An

Industrial Training Report

on

“220 KV GSS, IG NAGAR, JAIPUR”

Submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Electrical Engineering

Session 2021-22
Submitted to-: Submitted by

Dept. of Electrical Engineering AARTI SHAH (18ESKEE701)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan
Ramnagaria, Jagatpura, Jaipur (RAJ.)

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 1

 CERTIFICATE

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 2

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“An engineer with only theoretical knowledge is not a complete engineer. Practical training is very
important to develop and apply engineer skills”. It is a technical report of practical training at
Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Prasaran Nigam LTD. It was of 30 days from 5/08/2021 to 5/09/2021and
taken at220KV G.S.S. IG Nagar,Jaipur .I feel immense pleasure in conveying my heartiest thanks
and deep sense of gratitude to Dr.Dhanraj Chitara, Head of the Elelectrical Engineering
Department of SKIT for his efforts and for technical as well as moral support.I feel indebted to
express my heartiest thanks and gratitude to Mr.Uday Singh Meena(XEn) and Mr.Inder Pal Meena
(AEn) for their valuable time ,learned guidance,kind,candid,wise and illuminating advice during
training period.I am also thankful to our instructors and other technical and non-technica staff ,for
helping in understanding the various aspects and constructional details of work and site in 220KV
G.S.S.IG Nagar,Jaipur.
It may not be possible for me to acknowledge the contribution of all my friends ,but I am thankful
to all those who came forward to help me .I express my sincere thanks to my colleagues and other
trainees for their valuable ideas and support during practical training.

Aarti Shah
7-EE-C
18ESKEE701

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 3

 CONTENT
Main Page i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Content iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
S. No. Chapter Name Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 4
2 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR 7
3 BUS BARS 9
4 INSULATOR 11
5 ISOLATORS 12
6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 14
7 PROTECTIVE RELAY 18
8 POWER TRANSFORMER 20
9 CURRENT TRANSFORMER 25
10 POTENTIAL TRANSFOMER 26
11 CVT 28
12 CONTROL ROOM 29
13 CAPACITOR BANK 32
14 PLCC 33
15 EARTHING SYSTEM 35
16 BATTERY ROOM 37
17 GIS 38
18 RATINGS 44
19 CONCLUSION 47
20 REFERENCE 48

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 4

 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Figure Name Page No.

Fig 1.1 Grid substation 7
Fig 1.2 Lightning Arrestor 11
Fig 1.3 Suspension Type 16
Insulator
Fig 1.4 Isolator 18
Fig 1.5 Circuit Breaker 21
Fig 1.6 Blast Circuit Breaker 22
Fig 1.7 Relay 24
Fig 1.8 Potential transformer 26
Fig 1.9 Radiator with fan 28
Fig 1.10 Buchholz’s Relay 28
Fig 1.11 Winding and oil Temp 30
Indicator
Fig 1.12 Silica gel Breather 31
Fig 1.13 Conservator 31
Fig 1.14 Current Transformer 33
Fig 1.15 Potential Transformer 35
Fig 1.16 Line Diagram 37
Fig 1.17 Control panel 39
Fig 1.18 Capacitor Bank 42
Fig 1.19 Wave Trap 43
Fig 1.20 Battery room 45
Fig 1.21 Plug and Switch 47
system
Fig 1.22 GIS component 49
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 5
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

1.1 Types of cooling 54
1.2 Impedance Voltage 54
1.3 Number of Phases 55
1.4 Load Losses 55
1.5 Current Transformer Rating 55
1.6 Potential Transformer Ratting 55

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 6

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric power
produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network of
transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power lines are
necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load centers to inter
connected. Power house for increased reliability of supply greater.The assembly of apparatus used
to change some characteristics(e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply
keeping the power constant is called a substation.

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and

distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and
may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Fig.1 - 220 KV GSS IGN

Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more transformers. In a
large substation, circuit breaker are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that
may occur on the network.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 7

Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be further subdivided:
(a) Outdoor substation
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Base or Underground substation

1.1) 220KV Grid Substation, Indira Gandhi Nagar:

Its part of RRVPNL. It is situated about 8km away from Jaipur. The power mainly comes from two
incoming feeders of 220KV (Heerapura) & 220KV (Bassi). The substation is equipped with various
equipments and there are various arrangements for the protection purpose. The equipments in the
GSS are listed previously. At this substation following feeders are established.
1. TIE FEEDERS
2. RADIAL FEEDERS
220KV GSS INDIRA GANDHI NAGAR is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution as
well it has not only step down but the distribution work The electrical work in a substation
comprises to:
1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.
2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of C.B.
5. Selection of lighting arrester [LA]
6. Selection of rating of power transformer
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightening stockes.

1.2 INCOMING FEEDERS:

1.220KVHeerapura
2.220KV Bassi
3. 220 KV Puranaghat (Dead)

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 8

 1.3 OUTGOING FEEDERS:
The outgoing feeders of 132KV are:
91. PURANAGHAT
2. SITAPURA
3. MNIT (Future Line- underconstruction) The outgoing feeders of 33KV
are:
1. JAGATPURA
2. MAHEL
3. INDIRA GANDHI NAGAR
4. BISALPUR
5. PRADHAN MARG
6.S/S SUPPLY
7. DEAD
Rajasthan RajyaVidyutPrasaran Nigam Limited (RRVPNL) a company under the Companies Act,
1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT
PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office at
VIDYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has been established on 19 July, 2000 by
Govt. of Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the
successor company of RSEB. The RERC has granted RRVPNL a license for transmission and bulk
supply vide RERC/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001 dated 30.
Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these customers. As a public utility
whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity to millions of electricity users,
RRVPNL has following duties and responsibilities:
• Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.
• Ensuring development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of intrastatetransmission of
electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
• Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of transmission charges

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 9

• Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any other authority is
established by the State Govt.
• Now RRVPNL is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company".

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 10

 CHAPTER 2
LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Fig. 3- Lightning arrester

A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line and earth i.e.
in parallel with the over headline, HV equipments and substation to be protected. It is a safety valve
which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching over voltages at the substations, over
headlines and HV equipments and provides a low resistance path for the surge current to flow to
the ground. The practice is also to install lightning arresters at the incoming terminals of the line.

All the electrical equipments must be protected from the severe damages of lightning strokes. The
techniques can be studied under:-

Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.

Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke.

Protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves.

2.1) Types of Arrestors:-

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 11
 2.1.1) Rod/sphere gap:-It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided
across the stack of Insulators to permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are
impressed of the system.

2.1.2) Expulsion type LA:-It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber
tube capable of producing a gas when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the arc
through the bottom electrode.

2.1.3) Valve type LA:-It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non
linear resistor. The divided spark gap consists of a no. of similar elements, each
of it two electrode across which are connected high resistor.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 12

 CHAPTER 3

BUS BARS
Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders operating at
same voltage have to be connected.If the bus bars are of rigid type(Aluminum types) the structure
height are low and minimum clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable
ACSR conductor are strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages. In
the widely used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size
of conductor used.

Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus bars would
effect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators. Clamps or even
effect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions.

The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition damaging
the bus bars itself.

3.1) BUS BAR ARRENGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPE

WHICH IS BEING ADOPTED BY R.R.V.P.N.L.:-
3.1.1) Single bus bar arrangement

3.1.2) Double bus bar arrangement

a) Main bus with transformer bus

b) Main bus-I with main bus-II

3.1.3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

3.1)SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :

This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.
1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.
2. Extension of the sub-station without a shutdown is not possible.

3.1.1) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :

1. Each load may be fed from either bus.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 13

 2. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed from
operational consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on
each bus separately.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.
The normal bus selection insulators cannot be used for breaking load currents. The
arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of supply.

3.1.2) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS CONTAINS MAIN BUS

WITH AUXILARY BUS :

The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main
and transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever maintenance is required on any
breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler
breaker.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 14

 CHAPTER 4

INSULATOR
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the ground
so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The insulators are connected
to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power conductor passes through the clamp of the
insulator. The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and
thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have the
following desirable properties:

• High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
• High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to earth.
• High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is high.
• High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.
These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly come type
insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if available indigenously.
The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in any part of
the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct
contact with a hard metal screw thread.

4.1) TYPE OF INSULATORS:

4.1.1: Pin type
4.1.2: Suspension type
4.1.3: Strain insulator

Fig. 5-Suspension type insulator

Insulators, generally used in GSS, is suspension type insulator.

SUSPENSION TYPE:Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain disc
connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its working voltage is 66KV.
Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 15

 CHAPTER 5

ISOLATORS
“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition. These are
normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain portion when required
for maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc. "Switching
Isolators" are capable of
• Interrupting transformer magnetized currents
• Interrupting line charging current
• Load transfer switching

Fig. 7- Isolators

Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible to
switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most common type of isolators is
the rotating centre pots type in which each phase has three insulator post, with the outer posts

carrying fixed contacts and connections while the centre post having contact arm which is arranged
to move through 90` on its axis.
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 16
The following interlocks are provided with isolator:
a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.
b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.
c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus.
d) No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 17

 CHAPTER 6
CIRCUIT BREAKER
The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to prevent or limit
damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the remainder of the system.
This is accomplished by dividing the system into protective zones separated by circuit breakers.
During a fault, the zone which includes the faulted apparatus is de-energized and disconnected from
the system. In addition to its protective function, a circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching
under normal conditions.

Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and having
circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to restrict the amount of
system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a single transformer, line section, machine,
or bus section. However, economic considerations frequently limit the number of circuit breakers
to those required for normal operation and some compromises result in the relay protection.

Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton), Mitsubishi Electric,
Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba, Končar HVS and others.

Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the breaking
mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at earth potential. High-voltage AC
circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765,000 volts.

6.1) Various types of circuit breakers:-

6.1.1) SF6 Circuit Breaker

6.1.2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
6.1.3) Oil Circuit Breaker
6.1.4) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB)
6.1.5) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breakers, generally used in GSS, are SF6 and Air blast circuit breaker .
1) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 18

 Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching medium. It has
been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-insulated switchgear (GIS),
high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated transmission lines. In SF6 breakers the contacts
are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. At the moment the contacts are opened, a small amount of
gas is compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish it.

Fig. 8-SF6 Circuit Breaker

2) AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at high
pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the ionized
hot gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased. Consequently the
arc may be interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of breaker, the contacts
are surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is
released in forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the
process.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 19

 Fig. 9-Air Blast Circuit Breaker

Advantages:
An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit breaker:
• The risk of fire is eliminated
• The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates with
successive operations; the expense of regular oil is replacement is avoided
• The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc extinction is very
small. this reduces the size of device
• The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build up of dielectric strength between contacts.
Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit breakers, thus resulting in less burning
of contacts
• Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions where frequent
operation is required
• The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is independent of the
current to be interrupted.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 20

 Disadvantages:
Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties.
• Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of restriking voltage.
• Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the air blast
• Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations. Majority of
circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 21

 CHAPTER 7
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is
required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault and
take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system. The most
common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and currents at the
terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. The fundamental
problem in power system protection is to define the quantities that can differentiate between normal
and abnormal conditions. This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the present
sense means outside the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the greatest significance in
designing a secure relaying system, dominates the design of all protection systems.

Fig. 10-Relays

7.1) Distance Relays:

Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location. The
impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay
location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current
varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over current relays become

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 22

difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is constant for
a wide variety of changes external to the protected line.

7.2)Types of Distance relay:-

7.2.1) Impedance Relay:

The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centred. It is non directional and is used
primarily as a fault detector.
7.2.2) Admittance Relay:
The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in
pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. In the electromechanical
design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to correspond to the
transmission line impedance.
7.2.3) Reactance Relay:
The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of
the protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a
tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly
useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the
line length.

CHAPTER 8

POWER TRANSFORMER
For stepping up or down the system voltage, power transformers are used in the substations. At
generating end, the voltage is only stepped up for transmission of power while at all the subsequent
substations the voltage is gradually stepped down to reach finally to working voltage level.General
natural cooled, oil immersed, two winding, three phase transformers upto the rating of 10 MVA are
installed upon length of rails fixed on concrete slabs having foundations 1 to 15m deep . For more
than 10 MVA ratings, forced oil, water cooling and air blast cooling type may be used. The tap
changers are used for regulating the voltage of transformers.

8.1) Windings:

Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall be made in
dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and power frequency
voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported between adjacent sections
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 23
by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and other insulation used in assembly of the winding
shall be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the winding.
All windings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be fully insulated. Tapping
shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the transformer at all voltage ratio. All
leads from the windings to the terminal board and bushing shall be rigidly supported to prevent
injury from vibration short circuit stresses.

8.2) Tanks and fittings:

Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of adequate
thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye penetration testing.

At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be provided for
easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts surrounding the conductor of
individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank body including tap changing compartment,
radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum.

8.3) Cooling Equipments:

FACTS AND IMPORTANCE OF TRANSFORMER COOLING

• Needed to maintain and regulate the proper cooling for the core and coil assembly of the
transformer.
• Heat is directly related to moisture
• Paper insulation is destroyed by heat and moisture
• The life expectancy of a transformer is largely based on moisture and heat management.
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 24
Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below:

(a.) Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom
(80mm size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a drain and
sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and outlet.

(b.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause undue
vibration. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan shall be suitably
protected by galvanized wire guard.

Fig-Radiator with fan

8.4) Transformer Accessories:

8.4.1) Buchholz Relay:

This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space attop.
This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and maintank. This is the
most dependable protection for a given transformer.
Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside the transformersgives
rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm. There is aglass window
with marking to read the volume of gas collected in the relay. Any majorfault in transformer
creates a surge and the surge element in the relay trips thetransformer. Size of the relay
varies with oil volume in the transformer and themounting angle also is specified for proper
operation of the relay.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 25

 Fig. 13-Buchholz Relay

8.4.2) Temperature Indicators:

Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided withindicators that
displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There arethermometers pockets provided
in the tank top cover which hold the sensingbulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that of
the top oil, where as the windingtemperature measurement is indirect.

This is done by adding the temperature risedue to the heat produced in a heater coil (known
as image coil) when a currentproportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that
or top oil. For properfunctioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers
pocket clean andfilled with oil.

Fig. 14-Winding and oil temperature indicator

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 26
 8.4.3) Silica Gel Breather:

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only
through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the
conservator air surface.

Fig. 15-Silica gel Breather

8.4.4) Conservator:

With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. To
account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a
connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere
through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an air bag is
mounted inside the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the
breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.

Fig. 16-Conservator with Buchholz relay and tank [ref.-6]

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 27

 CHAPTER 9

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary current
passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A, 240A, 300A,
400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.
Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing mounting CT’s on
leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and base should be earthed properly.
Care should be taken so that there should be no strain as the terminals.
When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes
where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection
/metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit remaining opens as it leads to
extremely high voltage which ultimately damages the CT itself

Fig. 17-Current Transformers

It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for the
operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or for power
transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in series with the
conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary winding is thus
insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 28

 CHAPTER 10

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower value,
which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter.

Fig.18-Potential Transformer

The voltage transformers are classified as under:

• Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
• Electromagnetic type.
Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high
voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it
becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to be
made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide
application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone
communication purpose.

The capacitance type voltage transformers are of twp type:

• Coupling Capacitor type

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 29

 • Pushing Type
The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and magnitude of
connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic voltage transformer when
the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.

The carrier current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT. There by there is no
need of separate coupling capacitor. The capacitor connected in series act like potential dividers,
provided, the current taken by burden is negligible compared with current passing through the series
connected capacitor.

CVT as coupling capacitor for carrier current application:

The carrier current equipments is connected to the power line via coupling capacitor. The coupling
CVT combines the function of coupling and voltage transformer.

CHAPTER 11

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra
high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply
frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal
for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary
terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically singlephase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage
transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack
of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors
that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor,
C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 30

The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably
shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are available
for system voltage.

CHAPTER 12

CONTROL ROOM
In IGN GSS not only remote control carry the appropriate mean by which circuit breaker
may be open or close but also indicating device, indicating lamps ,isolating switches,
protective relays, secondary circuit and wires are located here and most important ”no load
tap changer” for transformer is available. There is a panel for synchronizing. Different panel
are located at different stages and on each control panel switch is provided on the board
.Colors of signals are synchronized as follows:
1 Red - For circuit breaker or isolator switch is in closed position.
2 Green - For circuit breaker is in open condition.
3 Amber - Indicates abnormal condition.
There are different relays located.

ANNOUNCING SECTION
This section is always checked by shift incharge. If any faults or any relays moves from L.T.
alarms swings and type of fault is indicated on the announcing box. The most important
section is indicated by announcing box. The most important section is transformer controller
section, winding temperature indicator, tap position selector is situated on control panel. A
control engineer controls loading of various lines, outgoing feeders, synchronizing the
indicating lines with bus bar.

CONTROL & RELAY PANEL

The arrangement of control and relay power is such that the indicating apparatus is clearly
visible from control panel. These respective panels are provided for control and indicating
equipment. Relay and recording equipment, the synchronizing switch is put to auto position
when condition of synchronism is satisfied. The white lamp on the top indicating
”synchronizing relay operated” glow and C.B. is auto automatically closed when bus bar is
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 31
dead there is no need of synchronizing in that case line is directly connected to bus bar by
pulling a switch marked dead bus to ON position.

EVENT LOGGER
To work in control room contain work are automated with computer based control system
.By facilitate the operator locating identification and reporting fault information is required.

 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA AQUISITION SYSTEM

(SCADA)
For power system operation and control includes
• Data collection system
• Data transmission telemetric equipment
• Data monitoring equipment
• Main machine interface
Data collection equipment as data logger collects the primary data from source and converts
it into suitable form of information and then transmitting and processing data logger records
and rating from different location in this plant. Data logger is designed for plant performance
computation for logical analysis of alarm condition, thus minimizing possible confusion
during emergency.
The intervals of recording are selected by letters of a deal of a push button on the data
logger, which is 1 hour. The input scanner is an automatic sequence switch, which select
each signal in turn transducers are used to converts original signal into suitable electric form
for the input of scanner. It is converted into high signals.

SCANNING AND INDICATION

The automatic control necessities a series and checks at regular intervals, which provided
indications whether and when appropriate action is to be indicated. The scanning gives
necessary data regarding the values of various input variables. The decision regarding
follow up section is taken according to the program.

CRT DISPLAY
The operation in the control room needs information regarding parameters and configuration
according to the feeders. It Is divided into many parts.
1. Indication system
2. Control switches
3. Relay section
4. Meter section
5. Announcing section
6. DC supply system
7. Transformer control unit

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 32

 INDICATING SYSTEM
It is used to indicate total load, bus bar voltage, indication of C.B., isolator position lever
type arrangement for opening and closing of C.B. and isolator. A relay indicates position of
C.B. close or open.

RELAY SECTION
This section indicates the position of different relay at different feeders. Fault in any feeder
is denoted by corresponding relay that gives alarm signals.

MASTER RELAY
This relay gives the signal to the trip coil of C.B. and thus faults feeder is disconnected from
supply.

METER SECTION
This includes a different type of meter .One network CRT display provides operator with
following information whenever he works. Two type of display includes • Tabulated values
of parameter
• Measured values and computed characteristic symbolic representation of equipment states
usually in the forms of diagram of substation.

MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:

12.1.1) ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted, energy meters are fitted to the
panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly for
it MWHr, meter is provided.

12.1.2) WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from GSS.

12.1.3) FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the provision
of analog or digital frequency meter.

12.1.4) VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also available
in both the analog and digital frequency meter.

12.1.5) AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the forms
analog as well as digital.

12.1.6) MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel to
record the average power over successive predetermined period.

12.1.7) MVAR METER: It measures the reactive power of the circuit.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 33

 Fig: Control Panel

CHAPTER 13

CAPACITOR BANK
The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation problem
frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of course with
in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the system shunt capacitor
are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 34

 Fig. 20-Capacitor Bank

Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces the reactive
current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of installation.
1 .Increased voltage level at the load
2. Reduced system losses
3. Increase power factor of loading current

CHAPTER 14

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also a backbone of any
power stations. Communication between various generating and receiving station is very essential
for proper operation ofpower system. This is more in case of large interconnected system where a
control leads dispatch station has to co-ordinate the working of various unit to see that the system
is maintained in the optimum working condition, power line communication is most economic
and reliable method of communication for medium and long distance in power network.

14.1) Wave Trap:

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 35

 Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to
the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor
and LMU).

Fig. 21-Wave Trap

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among
various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.

The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION SIGNALS thus
obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there were not to be there, then
signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 36

 CHAPTER 15

EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM

The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason.
• In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for as voltage, are concerned do not
attain dangerously high potential.
• In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential
of circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on: •

Shape and material of earth electrode used.
• Depth in the soil.
Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.

15.1) PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:

Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal with more
faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low enough to prevent voltage rise
between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must be driven in to the ground to a sufficient depth
to as to obtain lower value of earth resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of
electrodes are inserted in the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The
resistance of earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the several
point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. The earth electrode is metal
plate copper is used for earth plate.

15.2) NEUTRAL EARTHING:

Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded neutral. Grounding
of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of generator transformer is connected to earth
directly or through a reactance in some cases the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable
reactor of reactance matched with the line.

• The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 37

 • The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.
The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds unbalanced voltages
with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement of the system.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 38

 CHAPTER 16

BATTERY ROOM

In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signalling remote position control, alarm circuit
etc. Direct current can be obtained from 440volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of ac
failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifier supply.

Fig. 22-Battery Room Battery

System:
The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of sulphuric acid and distilled water as
electrolytes. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at temperature of 30C.In the battery
room batteries are mounted on wooden stand. The cells are installed stand by porcelain.
Following precautions are taken in a battery room:
• The conductor connecting the cells are greased and coated with electrolyte resisting varnish.
• Proper care is taken so that acid vapours do not accumulate in the room to avoid risk of
explosion, smoking, winding etc.
• The windows of battery are of forested glass to avoid the batteries from direct action of sun
light.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 39

 CHAPTER17

GIS (Gas Insulated Substation)

The increasing demand of electrical power in cities and industrial centers necessitates the
installation of a compact and efficient distribution and transmission network. High voltage gas
insulated switchgear (GIS) is ideal for such applications.
The range of application of SF₆Gas Insulated Switchgear extends from voltage ratings of 72.5 kV
up to 800 kV with breaking currents of up to 63 kA, and in special cases up to 80 kA. Both small
transformer substations and large load-center substations can be designed with GIS technology. The
distinctive advantages of SF₆Gas Insulated Switchgear are: compact, low weight, high reliability,
safety against touch contact, low maintenance and long life. Extensive in-plant preassembly and
testing of large units and complete bays reduces assembly and commissioning time on the
construction site. GIS equipment is usually of modular construction. All components such as bus-
bars, disconnectors, circuit-breakers, instrument transformers, cable terminations and joints are
contained in earthed enclosures filled with sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF₆).

Sulfur hexaflouride (SF6)

It is an inert, nontoxic, colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable
gas consisting of a sulfur atom surrounded by and tightly bonded to six flourine atoms. It is about
five times as dense as air. SF6 is used in GIS at pressures from 400 to 600 kPa absolute. The pressure
is chosen so that the SF6 will not condense into a liquid at the lowest temperatures the equipment
experiences. SF6 has two to three times the insulating ability of air at the same pressure. SF6 is about
100 times better than air for interrupting arcs. It is the universally used interrupting medium for
high voltage circuit breakers, replacing the older mediums of oil and air. SF6 decomposes in the
high temperature of an electric arc, but the decomposed gas recombines back into SF6 so well that
it is not necessary to replenish the SF6 in GIS.

ADVANTAGES:

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 40

Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) that uses compresses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas overcomes
many of the limitations of the conventional open type AIS, as it offers the following advantages:
(1) The space occupied by the switchgear is greatly reduced.
(2) It is totally unaffected by atmospherically conditions such as polluted or saline air in industrial
and coastal areas, or desert climates.
(3) It possesses a high degree of operational reliability and safety to personal.
(4) It is easier to install in difficult site conditions ( e.g. on unstable ground or in seismically active
areas)
(5) In addition to having a dielectric strength much greater than that of air, SF6 has the advantages
of being nontoxic and non flammable.

GIS COMPONENTS:

In GIS all live parts are enclosed in compressed gas system which is divided into a number of
compartments. This division enables the isolation of one compartment for maintenance or repair
purpose while the other compartments remain pressurized. In figure below the single-line diagram
of a double bus-bar arrangement is shown.
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 41
In figure below the diagram shows a typical gas GIScircuit breakerBay. Basic components that
make up any one GIS bay are as follow:
1. Circuit Breaker
2. Disconnectors
3. Earthing Switch
4. Current Transformer
5. Voltage Transformers
6. Cables Compartment
7. Control Cubical

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 42

 CHAPTER-17
PASS (Plug and Switch System)
The term “Hybrid” refers to the combination of both conventional air insulated switchgear (AIS)
and the newer SF6 metal-clad insulated switchgear (GIS), which takes advantage of the two different
technologies. The Hybrid switchgear solution uses already existing, tried-and-tested gas insulated
switching components but also a conventional and very reliable AIS bus to connect the various
hybrid modules. All the functions (except the ring type current transformers) are sealed in a single
SF6 gas insulated housing:
• Circuit Breaker
• Disconnectors
• Earth switches
• Cable sealing ends
• Fast earthing switches
• SF6 VTs or voltage sensor
• Control and protection cabinet

PASS could also be called “Performance and Save Space” as any substation layout can be obtained
by making efficient use of the available space.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 43

ADVANTAGES
PASS combines all the typical functions of a complete AIS bay for electrical substations with
voltage ratings of up to 245 kV in a unit whose volume is comparable to that of a conventional
circuit-breaker of equal class. It takes advantage and widens the scope of the operating philosophy
of the PASS series whose dominating factors, those that have dictated the product‟s success with

more than 2000 systems sold throughout the world, is briefly outlined below:
1. Relatively inexpensive AIS bus bar.
• Yet traditionally highly reliable.

2. All live contacts in SF6.

• Experience has shown that AIS disconnector switch contacts require relatively high levels of
maintenance whereas the experience with GIS has been exactly the opposite.
• SF6 technology means less ongoing maintenance.
• Highly reliable equipment leading to a lower global life cycle cost.

3. Fewer switching elements.

• Use of highly reliable GIS style switches allows the switching elements to be rationalized

4. Per-tested in Factory also for earthquake.

5. Competitive installation cost.

• time on site minimized
• less risk of delay due to adverse site conditions
• less demand for skilled resources at site

6. High degree of factory assembly.

• Higher quality finished bay than if it was assembled under site conditions

7. Facilitates monitoring / on-line diagnostics

• Integrated nature of the plant facilitates the introduction of electronic monitoring and on-line
remote diagnostic analysis

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 44

8. Modularization of the substations.
• savings during the design and construction phases
• minimal variations using standardized components
• less risk of design errors
• higher confidence in project estimation as costs are predictable

That means:
• Very high reliability and availability of the substation
• Drastic reductions in the time needed to install the equipment
• Much less space required
• Simplified substation layout
• Less maintenance required (maintenance on demand)
• Very good cost performance for purchasing, maintenance, operation, outage and relocation
• Environmentally friendly: recycling / disposal at end of life

9. Gas Density Control

Each PASS pole has a single gas compartment. Since the dielectric strength of the switchgear and
the breaking capacity of the SF6 circuit-breaker depend on the density of the SF6 gas, a gas density
relay is installed to control gas density and detect leakage.

CHAPTER 18
RATINGS

17.1) TRANSFORMER:
Total No. of transformers = 4No. of transformers
220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 45
 132/33 KV--------------------------------------50MVA 2

MAKE Company
220/133 KV, 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------- TELK
220/133KV, 100 MVA X-Mer 2---------------------------------- ALSTOM
132/33 KV,20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------- TELK 132/33
KV,40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R

For 220KV/132KV, 100MVA ,3-PHASE,50HZ,AUTO-TRANSFORMER

Type of cooling ONAN ONAF ODAF

Rated power MVA 50 70 100

HV,IV&LV 16.66 23.33 33.33

Rated Voltage HV 200

IV KV 132

LV 11

Rated line HV 131.37 183.92 262.74

current
IV A 218.95 306.53 437.90

HV 875.45 1225.96 1751.44

Impedence Voltage HV-IV 12.17

(Normal Tap) HV-LV % 37.04
At 100MVA IV-LV 22.70
No. of phases 3

Max. Temp. ‘C 40

Ambient of 50’C Top oil avg. wdg 55

Load Loss KW AT TAP 1 AT TAP 9 AT TAP 21

173.4 154.9 232.7

OLTC HV side IV side

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 46

TAP Connect Line Line current (A) Line Line Current (A)
Position voltage(KV) Voltage
3TO 15TO ONAN ONAF ODAF (KV) ONAN ONAF ODAF
50MVA 70MVA 100MVA 50MVA 70MVA 100MVA
1Max 4 14 242.00 119.43 167.20 238.86
2 13 239.25
3 12 236.50
4 11 233.75
5 10 231.00
6 9 228.25
7 8 225.50
8 7 222.75
9NOR 6 220.00
10 5 217.25 132.00 218.95 306.53 407.90
11 4 214.50
11a 14 3 214.50
11b 14 214.50
11c 13 211.75
12 12 209.00
13 11 206.25
14 10 203.50
15 9 200.75
16 8 198.00
17 7 195.25
18 6 192.50
19 5 189.75
MIN 4 187

CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATING

Ratio Acc. Burden Knee Point Exciting Max. Sec. Purpose

Class (VA) Voltage Current Resistance
ATVK(mA) 75’C(ohms)
1VCT - 5 R.E.F.
CORE1 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
1VCT1
- 5

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 47

1WCT CORE2 600/1 PS 1000 60 Differential
Protection
1VCT2 309/2 3 30 - - - WTI

2VCT - 5 R.E.F.
CORE1 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
2VCT1
- 5 Differential
CORE2 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
2WCT

2VCT2 438/2 3 30 - - - WTI

NVCT - 5 R.E.F.
CORE1 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
NVCT1
- 5 Differential
CORE2 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
NWCT

NCT CORE1 600/1 PS - 1000 60 5 R.E.F.

Protection
CORE2 600/1 PS - 1000 60 5 Differential
Protection

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Secondary V/R(KV) VA Class Primary Secondary Purpose
Winding Terminals Terminals
I 11/0.110 50 0.5/3P A2B2C2N a2b2c2 Measurement
II 11/0.110 50 3P - da2-dn Protection

BATTERY CHARGER:
Battery Charger – 220AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.
440AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.

CONCLUSION
Training at 220KV GSS IG Nagar, Jaipur gives the insight of the real instruments used. There are
many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC, bus bars, capacitor bank,
insulator, isolators, control room, Battery room etc.
Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 48
What is the various problem seen in substation while handling this instruments.

There are various occasion when relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down,
which has been heard previously. To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things
manage all is learned there. Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and
experience building and the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future
ahead a better way.

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 49

REFERENCES
1. B.R.GUPTA (2005), “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN” P122, P123,

S.Chand& Company Ltd.

2. ASHFAQ HUSSAIN (2005), “ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM” P79, P501, P516,

CBS publisher and distributors.

3. V.K.MEHTA (2002), “POWER SYSTEM” P447, P483, P507, P527, P555,

S.Chand&Company Ltd.

4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/cvt.png

5. http://images.google.co.in/(Equipment’s name)

6. www.browzen.com/relay

7. www.electrical-engineering-portal.com

Department of Electrical Engineering,SKIT Page 50