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GE 2 Midterm Exam Reviewer

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GE 2 – Midterm Exam Reviewer

Reading in Philippine History


Why do we need to study History?
• Meaning and relevance of history
• To figure out the causation in history (what actions caused such history or event)
• To learn the past because we hole the future in our hands.
When did history begin?
• When mankind learned how to write and keep a record knowledge.

Source – an object from the past on which historians depend in order to create their own
depiction of that past.

Kinds of Sources
1. Written Sources – Books, Magazines, Journals, Diary
2. Non-written Sources – Oral History, Pictures, Video Recordings, Artifacts, Fossils

Types of Sources
1. Primary Sources – document first hand experiences of the event.
• Personal interviews
• Journals/diaries
• First-hand experience (your personal experience)
• Government records (Land title, birth certificate, cedula, etc…)
• Photographs
• Videos (Vlog entries too)
• Maps, Art, Film archives, Artifacts

2. Secondary Sources – sources based on the primary sources.


• Textbooks
• Magazine articles (non-biographical)
• Assignments (even copy-paste ones)
• Heard a story from a friend of a friend

➢ Secondary sources can still be used for history writing.


➢ Rumor or “chismis” can be used as a source.
Role of the Historian
History (istoria)
- inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation.
- written documents written in the past.
Biases - personal, political, religious, personal idiosyncrasies.
Frame of Preference - a set of interlocking values, loyalties, assumptions, interests and
principles of actions.
➢ Historian is many times removed from the events under investigation.
➢ Historians rely on surviving records.
➢ History can change over time when presented with new evidence.
➢ History is not fiction.
➢ History not supported by evidence is worthless.
➢ Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of origin and identify
their intended functions.

Involves:
1. Selection of Subject
2. Collection of Sources
3. Examination of Genuineness
4. Extraction from Sources

➢ Test of Authenticity
- Determine the date of the document
- Determine the author (handwriting, signature, seal)
- Anachronistic style
- Anachronistic reference to events
- Provenance – determining genuineness
- Semantics – meaning of each text.
- Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities.

3 Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking


1. Sensitive to multiple causation
2. Sensitive to context
3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs
Prehistory – events that occurred before written records.
Sources:
1. Artifacts - anything made by humans.
• Stone, Wood, Bone, Shell, and Glass Tools
• Ceramics

❖ Ecofacts – natural objects that have been used or affected by humans.


❖ Fossil – remains of a prehistoric organism found inside a rock.
❖ Features – a different kind of artifact that cannot be easily removed from
archeological sites.

2. Folklore – manner, customs, observances, songs, traditions

➢ Before Present (BP) – years as a time scale in archeology.


➢ Before Common Era (BCE) – before current era.
➢ Before Christ (BC) – before 1 AD.

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