High (>80mg/serving)

Beverages: Teh tarik (200ml), coffee with milk (200ml)

Cereals: Instant noodles (1 packet), Macaroni (1cup/150g), Lemang (4inch piece), Nasi lemak (1
plate/295g), Rawadosei (1 piece), Roti canai (1 piece), Chappati (1 piece), Rice & noodles cooked
with meat/chicken/fish/legumes
Dairy products: Cheese (1 slice), Condensed milk (2tbsp), Full cream milk (1 glass), Skim milk (1
glass), low fat milk (1 glass)
Vegetables: Sweet potato (1 medium), tubers, dried mushrooms
Meat, fish, poultry & legumes: Dhal (1/2 cup), most meat, fish and chicken
Snacks & spreads: Peanut butter (2tbsp), butter cake (1 slice/50g), Vadai (1 piece), burger (1 whole),
pau with meat filling (1 piece), corn on the cob (1 piece)

PHOPHATE BINDER
Function: Phosphate binders are used to treat high blood phosphorus levels. It is used to lower the amount of phosphorus absorbed from food to limit
development of bone and blood vessel disease. The phosphorus the removed in the stool rather than being absorbed into the blood.

Dose: The appropriate dose of phosphate binder should be ideally based on phosphorus content of meals and snacks.

Example: Calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, calcium liquid, aluminum hydroxide, lanthanum and sevelamer bind dietary phosphate

What to do if you miss a dose: If forget to take the phosphorus binders and it is within 30 minutes of eating, take the usual dose. If it is more than 30
minutes since last meal then skip the dose. DO NOT double the next dose.

High salt food (>400mg)

Salted food: salted eggs, salted nuts, salted fish
Canned food: canned tuna, canned fruits, canned meat, canned beans
Preserved food: preserved fruits, cheese
Instant food: instant cooked cereals,
Miscellaneous: ketchup, mustard, soy sauce, salted butter, mayonaisse
Vitamin B

Name Function Deficiency Upper Toxicity Sources

Intake
level
Thiamine (B1) Plays an essential role in metabolism General symptoms ND These vitamins are pork, sunflower
by helping convert nutrients into Mild deficiency :general fatigue/weakness gastro-intestinal excreted seeds and
energy. symptoms in the urine and are wheat germ
Deficiency: “Beri-beri”— Peripheral nerve damage and not
cardiovascular dysfunction leading to: pain, impaired sensory stored in the body in
perception; swelling, weakness and pain in the limbs; shortness of any
breath, irregular heart rate, heart failure significant quantities.
Therefore,
Brain specific symptoms hypervitaminosis is
Mild deficiency: irritability, emotional disturbances, confusion, quite rare.
disturbed sleep, memory loss These vitamins are
Deficiency: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (neurodegeneration, excreted
within the medial thalamus and cerebellum). Ataxia, abnormal in the urine and are
motor function and eye movement, amnesia, apathy, confabulation not
Riboflavin Helps convert food into energy and General symptoms ND stored in the body in organ meats,
(B2) also acts as an antioxidant Weakness, oral pain/tenderness, burning/itching of the eyes, any beef and
dermatitis, anaemia significant quantities. mushrooms
Brain specific symptoms Therefore,
Fatigue, personality change, brain dysfunction hypervitaminosis is
Niacin (B3) Plays a role in cellular signaling, General symptoms 35mg quite rare. chicken, tuna
metabolism and DNA production and Pellagra: dermatitis/photo dermatitis, alopecia, muscle weakness, These vitamins are and lentils
repair twitching/burning in the extremities, altered gait, diarrhoea excreted in the urine
Brain specific symptoms and are not stored in
Depression, anxiety, progressing to vertigo, memory loss, paranoia, the body in any
psychotic symptoms, aggression (Pellagrous insanity) significant quantities.
Panthothenic Helps body obtain energy from food General symptoms ND Therefore, Liver, fish,
acid (B5) and is also involved in hormone and Numbness/burning sensations in extremities, dermatitis, diarrhoea hypervitaminosis is yogurt and
cholesterol production Brain specific symptoms quiet rare avocado
Encephalopathy, behaviour change, demyelination
Pyridoxine Involve in amino acid metabolism, red General symptoms 100mg chickpeas,
(B6) blood cell production and the creation Anaemia salmon and
of neurotransmitters Brain specific symptoms potatoes
Irritability, impaired alertness, depression, cognitive decline,
dementia, autonomic dysfunction, convulsions
Biotin (B7) Essential for carbohydrate and fat General symptoms ND Yeast, eggs,
metabolism and regulates gene Seborrheic eczematous rash, tingling/burning of the extremities salmon, cheese
expression Brain specific symptoms and liver
Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, seizures
Folate (B9) Needed for cell growth, amino acid General symptoms 1000µg Leafy greens,
metabolism, the formation of red and Megaloblastic anaemia, peripheral neuropathy, spinal cord lesions, liver and beans
white blood cells and proper cell metabolic abnormalities or in
division Brain specific symptoms supplements as
Affective disorders 4, behaviour changes, psychosis, cognitive folic acid
Cobalamine Vital for neurological function, DNA impairment/decline, dementia (inc Alzheimer’s disease and vascular Found naturally
(B12) production and red blood cell dementia) in animal
development sources like
meats, eggs,
seafood and
dairy