.

Similar to the Actions of our Imperial Masters, the Multilateral Agencies Develop Policies to Exploit our
Wealth and Resources.

Neo – Marxism, Neo – Colonialism, Neo – Imperialism: These Speak about Political and Economic
Power on a Global Basis. The Historically Imperial Nations (Eg. France, Spain, England) Control Global
Economics. They Control the IMF, World Bank and WTO. These Agents Replace the Monarchy; there is
an Economic Puppet instead of a Political One. The Caribbean Finds itself in a Sad State due to its
Economy.

Dependency Theory: A Psychological Set of Circumstances where a Person is Socialised into becoming
Dependent. African Slaves and East Indians were Disempowered on the Plantation and Estate
respectively. The Oppressed People were Socialised into Thinking that Everything has to be Received
from the White Man.
The Dependency Theory can be Extended to an International Political and Economic Platform. The 3 rd
World Nations look at the Metropolitan Nations for Opportunities.

Implications of Globalisation in the Caribbean:

a. Trade and Industry.

b. Capital Investment.
c. Commerce.
d. Education and Culture.
e. Labour and Migration Patterns.
f. Distributional Sector.

We are Impacted because of certain Characteristics since Interaction with the Caribbean is Skewed in
Favour of the Rest of the World. Characteristics of LDCs:

a. Lack of Capital.
b. Lack of Natural Resources.
c. Lack of Technology, Skills and Education.
d. Import Based Economy.
e. Heavy Dependence on Low Yielding, Labour Intensive Jobs.

1. Ideally, because of Globalisation, Trade between Nations should have Illustrated Improvement for
Both Caribbean and Metropolitan Nations. However, in the Caribbean, our Trade has been
Negatively Impacted. There has been the Loss of the Lomé and the Flooding of Caribbean Markets
with Cheaper, Alternative Goods.

This means that Foreign Goods Dominate the Market at the Expense of Local Goods because
Metropolitan Nations Enjoy Mechanization, Cheaper Production and Economies of Scale (When
more units of a Good or a Service can be Produced on a Larger Scale, yet with Less Input Costs).

2. There is an Increased Outflow of Cash from Caribbean Societies as we Employ the Foreign
Businesses at the Detriment of our own.

3. There is a Possibility of Demerit Goods: Eg. Cheap Alcohol and Cigarettes, Drugs, Socially and
Morally Corrupted Materials.

4. There is a Loss of Entrepreneurship: Local Businessmen can't Compete with Foreign Businessmen.
The Prices Affects our Buying Preferences in the Country. Unemployment  Social Welfare Burden
 Increased Load on Tax Payers.

5. Multinational Corporations Exploit Weak Legislation: They Target certain Nations in order to Save
Money. Eg. They go to Indian, Mexico in order to Access Child Labour. They go to Places where they
won't have to Pay for Environmental Clean Up.
 Eg. In Trinidad and Tobago, the Proposed Aluminum Smelter Plant would have Created Toxic
Chemicals which could have been Released into the Open.

Coupled with Cultural Imperialism, the Economic Impact because of these is Exaggerated.

Globalisation and Capital and Investment: Ideally, because of Globalisation, Caribbean Nations suppose
to Receive more FDI and Economic Activity into the Caribbean. However, this is not entirely so.

In Reality, there are New Outflows of Capital from the Caribbean with New Types of Economic Activity
such as E – Commerce and Online Shopping. There are New Types of Financial Crimes (Eg. Money
Laundering, Theft).

Globalisation has Allowed Multinational Corporations to Exploit and Repatriate our Resources. Because
Multinational Corporations are NOT Bound by Law to Remain once they Declare Bankruptcy, they can
Exploit rather than Help Development.

Globalisation and Trade: Trade has Increased. However, there is an Emphasis upon Metropolitan Goods
at the Detriment of Caribbean Goods. Metropolitan Nations have Advanced Technology, Economies of
Scale and High Levels of Credibility because of their Science.

In the Past, the US Market used Protectionist Methods to Promote their Own Goods while Deterring
Caribbean Goods. The US was our Largest Importer of Brown Sugar until the 1940s.They began to
Produce Sugar Beet. It was Branded Healthier than Brown Sugar.

This began the Collapse of the Sugar Industry. After much Research, it was Noted that Sugar Beet was
Worse than Brown Sugar. The Sugar Beet was the Basis of Mono and Polysaccharide Substances as
Sweeteners, ie, the US killed our Markets.

In the 1960s, because of the US Industry, they Advanced the Revolutionary Crop: The Soya Bean. The
Soya Bean Oil was Advertised as Healthier than Coconut Oil. This Resulted in the Collapse of the
International Coconut Industry. The US Claimed that Soya Beans Contained Good Cholesterol.

In the 1990s, Researchers found out that this was a Lie. But, the Damage was already Done. The US
Promoted their Own Industries at the Expense of the LDCs Industries.

Erasure and Cultural Hybridization via Globalisation: Since 1492, Erasure began to take place, and to
this day, it has not Stopped. With Easier Access to Goods, Culture and Ideas, Erasure would take place
more Rapidly. This is Promoted by the Prevalence of Ideas.

We are Bombarded by Metropolitan Imperial Ideologies. This Erasure Implies we are becoming more
and more Americanised; even though we don’t Realise it.

Globalisation and Disease: Diseases Spread due to Movement of Goods and People. In Recent Times,
Several Pandemic Threats have come into Existence. Eg. H1N1, Bird Flu, Swine Flu, Cholera, Ebola and
Zika Virus. There is also a Movement of STDs. There are Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Tourist
Dependent Nations such as Barbados and Jamaica; which causes the Nation Money.
Many Caribbean Countries have Experienced Impacts due to Movement of Disease. This may Cause
Public Panic. Additionally, there is Movement of Disease with the Movement of Agriculture and Related
Products. Eg. Giant African Snail.

Social and Moral Decay: This is Related to the Role of Media and Corrupting Influences of Certain Type
of Media Content. The Internet can Cause Exploitation of Vulnerable People. Eg. Pedophilia. The
Exposure to Media Promotes Divorce, Single Parent Homes and Promiscuity. These are Corrupting
Influences that Damage the Moral Fabric of Society.

Brain Drain and Labour Loss: Caribbean People Idolize Metropolitan Nations for Better Standards of
Work, Salary and Quality of Life. When People Migrate, there is a Negative Impact to our Labour Supply.
This Results in Less Jobs, Productivity, Tax Income Generation  Less Output.

In a Worst Case Scenario, if People Leave in Large Numbers, it may Trigger an Exodus. People Tend to
Become Frightened Quickly. There is ERD (Emotional Regulation Disorder) Mentality. There is a
Movement of Intellectual Capacity. Because of Labour / Migration Laws, the People whom you don’t
want to Leave, are the Ones who are Encouraged to Leave.

With the Loss of Skills, it Lowers / Limits the Developmental Potential of a Nation. Consider the Human
Indicator: Skills to Population Ratio. Lower Ratios  More Promising, ie, The Lower the Ratio, the more
likely Services will be Accessible. Eg. 10:1 is better than 1000000:1.

A Nation will have to Spend Money to Access these Skills, ie, Brain Drain Costs Government Money that
was Previously Invested. Eg. Trinidad and Tobago has Students Studying Medicine in all UWI Campuses in
the Caribbean + St. George's, yet, they Import Doctors from Bangladesh, India, etc...

The Money Invested into a Person is on the Premise that a Person would Give Back. So, when a Person
Migrates, there is a Loss of Development and a Contraction of the Economy. However, there are some
Positives:

a. Remittances.
b. Spread of Culture.
c. Promotion of Respect for Intellect.

Globalisation and Regionalism: Regionalism is a Concept that Promotes Cooperation on a Regional

Level. The Caribbean has Responded to Globalisation on a Regional Economic Platform called CARICOM.
CARICOM is known as a FTA (Free Trade Area); which means Members Enjoy certain Benefits:

a. CET (Common External Tariffs): Caribbean Nations may be Prompted to Trade with each other
instead of other Traders of Goods. This will Allow the Nations to have an Economic Advantage.
However, the Problem is all Caribbean Nations Produce the Same Products. The Caribbean has
Attempted to get into NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) but was Denied.
Multinational / Transnational Corporations: These are Characterized by an Industry Conducting its
Operations Outside of its Own Nation. In this Regard, Multinational Corporations are Enabled because
of the Movement of Industry, Capital and Labour.

Multinational Corporations are a Form of FDI, and is a Characteristic of Caribbean Development.

Multinational Corporations are Encouraged in the Caribbean. There is a Lack of Capital. So, the Promise
of Capital Injection, Job Creation and Co – Operate Taxation are all Economic Opportunities for
Caribbean Nations to Build and Expand Development.

FDI, as a part of Development, was Captured by a Revolutionary Economic Structure called

Industrialisation by Invitation (II). This Theory was Created by a Sir Arthur Lewis from St. Lucia in the
1950s. He Devises a Formula by which LDCs may Promote Development. Industrialisation by Invitation
Attempts to Attract Foreign Investment into LDC Economy, using Strategies such as:

a. Making Natural Resources of a Nation Available to a Company.

b. Providing Cheap Labour.
c. Providing Lenient Tax Policies.
d. Providing Cheap Energy.
e. Sophisticated Facilities (Eg. Ports).

Industrialisation by Invitation means that a Country has No Economic Risk (The Company takes the Risk).
In the Caribbean, the People are Primarily Uneducated in Technical Areas. We have Low Yielding
Industries. The Caribbean Lacks Capital, Technology, Necessary Markets, Knowledge and Connections.

Pros of Multinational Corporations:

1. Job Creation: Increase in Standard of Living, Working of the Multiplier Effect and Economic
Turnover.

2. Tax: Ideally, they Pay Corporate Tax on their Profits, in Addition to Royalties. With Multinational
Industries, Upstream and Downstream Industries can be Created. Entrepreneurial Activity is
Activated.

3. Training: Technical Training Opportunities is Stimulated for Local People. Ideally, our People will
become more Educated and Optimised in Potential. In the Best Case Scenario, when a Company
Hires and Trains Local People, there is a Transfer of Skills Needed to Start its Own Company. Eg.
In the 1940s – 1970s, the Point a Pierre Oil Refinery was Owned by Texaco. However, in the late
1970s, Trinidad and Tobago Purchased the Rights to the Refinery and all its Assets from Texaco.

4. Corporate Spending: A Multinational Corporation Spends Money in Society; Fulfilling Corporate

Citizenship. A Corporate Citizen takes Care of his Community. Some Companies are Encouraged
to do this because Good Will is Gained (Society Appreciates your Presence) and Companies get
Tax Write Offs.
 Corporate Spending usually Helps the Human Aspect of Development. A Company can Promote
Training Opportunities for People in the Company, ie, Empowerment. Eg. BP gives
Opportunities in Mechanical Work, Agriculture and Design. People Gain Skills that won't Make
them a Burden to Government's Social Welfare Programs.

Corporate Spending has Sponsorships. Eg. Cricket Teams, Pan Sides, Environmental Campaigns,
Beach Cleanups, Scholarships to Children of Workers. Some Companies Offer National
Scholarships for Post Graduate Work for their Local Workers.

5. Positive International Reputation: If One Company is Doing Well, it may Encourage other Similar
Type of Industries to Invest. This can Promote Positive Inertia Investment.

Cons of Multinational Corporations:

1. Replacement of Small Companies: Entrepreneurial Spirit is Killed  Unemployment and

Disruption in a Person's Life.

2. Multinational Corporations depend on a High Level of Importation of Commodities for the

Production Process. Few Local Inputs are Required.

3. Multinational Corporations are Exploitative of Natural Resources, Cheap Labour and Lenient
Labour Laws. Eg. Reebok used Child Labour in Pakistan. There was a Boycott against Use of
Reebok Products because of their Actions.

Big Companies try Every Way to Expand the Profit Margin because they are not Interested in
Sustainable Development, but rather, the Profit Incentive.

4. Occupational Stratification: Multinational Corporations Create Low – Level Labouring Jobs, ie,
the Technological and Managerial Jobs are Reserved for their Own People.

5. Outflow of Capital: Repatriation of Wealth  Underdevelopment. Multinational Corporations

Perpetuate Underdevelopment by Giving No Real Advancement to the Nation, but instead, only
Exploit their Wealth.

6. Large Companies become Politically Important: They can Support a Government and Heads of a
Nation (Eg. Prime Minister) become Puppets, ie, Companies can Own a Nation.

7. Economic Distortion in Society: Multinational Corporations Pay their Employees High Salaries.
People who have the same Qualifications will Lobby the Government for more Money 
Internal Disruption in Society.

8. Multinational Corporations are Famous for Environmental Degradation due to Slack Laws.
 9. Multinational Corporations are known to Deal in Bad Faith, ie, they Withdraw at the Slightest
Hint of a Change for the Economic Situation of the Country. Eg. AnsaMcAl.

Examples of Multinational Corporations: They Exist Mainly in the Mineral Extraction Industry:

a. Bauxite in Jamaica and Guyana.

b. Gold Mining in Guyana.
c. Companies such as BP, Atlantic, Shell, BG Extract Oil in Trinidad and Tobago.

Multinational Corporations also Exist in the Financial Sector, such as Banking, Insurance, Retail (Eg.
PriceSmart).

These Multinational Corporations Provide many Positive Impacts but their Negative Impacts are Greater
in Number, ie, there is More Loss than Gain. We Depend on them because we Lack: Money, Links,
Technology, Resources and Education to do what they do.

Distributional Sector: Associated with the Movement of Goods and it is Promoted Significantly by
Globalisation. The Distributional Sector is Broad in its Scope; it Includes Several kinds of Industries.
Consider the Movement of Goods: There is Insurance, Transportation, Advertising, Warehousing,
Security and Retailing.

The Distributional Sector Does Not Sell a Tangible Product. They are Essentially Myriad Services. As the
Distributional Sector Improves, there is Creation of Numerous Jobs and Stimulated Economic Activity but
at the same time, Cultural Imperialism and Outflow of Cash Improve.

Globalisation and Franchises: Franchises are Names that have become Globally Famous and Associated
with a Particular Good or Service. Franchises Allow Caribbean People to become Entrepreneurs, using
an International Standard. Eg. Some Businessmen in Trinidad Rented the KFC Franchise.

A Franchise is Never Sold, but instead it is Rented, ie, a Person Enters into a Contractual Obligation with
the Franchise Holder. Franchises Bring Metropolitan Standards into the Caribbean and this Contributes
to Diversity. Franchises also Mean that there is an Outflow of Cash because Parent Companies take a
Part of the Profits + Annual Subscription Fees.

Globalisation and Technology: In Order for Globalisation to Become a Reality, Technology is Needed.
Through Technology, the World is made into a Single Interdependent Marketplace. Eg. Mechanisation.
The Greatest Impact in the Caribbean is via the Internet and Computer.

Globalisation and Ideology: Throughout Caribbean Evolution, it is seen that we were Influenced by
Metropolitan Ideas and Ideology. Eg. Land, Religion, Political Structure. This is Cultural Imperialism. Via
the Media, we are more Greatly being Influenced.

This means an Erosion of Caribbean Cultural Identity and in its Place, a Metropolitan One. But, not all
Ideologies are Bad. Eg. The Caribbean's Attitude towards Environmental and Animal Rights, Women and
Children Rights, Sexual Differences and Gender Orientation are Changing.
Globalisation and Social Justice: Nothing Brings Negative Publicity like Infringements of Social Justice.
Because of the Media, the World can Know about Injustice. People can get a Voice on a Global Scale and
this may Promote Higher Levels of Transparency.

We are Adopting Lifestyle Ideologies; especially among the Young. They Idolize and Emulate Europeans
and American Lifestyles. Eg. Sexual Promiscuity, Divorce, Non – Traditional Sexual Behaviour. Because of
Globalisation, Popular Movements and Lobby Groups have Increased.

Globalisation and Feminism: Feminism, as a Concept, did not Begin in the Caribbean, but came in via
the Movement of Ideologies. Feminism is a Position that Women should be Treated Equitably and they
are of Equal Worth in Society. From a Developmental Point of View, this is Important since it Means
Empowerment. In the Caribbean, there are a few Feminist Platforms:

1. Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA): They have 3 Main Purposes:
a. To Create Awareness of Feminist Issues in the Caribbean.
b. To Promote Women's Place in Society and the Law.
c. To Promote Women's Health Issues.

2. Women's Actions for New Directions (WAND): This is not a Political Group but it can have a
Political Impact. It is Similar to a Group such as the Highway Reroute Movement. WAND Seeks to
Achieve the same Purposes as CAFRA.

Because of Globalisation, Social Justice Rights have Improved. People have the Opportunity to
Access a Voice and have Visibility on a Global Scale. So, there is a Higher Level of Inclusion.
Module 2, Specific Objective 4
Integration Movement:

Integration is based upon Historical Commonalities, Producing a Basis for Interaction and Working
Together for a Common, Bigger Purpose. All Caribbean Countries Faced the Same Challenges of the Past.

Eg. Exploitation, Underdevelopment, Same Globalisation Challenges. Additionally, with respect to British
West Indian (BWI) Nations, we have the same Systems of Government, Politics, Language and Economy.

Caribbean Countries look at each other as Insular; looking at ourselves as "Us Alone." Thus, our Mindset
is Exclusive rather than Inclusive. So, the 1st Challenge for Integration is our Cultural Outlook.

Integration is an Important part of Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Reality. Caribbean Nations are too
Small Politically and Economically to have any Impact on the World. As such, it is Sensible to Seek
Alliances for our own Protection.

The West Indies Federation (1958 – 1962) was a Union of Self – Governing Territories which are Nations
in their Own Right. Eg. Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, Barbados.

The Federation was the 1st Integration Platform that came into the Caribbean and was Based on British
Decolonisation Design. The Federation was Sensible in many ways; it was based on our Similar
Characteristics, Concept of Strength in Numbers and the Idea of same Challenges Suffered.

Federation presents an Opportunity for Caribbean Nations to become more Independent. It takes a long
Period of Planning and the Federation, which is a Joint Political Body, comes into Being.

Reasons why the Federation Failed:

1. Distance and Communication: There were no Cell Phones and there were Unreliable Landlines.
Hence, there was No Collective Decision Making.

2. Lack of Coordinating Development: Some Nations were Wealthier and thus Advanced and
Developed faster than Others.

3. Parochialism and Xenophobia: Parochialism is the feeling of Contempt of People of other

Nationalities whereas Xenophobia is the Fear of Strangers.

4. Personality Conflicts: There were many Strong Leaders; each a Leader of his own Nation. In the
Federation, they had to put away their Views and take orders from one man. This didn't work
well with Everyone.

5. Funding of Federation: The Federation had Bills to Pay. At the time, some Nations had Differing
Levels of Economic Well Being. Some Countries had to Bear the Weight of Funding the
Federation and this was thought to be Unfair. Eg. Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago.
 6. Monetisation of Economies: In order to have a Common Currency, each Nation had to be
Theoretically Monetized else Inflation would have occurred.

The Federation Provided a Platform for a Free Trade Area (FTA). But for a FTA to Work, there
must be a Common Currency. Eg. The WI / Federation Dollar. This became Challenging to
Evaluate Resources.

7. Migration Challenges: People from the Small Islands began to Storm the Wealthier, Larger
Nations due to a Lack of Opportunities and hence a search for Better Opportunities. Eg. Some
People came in Trinidad to work in the Oil and Gas Industry.

Deciding on Migration Policies became a Challenge since One Country didn’t want to take on the
Burdens of Other Nations.

Observations:

Even though the Federation came to an End, it was a very Sensible Ideology because it Offered
Caribbean Nations the Opportunity for Unification, Economic Co – Operation, a Level of Protection and
Inter – Dependence.

Soon after the Federation Collapses, there is the Movement towards Independence. In 1962, Jamaica,
Trinidad and Tobago Gained Independence. Among the Important Institutions Catalyzed by the
Federation are:

1. University of the West Indies (UWI).

2. West Indies Cricket Board (WICB).
3. Caribbean Meteorological Services.
4. Federal Supreme Court of the Caribbean (CCJ).

These Institutions Helped to Bring the Caribbean Closer as a Society, People and Cultural Identity. Even
though the Federation Fails, Caribbean Nations Recognize the Need to Cooperate on certain Levels.

The Federation was a Political and Economic Union. The Federation Fails because of Political Reasons
but it is still Recognized there is Need for Economic Cooperation. We must still Cooperate on Money,
Trade and Global Finance Matters. After the Federation, there are several Regional Economic Platforms:

1. CARIFTA (1965 – 1962).

2. CARICOM (1973).
3. CSME (Late 1990s till Today).

These Agencies are Principally Economic but it still Required Governments to work together.
Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA): There are a Few Major Objectives:

a. Managing Body for CARIFESTA.

b. Diversification of Trade: This is Important because we Need to Rely on each other in the FTA to
Avoid Dependency upon Metropolitan Nations; we Benefit from each other. However,
Caribbean Nations have to get into the Manufacturing Sector since it is Critical for the FTA to
Function.

c. Intensification of Trade between Caribbean Partners, ie, Source Materials Locally (Within FTA)
before Approaching Metropolitan Nations.

d. Introduction of Common External Tariff (CET): Caribbean Nations should Agree on how much Tax
they Charge for their Products. Eg. 10% Tax on Local Alcohol and 20% Tax on Foreign Alcohol to
Encourage Locals to Buy from each other.

e. Sport and Cultural Platform: Brings the Caribbean together via Sport. Eg. CARIFTA Games: An
Important Prequalification Platform for Caribbean Sports.

Caribbean Community (CARICOM) has same Objectives for CARIFTA. The Difference is that CARIFTA is
an Internal Arrangement but CARICOM is a Body that Represents the Caribbean to other FTAs.
CARICOM was Important for Representing Regional Trade on an International Basis.

In the Past, CARICOM has been Able to Represent the Caribbean. Eg. In the Early 2000s, CARICOM
Represented the Caribbean to the EU and WTO. But, CARICOM was still able to Secure the EPA.

CARICOM Allows for Cooperation in Creating Economic Policies among Governments. CARICOM is made
up of Government Representatives since it Needs Political Cooperation for an Economic Platform.

Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) is the Latest Incarnation for Trade, Investment and
Cooperation Strategies. The CSME is still being Rationalised and Seeks to Regulate the Movement of
People.

Each Regional Institution has Achieved certain Successes but the Integration of the Caribbean has
several Unique Elements to it that Needs to be Considered. Each Agency Introduces a New Angle into
Integration. Objectives of CSME:

1. To Promote Full Employment of Labour in the Caribbean.

2. To Promote Free Movement of the Factors of Production.

3. To Promote Diversification of Caribbean Economy.

4. To Promote Co – Operation among Governments.

 5. Single Domestic Space (SDS) allows for Creation of the CARICOM Passport. This Breaks Down
the Restrictions to Caribbean Territories. Ideally, People, Money, and Skills can Move. This
Promotes Development and Opportunities.

6. The Harmonization of Laws: The CSME has to find a way to Harmonize Laws among Caribbean
Territories such as Trade, Migration and Taxation Policies, so that People can move Freely. Non
– BWI Nations have already Agreed to this. Eg. Cuba, Haiti. This Seeks to Avoid Unnecessary
Conflict of Interest in Business Matters. They would Adjust FDI and Import / Export Policies.

Challenges of CSME:

1. Work Permits and Restriction to Movement: In order to Access a Work Permit, certain Criteria
must be met. Eg. University Education, A Job must be Waiting for you and you must be a
Sportsman, Businessman or a Media Personnel.

To get a Work Permit, you must Prove that you are not going to be a Leech  There will be
Stratification, Exclusion and this is a Reason for Antagonism against the System.

2. Difficulty for Harmonization of Laws because of Income Tax Regimes in Different Nations:
Persons without Work Permits may Experience Double Taxation. So, there is a Loop Hole in the
Policy.

3. Corruption: Eg. Sale of Passports for a Caribbean Nationality in a Foreign Country.

4. Tax Evasion: CSME is not Foolproof to Tax Evasion and Money Laundering so People Seek to
Hide their Money.

5. Resistance to the Right of Ownership: Some Caribbean Countries have certain Restrictions on
how Non –Nationals may Acquire Land. Trinidadians are Considered Alien in Jamaica, so this
Causes Restrictions.

6. Differences in Value of Currency: Salaries, Payments and Taxes. Some People Gravitate towards
other Nations and this Causes Social Welfare Burdens.

7. The CSME has not yet come into Full Operation.

Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OEC) Operates on several different Levels, ie, Economic,
Political, Social and Judicial. OEC Seeks to Harmonize Trade Laws and Judicial Processes in order to
Promote Cooperation and Interdependence.

OEC is Informed by the Small Size of Island Nations which Comprise it. Eg. Antigua, Barbuda, Dominica,
Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
They all Share the same kinds of Geographic, Meteorological, Geological and Economic Threats such as
Hurricanes, Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Lack of Money.

In coming together, they Support each other, so, the Liability is Spread across many Nations. Strength in
Numbers and a Support System is Created. Two Major Achievements of the OEC are:

1. Economic: The OECs Successfully Implemented an Economic Union, ie, they have Crafted Laws
to Harmonize Trade and Taxation. They Created a Common Currency: The Eastern Caribbean
Dollar (ECD). This is Important since the CSME and CARICOM has not yet done so because of
Economic Differences.

This Harmonization of Laws and Strength of Currency Aid the OECs in Stimulating FDI. A Nation
with a Strong Economy Attracts Investment on a Global Scale.

2. Judicial: OECs Achieve Judicial Union and Created the EC Supreme Court. This Court Handles
matters of the Highest Order and matters Pertaining to Discrepancies among Members. The EC
Supreme Court has Achieved what the CCJ is still trying to do.

Association of Caribbean States (ACS) is an even Larger Entity than the OCS and CARICOM because it
Incorporates even Member States from Central America, such as Costa Rica, Guatemala and Colombia.
The Objectives of the ACS are Economic and Trade in Nature; in order to Promote Economic Opportunity
and a Common Interest.

ACS Promotes Sustainable Tourism, Natural Disaster Preparedness, Regional Security matters and the
ACS Provides the Biggest Platform for Regionalism. The ACS Faces certain Challenges; also Met by
CARICOM and OCS:

a. Language Barrier: English, French, Spanish.

b. Varying Levels of Development.
c. Difference in Political Ideology.

University of the West Indies (UWI) comes out of an Act from the Federation and it Serves 17 English
Speaking Nations. The Aim of UWI is to Unlock the Potential of the Caribbean Human Resources in
order to Promote Development Opportunity within the Region.

There are 3 Campuses Spread across the Caribbean to make UWI more Accessible to all Nations. They
are Located in the Wealthier Nations, ie, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados. Initially, UWI was
Specialised. Eg. Trinidad and Tobago  Engineering, Jamaica  Geology and Medicine, Barbados 
Laws and Humanity. This Specialisation Promoted Cultural Exchange.

This was to Reduce the Cost on each Program. However, as Demand Grew, UWI Adapted and Changed.
UWI, overtime, Expanded into several other Countries in the Fields of Education, but not necessarily
Tertiary Education. Eg. UWI Distance Learning Centers, Agents for UWI (Roytec, SBCS, Costatt).
UWI has several Objectives and Achievements:

1. Promotes Cultural Integration.

2. Development of Human Potential.

3. Countering Cultural Imperialism.

4. Reducing Dependency upon Foreign Skills and Academic Institutions.

5. Job Creation for Academic Elite: This Inhibits Brain Drain.

6. Bring Positive International Attention as a Center for Academic Achievement.

7. To Add New Research / Knowledge to the World.

8. Attempts to Remain Relevant, ie, to Diversify its Curriculum. Eg. Environmental Issues, Maritime
Industry, Diversification into Tourism and Hotel.

Challenges Facing UWI:

1. Cultural Imperialism in Academics: People Perceive Metropolitan Education as a Higher,

Intrinsic Value. The Smartest of the Caribbean Attend these Schools and this Creates a Negative
Stereotype of UWI.

2. Poor International Recognition  Low International Ratings.

3. Space, Technology and Facilities: Some Students are on a Long Waiting List. So, they Seek
Opportunities elsewhere. Because of a Lack of Space, Human Development is Restricted. In
order to have the Greatest Level of Relevance in Education, the Greatest Levels of Advancement
in Technology is Needed. The Use of this New Technology is Challenging.

4. Local Based International Universities.

5. High Cost of Education: Trinidad and Tobago Subsidizes Education but Nations which are too
Poor cannot do so. Some Students will not be able to Attend University.

6. In order to get Credibility, UWI must Attract the Brightest People. Eg. Inviting Stephen Hawking.

7. Underperformance in New Research: Universities must Produce Work. Lack of Publications 

University is Promoting Regurgitations instead of New Intellectual Ideology.

8. Brain Drain.
Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) was Established in 1972. It was One of the 1 st Acts of CARICOM
and it became Effective in 1973. CXC has similar Intentions, Benefits and Challenges to UWI.

a. CXC is a Direct Method to Empower through Education, therefore, CXC Empowers the Largest
Numbers in ways to Add to Development.
b. CXC becomes a Model for Integration.
c. CXC Seeks to Optimise Alternate Routes for Empowerment.
d. CXC Faces Self – Inflicted Integrity Issues such as Testing Material that are not on the Syllabus
and Errors on the Examination Paper.
e. CXC uses Secondary School Teachers to do the Marking of the Exams. Examining Bodies, such as
GCE, has Paid Markers. Hence, there are Leakages of Papers and Matters of Integrity that needs
to be Investigated.
f. Issues with the Internal Assessment (IA) Process: Standardization Problems and it is Open to
Scrutiny.

West Indies Cricket Board (WICB): The Caribbean's Governing Body for Professional and Amateur
Cricket. It was Formed out of an Act of the Federation. WICB Organizes Cricket in the Region and
Negotiating as an Arbitrator for International Level Games. WICB Allows Integration in Sports.

The WICB has Achieved a High Level of Success in Bringing the Caribbean Together through Sports.
Cricket is a Spectatorship Game; this Increases Visibility on a Global Scale. Since the BWI Nations had
Exposure to Cricket, it was Exclusive to BWI Nations and it Draws upon the Talents of their Natives.

Through Participation, Nations feel as part of a Bigger Enterprise. Because of Inclusion, the WICB and
the Composite WICT Create Sources of Pride.

The WICB becomes an Agent of Empowerment and there are many Benefits:

1. Development of Talent and Skills of Youth:

2. WICB requires Venue; Resulting in Infrastructural Development of a Nation. This Stimulates

Economic Activity, Jobs, Upstream and Downstream Industries.

3. WICB Creates a Model; a Paradigm for Youth to Work towards so this Creates Role Models for
the Youth: Local Role Models Aids to Defeat Cultural Imperialism.

4. To Generate an Income for Caribbean Countries: Because of the matches, there are Fees and
Ticket Sales, etc...

5. To Mobilize the Private Sector Involvement in the Game. Eg. Sponsorship.

6. To Promote Professionalism in Cricket; making Players Ambassadors for the Caribbean.

7. To Promote an Identity for the Caribbean on an International Basis.

Challenges of WICB:

1. Parochialism and Proportion: Proportion is the Composition of the Team and this may Reflect a
Larger Portion of One Team; rather than Players from all Nations. People Lose Confidence in the
WICB and there is a Risk in Losing the Fan Base.

2. Allegations of Corruption, Mismanagement and Nepotism.

3. Lack of Funding.

4. Competition from Foreign Series: Players Choose to Play for a T20 Franchise in Foreign Countries
rather than Local Tournaments. The Lucrative T20 Promises Quick Money and Reputation.
Players choose this since a Sport Career is Short.

5. Lack of Technology: Metropolitan Nations Implement High Levels of Technology in the Practical
and Theoretical Aspects of the Game. Caribbean Nations are Playing “Catch Up.”

6. Confrontation between Players and Board: In the 1990s, the Players Formed the WIPA (West
Indies Players Association) since the WICB was not Paying Match Fees to the Players. So, the
WIPA gives Players a Platform to Challenge their Decisions.

7. Match Fixing: Some Players are Corrupt. Eg. Marlon Samuels was found of this.

Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) is a Regional Agency that Includes the Caribbean and Central
American Member Nations. The Main Task of the CTO is to make Tourism into a more Viable Industry in
the Caribbean and to make Tourism Contribute more Greatly to Development. The CTO has many
Responsibilities:

1. Assessing Global Trends in Tourism and Advising Governments on how to Improve their
Tourism Product.

2. To Make Arrangements with Airlines, Cruise Ships, Operators, Hotel Chains, etc...Ensuring a
Caribbean Destination is part of the Itinerary for Companies.

3. To Create Forecast for the Tourism Industry.

Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) comes into being through CARICOM. Its main Focus is to become a
Business, Trade, Territorial and Supreme Court for the Caribbean. Ideally, the CCJ is meant to Adjudicate
for CSME and CARICOM and to Replace the Privy Council. However, there is a Lingering Doubt in the CCJ,
as not all Caribbean Nations Support the CCJ.
Advantages of the CCJ:

1. Creates a Level of Identity for the Caribbean.

2. Gives a Sense of Judicial Independence.

3. Allows for Working of CSME.

4. Generates Employment Opportunities: Lawyers, Judges can get Opportunities on a Regional

Level.

5. Immediacy: There is more Rapid Justice than the Privy Council and Relevance: Judgements are
more True of a Caribbean Cultural Identity.

6. Creates a Culture of Jurisprudence and Intellectual Traditions.

Challenges Facing CCJ:

1. Lack of Funding.

2. The Privy Council: The Privy Council comes with several Centuries of Credibility and Reputation;
whereas the CCJ is not even 10 years old. They Lack the Accumulated Knowledge of Centuries.

3. Lack of Jurisprudence.

4. Lack of Confidence by Caribbean Nations that Create a Negative Stereotype.

5. Parochialism: All Judges who work in the CCJ will have a Nationality. Some Matters will go one
way or the other  Allegations of Corruption, Nepotism.

Regional Security System (RSS) is a Virtual Organization Comprised of both Police and Military
Personnel. It is an Agreement rather than a Physical Entity. In Times of Need, Nations will Contribute
Employed Police. The RSS, as a Treaty Measure, Aids in Events of Natural Disasters or Insurrections.

RSS is a Security Measure; especially Important for the Smaller Nations since they don’t have enough
Manpower. Eg. In 2004, Trinidad and Tobago sent Regiment, Police Forces and CEPEP to Help Clean up
Grenada after Hurricane Ivan. Also, in 2010, in St. Vincent, for Hurricane Tomas and the Earthquake in
Haiti.
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) is a Lending Institution that Emerges out of an Act from CARICOM.
There are many Functions; which are Exclusive rather than Inclusive. There are many Restrictions in
terms of Lending (Eg. Little Money). The CDB Lends Money to:

1. Aid in Development of Business.

2. Stipulate Investment in Borrowing Nations.

3. Promote Business Diversification.

4. Support Agriculture and Rural Development.

5. Promote Equity through Education and Training.

6. Promote Gender Equity.

Challenges of CDB:

1. Lack of Capital.

2. Too many Requests from Countries and Agencies within the Caribbean.

3. The Lending is Built upon Conditions, ie, CDB States what Borrowers can Buy.

4. Some Caribbean Nations are more in Need, therefore, it Creates Platforms for Favouritism.

5. Issue of Rejection: Some Nations may not get Money.

Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication (CARIMAC) is Housed in UWI, Jamaica. Its Main
Function is to Promote Media, Journalism and Communication in the Caribbean. It is Attempting to
make the Caribbean Smaller through the News.

It also becomes a Journalism School in the Caribbean; giving New Avenues for Academic Achievement.
Because of CARIMAC, there has been Creation of Caribbean Broadcasting Systems such as Caribbean
Broadcasting Union and CaribVision.
Module 2, Specific Objective 5
Contribution of Sport: The Human and Sustainable Development Paradigm are based upon the Premise
that Every Human Resource is Optimised and the True Potential of Every Individual is Achieved. Sport
becomes another Avenue for Empowerment.

Sport gives a Unique Opportunity to those who are Athletically Gifted. In this way, it Allows an
Individual an Opportunity to Contribute to National Development because as a Human Being, he is
Developed. In the Caribbean, the Value of Sport is Underestimated.

Benefits of Sport:

1. Sport Adds to the Physical Well Being of a Nation: Increase in Health of a Nation  Higher Morale.
They can Contribute to more of Development  Increased Productivity. They are Independent of
Government's Medical Supplies, therefore, there are Savings for the Government.

2. Sport can Engage in Income Generation, resulting in Economic Enfranchisement and this Stimulates
Upstream and Downstream Industries.

3. Sport can be the Basis for a Tourism Industry: Eg. Tobago Utilizes the Tobago Classic: A Cycling Race
throughout the Island.

4. Investment in the Economy, Building Stadia, Employment Opportunity and the Increase in the
Multiplier Effect.

5. Sport Adds FDI: Eg. In 2011, the Tobago Fishing Festival Attracted the Producers of Mercedes Benz to
the Island and they Sponsored Prizes.

6. Sport has an Invisible Psychological Impact: Psychological Stability is Important and Sport is a
Famous Stress Reliever  Increase in Morale. Psychological Stability  Efficient Worker  Less
Antagonistic Person  Higher Levels of Productivity.

7. Education Opportunities Attached to Sport: Sport Scholarships, ie, Mixture of Sport and Education.
Caribbean People become Empowered because of Sport Prowess; allowing for Increased
Educational Opportunities.

8. Creation of International Reputation: Eg. Usain Bolt, George Bovell.

Sport and Development of Caribbean Identity:

Sport can Contribute to Identity Building on a Micro and Macro Level. Sport is Spectator Based; it Brings
People Together. Sport can Act as a Common Denominator and Work to Counter Stratification in the
Caribbean. Sport can Promote Development by Changing Negative Attitudes within the Society.
The Team becomes Representative of a School, Community, Nation and Region. Sport Acts as a
Cohesive Agent; Allowing all Levels of Society to Interact based on the Love of the Sport.

Sport may Operate as a Platform for Regional Integration. The Federation has Failed, CSME and
CARIFTA has Issues but the WICB has not Failed. In Global Games, the Participant of One Caribbean
Nation becomes the Participant of All Caribbean Nations.

1. FIFA World Cup, Germany, 2006 (When Trinidad and Tobago Participated):
a. Brought Recognition (Positive Awareness) to the Region on an International Basis.
b. There is Increased International Funding. Eg. Sponsorship, Aid from Sport Nations.
c. In Best Case Scenario, Tourism is Gained.
d. Role Models for the Younger Generation is Promoted.
e. Caribbean Nations get Placed into Global History. Eg. Jamaica  Track and Field.

Sport is Associated with High Levels of Discipline in the Player. Eg. Fair Play, Recognition of Rules,
Sportsmanship. This is Good because it is the same Attitudes a Nation Needs to have High Levels of
Productivity.

Through the Media, the World has become Aware of the Caribbean, which Attracts FDI, Income
Generation, Employment and Advertising. Sports can thus Stimulate Upstream and Downstream
Industries.

Difficulties Sport Faces in the Caribbean:

1. Sport Needs Venues: The Caribbean has not Invested Heavily to make Physical Infrastructure for
Sport. This is because there are always other Important Things to do. Eg. Hospital, Roads.

2. Lack of Funding: International Class Games don’t come to the Caribbean.

3. Lack of Technological Facilities: Games are not Televised  Spectatorship is Lost.

4. Sport is not Commercially Viable: Sport Needs a Venue to be Televised. Some Countries have
Gained Sport Venues. Eg. In the 1990s, Contributions from FIFA Ensured that there are
International Class Stadiums Built.

5. Illegal Industries: Eg. Gambling, Doping, Match Fixing Troubles the World Sport (Not Many in the
Caribbean).

6. Lack of World Class Coaches: Best Advice Needs to Best Persons. Many Countries have Invested
into Different Personnel for Different Aspects of the Game. However, in the Caribbean, there is
only One Person to do all Pieces.
7. Poor Attitudes: The Attitudes of the Players and Spectators are Poor. In order to Play Sports, one
Needs Discipline. In the Caribbean, Sport is Associated with the "Feteing Culture." The Players
Carry a Vibrancy of "Hard Feters" which could Damage their Reputation and that of the Sport.

This Brings the Sport into Disrepute. The Spectators have Little Patience with the Players. When
the Team Enters into a Losing Slump, Spectators Lose Confidence, become Unsympathetic and
Condemn the Players. This Negative Attitude does little to Encourage the Players.

Spectators can be Branded as Ungrateful. The Attitude to Sport is Linked with a Cultural
Attitude. Parents have a Contemptuous Attitude towards Sport; they Perceive Sport as
Recreational rather than Professional.
Module 2, Specific Objective 6
Intellectual Traditions: There is a False Perception that the Caribbean is a Backward Intellectual Place
since it is Claimed that the Caribbean has not Produced Anything of Intellectual Worth. The Things we
put Forward are not seen as Phenomenal. We Add Stuff to the World of Economics, Politics, Medicine,
Literature, etc..

Pan Africanism, a Social and Political Philosophy Associated with the Work of Marcus Garvey, is a
Platform for Promotion of Equity for People of African Origin.

a. It becomes a Platform for Redress from Oppression for all Oppressed People. Pan Africanism Seeks
to Redress 500 Years of Stigmatization.

b. Pan Africanism Promotes African Consciousness, Positive Propaganda (Creating Awareness,

Sensitization, Knowledge) and becomes Anti – Imperialist.

c. Pan Africanism is Linked to Garveyism and Requires Africans to Recognize their Worth and
Contributions to Global Advancement.

d. Pan Africanism Calls for the Unification of all Rastafarians. Bob Marley is thus a Proponent of Pan
African Ideology.

e. Pan Africanism Seeks to Change the Global Perception of Africans, but, it is also Associated with
certain Negatives: Physically Rebellious Movements. Eg. Black Panther Movement, Nation of Islam in
USA and Black Power Movement in Trinidad and Tobago. These are based upon an Extreme Pan
Africanism.

f. Martin Luthor King Built his Pan Africanism on Peace Walks. They have been Pan Africanism Thinkers
in the Caribbean such as Martin Carter, Bob Marley, Edward Kamau Brathwaithe.

Negritude Bears certain Commonalities to Pan Africanism. However, Negritude is a Literary Propaganda
Platform about Creating Awareness of the Suffering / Exploitation of Africans. Negritude Explores the
Human Condition of Alienation and Exploitation, through Literature.

Martin Carter Created Negritude and he shows how Europeans Oppressed and Continues to Oppress
Caribbean People. Proponents of Negritude include Earl Lovelace and Derek Walcott.

Industrialisation by Invitation is an Economic Concept Initiated to Attract FDI. It is Important for

Caribbean Development because it Finds a Way to Access Capital, Skills, Technology and Machinery.
Without Investment, Development is Stagnated.

Industrialisation by Invitation Creates an Avenue for Development. All Caribbean Economies Suffer the
same Problems. Industrialisation by Invitation Acknowledges these Drawbacks and Attempts to Solve
them. These Problems Include:
 a. Lack of Money.

b. Caribbean Societies are Characterized by Historical Problems. Eg. Dependency Theory.

c. Lack of Mineral Resources and Skills / Education: The Caribbean is Heavily Dependent on Labour
Jobs that are Low Yielding and does not Empower an Individual to Earn a Proper Standard of
Living.

Industrialisation by Invitation is the Brainwork of a St. Lucian Economist: Sir Arthur Lewis. He Creates
Recommendations for Promoting Industrialisation by Invitation; which he Calls Incentives for
Investment:

a. Pre - Constructed, Ready to Use Physical Infrastructure (Eg. Buildings for Companies) and
Support Infrastructure (Eg. Road Networks, Airport, Electricity, Water).

b. The Guarantee of Political Stability: Stable System of Government to Promote FDI.

c. Lenient Taxation Policies / Tax Exemptions (Profit Ability of Company Increases) / Tax Holidays
(A Period of Time without Tax).

d. Subsidies: Eg. A Government can Help Set up a Company; Encouraging Others to Come as well.

Benefits of Industrialisation by Invitation:

1. Employment Creation  Reduced Dependency on Government Resources  Improved Quality of

Life  Redirection of Capital  Increased Income Tax Generation  Higher Levels of
Productivity and Morale in People  Improved International Reputation.

2. Stimulates Upstream and Downstream Industries: Any New Industry Makes the Distributional
Sector Stronger.

3. New Businesses: This Increases Corporate Taxes and Spending and Creates Positive Inertia.

Marxism and Neo – Marxism: Marxism puts forward a Socio - Political and Socio – Economic Division
between those with Power and those without. Marxism is the Philosophy that Looks at this Division
whereas Capitalism is the Actual Division.

Neo – Marxism Describes a more Subtle Situation  The Bourgeoisie Class does not have to be Present,
yet, the Control Exists. This is seen in IMF, WTO, WB Policies.

Caribbean Feminism: Feminism is an Ideology that Attempts to Find Equity for Women. Feminism has
Specific Reference to Gender and Development in the Caribbean.
Feminism is a Collection of Ideas Aimed at Attaining Visibility / Equity / Empowerment / Opportunities
for Women. Feminism does not Seek to Subordinate Men but it is about Equity. According to Amartya
Sen and Mahbub Ul Haq, the Human Development Paradigm and the Sustainable Development
Paradigm both Incorporate Empowerment. Then, Feminism is a Platform for Empowerment.

Feminism is an Ideology that has to be Enculturated in Every Next Generation and is a Constituent part
of the Social Justice Factor of Every Society. The Caribbean comes from a History of Social Stratification
that becomes a Legacy of Division that still Occurs today.

Women are often times Subordinated in Society. Anytime a Group in Society is Alienated, there is
Creation of a Minority Class, ie, Women are Disenfranchised. They Occupy a Lesser Status.

In the Caribbean today, Women are Following an International Model; they are among more Visible
Roles in Society. Consider in the Family: Women are Opting to be Single Parents because they are
Educated, Empowered and Confident. Women of today are much more Proactive than those in Previous
Generations. Empowerment via Education becomes a Reality.

Educational Mobility = Occupational Mobility. In this Feminine Ideology, Women are seen as just as
Capable as Men in Holding Prominent Leadership Positions in Business, Society and Politics.
Eg. Kamla Persad Bissessar.

Women make Better Workers in many Areas. Eg. Business Heads  They have Analytical Minds and
Doctors  Better Attitudes. Many Women are Outperforming Men in Previously Male Dominated
Professions.

Women are Finding a Voice in Society because of the many Popular Movements and Education. They
become more Visible. Any kind of Empowerment for any Group is Developmental in Nature.

Indo – Caribbean Thought: The East Indians are the Last Labour Group to Arrive in the Caribbean and
have been Relegated to the Stigma of Manual Labour. In the Caribbean, the East Indian is still
Attempting to Solidify Accommodation in Society.

The East Indians Contributed to the Socio – Cultural Diversity, Economic and Philosophical Caribbean
Environment. In an Economic View, The East Indians Toiled and Helped to Build the Economy of
Caribbean Societies.

The Real Impact of the East Indian can be seen in the Post – Indentureship Economy; they Entered into
Entrepreneurial Activity to be Economically Enfranchised. The East Indian Turns to the Land for the Basis
of Economic Enfranchisement.

The East Indians look at Land as the Only True Empowerment (Since Chamars couldn’t Own Land, when
they do get, they Feel Empowered). The East Indians see Ownership as a Means of Social Mobility. The
East Indians Reject the Caste System (Because it was Scripted) and Adopt a Caribbean Social Mobility
System (One was Allowed to Move!).
However, the Caste System is Operational in Marriages. Because of the Caste System and the Concept
of Untouchables, they Converted to Christianity and Islam since it was Considered more Prestigious and
Allowed Social Mobility.

The East Indians is at First Slow to Enter into Society because of Fear and Distrust (Created by the
Europeans), but overtime, the East Indian Integrates and Acquires Education. The East Indians thus
Enter into Modern Empowerment Factors.

Education becomes Mandatory for East Indian Families. Today, the East Indian is Included in the Socio –
Political Landscape of the Caribbean. The East Indian Constitutes a Race Minority and they Promote
Race Politics in the Caribbean.

Indigenous Perspectives: The Amerindians were the Initial Owners of Land Resources in the Caribbean.
However, one Group after another, Alienated, Exploited and Displaced the Amerindian Groups. Today,
the Amerindians are Considered a Minority Group in the Caribbean. Eg. In Suriname, Jamaica, Dominica,
St. Vincent, Belize have a High Concentration of Disenfranchised Amerindians.

The Amerindians are Invisible; they Hold no Socio – Political Status and Need Empowerment
Opportunities. The Amerindians are often times the Focus of the United Nations Attention. All
Indigenous Groups Occupy the United Nations Attention since these Persons are Important for Global
Heritage.

In 2013, the United Nations Assigned the Amazon Forest as a World Heritage Site and Amerindian
Artifacts (Eg. Mayan Temple) have come to be Protected.
Module 2, Specific Objective 7
Roles and Functions of Mass Media: The Mass Media is a Diverse Concept that Encompasses all Means
(Traditional and Electronic Perspectives) of Dissemination of Information. The Mass Media, regardless
of Evolution, Performs the same Functions and Holds the Same Value to Caribbean Development. The
Mass Media can both Advance and Retard Caribbean Development.

Functions of Media:

1. To Inform, Educate, Sensitize and Create Awareness.

2. To Entertain.

3. Helps to Make us Visible to Others (It Enables a Voice for the People): As an Element of Visibility, it
Allows a Form of Identity to be Created for a Region. Eg. Trinidad and Tobago  Land of Soca.
Media Creates a Sense of International Identity and Allows People to Participate in Society
(Empowerment) and to Gain Restitution or Social Justice.

4. The Media / Press, via the News, can Act as a Watchdog of Democracy. The Press Safeguards the
Freedom and Rights of a People by Promoting Accountability and Transparency in the Use of Power.

5. The Media can Work in Favour of Creating a Cultural Identity for People in Society.

6. The Media is an Employer; Promoting Upstream and Downstream Industries; Stimulating Economic
Activities.

7. The Media Allows Interaction among People; Allowing Consensus, Collaboration and Harmony
Building. It is Society Building. From a Regional Perspective, there is Unification and Integration.

8. The Media is an Important Agent for Safeguarding a Nation's Current Level of Development. Eg.
Warning for Future Disaster such as a Tsunami.

Importance of Mass Media:

1. Impact of Internet Penetration: Indicates the Percentage of Internet Users in any Country and it
shows the Relationship between the Number of Internet Users in each Country with its
Demographic Data.

2. Technology as a Factor that Promotes Development: PC is a Glorified Media Promoter.

3. To Promote FDI through Creating Positive International Reputation and Visibility.

4. To Allow Talented People to have an Avenue for Expression. Eg. Art.

5. To Help Raise Social Awareness in Events in Society such as Lifestyles and Opportunities that may be
Available. By having Knowledge, People are Empowered to make Informed Decisions.

Opportunities to Empower such as the Mobile Clinic and Library are made Aware by the Mass
Media. This Allows People to Participate and Access Opportunities.

6. To Enhance Learning / Educational Opportunities in the Formal Classroom Setting; Providing

Alternative Avenues for Learning. Any kind of Education: Social, Academic, Political Adds to
Development.

7. To Build Morale of a People through Televising of Matches and Accomplishments on a National

Basis. There is Positive Propaganda.

8. To Promote Psychological Wellness of your People through Entertainment and Recreation; giving
People a Chance to get Psychological Equilibrium.

9. To Promote the Democratic Process, ie, it becomes a Champion for Transparency and
Accountability.

10. To Promote Social Justice Issues in the Caribbean. The Likelihood of Someone being Exploited is
Minimised due to Publicity.

11. Via the Press, Opportunities for Informing the Public about Important Matters Relating to Well Being
are Created. The Media is Tasked with a Responsibility to the People to Ensure their General Good.
As such, the Press is a Powerful Tool in Shaping Opinions in Society.

12. To Act as a Platform for Lobbying. Hence, the Mass Media Works Counter to Cultural Imperialism.

Potential Damages of Mass Media:

1. The Reporting of Too Much Bad News (Eg. Crime, Social Injustice, Poor Governance) can Change
a Nation's Reputation by Deterring FDI, Tourism and Promoting Internal Doubt. This can Trigger
Migration; leading to Brain Drain, Reduced Economic Activity and Taxes.

2. Long Term Negative Impacts to Tourism Sector: Tourism is a Trendy Industry; as soon as the
Magnetism of a Place is Lost, it is Hard to Restore it. Some Caribbean Countries are even
Blacklisted as Having a lot of Crime.

3. Loss of Confidence among the People and a Loss of Entrepreneurial Culture. Eg. Too much
Robberies Reported in the News will Influence People's Decisions to Open a New Business.

4. Negative Aid Situations can be Created in the Presence of Rampant Crime.

5. The Mass Media can Work Counter to Peace by Promoting Panic ad Public Uncertainty.

6. The Erosion of Culture can Occur, hence, Cultural Imperialism can then be Sped Up.

7. The Mass Media Distracts; which Negatively Affects Productivity.

8. The Mass Media can Destroy Local Entertainment Industries: Caribbean Playwriting didn't get
off the Ground because of a Prolific American Film Industry.

9. The Mass Media can Allow for a Greater Outflow of Cash from Society. Eg. E – Commerce,
Online Shopping. Caribbean People want the Best Quality for the Best Prices. This Leads to
Unemployment in the Distributional Sector.
Module 2, Specific Objective 8
Social Justice is an Attempt by any Society to Promote Equity of Place, Treatment and Opportunities for
all Classes or Groups within Societies. Classism is the Creation and Portrayal of Socioeconomic Classes or
Groups within Society. Whenever there is a Formation of a Class, there is Polarisation.

Classism and the Creation of Groups Essentially Perpetuate a Situation where Social Injustice is Created;
where the Human Rights and Freedom of a Group are taken away. Classism Holds a Historical Precursor:
Social Stratification.

If Classism Exists in Society, the Human Development Paradigm will never Exist. The Sustainable
Development Paradigm is also Built upon Ensuring Equity and Empowerment. So, Two of the Pillars for
Achieving Sustainable Development are Nullified.

If there is to be Progress, a Society must Place Human Dignity at the Forefront. There are Several
Notions, Avenues and Strategies for Acquiring Social Justice:

1. Welfare System: An Effort to Restore Social Justice by Attempting to Create Socio – Economic Equity
and Reduce Polarisation. Concepts of Social Justice based on Ideas about Welfare deliberately Focus
on the Distribution of Resources, ie, Distributive Justice in a Society which Leads to Well – Being and
Satisfaction.

The Idea for Social Justice Sees the Need for Marginalised Groups to Experience more of the
Material Rewards of Society. This Normally Refers to Socio – Economic Conditions such as Wages,
Equality of Job Opportunity, a more Humane Education System and Housing.

Obviously, this means not Treating People Equally but Treating Unequals Unequally. The Poorer
Groups are given more Subsidies and Opportunities to Upgrade their Standard of Living. Welfare is a
Notion of "Being Fair," which does not Emphasize Equality or Sameness.

Critics of the Welfare Model, however, say that it is very Expensive and Leads to Welfare
Dependency, and to varying Degrees, it is Unfair to other Groups which have to be Taxed to Support
these Measures. Some people may become so Dependent on Welfare Handouts that they are
Unable to Break out of this Dependency and Achieve Self – Reliance.

Those who Criticize Welfare Policies as "Handouts" which are too Burdensome on Taxpayers Tend to
See only a Narrow Picture. Improving a Family's Economic Circumstances goes a long way towards
Improving the Nutrition and Health of a Family.

2. Natural Rights: The Privileges that a Person is Born with. Natural Rights DO NOT Vary from Place to
Place. Every Person, Regardless of Sex, Race, etc...is Entitled to Natural Rights. So, Natural Rights
come Closest to the GENEVA Understanding of Human Rights.
The UN Declaration of Human Rights goes much Further than Natural Rights to "Entitlements" which
People should have in order to Live in a Just Society. They have more to do with Social Living than Basic
Human Rights and it seems to have become the Responsibility of Governments and International
Organizations to Ensure they are Enforced.

These Rights are really High Priority Areas which seem to be Necessary for all People to Enjoy Similar
Benefits. For Example:

a. Civil and Political Rights: The Right to Freedom of Expression, to Assemble and Form
Associations, to Participate in the Political Process and to Run for Public Office.
b. Economic and Social Rights: The Right to Education, Health Care, Fair Wages.

3. Mutual Advantage: This is Built upon Reciprocity and Truism. Hence, Mutual Advantage is
Important when it comes to Being a Member of Society. In order to be a Member, there are certain
Rules a Person must Acknowledge in an Unwritten Social Contract. If the Rules are not Obeyed,
there will be Legal Consequences. This Reflects the Functionalist Perspective.

However, it does NOT Approve of Welfare Provisions for the Poor unless the Poor are Prepared to
Reciprocate by taking Advantage of Welfare and Growing out of Poverty; which would be Mutually
Beneficial to the State and its Citizens. This is a View of Social Justice which is based on Merit; rather
than Need or Rights.

The Mutual Advantage Model of Social Justice Accepts that all Citizens are Inherently Equal and
those who are Experiencing an Inequitable Level of Socioeconomic Well – Being, should be Helped
to do so. In Return, however, they should Resolve to Grasp the Opportunities Provided and Reduce
Welfare Dependency.

Since those of the Poorer Socioeconomic Groups are less likely to want to Invest in Long – Term
Training for Rewards Several Years Later, hence, they are LESS likely to be Helped by this Model. This
way of Thinking about Social Justice Values the Goals and Norms of Mainstream Society; such as a
Capitalist System of Social and Economic Relations.

Social Justice requires Social, Economic and Political Equalisation of Opportunities. The Achievement of
these Opportunities is Challenged by our History of Division. Social Justice, as a Paradigm, is Built upon a
Human Conscience. However, there is always a Situation where Man is Hateful towards his Fellow Man.

Structures Need to be put in Place to Promote Social Justice as part of our Legal Framework. This Links
to the United Nations Charter for Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These
Human Rights are called the Inalienable Rights of Man and they Constitute the GENEVA Convention.

There are Several Articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

a. Article 3: Every Person has a Right to Life, Liberty and Security.

b. Article 5: No One shall be Subject to Torture or Cruel, Degrading Punishment.
In the Caribbean, there are Several Social Justice Issues. This means that a Portion of the Population will
be Disempowered and Disenfranchised. There are Several Issues Attracting Negative International
Attention:

1. Gender Discrimination: Sexism refers to Prejudices, Stereotypes and Acts of Discrimination against
People based on their Sex, and not on Individual Merits or Failures.

Eg. The Assumption that a Man is the Breadwinner in a House or even the Head of the Household is
Sexist when the only Criterion used to come to this Conclusion is that he is a Man. It is Difficult to
Identify Sexism in Daily Life because it is part of our Gender Socialisation.

2. Ageism: An Attitude towards Mainly the Elderly which Treats them as Objects with Little Worth. Eg.
Ageism Perpetuates the "Generation Gap" and Reduces the Possibility of Healthy, Mutually
Respectful Relations between the Generations.

The Older Generation has much to Contribute in Homes, Workplaces and Public Life based on their
Accumulated Knowledge, Experience and Wisdom. In effect, though, the Majority are Sidelined,
made to Retire and not seem as a Resource to Tap.

What Compounds this Problem is that Older Persons Tend to Accept the Prejudices which
Mainstream Society has about them. They Begin to Behave like Spectators to Life, Acting out a Self –
Fulfilling Prophecy.

3. Racism: Racism is the Negative (or Positive) Value Placed on a Group of People who belong to a
Particular Race or have a certain Skin Colour because they are Perceived to be Inferior (or Superior).

Creedism refers to any form of Prejudice, Stereotype or Act of Discrimination based on Religion.
Such Beliefs and Actions are based on the Idea that a Particular Religion is Inferior (or Superior). All
Countries Subscribe to Freedom of Religion as a Basic Human Right.

However, on a Personal Level, among Individuals there will be Examples of Religious Prejudices and
Stereotypes because of our Socialisation into Believing whatever Group we Belong to is Superior.

Eg. There is Centuries of Creedism Practised by the European Traditions, in which Christianity was
Thought to be Superior to the other Religions in the Land. The Removal of the Trinity Cross as
Trinidad and Tobago's Highest National Award was Largely a Response to the Objections of Hindu
Groups who Viewed it as a Christian Symbol.

4. Sexual Orientation: This refers to One's "Mating" Preferences. Bisexuality means Equality of
Preference for Men and Women as Sex Partners. Transgender People were either Born as Men and
are Changed into Women; usually by Surgical Operations.
Eg. One Case that made International Headlines in 2014 Concerned a Transgender 16 Year Old Jamaican
Named Dwayne who was Murdered after being Recognized at a Party in Female Dress. His Body was
Dumped in Bushes and his Murders have not been brought to Justice.

Worse still, for many Jamaicans, Dwayne was NOT the Victim of an Unprovoked Assault, but had
brought about his Own Death by Deceiving the Men whom he Danced with, until he was Unmasked by a
Woman Acquaintance (Marshall, 2014).

If a Person's Human Rights are taken away from them, there is Promotion of Exclusion rather than
Inclusion. There are certain Prominent Examples that can be Cited:

1. The Stern, Anti – Homosexual Position taken in Jamaica.

2. Racism and Race Politics.
3. Amerindians' Position.

Minorities are Groups that are Awarded an Inferior / Unequal Position and Negative Quality of Life. Any
kind of Minoritization Reduces Expansion of Choices, Equity, etc..

Overcoming Social Injustice: The Government must Play an Important Role to Empower People and
Restore Social Justice.

1. There Needs to be Positive Discrimination / Affirmative Action, ie, a Nation has to Try to Empower
so they have a Voice to Achieve Development.

2. A Government must Focus Attention on Groups such as the Disabled to make them more
Productive; by Giving them Mobility. Eg. In Trinidad and Tobago, Free Transportation in Buses for
Elderly. As a Society, we have Little Regard for Persons who are Differently Abled.

3. There has to be a Revision of Language. Eg. Using Sight Impaired instead of Blind. These Words are
Stereotypical and Riddled with Negatives.

4. A Government must Attempt to Empower Sick People. Eg. In Trinidad and Tobago, the
Government Instituted Chronic Disease Assistance Programme (CDAP). Thus, to Promote Social
Justice, there must be a Redistribution of Income. Eg. Use of Box Lunch for Poor.

5. A Government has to Institute Legislation to Protect the "At Risked" in Society.

6. In Recent Times, the AIDS Victims have Attracted Global Attention since it is Regarded as a
Pandemic. The UN has Provided Free, Anti – Retroviral Drugs, which Slows Down the Progression
of the HIV Virus. It may be Regarded that the Social Justice Paradigm Works in Parallel with the
Millennium Development Goals such as Eradicating Poverty, Hunger, HIV and Promoting Equity.