AutoCAD Mechanical Engineering

Basics and Exercise Book

Mr. Shashi Kant

“Engineering Drawing is the language of
the Engineer”

“Your Future is Created by What you do

today not tomorrow”
By Robert Kiyosaki

ScheDio CAD Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

In Front of Baluni Classes, Office No.-3, 2nd Floor,
Shivam Center Point NH-2, Mauza Kakretha
Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Mobile No.-8826548966, 7409156156
Toll Free Number- 1800 274 3360
 Preface of Book

To inspire the standard of present technologies of Indian Industries , An organization has set up a office
and training Institute equipped with state of art higher end machines interfaced with computer hardware
which simplifies the process of high precision output products and enhance the level of Indian industries
up the great extent by producing highly skilled technocrat and increase skill level of Engineers.

The reason for CAD/CAM is to synchronize the youthful and eager specialized specialists with the need of
present more quickly developing advancements.

AutoCAD is a general purpose design and drafting tool for various kind of Engineering field e.g.
Mechanical , Civil ,Electrical Architecture , Tool , Chemical etc.It contains all the field for drafting and
designing to enhance the creation , production and reproduction with great accuracy.

The Short term training on AutoCAD is interactive teaching program on computers will make you to
conversant with AutoCAD Level-1 (1st – 2ndweek) commands related to drafting which describe all feature
of AutoCAd commands and 2D Drawings.In AutoCAD Level-2 (3rd – 4th Week ) You will under go
advance training where you will come across Isometric and 3D Solid Modeling.

At the end of the course you will be put on hands on training to make you conversant with all commands
of AutoCAD by taking you through lots of excercises which covers the basic ideas of designing and drafting
of 2D and 3D solid modeling.
 Contents
S.No. Exercise No. Page No.

1 Introduction 1-2
Advantage of AutoCAD 3
2

3 First and Third Angle Projection 4

4 Drawing Sheet Sizes 5

5 AutoCAD Shortcuts Keys 6-10

7 Commands of AutoCAD with Shortcuts 11-19

8 Basic Drawing Commands for AutoCAD 20-33

9 Important Formats 34-35

10 Exercise-1 36

11 Exercise-2 37
12 Exercise-3 38

13 Exercise-4 39

14 Exercise-5 40

15 Exercise-6 41

16 Exercise-7 42

17 Exercise-8 43

18 Exercise-9 44

19 Exercise-10 45

20 Quick Test-1 46

21 Exercise-11 47

22 Exercise-12 48

23 Exercise-13 49

24 Exercise-14 50

25 Exercise-15 51

26 Exercise-16 52

27 Exercise-17 53

28 Exercise-18 54

29 Exercise-19 55

30 Exercise-20 56
31 Quick Test-2 57

32 Exercise-21 58

33 Exercise-22 59

34 Exercise-23 60

35 Exercise-24 61

36 Exercise-25 62

37 Exercise-26 63

38 Exercise-27 64

39 Exercise-28 65

40 Exercise-29 66

41 Exercise-30 67

42 Quick Test 3 68
 Introduction of AutoCAD
Before the introduction of AutoCAD, nearly every drawing produced in the world was done with the pencil
or ink on paper. CAD has fundamentally changed the way design is done. AutoCAD is developed and
marketed by Autodesk Inc. It is founded by John Walker in 1982.

AutoCAD software allows the users to effective conceptualization of ideas, simple modification of
engineering designs, and use of varied fonts, colures, and textures & other aesthetic features, rapid design
calculations, and so on. AutoCAD is the Computer Aided Design (CAD) application that supports both 2D
and 3D formats. Typically it bridges the gap between imagination and execution, as designs can be made,
modified, and enhanced in electronic form.

In early days AutoCAD is used as a drafting tool, later it become design tool after releases of its various
version. AutoCAD is used across wide range of industries by Architects, Project Managers, Engineers,
Graphic Designer and other professionals.

Uses of AutoCAD software include manufacturing, automotive technology and engineering, to create
blueprints for buildings, bridges, interior design of house.

It utilizes CAD principles in the modeling of manufactured goods, machines, urban infrastructure and even
fashion design.

CAD system in general consist of-

CAD user- Human (Knowledge)

CAD Hardware (CPU, Memory, Storage, Keyboard, Mouse, Optical pen, Modem, Digitizer, Tablet, Printer
Plotter etc.)

CAD Software
Autodesk started their first CAD system- AutoCAD in 1982, since its introduction, it has released various
version time to time.

Versions of AutoCAD-
The first version AutoCAD-1.0 got launched back in the year 1982. The application was considered to be
the first of its own kind and has exclusive features. From that point onwards, Autodesk Inc. had launched
various updated versions of AutoCAD on frequent Intervals.

Official Name Version Release Date of release

AutoCAD Version 1.0 1.0 1 1982, December
AutoCAD Version 1.2 1.2 2 1983, April
AutoCAD Version 1.3 1.3 3 1983, August
AutoCAD Version 1.4 1.4 4 1983, October
AutoCAD Version 2.0 2.0 5 1984, October
AutoCAD Version 2.1 2.1 6 1985, May
AutoCAD Version 2.5 2.5 7 1986, June
AutoCAD Version 2.6 2.6 8 1987, April
1
AutoCAD Release 9 9.0 9 1987, September
AutoCAD Release 10 10.0 10 1988, October
AutoCAD Release 11 11.0 11 1990, October
AutoCAD Release 12 12.0 12 1992, June
AutoCAD Release 13 13.0 13 1994, November
AutoCAD Release 14 14.0 14 1997, February
AutoCAD 2000 15.0 15 1999, March
AutoCAD 2000i 15.1 16 2000, July
AutoCAD 2002 15.6 17 2001, June
AutoCAD 2004 16.0 18 2003, March
AutoCAD 2005 16.1 19 2004, March
AutoCAD 2006 16.2 20 2005, March
AutoCAD 2007 17.0 21 2006, March
AutoCAD 2008 17.1 22 2007, March
AutoCAD 2009 17.2 23 2008, March
AutoCAD 2010 18.0 24 2009, March 24
AutoCAD 2011 18.1 25 2010, March 25
AutoCAD 2012 18.2 26 2011, March 22
AutoCAD 2013 19.0 27 2012, March 27
AutoCAD 2014 19.1 28 2013, March 26
AutoCAD 2015 20.0 29 2014, March 27
AutoCAD 2016 20.1 30 2015, March 23
AutoCAD 2017 21.0 31 2016, March 21

Characteristics of AutoCAD-
AutoCAD is perhaps the best known and leading Computer Aided Design software, widely employed in
industry such as aerospace, shipbuilding, construction & interior, making the work of drafters, modelers
and designers easy and handy.

2
 Advantage of AutoCAD
Accuracy-
Drawings made by using AutoCAD are more accurate due to great precision work provided by the software.

Easy Edit-
In AutoCAD if you need to change something, you can simply point and click to make the changes you want.

Neatness and Legibility-

Drawings made by using AutoCAD system are neat and clean, better legibility is accomplished by using
different colors, thickness and line styles, color graphics help to display more distinct information on the
screen and highlight certain important feature.

Easy Access-
With AutoCAD technology, you can save your drawing on a remote server and then access it from any
computer or internet connected device, so there is no need to carry your materials around with you.

Time Saving-
AutoCAD allows to save substantial amount of time over manual drawings.

3
First and Third Angle Projection

4
Drawing Sheet Sizes

5
AutoCAD Shortcuts Keys

6
7
Q QSAVE / Saves the current drawing.
A ARC / Creates an arc.
Z ZOOM / Increases or decreases the magnification of the view in the current viewport.
W WBLOCK / Writes objects or a block to a new drawing file.
S STRETCH / Stretches objects crossed by a selection window or polygon.
X EXPLODE / Breaks a compound object into its component objects.
E ERASE / Removes objects from a drawing.
D DIMSTYLE / Creates and modifies dimension styles.
H HATCH / Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill.
J JOIN / Joins similar objects to form a single, unbroken object.
M MOVE / Moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction.
I INSERT / Inserts a block or drawing into the current drawing.
O OFFSET / Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves.
L LINE / Creates straight line segments.
P PAN / Adds a parameter with grips to a dynamic block definition.
C CIRCLE / Creates a circle.
R REDRAW / Refreshes the display in the current viewport.
F FILLET / Rounds and fillets the edges of objects.
V VIEW / Saves and restores named views, camera views, layout views, and preset views.
T MTEXT / Creates a multiline text object.
G GROUP / Creates and manages saved sets of objects called groups.
B BLOCK / Creates a block definition from selected objects.

Toggle General Features

Ctrl+d Toggle coordinate display
Ctrl+g Toggle Grid
Ctrl+e Cycle isometric planes
Ctrl+f Toggle running object snaps
Ctrl+h Toggle Pick Style
Ctrl+Shift+h Toggle Hide pallets
Ctrl+i Toggle Coords
8
Ctrl+Shift+i Toggle Infer Constraints

Toggle Drawing Modes

F1 Display Help
F2 Toggle text screen
F3 Toggle object snap mode
F4 Toggle 3DOsnap
F5 Toggle Isoplane
F6 Toggle Dynamic UCS
F7 Toggle grid mode
F8 Toggle ortho mode
F9 Toggle snap mode
F10 Toggle polar mode
F11 Toggle object snap tracking
F12 Toggle dynamic input mode

Manage Screen
Ctrl+0 (zero) Clean Screen
Ctrl+1 Property Palette
Ctrl+2 Design Center Palette
Ctrl+3 Tool Palette
Ctrl+4 Sheet Set Palette
Ctrl+6 DBConnect Manager
Ctrl+7 Markup Set Manager Palette
Ctrl+8 Quick Calc
Ctrl+9 Command Line

Manage Workflow
Ctrl+c Copy object
Ctrl+x Cut object
Ctrl+v Paste object
Ctrl+Shift+c Copy to clipboard with base point
9
Ctrl+Shift+v Paste data as block
Ctrl+z Undo last action
Ctrl+y Redo last action
Ctrl+[ Cancel current command (or ctrl+\)
ESC Cancel current command

Manage Drawings
Ctrl+n New Drawing
Ctrl+s Save drawing
Ctrl+o Open drawing
Ctrl+p Plot dialog box
Ctrl+Tab Switch to next
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Switch to previous drawing
Ctrl+Page Up Switch to previous tab in current drawing
Ctrl+Page Down Switch to next tab in current drawing
Ctrl+q Exit
Ctrl+a Select all objects

10
 Commands of AutoCAD with Shortcuts
A
A ARC / Creates an arc.
AA AREA / Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas.
ADC ADCENTER / Manages and inserts content such as blocks, xrefs, and hatch patterns.
AL ALIGN / Aligns objects with other objects in 2D and 3D.
AP APPLOAD / Load Application.
AR ARRAY / Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern.
ARR ACTRECORD / Starts the Action Recorder.
ARM ACTUSERMESSAGE / Inserts a user message into an action macro.
ARU ACTUSERINPUT / Pauses for user input in an action macro.
ARS ACTSTOP / Stops the Action Recorder and provides the option of saving the recorded actions to an
action macro file.
ATI ATTIPEDIT / Changes the textual content of an attribute within a block.
ATT ATTDEF / Redefines a block and updates associated attributes.
ATE ATTEDIT / Changes attribute information in a block.

B
B BLOCK / Creates a block definition from selected objects.
BC BCLOSE / Closes the Block Editor.
BE BEDIT / Opens the block definition in the Block Editor.
BH HATCH / Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill.
BO BOUNDARY / Creates a region or a polyline from an enclosed area.
BR BREAK / Breaks the selected object between two points.
BS BSAVE / Saves the current block definition.
BVS BVSTATE / Creates, sets, or deletes a visibility state in a dynamic block.

C
C CIRCLE / Creates a circle.
CAM CAMERA / Sets a camera and target location to create and save a 3D perspective view of objects.

11
CBAR CONSTRAINTBAR / A toolbar-like UI element that displays the available geometric constraints
on an object.
CH PROPERTIES / Controls properties of existing objects.
CHA CHAMFER / Bevels the edges of objects.
CHK CHECKSTANDARDS / Checks the current drawing for standards violations.
CLI COMMANDLINE / Displays the Command Line window.
COL COLOR / Sets the color for new objects.
CO COPY / Copies objects a specified distance in a specified direction.
CT CTABLESTYLE / Sets the name of the current table style.
CUBE NAVVCUBE / Controls the visibility and display properties of the ViewCube tool.
CYL CYLINDER / Creates a 3D solid cylinder.

D
D DIMSTYLE / Creates and modifies dimension styles.
DAN DIMANGULAR / Creates an angular dimension.
DAR DIMARC / Creates an arc length dimension.
DBA DIMBASELINE / Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the baseline of the previous
or selected dimension.
DBC DBCONNECT / Provides an interface to external database tables.
DCE DIMCENTER / Creates the center mark or the centerlines of circles and arcs.
DCO DIMCONTINUE / Creates a dimension that starts from an extension line of a previously created
dimension.
DCON DIMCONSTRAINT / Applies dimensional constraints to selected objects or points on objects.
DDA DIMDISASSOCIATE / Removes associativity from selected dimensions.
DDI DIMDIAMETER / Creates a diameter dimension for a circle or an arc.
DED DIMEDIT / Edits dimension text and extension lines.
DI DIST / Measures the distance and angle between two points.
DIV DIVIDE / Creates evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length or perimeter of an object.
DJL DIMJOGLINE / Adds or removes a jog line on a linear or aligned dimension.
DJO DIMJOGGED / Creates jogged dimensions for circles and arcs.
DL DATALINK / The Data Link dialog box is displayed.
DLU DATALINKUPDATE / Updates data to or from an established external data link.
12
DO DONUT / Creates a filled circle or a wide ring.
DOR DIMORDINATE / Creates ordinate dimensions.
DOV DIMOVERRIDE / Controls overrides of system variables used in selected dimensions.
DR DRAWORDER / Changes the draw order of images and other objects.
DRA DIMRADIUS / Creates a radius dimension for a circle or an arc.
DRE DIMREASSOCIATE / Associates or re-associates selected dimensions to objects or points on
objects.
DRM DRAWINGRECOVERY / Displays a list of drawing files that can be recovered after a program or
system failure.
DS DSETTINGS / Sets grid and snap, polar and object snap tracking, object snap modes, Dynamic Input,
and Quick Properties.
DT TEXT / Creates a single-line text object.
DV DVIEW / Defines parallel projection or perspective views by using a camera and target.
DX DATAEXTRACTION / Extracts drawing data and merges data from an external source to a data
extraction table or external file.

E–F
E ERASE / Removes objects from a drawing.
ED DDEDIT / Edits single-line text, dimension text, attribute definitions, and feature control frames.
EL ELLIPSE / Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc.
EPDF EXPORTPDF / Exports drawing to PDF.
ER EXTERNALREFERENCES / Opens the External References palette.
EX EXTEND / Extends objects to meet the edges of other objects.
EXIT QUIT / Exits the program.
EXP EXPORT / Saves the objects in a drawing to a different file format.
EXT EXTRUDE / Extends the dimensions of a 2D object or 3D face into 3D space.
F FILLET / Rounds and fillets the edges of objects.
FI FILTER / Creates a list of requirements that an object must meet to be included in a selection set.
FS FSMODE / Creates a selection set of all objects that touch the selected object.
FSHOT FLATSHOT / Creates a 2D representation of all 3D objects based on the current view.

G–H
G GROUP / Creates and manages saved sets of objects called groups.
13
GCON GEOCONSTRAINT / Applies or persists geometric relationships between objects or points on
objects.
GD GRADIENT / Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a gradient fill.
GEO GEOGRAPHICLOCATION / Specifies the geographic location information for a drawing file.
H HATCH / Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill.
HE HATCHEDIT / Modifies an existing hatch or fill.
HI HIDE / Regenerates a 3D wireframe model with hidden lines suppressed.

I–K
I INSERT / Inserts a block or drawing into the current drawing.
IAD IMAGEADJUST / Controls the image display of the brightness, contrast, and fade values of images.
IAT IMAGEATTACH / Inserts a reference to an image file.
ICL IMAGECLIP / Crops the display of a selected image to a specified boundary.
ID ID / Displays the UCS coordinate values of a specified location.
IM IMAGE / Displays the External References palette.
IMP IMPORT / Imports files of different formats into the current drawing.
IN INTERSECT / Creates a 3D solid, surface, or 2D region from overlapping solids, surfaces, or regions.
INF INTERFERE / Creates a temporary 3D solid from the interferences between two sets of selected 3D
solids.
IO INSERTOBJ / Inserts a linked or embedded object.
J JOIN / Joins similar objects to form a single, unbroken object.
JOG DIMJOGGED / Creates jogged dimensions for circles and arcs.

L–M
L LINE / Creates straight line segments.
LA LAYER / Manages layers and layer properties.
LAS LAYERSTATE / Saves, restores, and manages named layer states.
LE QLEADER / Creates a leader and leader annotation.
LEN LENGTHEN / Changes the length of objects and the included angle of arcs.
LESS MESHSMOOTHLESS / Decreases the level of smoothness for mesh objects by one level.
LI LIST / Displays property data for selected objects.
LO LAYOUT / Creates and modifies drawing layout tabs.

14
LT LINETYPE / Loads, sets, and modifies linetypes.
LTS LTSCALE / Changes the scale factor of linetypes for all objects in a drawing.
LW LWEIGHT / Sets the current lineweight, lineweight display options, and lineweight units.
M MOVE / Moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction.
MA MATCHPROP / Applies the properties of a selected object to other objects.
MAT MATERIALS / Shows or hides the Materials window.
ME MEASURE / Creates point objects or blocks at measured intervals along the length or perimeter of an
object.
MEA MEASUREGEOM / Measures the distance, radius, angle, area, and volume of selected objects or
sequence of points.
MI MIRROR / Creates a mirrored copy of selected objects.
ML MLINE / Creates multiple parallel lines.
MLA MLEADERALIGN / Aligns and spaces selected multileader objects.
MLC MLEADERCOLLECT / Organizes selected multileaders that contain blocks into rows or columns,
and displays the result with a single leader.
MLD MLEADER / Creates a multileader object.
MLE MLEADEREDIT / Adds leader lines to, or removes leader lines from, a multileader object.
MLS MLEADERSTYLE / Creates and modifies multileader styles.
MO PROPERTIES / Controls properties of existing objects.
MORE MESHSMOOTHMORE / Increases the level of smoothness for mesh objects by one level.
MS MSPACE / Switches from paper space to a model space viewport.
MSM MARKUP / Opens the Markup Set Manager.
MT MTEXT / Creates a multiline text object.
MV MVIEW / Creates and controls layout viewports.

N–O
NORTH GEOGRAPHICLOCATION / Specifies the geographic location information for a drawing file.
NSHOT NEWSHOT / Creates a named view with motion that is played back when viewed with
ShowMotion.
NVIEW NEWVIEW / Creates a named view with no motion.
O OFFSET / Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves.
15
OP OPTIONS / Customizes the program settings.
ORBIT 3DORBIT / Rotates the view in 3D space, but constrained to horizontal and vertical orbit only.
OS OSNAP / Sets running object snap modes.

P
P PAN / Adds a parameter with grips to a dynamic block definition.
PA PASTESPEC / Pastes objects from the Clipboard into the current drawing and controls the format of
the data.
PAR PARAMETERS / Controls the associative parameters used in the drawing.
PARAM BPARAMETER / Adds a parameter with grips to a dynamic block definition.
PATCH SURFPATCH / Creates a new surface by fitting a cap over a surface edge that forms a closed
loop.
PC POINTCLOUD / Provides options to create and attach point cloud files.
PCATTACH POINTCLOUDATTACH / Inserts an indexed point cloud file into the current drawing.
PCINDEX POINTCLOUDINDEX / Creates an indexed point cloud (PCG or ISD) file from a scan file.
PE PEDIT / Edits polylines and 3D polygon meshes.
PL PLINE / Creates a 2D polyline.
PO POINT / Creates a point object.
POFF HIDEPALETTES / Hides currently displayed palettes (including the command line).
POL POLYGON / Creates an equilateral closed polyline.
PON SHOWPALETTES / Restores the display of hidden palettes.
PR PROPERTIES / Displays Properties palette.
PRE PREVIEW / Displays the drawing as it will be plotted.
PRINT PLOT / Plots a drawing to a plotter, printer, or file.
PS PSPACE / Switches from a model space viewport to paper space.
PSOLID POLYSOLID / Creates a 3D wall-like polysolid.
PTW PUBLISHTOWEB / Creates HTML pages that include images of selected drawings.
PU PURGE / Removes unused items, such as block definitions and layers, from the drawing.
PYR PYRAMID / Creates a 3D solid pyramid.

Q
QC QUICKCALC / Opens the QuickCalc calculator.

16
QCUI QUICKCUI / Displays the Customize User Interface Editor in a collapsed state.
QP QUICKPROPERTIES / Displays open drawings and layouts in a drawing in preview images.
QSAVE QSAVE / Saves the current drawing.
QVD QVDRAWING / Displays open drawings and layouts in a drawing using preview images.
QVDC QVDRAWINGCLOSE / Closes preview images of open drawings and layouts in a drawing.
QVL QVLAYOUT / Displays preview images of model space and layouts in a drawing.
QVLC QVLAYOUTCLOSE / Closes preview images of model space and layouts in the current drawing.

R
R REDRAW / Refreshes the display in the current viewport.
RA REDRAWALL / Refreshes the display in all viewports.
RC RENDERCROP / Renders a specified rectangular area, called a crop window, within a viewport.
RE REGEN / Regenerates the entire drawing from the current viewport.
REA REGENALL / Regenerates the drawing and refreshes all viewports.
REC RECTANG / Creates a rectangular polyline.
REG REGION / Converts an object that encloses an area into a region object.
REN RENAME / Changes the names assigned to items such as layers and dimension styles.
REV REVOLVE / Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping a 2D object around an axis.
RO ROTATE / Rotates objects around a base point.
RP RENDERPRESETS / Specifies render presets, reusable rendering parameters, for rendering an image.
RPR RPREF / Displays or hides the Advanced Render Settings palette for access to advanced rendering
settings.
RR RENDER / Creates a photorealistic or realistically shaded image of a 3D solid or surface model.
RW RENDERWIN / Displays the Render window without starting a rendering operation.

S
S STRETCH / Stretches objects crossed by a selection window or polygon.
SC SCALE / Enlarges or reduces selected objects, keeping the proportions of the object the same after
scaling.
SCR SCRIPT / Executes a sequence of commands from a script file.
SEC SECTION / Uses the intersection of a plane and solids, surfaces, or mesh to create a region.
SET SETVAR / Lists or changes the values of system variables.

17
SHA SHADEMODE / Starts the VSCURRENT command.
SL SLICE / Creates new 3D solids and surfaces by slicing, or dividing, existing objects.
SN SNAP / Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals.
SO SOLID / Creates solid-filled triangles and quadrilaterals.
SP SPELL / Checks spelling in a drawing.
SPE SPLINEDIT / Edits a spline or spline-fit polyline.
SPL SPLINE / Creates a smooth curve that passes through or near specified points.
SPLANE SECTIONPLANE / Creates a section object that acts as a cutting plane through 3D objects.
SPLAY SEQUENCEPLAY / Plays named views in one category.
SPLIT MESHSPLIT / Splits a mesh face into two faces.
SPE SPLINEDIT / Edits a spline or spline-fit polyline.
SSM SHEETSET / Opens the Sheet Set Manager.
ST STYLE / Creates, modifies, or specifies text styles.
STA STANDARDS / Manages the association of standards files with drawings.
SU SUBTRACT / Combines selected 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions by subtraction.

T
T MTEXT / Creates a multiline text object.
TA TABLET / Calibrates, configures, and turns on and off an attached digitizing tablet.
TB TABLE / Creates an empty table object.
TEDIT TEXTEDIT / Edits a dimensional constraint, dimension, or text object.
TH THICKNESS / Sets the default 3D thickness property when creating 2D geometric objects.
TI TILEMODE / Controls whether paper space can be accessed.
TO TOOLBAR / Displays, hides, and customizes toolbars.
TOL TOLERANCE / Creates geometric tolerances contained in a feature control frame.
TOR TORUS / Creates a donut-shaped 3D solid.
TP TOOLPALETTES / Opens the Tool Palettes window.
TR TRIM / Trims objects to meet the edges of other objects.
TS TABLESTYLE / Creates, modifies, or specifies table styles.

U–W
18
UC UCSMAN / Manages defined user coordinate systems.
UN UNITS / Controls coordinate and angle display formats and precision.
UNHIDE / UNISOLATEOBJECTS / Displays UNISOLATE objects previously hidden with the
ISOLATEOBJECTS or HIDEOBJECTS command.
UNI UNION / Unions two solid or two region objects.
V VIEW / Saves and restores named views, camera views, layout views, and preset views.
VGO VIEWGO / Restores a named view.
VP DDVPOINT / Sets the 3D viewing direction.
VPLAY VIEWPLAY / Plays the animation associated to a named view.
VS VSCURRENT / Sets the visual style in the current viewport.
VSM VISUALSTYLES / Creates and modifies visual styles and applies a visual style to a viewport.
W WBLOCK / Writes objects or a block to a new drawing file.
WE WEDGE / Creates a 3D solid wedge.
WHEEL NAVSWHEEL / Displays a wheel that contains a collection of view navigation tools.

X–Z
X EXPLODE / Breaks a compound object into its component objects.
XA XATTACH / Inserts a DWG file as an external reference (xref).
XB XBIND / Binds one or more definitions of named objects in an xref to the current drawing.
XC XCLIP / Crops the display of a selected external reference or block reference to a specified boundary.
XL XLINE / Creates a line of infinite length.
XR XREF / Starts the EXTERNALREFERENCES command.
Z ZOOM / Increases or decreases the magnification of the view in the current viewport.
ZEBRA ANALYSISZEBRA / Projects stripes onto a 3D model to analyze surface continuity.
ZIP ETRANSMIT / Creates a Self-Extracting or Zipped Transmittal Package.

19
 Basic Drawing Commands For AutoCAD

LINE: - This command is used to draw a straight line.

Activation:-
1. Home-Draw toolbar => Line icon.
2. Draw menu => Line option.
3. Type Line and press enter or L and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

ERASE: - This command is used to delete selected object(s) from the file.
Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Erase icon.
2. Modify menu => Erase option.
3. Type Erase and press enter or E and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

NEW: - This command is used to create a New File.

Activation:-
1. Standard toolbar => new icon.
2. File menu => new option.
3. Press Ctrl+N from keyboard.

OPEN: -This command is used to open a pre-existing file.

Activation:-
1. File menu => Open option.
2. Standard toolbar => Open icon
3. Press Ctrl+O from keyboard.

SAVE:-This command is used to store the drawing in the secondary storage device for future use.
Activation:-
1. Standard toolbar => save icon.
2. File menu => save option.
3. Press Ctrl+S from keyboard.

20
 SAVE AS:-This command is used create a copy of the activated file.
Activation:-
1. File menu => Save As option.

ZOOM:-This command is used to control the display size of an object. This command does not
change the actual size of the object.
Activation:-
1. Docking Bar Zoom menu => Zoom option.
2. Type Zoom and press enter or Z and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

PAN:-This command is used to move the drawing sheet dynamically. It can be used as the substitute
of scroll.
Activation:-
1. Docking Bar => Pan Icon.
2. View menu => Pan Real Time option.
3. Type PAN and press enter or P and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.
4. Right click on blank area on screen => Click on Pan Option.

CIRCLE:-This command is used to draw a Circle.

Activation:-
1. Home Draw toolbar => Circle icon.
2. Draw menu => Circle option.
3. Type CIRCLE and press enter or C and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

TRIM:-This command is used to erase a part of an existing object, beyond a defined cutting edge.
Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Trim icon.
2. Modify menu => Trim option.
3. Type TRIM and press enter or TR and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

21
 EXTEND:-This command is used to extend a part of an existing object, up to a defined boundary.
Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Extend icon.
2. Modify menu => Extend option.
3. Type EXTEND and press enter or EX and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

OFFSET:-This command is used to draw the parallel of selected object.

Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Offset icon.
2. Modify menu => Offset option.
3. Type OFFSET and press enter or O and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

MIRROR:-This command is used to create the Mirror image of selected object(s).

Activation:-
1. Modify toolbar => Mirror icon.
2. Modify menu => Mirror option.
3. Type MIRROR and press enter or MI and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

ROTATE:-This command is used to Rotate selected object(s).

Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => rotate icon.
2. Modify menu => rotate option.
3. Type ROTATE and press enter or RO and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

COPY:-This command is used to create a duplicate of selected object(s) in the same file.
Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Copy Object icon.
2. Modify menu => Copy option.
3. Type COPY and press enter or CO and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

22
 MOVE:-This command is used to change the position of selected object(s) in the same file.
Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Move Object icon.
2. Modify menu => Move option.
3. Type MOVE and press enter or MO and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

FILLET:-This command is used to create beveled corner between two non-parallel lines.
Activation:-
1. Home-Modify toolbar => Fillet icon.
2. Modify menu => Fillet option
3. Type FILLET and press enter or F and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

LAYER:-This command is used to create new Layer.

Activation:-
1. Home-Layers toolbar => Layer icon.
2. Format menu => Layer option.
3. Type LAYER and press enter or LA and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

DTEXT (Single Line Text):- This command is used to create Single Line Text object.
Activation:-
1. Home-Draw menu => Text option => Single Line Text
2. Type DTEXT and press enter or DT and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

MTEXT (Multiline Text):- This command is used to create Multiline Text object.
Activation:-
1. Home-Draw toolbar => Multiline Text icon.
2. Draw menu => Text option => Multiline Text
3. Type MTEXT and press enter or MT and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

STYLE: -This command is used to control the Text Style. By this command, we can create a text

23
style of different formatting effects.
Activation:-
1. Annotate menu => Manage Text Style option
2. Type STYLE and press enter or ST and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

DDEDIT: -This command is used to modify any text.

Activation:-
1. Modify menu => Object option => Text option.
2. Type DDEDIT and press enter or ED and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

BHATCH (Boundary Hatch):-This command is used to Hatch a closed area.

Activation:-
1. Home-Draw toolbar => Hatch icon.
2. Draw menu => Hatch option
3. Type BHATCH and press enter or BH and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

UNITS:-This command is used to control the type of measurement Unit.

Activation:-
1. Modify menu => Unit option
2. Type UNITS and press enter or UN and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

DIMSTYLE (Dimension Style):-This command is used to control the appearance of dimensions.

Activation:-
1. Annotation Menu-Dimension toolbar => Dimension Style icon.
2. Dimension menu => Style option
3. Type DIMSTYLE and press enter or D and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

MVSETUP: - This command is used to draw any object using the R.F. (Representative
Fraction). This command is the combination of “Units” and “Limits” command.
Activation:-
1. Type MVSETUP and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

VIEWPORTS: - This command is used to divide the drawing area in different Viewports. In these

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viewports, we can display different views of objects.
Activation:-
1. View menu => Viewports option.
2. Type VPORTS and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

AREA :- This command is used to see the Area and the Perimeter of a closed plane
Activation:-
1. Tools menu => Inquiry => Area option
2. Type AREA and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

ARRAY: -This command is used to create multiple duplicates of selected object(s) at regular
interval.
Activation:-

1. Modify toolbar => Array icon.

2. Modify menu => Array option.
3. Type AR and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

POLYLINE: - This command is used to draw both straight line and curve. The operation of Polyline
is almost same as the operation of Line command.
Activation:-
1. Draw toolbar => Polyline icon.
2. Draw menu => Polyline option.
3. Type PL and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

EXPLODE: - This command is used to break an object into different segments. Explode command
is used on those objects, which are drawn by Polygon, Polyline commands
Activation:-
1. Modify toolbar => Explode icon.
2. Modify menu => Explode option
3. Type X and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

PEDIT (Polyline Edit):- This command is used to modify previously drawn polyline. By this

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command we can join two or more consecutive objects into a single object.
Activation:-
1. Modify menu => Object => Polyline option
2. Type PEDIT and press enter or PE and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

POINT:- This command is used to draw a Point object.

Activation:-
1. Draw toolbar => Point icon.
2. Type POINT and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

POINT STYLE:-This command is used to control the presentation of the point object.
Activation:-
1. Format menu => Point Style icon

DIVIDE:- This command is used to divide an object into different equal divisions.
Activation:-
1. Draw menu => Point option Divide option.
2. Type DIVIDE and press enter or DIV and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

MEASURE:-This command is used to Divide an object into some divisions of defined equal length.
Activation:-
1. Draw menu => Point option Measure option.
2. Type MEASURE and press enter or ME and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

BLOCK:-This command is used to create a New Block. If we use Block command to create the
block, the created block can be used in the source file only.
Activation:-
1. Type BLOCK and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

WRITE BLOCK:-This command is used to create a New Block. If we use Write Block command
to create Block, the created block can be used in any AutoCAD File.
Activation:-
1. Type WBLOCK and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.
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 INSERT:-This command is used to Insert an existing Block in the active file.
Activation:-
1. Draw toolbar => Insert Block icon.
2. Insert menu => Block option.
3. Type INSERT and press enter or I and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

ATTDEF (Attribute Definition):- This command is used to add block Attribute to a block. An
attribute is a label or tag that attaches data to a block.
Activation:-
1. Draw menu => Block option => Define Attribute option.
2. Type ATTDEF and press enter or ATT and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

XLINE (Construction Line):-This command is used to create a endless line.

Activation:-
1. Draw toolbar => Construction Line icon.
2. Draw menu => Construction Line option.
3. Type XLINE and press enter or XL and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

LENGTHEN:-This command is used to change the Length of an existing line. We can see the length
of a selected line at command prompt also.
Activation:-
1. Modify toolbar => Lengthen option.
2. Type LENGTHEN and press enter or LEN and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

PLOT:-This command is used to Print the Drawing on Paper.

Activation:-
1. Shortcut Key : Ctrl+P
2. File menu => Plot option.
3. Type PLOT and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt.

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 CHAMFER:-To create Bevel about a corner.
Activation:-
1. Modify Toolbar => Chamfer icon.
2. Modify menu => Chamfer option.
3. Type CHAMFER and press enter or CHA and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt
Measuring Commands
GRID: Displays a grid of dots at a desired spacing on the screen.
Command: GRID (enter)
On/Off/Tick spacing(x)/Aspect: (enter value) (enter)
SNAP: Specifies a "round off" interval so that points entered with the mouse can be locked
into alignment with the grid spacing.
Command: SNAP (enter)
On/Off/Value/Aspect/Rotate/Style: (enter value) (enter)
Basic Draw Commands
CIRCLE: Draws circles of any size.
Command: Circle (enter)
3P/2P/TTR/<center point>: (pick a center point)
Diameter or <Radius>: (Pick a point on the circle)
LINE: Draws straight lines between two points
Command: LINE (enter)
From Point: (pick a point using the mouse)
To Point: (Pick a point using the mouse)
To Point: (Press return to end the command)
ARC: Draws an arc (any part of a circle or curve) through three known points.
Command: ARC (enter)
Center/ < Start point > : (pick the first point on the arc)
Center/End/ < Second point > : C
Center: (pick the arc's center point)
Angle/Length of chord/ <End point > : (pick the arc endpoint)

28
Display Commands
LIMITS: Sets the size of the drawing paper. For size "A" drawing paper the limits should be
set for 10.5 x 8.
Command: LIMITS (enter)
On/Off/Lower left corner <0.0000> (enter)
Upper right corner: 10.5,8 (enter)
ZOOM: Enlarges or reduces the display of a drawing.
Command: ZOOM (enter)
All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Left/Previous/Vmax/Window/<Scale(x/XP)>:
(Pick a point to define one corner of a rectangular viewing window then pick a
point to define the second point to define the opposite diagonal corner of the viewing
window)
Note: To return the picture to its original viewing size enter ALL and press the enter key
when prompted instead of defining a window.
PAN: Allows you to move your view point around the drawing without changing the
magnification factor.
Command: PAN (enter)
Editing Commands
CHANGE: Alters properties of selected objects
Command: CHANGE (enter)
Select objects or window or Last (select objects to be changed)
Properties/<Change point>: (type P)
Change what property (Color/Elev/LAyer/LType/Thickness)? (Type Layer)
New Layer: (enter new layer name and press enter)
ERASE: Erases entities from the drawing.
Command: ERASE (enter)
Select objects or Window or last: (Select objects to be erased and press enter when
finished)
EXTEND: Lengthens a line to end precisely at a boundary edge.
Command: Extend (enter)
Select boundary edge(s)...

29
 Select Objects (pick the line which represents the boundary edge which lines will be
extended to)
(Press enter when finished selecting cutting edges)
<Select object to extend>/Undo: (pick the line(s) that need to be extended
TRIM: Trims a line to end precisely at a cutting edge.
Command: Trim (enter)
Select cutting edge(s)...
Select Objects (pick the line which represents the cutting edge of line in which objects
will be trimmed to)
(Press enter when finished selecting cutting edges)
<Select object to trim>/Undo: (pick the line(s) that need to be trimmed)
GRIPS: You can edit selected objects by manipulating grips that appear at defining points on the
object. Grips is not a command. To activate grips simply pick the object. Small squares
will appear at various entity-specific positions. By selecting an end grip you can stretch
the entity to change its size. By selecting the center grip you can move the entity to a new
location. To remove grips press CTL-C twice. You can perform the following using
grips: Copy, Multiple Copy, Stretch, Move, Rotate, Scale, and Mirror.
Creating Layers
LAYER: Creates named drawing layers and assigns color and linetype properties to those layers.
Command: LAYER (enter) A Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box will be displayed.
To add a new layer, pick the New button. A new layer listing appears, using a default
name of Layer1. the layer name can be changed by highlighting the layer name. Colors
and Linetypes can be assigned to each new layer by picking the color box to assign a
color and picking the linetype box to assign a line type.
Standard AutoCAD colors
1 = Red 2 = Yellow 3 = Green 4 = Cyan
5 = Blue 6 = Magenta 7 = White
Standard AutoCAD linetypes
Hidden2 = hidden lines
Center2 = center lines
Phantom2 = phantom or cutting-plane lines
Construction Commands
ARRAY: Makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular or circular pattern
Command: ARRAY (enter)

30
 Select objects or Window or Last: (select object to array)
Rectangular or Polar array (R/P) <current>: (P)
Center point of array: (pick the point around which to form the array)
Angle to fill (+=CCW, -=Cw) <360>: (enter)
COPY: Draws a copy of selected objects.
Command: COPY (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be copied)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the new location of
the copied object)
MIRROR: Makes mirror images of existing objects.
Command: MIRROR (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be mirrored)
First point of mirror line: (pick a point on top of the mirror line)
Second point: (pick a point on the bottom of the mirror line)
Delete old objects? <N> y or n (enter)
MOVE: Moves designated entities to another location.
Command: MOVE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to move)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use as a reference
point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the new location of
the object)

OFFSET: Constructs an entity parallel to another entity at a specified distance. Offset can be
used with lines, circles, arcs, and polylines.
Command: OFFSET (enter)
Offset distance or Through <last>: (enter a distance value)
Select object to offset: (select object to offset)
Side to offset: (Pick any point on the side of the object you wish to offset)
FILLET: Changes any corner to a rounded corner.
31
 Command: FILLET
Polyline/Radius/Angle/Trim/Method/ <Select first line > : (pick the first line)
Select second line: (pick the second line)
CHAMFER: : Changes any corner to an angled corner.
Command: CHAMFER
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/ < Select first line > : (pick the first line)
Select second line: (pick the second line)
OSNAP: Instantly locates exact points relative to existing objects (points).
Object Snap Modes: Endpoint, Midpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, Insertion,
Perpendicular, Tangent,
Nearest, Node, and None.
Placing lettering on a drawing
TEXT: Draws text characters of any size.
Command: TEXT (enter)
Justify/Style/<Start point>: (pick a starting point or enter a justification letter)
Height (0) (enter the height of the lettering)
Rotation Angle (0) (enter)
Text: (enter the desired lettering) (enter)
Summary of Options
<Start Point> Left-Justifies text along its baseline
Justify Justifies text according to the alignment options
Style Enters a new text style
Null reply Enters a new line of text below the previous text.
(space or Enter key will give a Null reply)
Text Alignment Options
Alignment Abbreviation Orientation
Aligned A Aligns text between two points. Text
height will adjust automatically
Fit F Fits text between two points. Text height
will not change
Centered C Centers text at the baseline of a specified
point
32
 Middle M Centers text horizontally and vertically at
the baseline of a specified point
Right R Right Justify text at the baseline of a
specified point
Alignment Abbreviation Orientation
Top Left TL Left Justifies text at the top of text
Top Center TC Centers text at the top of text
Top Right TR Right justifies text at the top to text
Middle Left ML Left justifies text at the middle of text
Middle Center MC Centers text both horizontally and vertically
at the middle of the text
Middle Right MR Right justifies text at the middle of text
Bottom Left BL Left justifies text at the bottom of text
Bottom Center BC Centers text a the bottom of text
Bottom Right BR Right justifies text at the bottom of text
The SPELL command will check the spelling of a group of text.
Crosshatching a drawing
BHATCH: Allows the user to crosshatch areas of a section view.
Command: BHATCH (enter)
The Boundary Hatch dialogue Box will be displayed. Select the Hatch Options box.
The Hatch Options box will be displayed. Select the Patterns box.
The Choose Hatch Pattern box will be displayed. Select the desired hatch pattern.
The Hatch Options box will be displayed again. You can select a scale and rotation angle
for the crosshatch pattern. Select the OK box when finished.
The Boundary Hatch dialogue box will be displayed again. Select the Pick Points box.
When prompted select the internal point of the are to be crosshatched. Press the enter key
when finished.
The Boundary Hatch dialog box will be displayed again. Select the Apply box to add the
crosshatching to the drawing.

33
 Important Formats
FEA Finte Element Analysis
FEA is widely accepted in almost all engineering disciplines. The method is often used as an
alternative to the experimental test method set out in many standards. The technique is based on
the premise that an approximate solution to any complex engineering problem can be reached
by subdividing the structure/component into smaller more manageable (finite) elements.
FEM Finite Element Method
The Finite Element Model (FEM) is analysed with an inherently greater precision than would
otherwise be possible using conventional hand analyses, since the actual shape, load and
constraints, as well as material property combinations can be specified with much greater
accuracy than that used in classical hand calculations.
CAE Computer Aided Engineering
Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of computer software to aid
in engineering analysis tasks. It includes finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid
dynamics (CFD), multibody dynamics (MBD), and optimization. CAE systems can provide
support to businesses. This is achieved by the use of reference architectures and their ability to
place information views on the business process. Reference architecture is the basis from which
information model, especially product and manufacturing models.
CAD Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Drafting
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the
productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through
documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD software is used by architects,
engineers, drafters, artists, and others to create precision drawings or technical illustrations.
CAD software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-dimensional (3-
D) model.
CADD Computer Aided Design Drafring or Computer Aided Design and Drafting
Acronym for computer-aided design and drafting. CADD systemsare CAD systems with
additional drafting features. For example, CADD systems enable an engineer or architect to
insert sizeannotations and other notes into a design.
CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the domain of software tools used to design
and implement applications. CASE tools are similar to and were partly inspired by computer-
aided design (CAD) tools used for designing hardware products. CASE tools are used for
developing high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable software.CASE software is often
associated with methods for the development ofinformation systems together with automated
tools that can be used in the software development process.
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to control machine tools and
related ones in themanufacturing of workpieces.This is not the only definition for CAM, but it
is the most common. CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of
a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary
34
 purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise
dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of
raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption.
CAM is now a system used in schools and lower educational purposes.
CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to
control the entire production process.This integration allows individual processes to exchange
information with each other and initiate actions. Although manufacturing can be faster and less
error-prone by the integration of computers, the main advantage is the ability to create
automated manufacturing processes.
IGES Intial Graphic Exchange Specification
Short for Initial Graphics Exchange Specification, IGES is a graphics file standard developed
by ANSI for the Air Force Integrated Computer Automated Manufacturing program. IGES is a
group of protocols for the transfer of graphical information on remote devices via telephone or
other forms of communication.
DXF Drawing Exchange Format
DXF is a file extension for a graphic image format typically used with AutoCAD(Computer
Assisted Drafting) software. DXF stands for Drawing eXchange Format. Since its initial release
in 1982, there have been many changes to the DXF file format specifications. For that reason,
AutoDesk maintains a current list of DXF file format specifications. Depending on the software
creating the DXF file, it can either be in an ASCII or a binary format.
PDF Potable Document Formate
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner
independent ofapplication software, hardware, and operating systems.Each PDF file
encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts,
graphics, and other information needed to display it.

35
 Exercise-1
Using line command create drawing
 With Absolute Co-ordinate.
 With Relative Co-ordinate.
 With Polar Co-ordinate.

36
 Exercise-2
Using line command create drawing
 With Polar Co-ordinate.

37
 Exercise-3
Using Circle command create drawing.

38
 Exercise-4
Using Polygon and Circle command create drawing.

39
 Exercise-5
Using Arc , Circle , Delete(Erase) , Trim command create drawing.

40
 Exercise-6
Using Fillet , Chamfer command create drawing.

41
 Exercise-7
Using Array command create drawing.

42
 Exercise-8
Using Hatch command create drawing.

43
 Exercise-9
Using Ellipse command create drawing.

44
 Exercise-10
Using Text , Image Attach , Polyline , Mleader , Arc Text , Point , Ddptype , Arc , Circle , Mirrtext , Mirror
, Ellipse command create drawing.

45
 Quick Test 1
Finish within 15 minutes.

46
Exercise-11

47
Exercise-12

48
Exercise-13

49
Exercise-14

50
Exercise-15

51
Exercise-16

52
Exercise-17

53
Exercise-18

54
Exercise-19

55
Exercise-20

56
 Quick Test 2
Finish within 30 minutes.

57
Exercise-21

58
Exercise-22

59
Exercise-23

60
Exercise-24

61
Exercise-25

62
Exercise-26

63
Exercise-27

64
Exercise-28

65
Exercise-29

66
Exercise-30

67
 Quick Test 3
Finish within 30 minutes.

68